Operational variable.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5463",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in International Rice Research",title:"Advances in International Rice Research",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'Rice provides staple food for more than 50% of the world\'s population and is an important crop in the world. With the new technologies such as high-throughput genome sequencing and integrated "-omis" methods applied in rice researches, great advancements have been made. This book was aimed to show a glance of new advancements in the international rice researches. The first section of the book introduced rice cultivation and production. As core sections of the book, the second and third sections introduced physiological and genetic mechanisms on grain quality and biotic and abiotic stress resistance as well as breeding. In the last section, we introduced new technologies such as chromatin immunoprecipitation, integrated "-omis" methods, and bistatic interferometry technology in rice research.',isbn:"978-953-51-3010-9",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3009-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5478-5",doi:"10.5772/63007",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"advances-in-international-rice-research",numberOfPages:324,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"92ccc84a75f33d3dac5e3cd4b6a00474",bookSignature:"Jinquan Li",publishedDate:"March 15th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5463.jpg",numberOfDownloads:32835,numberOfWosCitations:54,numberOfCrossrefCitations:57,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:98,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:209,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 18th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 9th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 13th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 11th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 11th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"96434",title:"Dr.",name:"Jin Quan",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"jin-quan-li",fullName:"Jin Quan Li",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/96434/images/5262_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Jinquan Li obtained his master’s and PhD degrees on Crop Science at Shenyang Agricultural University and South China Agricultural University in 2000 and 2003, respectively. During July 2003 and 2011, he worked at South China Agricultural University as an assistant professor (an associate professor since December 2008) in Plant Genetics and Breeding. During 2009 and 2011, he worked at the Max Planck Institutes for plant breeding research, Germany, as a postdoc and later as a project scientist between October 2011 and October 2014. From November 2014 to present, he works as a scientist in the German Plant Phenotyping Network (DPPN) project at the Institute of Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Research Center, Jülich, Germany.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"South China Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"350",title:"Agrology",slug:"agrology"}],chapters:[{id:"53172",title:"Soil and Water Management for Sprinkler Irrigated Rice in Southern Brazil",doi:"10.5772/66024",slug:"soil-and-water-management-for-sprinkler-irrigated-rice-in-southern-brazil",totalDownloads:1445,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rice is grown in lowland paddies, which is flood irrigated. In the most undulating areas, continuous flooding is difficult and some farmers seek alternative irrigation methods. Grain yield in sprinkler irrigated rice ranges between 80 and 100% of that obtained under flooding, but for this, fertilizer and water should be properly managed. For sprinkler irrigated rice, fertilizer should be corrected by adding 10 kg/ha of P2O5 and 15 kg/ha of K2O for every expected additional ton of grains, over the standard recommendation. Regarding nitrogen fertilizer, it is recommended to be applied about 20 kg/ha of N at planting and the rest as topdressing. This can be done via soil, split into two applications: 50–60% of the topdressing dose at tillering start and the rest at panicle initiation. When N is applied by fertigation, 25% of the recommended topdressing N should be applied at tillering start; the remainder of the dose may be partitioned into four to six weekly applications through irrigation water. For water management, soil water tension should be kept below 10 kPa. At the vegetative stage, irrigation can be applied aiming to avoid water tensions in soil above 30 kPa at any moment.",signatures:"José Maria Barbat Parfitt, Germani Concenço, Walkyria Bueno\nScivittaro, André Andres, Jaqueline Trombetta da Silva and Marília\nAlves Brito Pinto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53172",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53172",authors:[{id:"13555",title:"Dr.",name:"Germani",surname:"Concenco",slug:"germani-concenco",fullName:"Germani Concenco"},{id:"160203",title:"Dr.",name:"André",surname:"Andres",slug:"andre-andres",fullName:"André Andres"},{id:"191094",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose M. B.",surname:"Parfitt",slug:"jose-m.-b.-parfitt",fullName:"Jose M. B. Parfitt"},{id:"191095",title:"Dr.",name:"Walkyria B.",surname:"Scivittaro",slug:"walkyria-b.-scivittaro",fullName:"Walkyria B. Scivittaro"},{id:"191096",title:"MSc.",name:"Jaqueline T.",surname:"Silva",slug:"jaqueline-t.-silva",fullName:"Jaqueline T. Silva"},{id:"191097",title:"Dr.",name:"Marilia A. B.",surname:"Pinto",slug:"marilia-a.-b.-pinto",fullName:"Marilia A. B. Pinto"}],corrections:null},{id:"54333",title:"Weed Management in Sprinkler-Irrigated Rice: Experiences from Southern Brazil",doi:"10.5772/67146",slug:"weed-management-in-sprinkler-irrigated-rice-experiences-from-southern-brazil",totalDownloads:1458,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Sprinkler rice saves water compared to paddy rice. However, in paddy fields, the water table is efficient for weed suppression. In sprinkler rice, there is no water table on soil; thus, weed management used in paddy rice may not be suitable for sprinkler rice, since herbicides and water table are expected to interact. Weed pressure in sprinkler rice is higher than in paddy rice; annual grasses are the main weeds in both paddy and sprinkler rice. Barnyardgrass, goosegrass, crabgrass and Alexandergrass show vigorous growth in sprinkler rice. A 3-year study shows that weeds in sprinkler rice reduce grain yield between 11 and 95%. Herbicides used in conventional and Clearfield® rice (clomazone, imazethapyr + imazapic, imazapyr + imazapic, pendimethalin and penoxsulam) were tested, contrasting paddy and sprinkler rice. Additionally, the technique locally called “needle-point” (glyphosate applied over the first-day emerging rice) was combined with pre- and postemergence herbicides. When using only pre- or postemergence, weeds reduced rice grain yield; a combination of products was the best option for sprinkler-irrigated rice. The Clearfield technology was efficient in controlling most weeds. However, using it combined to the needle-point promoted the best results. The main approaches for weed management in sprinkler-irrigated rice were summarized.",signatures:"André Andres, Giovani Theisen, Gustavo Mack Teló, Germani\nConcenço, José Maria Barbat Parfitt, Leandro Galon and Matheus\nBastos Martins",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54333",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54333",authors:[{id:"160203",title:"Dr.",name:"André",surname:"Andres",slug:"andre-andres",fullName:"André Andres"},{id:"191094",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose M. B.",surname:"Parfitt",slug:"jose-m.-b.-parfitt",fullName:"Jose M. B. Parfitt"},{id:"151274",title:"MSc.",name:"Gustavo Mack",surname:"Teló",slug:"gustavo-mack-telo",fullName:"Gustavo Mack Teló"},{id:"167832",title:"MSc.",name:"Giovani",surname:"Theisen",slug:"giovani-theisen",fullName:"Giovani Theisen"},{id:"191276",title:"Dr.",name:"Germani",surname:"Concenço",slug:"germani-concenco",fullName:"Germani Concenço"},{id:"194954",title:"Prof.",name:"Leandro",surname:"Galon",slug:"leandro-galon",fullName:"Leandro Galon"},{id:"199780",title:"Mr.",name:"Matheus",surname:"Martins",slug:"matheus-martins",fullName:"Matheus Martins"}],corrections:null},{id:"53361",title:"Weed Seedbank in Rice Fields",doi:"10.5772/66676",slug:"weed-seedbank-in-rice-fields",totalDownloads:1594,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The weed seedbank in the soil is the major source of weeds in rice fields. Therefore, information on ecological aspects of weeds occurring in rice, including their potential seed production, is crucial for weed management. The size of the weed seedbank in rice fields is highly variable depending on the climate, relief position, soil moisture content, depth of sampling, history of the areas and management practices used by farmers. As a survival strategy, colonization and persistence in the communities, most common weeds in rice fields produce huge number of seeds and vegetative propagules with physical and physiological dormancy mechanisms, insuring seed viability in the soil for long periods. A large proportion of weed seedbank remains generally on or close to the soil surface after seed rain. Sampling protocols involve the use soil cores at variable soil depths. Determination of the size of the weed seedbank can be made by seed direct extraction and germination methods. The latter is more precise with respect to enumeration of viable seeds in the soil. Weed management in rice fields should focus on methods suitable to decrease the weed population in the soil seedbank.",signatures:"Mário