Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.
We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too.
Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data were used to solve the structure of a newly layered copper-selenium hydrogen selenite and further refined to a final reliability factor, R1 = 0.038. This structure was found to have an orthorhombic space group PBn21, with a = 7.1753(4) Å, b = 9.0743(4) Å, c = 17.725(9) Å, V = 1154.06(10) Å3, and Z = 4. Although this structure may be described to exhibit a bidimensional structure, it is actually three-dimensional in shape. The bidimensional structure is made up of layers, parallel to the (010) plane, which contain copper atoms and (HSeO3)− anions with sheets interconnected by [CuCl3(H2O)3] groups. Bond valence sum calculations were used to evaluate the Se and Cu oxidation states. Both the infrared (IR) and Raman spectra were obtained and employed to confirm the presence of hydrogen selenites (Se─O─H). Also, the dielectric constant at different frequencies and temperatures revealed a phase transition at 383 K.
Sfax Faculty of Sciences ‐ Sfax University, Laboratory Material Sciences and Environment, Tunisia
*Address all correspondence to: m.loukil@yahoo.fr
1. Introduction
During the past years, lot of interest has been shown in hydrogen selenite chemistry motivating research focused on expanding the knowledge of the structural and bonding principles of this ligand. There is an important number of divalent metal hydrogen selenite crystal structures reported in the literature. For example, M(HSeO3)2 (where M: Cu, Mg, Sr, Ba) [1, 2]; M(HSeO3)2·H2O (where M: Ca, Cu) [3, 4, 5, 6]; M(HSeO3)2·NH4Cl (where M: Cu) [7]; [Cu(HSeO3)2CuxM1−xCl2(H2O)4] with M = Cu, Co, Mn, Ni, and Zn [8]. This family has a three-dimensional structure, but it may be considered as being derived from the [Cu(HSeO3)2]-type structure.
Compounds exhibiting mixed valences (like Se4+ and Cu2+) are at the center of many studies owing to their potential applications in relation to the electronic exchange. For almost all of these compounds, except [Cu(HSeO3)2], magnetic measurements have revealed the occurrence of weak ferromagnetism at low temperature (T ~ 10–20 K) for which a tentative explanation is offered for this peculiar property in agreement with other authors [8, 9]. In this study, the crystal structure of the compound [Cu0.335Se0.582(HSeO3)2CuCl3(H2O)3], herein presented, was obtained using an X-ray single structure and various spectroscopic (IR and Raman) characterization, as well as dielectric measurements.
The experiments were carried out using a single crystal of [Cu0.335Se0.582(HSeO3)2CuCl3(H2O)3] grown by slow evaporation from a mixture of hydrochloric acid containing stoichiometric CuCl2-SeO2 at room temperature in the ratio 1/2. Blue thin rectangular parallelepiped crystals were grown after vaporizing in air for 15 days approximately. The determination of [Cu0.335Se0.582(HSeO3)2CuCl3(H2O)3] formula was achieved by the crystal structure refinement approach at room temperature.
For electrical impedance measurements (in the range 1–10 KHz), a Hewlett-Packard 4192 ALF automatic bridge monitored by a HP Vectra microcomputer was used. Prepared dense translucent pellets with approximately a diameter of 8 mm and a thickness of 1–1.2 mm, covered with graphite electrodes were utilized for the measurements.
The measurement of electrical impedances were equally carried out in the range, 1–10 KHz, using a Hewlett-Packard 4192 ALF automatic bridge monitored by a HP Vectra microcomputer. For these types of experiments, dense translucent pellet samples were prepared, with a diameter of 8 mm and thickness between 1 and 1.2 mm. All the pellets were then covered with graphite electrodes prior to measurements.