Luiz Ribeiro Mesquita",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53361",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53361",authors:[{id:"190821",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Luiz",surname:"Mesquita",slug:"mario-luiz-mesquita",fullName:"Mario Luiz Mesquita"}],corrections:null},{id:"53124",title:"The Use of Rice in Brewing",doi:"10.5772/66450",slug:"the-use-of-rice-in-brewing",totalDownloads:4537,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:17,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Rice could be a useful raw material for the production of a gluten-free beer-like beverage. In today’s beer brewing industry, rice is primarily used as an adjunct in combination with barley malt. But, recently, there is some information about rice malt for brewing an all-rice malt beer. The use of rice as an adjunct in brewing is described highlighting the quality attributes of the final beer. The rice grain quality attributes of different samples are reported in order to evaluate their attitude to malting and brewing and also considering their enzymatic activity. Then, the different brewing processes to produce all-rice malt beers will be described and the final gluten-free rice beers is evaluated and compared to a barley malt beer. Finally, the levels of major aroma-active components of an all-rice malt beer and the results of the sensory analysis assessing the beer-like character of the rice beverage are reported. The obtained beer samples show a content of volatile compounds comparable with a barley malt beer. The sensory profile of the rice malt beer is similar to a barley malt beer in aroma, taste and mouthfeel.",signatures:"Ombretta Marconi, Valeria Sileoni, Dayana Ceccaroni and Giuseppe\nPerretti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53124",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53124",authors:[{id:"189703",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ombretta",surname:"Marconi",slug:"ombretta-marconi",fullName:"Ombretta Marconi"},{id:"189706",title:"Dr.",name:"Valeria",surname:"Sileoni",slug:"valeria-sileoni",fullName:"Valeria Sileoni"},{id:"189707",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Perretti",slug:"giuseppe-perretti",fullName:"Giuseppe Perretti"},{id:"190973",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayana",surname:"Ceccaroni",slug:"dayana-ceccaroni",fullName:"Dayana Ceccaroni"}],corrections:null},{id:"53681",title:"Breeding Rice for Improved Grain Quality",doi:"10.5772/66684",slug:"breeding-rice-for-improved-grain-quality",totalDownloads:2514,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rice grain quality improvement has become very crucial for most breeding programs around the world. Grain quality is a complex trait which comprises milling, appearance (grain size and chalkiness), cooking and eating (starch properties including apparent amylose content (AAC), gelatinization temperature (GT), gel consistency and paste viscosity measured using rapid visco analyzer measured using rapid visco analyzer (RVA) as well as nutritional quality. Many genes/quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the various quality traits have been identified/cloned. This has enabled the development of functional markers to facilitate the selection for this complex trait. Functional markers, especially those targeting mutations in the BADH2, waxy, alk and GS3 genes, are highly associated with aroma, AAC/RVA, GT and grain size, respectively; and thus effective for marker-assisted breeding. Different alleles can be combined through gene pyramiding to improve rice grain quality for various consumers. To be able to meet future needs, rice breeders must exploit modern marker technologies such as genomic selection (GS) to take care of the effects of both major and minor genes for grain quality as well as high yield, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance.",signatures:"Maxwell Darko Asante",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53681",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53681",authors:[{id:"190033",title:"Dr.",name:"Maxwell Darko",surname:"Asante",slug:"maxwell-darko-asante",fullName:"Maxwell Darko Asante"}],corrections:null},{id:"53218",title:"Evaluation of Palatability of Cooked Rice",doi:"10.5772/66398",slug:"evaluation-of-palatability-of-cooked-rice",totalDownloads:2272,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Quality evaluations of rice in Japan are performed by sensory testing and physicochemical measurements. The former is a basic method that requires large amounts of samples and several panelists. The latter is an indirect method that estimates the eating quality based on the chemical composition, cooking quality, gelatinization properties, and physical properties of cooked rice. Satake Co Ltd. developed a taste analyzer in the 1980s that is equipped with a palatability estimation formula that was based on the combination of near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and physicochemical measurements related with sensory test. A novel method to evaluate the quality of the cooked rice is necessary to breed high‐quality rice cultivars and to select the suitable rice for each consumer and each purpose. We try to develop the novel method to evaluate the rice quality using various kinds of apparatus, such as Tensipresser, RVA, NIR, and spectrophotometer. Simple, rapid, and accurate method to evaluate the quality of rice grains is very valuable. We evaluated 16 Japanese and Chinese rice cultivars in terms of their physicochemical properties. Based on these quality evaluations, we concluded that Chinese rice cultivars are characterized by a high protein and that the grain texture after cooking has higher hardness and lower stickiness than Japanese ones reflecting the difference in consumers’ preference. The relationship between the palatability of rice and agronomical condition to preserve the bio‐diversity for Crested Ibis was investigated. Furthermore, the quality of rice grown in Sado Island, Japan, was assayed using rice grains grown in mountainous areas and in the field areas as samples.",signatures:"Ken'ichi Ohtsubo and Sumiko Nakamura",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53218",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53218",authors:[{id:"190638",title:"Prof.",name:"Ken\\'Ichi",surname:"Ohtsubo",slug:"ken'ichi-ohtsubo",fullName:"Ken\\'Ichi Ohtsubo"}],corrections:null},{id:"53010",title:"Comparison on Grain Quality Between Super Hybrid and Popular Inbred Rice Cultivars Under Two Nitrogen Management Practices",doi:"10.5772/66386",slug:"comparison-on-grain-quality-between-super-hybrid-and-popular-inbred-rice-cultivars-under-two-nitroge",totalDownloads:1519,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This study was conducted to determine the differences in grain quality traits between super hybrid and popular inbred rice cultivars grown under two nitrogen (N) management practices. Field experiments were done at the Experimental Farm of Guangxi University, Guangxi Province, China in early and late rice-growing seasons in 2014. Two representative super hybrid cultivars Liangyoupeijiu (LYPJ) and Y-liangyou 1 (YLY1) and a popular inbred rice cultivar Huanghuazhan (HHZ) were grown under fixed-time N management (FTNM) and site-specific N management (SSNM) practices in each season. Grain quality traits and N uptake were measured for each cultivar. LYPJ and YLY1 had higher milling efficiency, poorer appearance and palatability, and equal nutritional value than HHZ. The higher milling efficiency and poorer appearance in LYPJ and YLY1 were associated with their higher rice width compared with HHZ. Total N application rate was reduced by 15–20% under SSNM than under FTNM, whereas there was nearly no significant difference in grain quality between SSNM and FTNM. Our results suggest that (1) strategies for grain quality improvement in super hybrid rice should be focused on appearance and palatability, and (2) replacing FTNM with SSNM can reduce N input without sacrificing grain quality in rice production.",signatures:"Min Huang, Shuanglü Shan, Jiana Chen, Fangbo Cao, Ligeng Jiang\nand Yingbin Zou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53010",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53010",authors:[{id:"189829",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",surname:"Huang",slug:"min-huang",fullName:"Min Huang"},{id:"194670",title:"MSc.",name:"Shuanglü",surname:"Shan",slug:"shuanglu-shan",fullName:"Shuanglü Shan"},{id:"194671",title:"MSc.",name:"Jiana",surname:"Chen",slug:"jiana-chen",fullName:"Jiana Chen"},{id:"194672",title:"BSc.",name:"Fangbo",surname:"Cao",slug:"fangbo-cao",fullName:"Fangbo Cao"},{id:"194673",title:"Prof.",name:"Ligeng",surname:"Jiang",slug:"ligeng-jiang",fullName:"Ligeng Jiang"},{id:"194674",title:"Prof.",name:"Yingbin",surname:"Zou",slug:"yingbin-zou",fullName:"Yingbin Zou"}],corrections:null},{id:"54029",title:"The Deep Purple Color and the Scent are Two Great Qualities of the Black Scented Rice (Chakhao) of Manipur",doi:"10.5772/67193",slug:"the-deep-purple-color-and-the-scent-are-two-great-qualities-of-the-black-scented-rice-chakhao-of-man",totalDownloads:2471,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Specialty rice varieties with unique properties such as unique color, flavor, aroma and nutraceutical qualities are increasingly in demand other than the traditional white rice varieties. Black rice has various nutraceutical properties with high anthocyanin content and the anthocyanin antioxidants are very important in preventing various diseases. Black scented rice of Manipur, which are commonly known as Chakhao, are deep purple colored and scented, and are very glutinous, as well. Two Chakhao cultivars, Chakhao Poireiton and Chakhao Amubi, were shown to have high anthocyanin and phenolics content and strong antioxidant activity. The main anthocyanins of Chakhao Poireiton are delphinidin 3‐galactoside, delphinidin 3‐arabinoside, cyanidin 3‐galactoside and cyanidin 3‐glucoside and that of Chakhao Amubi are delphinidin 3‐galactoside, delphinidin 3‐arabinoside and cyanidin 3‐galactoside. By GC‐MS analysis, a cross mixture of 26 volatile compounds from Chakhao Poireiton and 11 volatile compounds from Chakhao Amubi were found to be responsible for emanating the aroma. Among the complex mixture of volatile oil components, n‐hexadecanoic acid and octadec‐9‐enoic acid were the most abundant in Chakhao Poireiton and 17‐pentatriacontene, l3‐octadecenal (Z) and hexadecenoic acid eicosyl ester in Chakhao Amubi.",signatures:"Ibemhal Devi Asem, Rajkumar Imotomba and Pranab B. Mazumder",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54029",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54029",authors:[{id:"199924",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibemhal",surname:"Asem",slug:"ibemhal-asem",fullName:"Ibemhal Asem"}],corrections:null},{id:"53774",title:"Salt Stress Tolerance in Rice: Emerging Role of Exogenous Phytoprotectants",doi:"10.5772/67098",slug:"salt-stress-tolerance-in-rice-emerging-role-of-exogenous-phytoprotectants",totalDownloads:3293,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:19,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Excess salinity in soil is one of the major environmental factors that limit plant growth and yield of a wide variety of crops including rice. On the basis of tolerance ability toward salinity, rice is considered as salt-sensitive crop, and growth and yield of rice are greatly affected by salinity. In general, rice can tolerate a small amount of saltwater without compromising the growth and yield. However, it greatly depends on the types and species of rice and their growth stage. Salinity-induced ionic and osmotic stresses reduce rate of photosynthesis and consequently cause oxidative stress, which is also responsible for growth reduction. The negative effects of salt stress that mentioned ultimately reduced yield of most crops including rice, except some halophytes. In recent decades, researchers have developed various approaches toward making salt-tolerant rice varieties. Using phytoprotectants is found to be effective in conferring salt tolerance to rice plants. In this chapter, we reviewed the recent reports on different aspects on salt stress tolerance strategies in light of using phytoprotectants.",signatures:"Anisur Rahman, Kamrun Nahar, Jubayer Al Mahmud, Mirza\nHasanuzzaman, Md. Shahadat Hossain and Masayuki Fujita",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53774",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53774",authors:[{id:"47687",title:"Prof.",name:"Masayuki",surname:"Fujita",slug:"masayuki-fujita",fullName:"Masayuki Fujita"},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman"},{id:"166818",title:"MSc.",name:"Kamrun",surname:"Nahar",slug:"kamrun-nahar",fullName:"Kamrun Nahar"},{id:"176201",title:"MSc.",name:"Jubayer-Al-",surname:"Mahmud",slug:"jubayer-al-mahmud",fullName:"Jubayer-Al- Mahmud"},{id:"189983",title:"Dr.",name:"Anisur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"anisur-rahman",fullName:"Anisur Rahman"},{id:"189984",title:"Mr.",name:"Md. Shahadat",surname:"Hossain",slug:"md.-shahadat-hossain",fullName:"Md. Shahadat Hossain"}],corrections:null},{id:"54259",title:"Genetics and Genomics of Bacterial Blight Resistance in Rice",doi:"10.5772/67361",slug:"genetics-and-genomics-of-bacterial-blight-resistance-in-rice",totalDownloads:2476,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:23,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rice is an important food crop for half the world’s population and has been in cultivation for over 10,000 years. During the last few decades, rice has evolved intricate relationships with associated pathogens and pests, bacterial blight (BB) being one of the most important among them. Utilization of resistant varieties with agricultural management practices is a more effective way to control BB. Of the 42 different resistance (R) genes identified to confer BB resistance, 9 have been isolated and cloned, whereas a few of the avirulence genes and a large number of candidate pathogenicity genes have been isolated from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The complete genome sequences of two different rice subspecies japonica and indica and three different races of BB pathogen are available. Therefore, the interaction between rice-Xoo could be deciphered and pave a way to study the molecular aspects of bacterial pathogenesis and host counter measures like innate immunity and R gene–mediated immunity. Although several of the type III effectors of Xoo have been characterized and the host targets of a few of them identified, a relatively large number of candidate effectors remain to be studied and their functional analysis may provide key for developing broad spectrum and durable resistance to BB.",signatures:"Yogesh Vikal and Dharminder Bhatia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54259",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54259",authors:[{id:"189992",title:"Dr.",name:"Yogesh",surname:"Vikal",slug:"yogesh-vikal",fullName:"Yogesh Vikal"},{id:"195667",title:"Dr.",name:"Dharminder",surname:"Bhatia",slug:"dharminder-bhatia",fullName:"Dharminder Bhatia"}],corrections:null},{id:"53967",title:"Upland Rice Breeding in Uganda: Initiatives and Progress",doi:"10.5772/66826",slug:"upland-rice-breeding-in-uganda-initiatives-and-progress",totalDownloads:2357,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Until recently, there was limited research on breeding upland rice varieties. Moreover, there is an increasing expansion of rice production from traditional irrigated production areas to rain‐fed environments in the East African region, where drought problem is a serious challenge. To date, several initiatives aimed at increasing rice production have been made. Of the initiatives, promotion of upland rice production has been the most important in Uganda, but yield penalty due to drought continued to be a major drawback. This article traces progress in the upland rice breeding that started with improvement of late maturing varieties that had nonpreferred cooking qualities. Initially, introduced lines were evaluated and released. These varieties are the ‘New Rice for Africa’ (NERICA) that had been generated from interspecific crosses involving Oryza glaberrima and Oryza sativa. Several studies to understand the mode of gene action and modified pedigree breeding approaches for drought tolerance were conducted and used to develop new rice varieties. Up to 11 improved upland rice varieties were released and deployed in the country from 2002 to 2011 as a result of this initiative.",signatures:"Jimmy Lamo, Pangirayi Tongoona, Moussa Sie, Mande Semon,\nGeoffrey Onaga and Patrick Okori",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53967",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53967",authors:[{id:"190784",title:"Dr.",name:"Geoffrey",surname:"Onaga",slug:"geoffrey-onaga",fullName:"Geoffrey Onaga"},{id:"191240",title:"Dr.",name:"Jimmy",surname:"Lamo",slug:"jimmy-lamo",fullName:"Jimmy Lamo"},{id:"195608",title:"Prof.",name:"Pangirayi",surname:"Tongoona",slug:"pangirayi-tongoona",fullName:"Pangirayi Tongoona"},{id:"195609",title:"Dr.",name:"Sie",surname:"Moussa",slug:"sie-moussa",fullName:"Sie Moussa"},{id:"195610",title:"Dr.",name:"Semon",surname:"Mande",slug:"semon-mande",fullName:"Semon Mande"},{id:"195611",title:"Prof.",name:"Patrick",surname:"Okori",slug:"patrick-okori",fullName:"Patrick Okori"}],corrections:null},{id:"53257",title:"Deciphering Histone Modifications in Rice by Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP): Applications to Study the Impact of Stress Imposition",doi:"10.5772/66424",slug:"deciphering-histone-modifications-in-rice-by-chromatin-immunoprecipitation-chip-applications-to-stud",totalDownloads:1708,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The spatial organization of chromatin, the methylome, and histone modifications represents epigenetic layers that greatly intersect each other, influencing genome regulation and allowing high flexibility in stress response. Although changes in specific histone modification marks could be extensively associated with transcriptional regulation of stress-responsive genes, a link between specific epigenetic signatures and plant stress tolerance has not yet been established. This chapter includes some examples of the associations found between fluctuations in these marks and regulation of plant stress-responsive genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) has been widely used to uncover the landscape of histone modifications. However, ChIP involves multiple steps and requires optimizations targeting the tissue and the plant species. Here, we detail the ChIP procedure currently used in our laboratory, for leaf tissues of young rice seedlings, to decipher the dynamic feature of specific chemical modifications of histones that may influence the expression of stress-responsive genes. We show the success achieved after introducing specific optimizations and highlight the key critical steps and trouble shootings that may occur. A thorough understanding of stress-induced fluctuations of specific histone modifications may unveil new strategies to improve plant adaptation and performance in suboptimal conditions.",signatures:"Liliana J. Ferreira, Sebastião Ravasco, Duarte D. Figueiredo,\nChristoph Peterhänsel, Nelson J.M. Saibo, Ana Paula Santos and\nM. Margarida