A modern nondispersive Fourier Transform (FT-IR) spectrometer (Perkin-Elmer 1750 spectrophotometer IR-470) was employed for the characterization of the crystalline powders after mixing with KBr, with very notable IR-active functional groups found in the samples investigated. Scans of IR spectra were recorded in in the range 400–4000 cm−1 without apodization. To record Raman spectra of the solid samples for the study of the various phases, a conventional scanning Raman instrument (Horiba Jobin Yvan HR800 microcomputer system), equipped with a Spex 1403 double monochromator (with a pair of 600 grooves/mm gratings) and a Hamamatsu 928 photomultiplier detector was used. Solid materials were sampled at different temperatures for this analysis. During the recording of prominent Raman peaks, excitation radiation from the instrument was fulfilled by a coherent radiation emitted by a He-Neon laser operating at a wavelength of 633 nm, with an output laser power of 50 mW. In order to acquire high-resolution Raman spectra, the spectral resolution of the slit width varied from 3 to 1 cm−1.
To study the crystal structure of [Cu0.335Se0.582(HSeO3)2CuCl3(H2O)3], an APEX II diffractometer (powder XRD) fitted with graphite-crystal monochromated Mo Kα radiation (0.71073 Å) was employed. In this study, a total of 3093 reflections were collected, among which only 2803 reflections, namely those for which I > 2σ (I), were actually used in the determination and refinement of the structure. Corrections were made for Lorentz-Polarization and absorption effects. Table 1 presents the data collection procedure and structure refinement at room temperature.
Crystallographic data
T = 296(2) K
Formula
[Cu0.335Se0.582(HSeO3)2CuCl3(H2O)3]
Formula weight
547.15
Space group
Pbn21
a (Å)
7.1753(4)
b (Å)
9.0743(4)
c (Å)
17.7246(9)
V (Å3)
1154.06(10)
Z
4
ρcalc (g/cm3)
3.149
μ (mm−1)
11.359
Crystal size (mm3)
0.05 × 0.04 × 0.03
Crystal shape
Octahedral
F(000)
1030
Data collection instrument
Kappa-APEX II
Radiation, graphite
λMo Kα (0.71073 Å)
θ range for data collection (°)
6.80–30.57
Index ranges
−10 ≤ h ≤ 9; −12 ≤ k ≤ 12; −23 ≤ l ≤ 25
Total reflections
8605
Reflection with (F > 4σ(F))
3093
R(F) (%)
3.38
WR2 (%)
1.74
Table 1.
Crystal structure data and experimental conditions for the structure determination of [Cu0.335Se0.582(HSeO3)2CuCl3(H2O)3].
A three-dimensional Patterson synthesis approach was used to determine the selenium atoms positions in the compound. On the one hand, the Fourier function allowed for the localization of the chlorine (Cl), copper (Cu), and oxygen (O) atoms. On the other hand, the hydrogen atoms were localized from a difference Fourier synthesis and introduced as fixed contributors. Conversely, all the non-hydrogen atoms were typically assigned anisotropic thermal displacements. The structure solution and refinement were carried out using SHELX programs [10, 11]. The bond lengths and angles are given in Table 2.
From the charge balance in [Cu0.335Se0.582(HSeO3)2CuCl3(H2O)3], it can be suggested that the average oxidation state of Cu(2)/Se(2) is equal to 3, which would fit to 33.5% of Cu2+ and 58.2% of Se4+. This outcome was confirmed by performing a calculation of bond valence sums around the centers of the cation sites. The steps and expressions used in the calculation of the bond valence are published in [12]. More specifically, the bond valence (Sij) is expressed as Sij = exp[(R0− Rij)/B], where R0 and B are the experimentally determined parameters and Rij is the bond length of the cation-anion pair [12]. The sum of the bond valence (ΣjSij) around an ion calculated must be equal to the formal valence (Vi) of this ion, based on the valence sum rule.