Oliveira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53257",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53257",authors:[{id:"192318",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Paula",surname:"Santos",slug:"ana-paula-santos",fullName:"Ana Paula Santos"},{id:"196126",title:"Dr.",name:"Liliana",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"liliana-ferreira",fullName:"Liliana Ferreira"},{id:"196127",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Sebastião",surname:"Ravasco",slug:"sebastiao-ravasco",fullName:"Sebastião Ravasco"},{id:"196128",title:"Dr.",name:"Duarte",surname:"Figueiredo",slug:"duarte-figueiredo",fullName:"Duarte Figueiredo"},{id:"196129",title:"Prof.",name:"Christoph",surname:"Peterhansel",slug:"christoph-peterhansel",fullName:"Christoph Peterhansel"},{id:"196130",title:"Dr.",name:"Nelson",surname:"Saibo",slug:"nelson-saibo",fullName:"Nelson Saibo"},{id:"196131",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Margarida",surname:"Oliveira",slug:"maria-margarida-oliveira",fullName:"Maria Margarida Oliveira"}],corrections:null},{id:"54205",title:"The Application of Genomic Approaches in Studying a Bacterial Blight-Resistant Mutant in Rice",doi:"10.5772/67331",slug:"the-application-of-genomic-approaches-in-studying-a-bacterial-blight-resistant-mutant-in-rice",totalDownloads:4066,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rice bacterial blight disease (BBD), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is one of the serious diseases in most rice production regions. In this report, we screened for resistance mutants from the mutation pool of TNG67 variety derived by sodium azide (SA) mutagenesis with phenotype investigation and assisted with fluorescent detection. SA0423 is a mutant of broad range resistance against Xoo for many years; the resistance was studied following the concept of central dogma. The inheritance of resistance was characterized, and three QTLs were mapped onto the genome of SA0423 using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and R/qtl by genomic approach. In transcriptomic approach, only one differential expression QTLs (eQTLs) were identified; two differentially expressed proteins (pQTLs) were identified and genetically characterized by proteomics after Xoo challenged in SA0423 mutant. To improve the bacterial blight resistance, makers are developed from QTLs, eQTLs and pQTLs to pyramid the resistance genes through marker-assisted breeding in our rice breeding programs.",signatures:"Chang-Sheng Wang and Da-Gin Lin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54205",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54205",authors:[{id:"189870",title:"Prof.",name:"Chang-Sheng",surname:"Wang",slug:"chang-sheng-wang",fullName:"Chang-Sheng Wang"},{id:"194983",title:"Dr.",name:"Da-Gin",surname:"Lin",slug:"da-gin-lin",fullName:"Da-Gin Lin"}],corrections:null},{id:"52885",title:"Rice Plant Height Monitoring from Space with Bistatic Interferometry",doi:"10.5772/65868",slug:"rice-plant-height-monitoring-from-space-with-bistatic-interferometry",totalDownloads:1126,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter provides an overview of the possibility to derive paddy rice plant heights with spaceborne bistatic SAR interferometry (InSAR). By using the only available interferometer in space, TanDEM-X, an investigation of rice crops located in Turkey is performed. Before analyzing the main outcomes, an introduction to the generation of elevation models with InSAR is provided, with a special focus on the agricultural land cover. The processing chain and the modifications foreseen to properly produce plant elevations and a roadmap for the quality assessment are described. The results obtained, with a very high interferometric coherence supporting an accurate estimation due to a limited electromagnetic wave penetration into the canopy, support a temporal change analysis on a field-by-field basis. For the purpose, an automatic approach to segment the fields without external auxiliary data is also provided. The study is concluded with an analysis of the impact of the wave polarization in the results.",signatures:"Cristian Rossi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52885",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52885",authors:[{id:"189544",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristian",surname:"Rossi",slug:"cristian-rossi",fullName:"Cristian Rossi"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5482",title:"Soybean",subtitle:"The Basis of Yield, Biomass and Productivity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b6f5b827869f467dda14e78f1c45570",slug:"soybean-the-basis-of-yield-biomass-and-productivity",bookSignature:"Minobu Kasai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5482.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29226",title:"Dr.",name:"Minobu",surname:"Kasai",slug:"minobu-kasai",fullName:"Minobu Kasai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7000",title:"Legume Crops",subtitle:"Characterization and Breeding for Improved Food Security",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d0f73bf883bbb984cc2feef1259a9a7",slug:"legume-crops-characterization-and-breeding-for-improved-food-security",bookSignature:"Mohamed Ahmed El-Esawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7000.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191770",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed A.",surname:"El-Esawi",slug:"mohamed-a.-el-esawi",fullName:"Mohamed A. 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As cryptocurrencies become popular and market places for cryptocurrencies are growing rapidly. Understanding the rate of return can support cryptocurrency world is and how design choices affect investors. One threat to cryptocurrencies is high fluctuations in traders’ willingness to buy or sell [1]. The adoption of crypto assets has been a great concern for policy makers ever since Facebook announced its cryptocurrency, Libra, in June 2019 [2].
The technology behind these cryptocurrencies, a decentralized and open-source system named “blockchain” is often presented as one of the most innovative technology offering several many disruptive innovations in the next years [3, 4, 5, 6]. The crypto-currencies trading volume also has a granger-causality to energy consumption [7]. A crypto asset is an intangible digital asset whose issuance, sale or transfer are secured by cryptographic technology and shared electronically via a distributed ledger [8].
The era of digitalization of technology has given birth to the cryptocurrency Bitcoin (BTC) as a new exciting currency for the world community, including Indonesia. BTC is an alternative to complement the needs of global financial transactions that want convenience, efficiency and security. Use of the digital computing tools to process scientific, economic, and social information has changed the human capacity, considerably. Virtual space is being activated year over year being the result of efficient application of information resources [9].
The development of BTC is very rapid in Indonesia. Indonesia, which has a total population of 271,349 889 people in 2020 (BPS, 2021). The population of Indonesia is very potential for the growth of the investment climate for BTC.
Almost all countries in the world experienced a decline in economic growth in 2020 due to the 19 virus pandemic. However, BTC price growth showed a very significant increase in 2020. BTC prices recorded the best performance since 2013 amounting to 260 USD / BTC. The price of BTC is USD 12,310 in 2020 or an increase of 68.04% compared to 2019 amounting to USD 7,326 / BTC (investing, 2021). Table 1 shows the development of the value of BTC (USD / BTC) in 2010–2020.
Variable | Indicator | Measurement | Type of data | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Stock | Indonesia Composite Index | Average Stock Price/Baseline* | Ratio | www.investing.com |
Exchange Rate | Convert from USD to IDR currency | IDR/USD | Ratio | www.investing.com |
Gold | Gold price in USD per 1 Troy Ounce | USD/Troy Ounce | Ratio | www.harga-emas.org |
Bitcoin | Bitcoin price in USD per Bitcoin | USD/BTC | Ratio | www.investing.com |
Operational variable.
The baseline used to calculate the composite stock price index is the average price of the shares on August 10, 1982.
Source: various sources, 2021.
Indonesians who start investing in bitcoin currency can change the existing financial asset structure. The development of bitcoin currency in Indonesia can disturb the stability of the rupiah as the only valid currency for domestic transactions. Therefore, Bank Indonesia as the determinant of monetary policy has not or has not legalized bitcoin currency as a virtual currency in Indonesia.
This research aims to examine bitcoin cryptocurrency as an investment instrument opportunity compared to other investment instruments, namely stocks, gold and the rupiah exchange rate. For the government as policy makers, this research is expected to be an input for the development of digital currency in the era of information technology. In addition, for investors, this research is expected to illustrate the returns and risks faced when investing in bitcoin (Figure 1).
Bitcoin cryptocurrency graph 2010–2020 (USD/BTC). Source:
The study and analysis of the cryptocurrency market is a relatively new area. A few works published in recent years have had the potential interest in this topic. Many scientists have been studying Bitcoin from different angles ever since it appeared. Cryptocurrency is a digital currency, whose creation and control is based on cryptographic methods. Some researchers claim that Bitcoin is just a bubble. The fundamental value of Bitcoin is difficult to reveal, and history shows that innovative assets are indeed more prone to bubbles [10].
Bitcoin is the first decentralized peer-to-peer payment network that is fully controlled by its users without any central authority or intermediary. Bitcoin is a digital currency residing in an open source P2P (peer-to-peer) payment network. P2P is a computer network model that consists of two or more computers, where each computer in the network environment can share. This network makes it easy for users to transact directly without the need for services from third parties.
The elements of Bitcoin are the existence of a peer-to-peer network, blocks, blockchain, and miners. The peer-to-peer network in Bitcoin allows users to transfer a certain amount of Bitcoin value, these transactions are stored in files called blocks, these blocks are intertwined with each other to form a block chain called the blockchain, and miners solve complex mathematical formulas. to prove ownership of Bitcoin.
Bank Indonesia responds to the existence of Bitcoin if it can be used, traded, or stored as an asset or a form of digital commodity by the people of Indonesia, but it cannot be used as a means of payment because only the Rupiah currency is the only legal means of payment in Indonesia.
Bitcoin is the first implementation of the concept of cryptocurrency, which was first described by Wei Dai in 1998. The proposes of cryptocurrency is a new form of money that uses cryptography to control creation and transactions rather than using a centralized authority.
Cryptocurrency is a digital asset designed to function as a medium of exchange that uses strong cryptography to secure financial transactions, control the creation of additional units, and verify asset transfers.19 Cryptocurrency is a type of alternative currency and digital currency. Cryptocurrencies use decentralized controls compared to centralized digital currencies and central banking systems.
Cryptocurrency is a virtual currency that circulates without being regulated by a particular central bank, is not “backed up” with gold as currency, and is not protected by any particular country. Distribution and use through the internet network media. With this crypto many benefits are obtained without exchanging it for real money, the value of crypto prices has international standards so that the value is the same everywhere, the transfer time is very fast, and crypto is not owned by a particular company. Crypto is a digital asset where transactions are carried out using an online network. Crypto assets are virtual so if one wants to see what the physical form of this currency is, then the answer is no. The form is not like a physical currency issued by a bank and also not the currency of a country.
Investors can maximize asset allocation through a combination of risky assets to reduce high risk. Investors who have an aversion to risk tend to reject investments that are more likely to have speculative content. Investors who do not like risk consider risk-free investments or speculate on investments that have a positive premium.
Research related to virtual currency, especially bitcoin cryptocurrency, is still rarely done in Indonesia. However, the development of bitcoin cryptocurrency has recently begun so that further studies are needed to provide an overview to the public and policy makers regarding bitcoin cryptocurrency investment. Some of the research results that have been carried out both domestically and globally can be summarized as follows:
Voskobojnikov et al. [11] identified and qualitatively analyzed 6,859 reviews pertaining to the user experience with top five mobile cryptocurrency wallets. They suggested that both new and experienced users struggle with general and domain-specific user experience issues that, aside from frustration and disengagement, might lead to dangerous errors and irreversible monetary losses. They reveal shortcomings of current wallet user experience as well as users’ misconceptions, some of which can be traced back to a reliance on their understanding of conventional payment systems. Based on their findings, they provide recommendations on how to design cryptocurrency wallets that both alleviate the identified issues and counteract some of the misconceptions in order to better support newcomers.
Hachicha and Hachicha [12] proved the efficiency of Markov Chain for our sample and the convergence and stability for all parameters to a certain level. On the whole, it seems that permanent shocks have an effect on the volatility of the price of the bitcoin and also on the other stock market. Our results will help investors better diversify their portfolio by adding this cryptocurrency.
Mikhaylov, A. [10] conclude that the cryptocurrency market has entered a new stage of development, which means a reduced possibility to have excess profits when investing in the most liquid cryptocurrencies in the future. However, buying new high-risk tools provides opportunities for speculative income.
Igoni et al. [13] concluded that market capitalization and volume of digital currency did not constitute the significant variables of policy to influence the monetary policies in the South African economy, hence they operate independently. A decision to adopt and regulate digital currency operation or not in Nigeria does not affect. They recommend the Nigerian to embrace the digital environment in terms of regulations for tax advantage.
Le Tran and Leirvik [14] shown that the level of market-efficiency in the five largest cryptocurrencies is highly time-varying. Specifically, before 2017, cryptocurrency-markets are mostly inefficient. This corrobo-rates recent results on the matter. However, the cryptocurrency-markets become more efficient over time in the period 2017–2019. This contradicts other, more recent, results on the matter. The reason is that they apply a longer sample than previous studies. Another important reason is that they apply a robust measure of efficiency, being directly able to determine if the efficiency is significant or not. On average, Litecoin is the most efficient cryptocurrency, and Ripple being the least efficient cryptocurrency.
Agosto and Cafferata [15] found that extremely rapid price accelerations, often referred to as explosive behaviors, followed by drastic drops pose high risks to investors. From a risk management perspective, testing the explosiveness of individual cryptocurrency time series is not the only crucial issue.
Rabbani et al. [16] identified that the sharia compliance related to the cryptocurrency/Blockchain is the biggest challenge which Islamic Financial Technology organizations are facing. During our review we also find that Islamic Financial Technology organizations are to be considered as partners by the Islamic Financial Institutions (IFI’s) than the competitors. If Islamic Financial institutions want to increase efficiency, transparency and customer satisfaction they have to adopt Financial Technology and become partners with the Financial Tech companies.
Hairudin et al. [17] indicated that public embrace of cryptocurrencies continues to lag as the masses currently show reluctance in embracing cryptocurrencies as a complement, let alone a substitute to fiat counterparts. Governments have also successfully defended their sovereignty in preserving legal tender status, structural seignior age and exclusivity. Market-based studies hint at consistent inefficiencies across the spectrum. The most promising areas of research for crypto-financial intelligentsia would be delving into establishing trial runs for central bank-backed cryptocurrencies.
Grobys et al. [18] indicated that a variable moving average strategy is successful when using the 20 days moving average trading strategy. Specifically, excluding Bitcoin the technical trading rule generates an excess return of 8.76% p.a. after controlling for the average market return. The results suggest that cryptocurrency markets are inefficient.
Amsyar et al. [19] concluded that cryptocurrency has the disadvantage of not having the authority responsible for dealing with all problems that occur in all transactions, and money laundering crimes also often occur, this is a challenge for how to utilize cryptocurrency and blockchain technology in the current era of globalization.
Vaz de Melo and Fluminense [20] indicated that indicate that the strength of dependence among the crypto-currencies has increased over the recent years in the cointegrated crypto-market. The conclusions reached will help investors to manage risk while identifying opportunities for alternative diversified and profitable investments.
Tu et al. [21] detected two sudden jumps in the standard deviation, in the second quarter of 2017 and at the beginning of 2018, which could have served as the early warning signals of two major price collapses that have happened in the following periods. They propose a mean-field phenomenological model for the price of cryptocurrency to show how the use of the standard deviation of the residuals is a better leading indicator of the collapse in price than the time-series’ autocorrelation. Their findings represent a first step towards a better diagnostic of the risk of critical transition in the price and/or volume of crypto-currencies.
Fang et al. [22] summarized the existing research papers and results on cryptocurrency trading, including available trading platforms, trading signals, trading strategy research and risk management. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of cryptocurrency trading research, by covering 126 research papers on various aspects of cryptocurrency trading (e.g., cryptocurrency trading systems, bubble and extreme condition, prediction of volatility and return, crypto-assets portfolio construction and crypto-assets, technical trading and others). This paper also analyses datasets, research trends and distribution among research objects (contents/properties) and technologies, concluding with some promising opportunities that remain open in cryptocurrency trading.
Drożdż et al. [23] found that A particularly significant result is that the measures applied for detecting cross-correlations between the dynamics of the BTC/ETH and EUR/USD exchange rates do not show any noticeable relationships. This could be taken as an indication that the cryptocurrency market has begun decoupling itself from the Forex.
Panagiotidis et al. [24] found that a significant interaction between bitcoin and traditional stock market. The increased impact of Asian markets on Bitcoin compared to other geographically-defined markets. Two years after the Chinese regulatory interventions and the sudden construction of CNY’s share in bitcoin trading volume.
Aysan et al. [25] found that bitcoin can be considered as a hedging tool against global geopolitical risk.