In this work, our calculation shows that, for the pyramidal sites (Se1 and Se3), the sum of bond valence is ~4, which is equal to selenium formal valence. Thus, the bond valence sums around the octahedral site of Cu(2) are typically consistent with the value +2.7, confirming the presence of selenium Se4+ and cuprite Cu2+ in the same site. It is also observed that the blue single crystal [Cu0.335Se0.582(HSeO3)2CuCl3(H2O)3] crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, space group Pbn21. Structurally, the crystal structure of [Cu0.332Se0.582(HSeO3)2CuCl3(H2O)3] represents a new type of structure for complexes of hydrogen selenites (Figure 1). The building blocks [Cu0.335Se0.582(HSeO3)2] and [CuCl3(H2O)3], hereunder drawn, are arranged to form layers in the structure parallel to the (001) plane between which the lone pairs E are located (Figure 2). Due to the stereochemical activity of the lone pairs E, Se has very asymmetric coordination polyhedral SeO3 pyramids.
Figure 1.
Perspective view of the [Cu0.335Se0.582(HSeO3)2CuCl3(H2O)3] unit cell content.
Figure 2.
A projected along a-axis view of the [Cu0.335Se0.582(HSeO3)2CuCl3(H2O)3] unit cell content.
Spatially, the high anisotropic distribution of anions observed around each cation is characteristically of a strong stereochemical activity of their electron lone pair E for the Se1 and Se3 atoms. The consequence for the coordination polyhedral is the description of a distorted SeO3 triangular pyramid, in which the Se─O(7) and Se─O(8) are marginally longer than the other Se─O bonds (Table 2). Thereof, the lone pair E so directed to constitute the fourth vertex of an SeO3E tetrahedron (Figure 3).
Figure 3.
Environment of selenium Se(1), Se(3) cations.
The O─Se─O with angles of values 98(2) and 102(2) formed from Se─O chemical bonds are situated on one side of the Se atom, whereas the other side is hitherto a “dead” zone around the lone pair E of the Se atom. As such, the SeO3 polyhedral has strong dipole moments, due to such a sharp asymmetry of the atomic arrangement of the first coordination spheres, which provide considerable dipole-dipole contribution to the inter-anion potentials. Taking a closer look at the structure in Figure 4, one can easily see that each Cu(1) atom is surrounded by three oxygen (O) atoms and three chlorine (Cl) atoms. This basically forms a slightly distorted octahedron with distances ranging from 1.99(7) to 2.21(3) Å for Cu─O and 2.30 (2) Å for Cu─Cl.
Figure 4.
Structural environment of copper cations Cu(1).
A remarkable deviation from full occupancy was exhibited in the occupancy of the Cu(2) site during refinement. This is an indication of a substitution with Se, resulting in final occupancies constrained in sum to 1.0, and refined to 0.335(4) and 0.582(2), respectively. It should be noted that the deviation from 1.0 is due to the mixed valence between Cu and Se, for Cu(2) and Se(2), respectively. As shown in Figure 5, the Cu(2)/Se(2) atoms are surrounded by four oxygen atoms and two chlorine atoms to form an irregular octahedron.
Figure 5.
Environment of copper/selenium cations Cu(2)/Se(2).
From the earlier arguments, the structure depicted in Figure 2 can be ascribed to being formed by Cu(1), Se(2)/Cu(2) polyhedral that structurally shares chlorine (Cl) corners in infinite chains along the direction [001]. Therein, the sequential metal atoms in the chain trend schematically following Cu(1)─Se(2)/Cu(2)─Cu(1)′─Se(2)/Cu(2)─Cu(1), whereby the prime refers to the polyhedral generated by the symmetry operation: 1 – x, 2 – y, −0.5 + z, in the [010] direction. As a result, the three-dimensional network is thus formed. It can be argued that the lattice cohesion may be strengthened by the hydrogen bonds within the layer (O(8)─H(7)─O(4)) and (O(7)─H(8)─O(3)) or outside the layer.
3.2. Spectroscopic studies
In order to confirm the crystallographic results of the following compound: [Cu0.335Se0.582 (HSeO3)2CuCl3(H2O)3], IR, and Raman spectroscopy were used. Figure 6 shows that the IR spectrum is restricted to the mid-infrared frequency range: 400–4000 cm−1.