Krafft et al. [1] found that individual “buy” actions led to short-term increases in subsequent buy-side activity hundreds of times the size of our interventions. From a design perspective, we note that the design choices of the exchange we study may have promoted this and other peer influence effects, which highlights the potential social and economic impact of HCI in the design of digital institutions.
Panagiotidis et al. [26] found that search intensity and gold returns emerge as the most important variables for bitcoin returns.
Koutmos [27] found that the contribution of return shocks to transaction activity is quantitatively larger in magnitude.
Demir et al. [28] found that bitcoin can serve as a hedging tools again uncertainty.
Balcilar et al. [29] found that non-linear relationship between bitcoin returns and trading volume. The trading volume cannot help to predict the volatility of returns at any point of the conditional distribution.
Urquhart [30] found that bitcoin return significantly inefficient but in the process of moving towards an efficient market.
Based on the research objectives, the researcher wants to compare the returns obtained from bitcoin currency and others investment instrument, namely stocks, exchange rates and gold to see how rate of return behavior on bitcoin currency. Besides measure rate of return on bitcoin currency, the researcher also measures the risk of bitcoin currency investment. Standard deviation of bitcoin currency employee to measure the risk of the investment. Thus, the statistical hypotheses and research hypotheses used in this study are as follows:
Ho1: μ₁ = μ₂.
Ha1: μ1 ≠ μ2.
Ho2: μ1 = μ3.
Ha2: μ1 ≠ μ3.
Ho3: μ1 = μ4.
Ha3: μ1 ≠ μ4.
Ho4: μ₁ = μ2 = μ3 = μ4.
Ha4: At least one of the average returns are not equal.
where:
μ1 = average bitcoin returns.
μ2 = average exchange rate returns.
μ3 = average gold returns.
μ4 = average stock returns.
While the research hypothesis developed in this study is as follows:
H01: There is no difference between the bitcoin returns and the exchange rate returns.
Ha1: There is a difference between the bitcoin returns and the exchange rate returns.
H02: There is no difference between the bitcoin returns stock and the gold returns gold.
Ha2: There is a difference between the bitcoin returns and the gold returns.
H03: There is no difference between the bitcoin returns and the stock returns.
Ha3: There is a difference between the bitcoin returns and the stock returns.
H04: There is no difference between the bitcoin returns and the others investment instrument.
Ha4: There is a difference between the bitcoin returns and the others investment instrument.
This study compares the return and risk of bitcoin, stocks, gold and the rupiah exchange rate. This research is a type of quantitative research using secondary data. Secondary data used in the study were obtained from www.investing.com [31]; for bitcoin and share prices. Gold prices were obtained from www.harga-emas.org [32]; Rupiah exchange rate is obtained from www.bi.go.id [33]. The research period from 2010 to 2020 used monthly data or 132 observed data.
The return calculation uses the formula for the difference from the current value to the previous value divided by the value in the previous period. In general, the return formula can be written as follows:
where:
Rt = the return at period t.
Rt-1 = the return at period t−1.
In this study also measure risk of each investment instruments. Standard deviation is employed to measure the risk of investments. Standard deviation to measure how far the deviation from the average of each investment instruments. The higher standard deviation value means the higher risk of the investment. Here the formula to measure standard deviation (σ):
where:
σ = standard deviation of investment.
n = number of observation.
r(s) = return of investment.
r = average of investment.
Table 1 shows the operational variables used in this study include investment instruments, namely bitcoin, exchange rates, gold and stock.
Statistical descriptions include the average, minimum value, maximum value and standard deviation of each investment instrument, namely bitcoin, exchange rate returns, gold returns and stock returns during the study period 2011–2020. Bitcoin’s return has the largest average of 18% compared with returns from other investment instruments. In addition, the standard deviation of bitcoin returns has the largest value of 61.08% compared to other investment instruments. The range of bitcoin returns between −38.87% till 470.88%. Table 2 shows the descriptive statistics of the investment instruments studied.
Instrument | N | Min | Max | Mean | Std. dev. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bitcoin (μ1) | 120 | −0.3887 | 4.7088 | 0.1800 | 0.6108 |
Exchange Rate (μ2) | 120 | −0.0905 | 0.1367 | 0.0040 | 0.0258 |
Gold (μ3) | 120 | −0.1212 | 0.1363 | 0.0035 | 0.0472 |
Stock (μ4) | 120 | −0.1676 | 0.0944 | 0.0049 | 0.0415 |
Descriptive statistic.
Source: data processing, 2021.
The correlation matrix between investment instruments can be found in Table 3. The highest correlation is obtained from the return stock and return exchange rate (−0.602). The more the stock return increases, the lower the return exchange rate will be. In other words, the stronger the rupiah exchange rate, the more the composite stock price index will increase. The strengthening of the rupiah exchange rate had an impact on increasing domestic economic growth so that investors invested heavily in stocks. Therefore, stock returns also increase when there is an increase in the rupiah exchange rate. Meanwhile, bitcoin does not show a correlation with other investment instruments which is indicated by a correlation matrix value below 5%. This figure shows that the bitcoin returns are not affected by the others instruments investments returns namely exchange rate, gold and stock returns.
Instrument | Stock | Exchange Rate | Gold | Bitcoin |
---|---|---|---|---|
Stock | 1 | |||
Exchange Rate | −0.602 | 1 | ||
Gold | 0.218 | −0.258 | 1 | |
Bitcoin | 0.042 | 0.023 | −0.018 | 1 |
Correlation matrix.
Source: data processing, 2021.
An overview of the return fluctuations obtained from each investment instrument of stock return, exchange rate return, gold return and bitcoin return can be seen in Figures 2–5. Each investment instrument shows different return fluctuations. The lowest standard deviation is the exchange rate 2.58%, while the highest standard deviation is Bitcoin 61.08%. In other words, investment in bitcoin have the highest risk compared to the alternative investment instruments. The others investment instruments have low risk between 2.6% till 4.7%. Investment in foreign exchange rate has the lowest risk compared to the others alternative investments. Investment on gold and stock have similar risks around 4.2% to 4.7%.
The return stock 2011–2020. Source: data processing, 2021.
The return exchange rate 2011–2020. Source: data processing, 2021.
The return gold 2011–2020. Source: data processing, 2021.
Bitcoin return 2011–2020. Source: data processing, 2021.
The range of the largest fluctuation was obtained from the return on bitcoin investment, especially in the period 2012 to 2014. In 2013, bitcoin returns reached the highest point where returns increased from 10–70%. However, the return drastically decreased to (−5%) entering 2014. It means the investment in bitcoin get the highest return and also the highest risk compared to the others instrument of investment.
The next test was to compare the returns between each investment instrument through paired sample tests, namely stock-exchange rate, stock-gold, stock-bitcoin, exchange rate-gold, exchange rate-bitcoin and gold bitcoin. Table 4 shows the results of the paired sample test of each investment instrument.
Instrument | Mean | Std. dev. | Std. error mean | t | df | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bitcoin - Ex. Rate | −0.1760 | 0.6108 | 0.0558 | −3.156 | 119 | 0.002 |
Bitcoin - Gold | −0.1765 | 0.6135 | 0.0560 | −3.151 | 119 | 0.002 |
Bitcoin - Stock | −0.1751 | 0.6105 | 0.0557 | −3.143 | 119 | 0.002 |
Paired samples test.
Source: data processing, 2021.
The results of the paired samples test of returns between investment instruments can be seen in Table 4. The results of the paired sample test between bitcoin and the others investment instruments shows significant level less than 0.01. It means that is difference of return between bitcoin and the others investment instruments. The average means difference of bitcoin and the others investment instruments around −17.6%. Standard deviations show around 61% of investment on bitcoin. It means that the highest risk of bitcoin investments.
Based on the results of testing paired samples test return on investment between investment instruments and the explanation above, it can be concluded that the research hypothesis is as follows:
Ha1: There is a difference between the bitcoin and the exchange rate return (accepted at significance level 0.01).
Ha2: There is a difference between the bitcoin and the gold return (accepted at significance level 0.01).
Ha3: There is a difference between the bitcoin and the stock return (accepted at significance level 0.01).
One sample test is conducted to prove whether or not there are differences between the investment instruments used in this study. The one sample test results show that bitcoin returns provide a very significant difference (α < 0.01) compared to other investment instruments: exchange rate, gold and stock. The average return of stock, exchange and gold investment instruments.
Table 5 shows analysis of variance single factor for each investment instruments. The variance of bitcoin the highest (0.37) if compared to stock, exchange rate and gold returns (0.001–0.002). It means there us a big different between bitcoin returns and the others investment instruments.
Groups | Count | Sum | Average | Variance |
---|---|---|---|---|
Stock return | 120 | 0.585183 | 0.004877 | 0.001723 |
Ex-Rate return | 120 | 0.483912 | 0.004033 | 0.000663 |
Gold Return | 120 | 0.422361 | 0.00352 | 0.002228 |
Bitcoin return | 120 | 21.60168 | 0.180014 | 0.373122 |
Anova single factor summary.
Source: data processing, 2021.
Table 6 shows analysis of variance to test hypothesis 4 whether there is significant level of the return. The result indicates that F calculation (0.9826) is higher than F critical value (2,624). It means there is significant different between bitcoin and the others investment instruments.
Source of variation | SS | df | MS | F | P-value | F crit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Between Groups | 2.783868 | 3 | 0.927956 | 9.826513 | 0.00000 | 2.623637 |
Within Groups | 44.95054 | 476 | 0.094434 | |||
Total | 47.73441 | 479 |
Anova single factor test.
Source: data processing, 2021.
Based on the results of the analysis of variance single factor test shows that there is a difference between the average return of all investment instruments. Thus, the statistical hypothesis and research hypothesis (Ha4) is accepted at significant level 0.01 or can be written down as follows:
Ha4: There is a difference between the investment instruments (accepted at significance level 0.01).
Based on the average test between the research instruments used, bitcoin has a very significant difference in return compared to other investment instruments. Meanwhile, stock investment instruments, exchange rate and gold have the same average return.
Based on the research results discussed in the previous chapter indicate that the investment in bitcoin still promising. The price of bitcoin rapidly increase during the study 2011–2020. The rate of return of bitcoin investment is the highest compared to the other investment instruments: stock, exchange rate and gold. Meanwhile, the bitcoin investment also has the highest risk compared the others investment instruments.
It can be concluded that bitcoin investment provides the highest return (18%) compared to other investment instrument returns. However, the very high return on bitcoin comes with high risk investment. The risk of investing in bitcoin is indicated by a standard deviation of 61%, while the standard deviation of other instruments: stock, exchange rate and gold less than 5%.
Based on the results of the paired sample test, it shows that the average return on bitcoin shows a very significant difference compared to the others instrument. Meanwhile, the return on the others instrument: stock, exchange rate and gold show the same return.
For the investors who love risk, then the investment in bitcoin could be an alternative for an investment. The investment on bitcoin promise higher return compare to the other investment instruments. For the investors who are risk aversion, an investment on bitcoin doesn’t fit since this investment have the highest risk.
This research has practical implication for the investors who require high return. In the same time, the investors also have to understand the risk along the investment on bitcoin.
The other implication for government of Indonesia as policy maker on crypto currency. The crypto currency quite develops rapidly in this crypto world era. The role and regulation on crypto currency are needed to secure investors and economic growth.
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
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The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
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\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
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The major advantages indicated in the articles are “Learning/Academic Achievement,” “Motivation,” and “Attitude”.",book:{id:"6543",slug:"state-of-the-art-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-knowhow",title:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow",fullTitle:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow"},signatures:"Rabia M. Yilmaz",authors:[{id:"225838",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabia",middleName:null,surname:"Yilmaz",slug:"rabia-yilmaz",fullName:"Rabia Yilmaz"}]},{id:"63707",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80780",title:"Drinking Water Treatment and Challenges in Developing Countries",slug:"drinking-water-treatment-and-challenges-in-developing-countries",totalDownloads:7909,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"Safe drinking water remains inaccessible to many humans in the developing countries. Research continuously innovates to develop efficient and cheap methods to sustain clean water for developing countries. Developing nations are a broad term that includes countries that are less industrialised and have lower per capita income levels than developed countries. This chapter will discuss clean water for drinking water purposes. Pollution concerns of water in developing countries will be categorised in terms of physical, chemical and biological pollutants such as turbidity, organic matter and bacteria. Natural and anthropogenic pollution concerns linking with seasonal factors will be outlined. The multi-barrier approach to drinking water treatment will be discussed. Abstraction points used will be researched. Water treatment systems, medium- to small-scale approaches, will be discussed. The processes involved in removing the contaminants including physical processes such as sedimentation, filtration such as slow-sand filtration, coagulation and flocculation, and disinfectant processes such as chlorination will be reviewed. Other important methods including solar disinfection, hybrid filtration methods and arsenic removal technologies using innovative solid phase materials will be included in this chapter. Rainwater harvesting technologies are reviewed. Safe storage options for treated water are outlined. Challenges of water treatment in rural and urban areas will be outlined.",book:{id:"6682",slug:"the-relevance-of-hygiene-to-health-in-developing-countries",title:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries"},signatures:"Josephine Treacy",authors:[{id:"238173",title:"Dr.",name:"Josephine",middleName:null,surname:"Treacy",slug:"josephine-treacy",fullName:"Josephine Treacy"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58890",title:"Philosophy and Paradigm of Scientific Research",slug:"philosophy-and-paradigm-of-scientific-research",totalDownloads:13556,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"Before carrying out the empirical analysis of the role of management culture in corporate social responsibility, identification of the philosophical approach and the paradigm on which the research carried out is based is necessary. Therefore, this chapter deals with the philosophical systems and paradigms of scientific research, the epistemology, evaluating understanding and application of various theories and practices used in the scientific research. The key components of the scientific research paradigm are highlighted. Theories on the basis of which this research was focused on identification of the level of development of the management culture in order to implement corporate social responsibility are identified, and the stages of its implementation are described.",book:{id:"5791",slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",fullTitle:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility"},signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",middleName:null,surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}]},{id:"52475",title:"Teenage Pregnancies: A Worldwide Social and Medical Problem",slug:"teenage-pregnancies-a-worldwide-social-and-medical-problem",totalDownloads:8091,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Teenage pregnancies and teenage motherhood are a cause for concern worldwide. From a historical point of view, teenage pregnancies are nothing new. For much of human history, it was absolutely common that girls married during their late adolescence and experienced first birth during their second decade of life. This kind of reproductive behavior was socially desired and considered as normal. Nowadays, however, the prevention of teenage pregnancies and teenage motherhood is a priority for public health in nearly all developed and increasingly in developing countries. For a long time, teenage pregnancies were associated with severe medical problems; however, most of data supporting this viewpoint have been collected some decades ago and reflect mainly the situation of per se socially disadvantaged teenage mothers. According to more recent studies, teenage pregnancies are not per se risky ones. A clear risk group are extremely young teenage mothers (younger than 15 years) who are confronted with various medical risks, such as preeclampsia, preterm labor, and small for gestational age newborns but also marked social disadvantage, such as poverty, unemployment, low educational level, and single parenting. In the present study, the prevalence and outcome of teenage pregnancies in Austria are focused on.",book:{id:"5392",slug:"an-analysis-of-contemporary-social-welfare-issues",title:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues",fullTitle:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues"},signatures:"Sylvia Kirchengast",authors:[{id:"188289",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvia",middleName:null,surname:"Kirchengast",slug:"sylvia-kirchengast",fullName:"Sylvia Kirchengast"}]},{id:"58060",title:"Pedagogy of the Twenty-First Century: Innovative Teaching Methods",slug:"pedagogy-of-the-twenty-first-century-innovative-teaching-methods",totalDownloads:8697,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"In the twenty-first century, significant changes are occurring related to new scientific discoveries, informatization, globalization, the development of astronautics, robotics, and artificial intelligence. This century is called the age of digital technologies and knowledge. How is the school changing in the new century? How does learning theory change? Currently, you can hear a lot of criticism that the classroom has not changed significantly compared to the last century or even like two centuries ago. Do the teachers succeed in modern changes? The purpose of the chapter is to summarize the current changes in didactics for the use of innovative teaching methods and study the understanding of changes by teachers. In this chapter, we consider four areas: the expansion of the subject of pedagogy, environmental approach to teaching, the digital generation and the changes taking place, and innovation in teaching. The theory of education, figuratively speaking, has two levels. At the macro-level, in the “education-society” relationship, decentralization and diversification, internationalization of education, and the introduction of digital technologies occur. At the micro-level in the “teacher-learner” relationship, there is an active mix of traditional and innovative methods, combination of an activity approach with an energy-informational environment approach, cognition with constructivism and connectivism.",book:{id:"5980",slug:"new-pedagogical-challenges-in-the-21st-century-contributions-of-research-in-education",title:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century - Contributions of Research in Education"},signatures:"Aigerim Mynbayeva, Zukhra Sadvakassova and Bakhytkul\nAkshalova",authors:[{id:"201997",title:"Dr.",name:"Aigerim",middleName:null,surname:"Mynbayeva",slug:"aigerim-mynbayeva",fullName:"Aigerim Mynbayeva"},{id:"209208",title:"Dr.",name:"Zukhra",middleName:null,surname:"Sadvakassova",slug:"zukhra-sadvakassova",fullName:"Zukhra Sadvakassova"},{id:"209210",title:"Dr.",name:"Bakhytkul",middleName:null,surname:"Akshalova",slug:"bakhytkul-akshalova",fullName:"Bakhytkul Akshalova"}]},{id:"58894",title:"Research Ethics",slug:"research-ethics",totalDownloads:3299,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Research ethics is closely related to the ethical principles of social responsibility. This research covers a wide context of working with people, so the researchers raised a task not only to gain confidence in the respondents’ eyes, to receive reliable data, but also to ensure the transparency of the science. This chapter discusses the theoretical and practical topics of research, after evaluation of which ethical principles of organization and conducting the research are presented. There is a detailed description of how and what ethical principles were followed on the different stages of the research.",book:{id:"5791",slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",fullTitle:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility"},signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",middleName:null,surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}]},{id:"61746",title:"Facilitation of Teachers’ Professional Development through Principals’ Instructional Supervision and Teachers’ Knowledge- Management Behaviors",slug:"facilitation-of-teachers-professional-development-through-principals-instructional-supervision-and-t",totalDownloads:3300,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"With the rise of global competition and the focus on teacher quality, teacher professional development is becoming increasingly crucial, and the stress and challenges for principals are more severe than ever. Teachers can improve their professional abilities through principals’ instructional supervision and their own knowledge-management (KM) behaviors to benefit students. Thus, this chapter analyzes the relationship among principals’ instructional supervision, teachers’ KM, and teachers’ professional development. The author believes that principals’ instructional supervision and effective KM can facilitate the professional development of teachers. The author also believes the readers can know the relationships among them, and teachers’ professional development can be improved through principal’s instructional supervision and teachers’ KM behaviors.",book:{id:"6674",slug:"contemporary-pedagogies-in-teacher-education-and-development",title:"Contemporary Pedagogies in Teacher Education and Development",fullTitle:"Contemporary Pedagogies in Teacher Education and Development"},signatures:"Chien-Chin Chen",authors:[{id:"232569",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Chien Chih",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"chien-chih-chen",fullName:"Chien Chih Chen"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"23",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81937",title:"Socialization Experiences among Undergraduate Students in Higher Learning Institutions (HLI)",slug:"socialization-experiences-among-undergraduate-students-in-higher-learning-institutions-hli",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99007",abstract:"This work portrays the problems of socialization among undergraduate students in higher learning institutions. The socialization processes in higher learning institution are significant for the successful navigation of students in the academic programs and university environment in preparing the next generation of professional practitioners and scholars. But the undergraduate student socialization experiences of students at university environment are overlooked. To navigate in the higher learning institutions, students should be socialized effectively to the normative contexts of the higher learning institutions. The normative contexts of the higher learning institutions are generally categorized into social and academic contexts, because these context academic and social context integration have been linked to student retention and success. Social integration involves interpersonal relationships, support, interactions with others, and a sense of belonging at a university, which stems from extracurricular activities, informal dealings with peer groups, and interactions with faculty and staff, whereas academic integration is described through grade performance and intellectual development that reflects an ability to meet the standards of the academic system; intellectual development involves a student valuing their education as a process of development in which they gain knowledge and ideas. Students’ background is also the contributing factor for students’ socialization in the University.",book:{id:"10911",title:"Higher Education - New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg"},signatures:"Mulusew Birhanu Ayalew"},{id:"81735",title:"Research Status in Computational Thinking in STEM Education",slug:"research-status-in-computational-thinking-in-stem-education",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104472",abstract:"Computational thinking (CT) is an approach to problem-solving that has its roots in computer science. However, its inherent value in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines cannot be over-emphasized, considering that we are in the fourth industrial revolution. The chapter draws attention to its close affinity to problem-solving and programming, and the impact of computational thinking on the labour market, and in turn the digital economy is highlighted. A global overview of recent research findings and initiatives to implement CT education in school curricula are discussed. Because of the importance of STEM education, and the inherent value of CT, it is necessary to explore the status and inclinations of CT in STEM disciplines. Hence, a snapshot of research over the last two years was used in a systematic review to determine the trends and challenges for integrating CT in the curriculum of STEM related fields. Using the ERIC database of journals, and specific criteria for selection of publications, 31 articles were examined in this study. Overall, it was found several tools and instructional strategies are used to develop CT, but more needs to be done to increase teachers’ knowledge and enactment for CT in the STEM fields.",book:{id:"11279",title:"Advances in Research in STEM Education",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11279.jpg"},signatures:"Irene Govender"},{id:"81829",title:"Down to Earth?: A Crisis of the Environmental Crisis",slug:"down-to-earth-a-crisis-of-the-environmental-crisis",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104595",abstract:"Are we down to earth in our connection to earth? If we are environmentalists concerned with “environmental crisis,” then does our guiding notion of “environment” (and the by necessity implied notion of a center—most often with a human there) get closely enough to the earth? Departing from either localism or cosmopolitanism in thinking earth, globe, and the environment, this chapter aims at a theoretical critique of the very notion of “environment” as the guiding notion of what the expression “environmental crisis” spells. Perhaps, “environmental crisis” is less a description of “our” situation, and more an indication of a problem formulated not strongly enough? The notion of “environment” and “environmental crisis” predetermines the currently regnant approaches to global warming, air and soil pollution, nature preservation, and reducing the human impact on the environment. At the same time, the notion of “environment” steers its adherents toward the modern natural science as both (1) the ultimate contributor to the environmental crisis due to technology and (2) the ultimate instrument to save us from the apocalyptic swirl, in which technology drives humanity. Linking environmental crisis to science, which is only an instrument of both its creation and management, forecloses a more fundamental human dimension of that crisis. This essay asks to attend to one element of that more fundamental dimension.",book:{id:"11429",title:"Sustainability, Ecology, and Religions of the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11429.jpg"},signatures:"Sergey Dolgopolski"},{id:"81762",title:"Why Knowledge Sharing Increases Well-being - The Case of Adult Fans of LEGO",slug:"why-knowledge-sharing-increases-well-being-the-case-of-adult-fans-of-lego",totalDownloads:11,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104556",abstract:"Since 2020, we have faced drastic changes in our lives due to the pandemic. This caused a big paradigm shift in working styles. Parallel careers or multiple jobs are getting more common, and people are ascertaining their own competencies. The utilization of personal knowledge will continue to accelerate and this study sheds light on its societal value; the other side of sharing economy. Aoki (2021) revealed that participation in knowledge sharing has a significant positive impact on contributors’ well-being. Those findings are more pertinent as utilization of personal knowledge increases under the ongoing paradigm shift in work style, and the expansion of C-to-C business. However, the reason for the correlation between knowledge sharing and well-being has not been identified. Thus, this study explores this issue by carefully examining knowledge-sharing contributors and their experiences. Finally, this study finds that contributors increased their well-being by deepening their knowledge and experience via competitive co-creation. Furthermore, their concerns shifted towards passing on their knowledge and experience to the next generation. Stakeholders of this study’s results are those who utilize personal knowledge. For example, policymakers who wish to shed light on people with hidden potential, managers of knowledge-sharing platforms, such as crowdsourcing, marketing managers who collaborate with consumers, employers who wish to motivate their employees, and so on.",book:{id:"10912",title:"Psychosocial, Educational, and Economic Impacts of COVID-19",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10912.jpg"},signatures:"Kei Aoki"},{id:"81734",title:'Cosmogonies of Alterity: Origin and Identity in Mesoamerican Narrative