Figure 6.
Infrared spectrum of [Cu0.332Se0.582(HSeO3)2CuCl3(H2O)3] at room temperature.
In this chapter, the band corresponding to the symmetric stretching vibrations of SeO2 groups was observed at around 825 cm−l in the Raman spectrum (Figure 7). Similarly, a strong intense broad band is observed in the infrared (IR) spectrum for this mode. These findings are in agreement with those reported by Cody and al. and Micka et al. for vibrational analysis on a series of alkali hydrogen selenites. From the work of these authors, the symmetric stretching vibrations are around 850 cm−1 [13, 14, 15].
Figure 7.
Raman spectrum of the compound at room temperature.
From Figure 7, a band of very weak intensity is observed at 710 cm−1, accompanied by a shoulder at 738 cm−1, which is ascribed to asymmetric stretching vibrations of SeO2 groups. In the 686–740 cm−1 region, a corresponding IR spectrum with an intense (broad) frequency absorption is present. In the literature [16, 17], these modes have been observed at a very much lower wave numbers than those in alkali hydrogen selenites.
Another observation is that copper (selenium) atoms are located at the center of CuO4Cl2 coordination octahedra. The axial Cu─Cl bonds are longer than the others, and they are coordinated to water molecules. It can be stated that the high spin d-configuration of Cu leads to Jahn-Teller distortions by Jahn and Teller [18] hitherto producing planar Cu─O bonds in the 1.91–1.98 Å range and an axial Cu─Cl distance of 2.77–2.80 Å. It can be ascertained that the planar oxygen (O) atoms are shared by Cu and Se atoms which can lead to the observed reduction in the stretching frequencies of the SeO2 groups.
Typically, the stretching vibrations of the HSeO3− ion (νSe─OH), which often characteristically appear in the 600–650 cm−l region [16, 17], are also appearing at lower wave numbers (~627 cm−1). In the IR spectrum, this mode is observed as an intense broad band at 532 cm−1. The O─O distance involving the Se─OH system with one of the equatorial oxygen atoms of the neighboring Cu(2)/Se(2)O4Cl2 group is 2.662 Å. The observed lowering of the Se─O(H) vibrations from the free-state values is a confirmation of the corresponding strong hydrogen bonds determined in the X-ray diffraction data. As presented in Table 3, it is seen that symmetric deformation vibrations of the HSeO3− ion have given only weak bands of the Raman spectrum, while a medium intense broad band is obtained in the IR. In the corresponding asymmetric bending vibration, Raman spectrum shows medium intense bands with a weak band in the IR. A reduction in the symmetry of the HSeO3 ion may be causing the changes in the activity of these modes. From the observed strong hydrogen bonding and the distortion of Cu(Se)O4Cl2 octahedra, we can deduce that the Jahn-Teller distortion affects the HSeO3 vibrations.
Raman
IR
Assignments
3553 mbr 3170 wbr
ν1H2O
2920 w 2850 w 2694 wbr
νOH(A)
2360 mbr
νOH(B)
1900 vwbr 1730 vw
νOH(C)
1606 mbr
ν2H2O
1222 m
δOH
1043–920
γOH
896 m
825 vs
825 s
νsSeO2
738 wsh 710wbr 627 m
740 s 686 s
515 m 501 sh
532 s
νSe─OH
425 vw
442 w
δSeO2
380 vw
δasO─Se─OH
350 sh 337 m
δsO─Se─OH
288 w
Cu─O stretching
225 vw
stretching modes of Cu─Cl
201 mbr 143wbr 129 m 120w 83 m
External modes
Table 3.
Assignment and frequencies (cm−1) observed for IR and Raman spectra of [Cu0.335Se0.582(HSeO3)2CuCl3(H2O)3] at room temperature.
Relative intensities: sh, shoulder; m, medium; w, weak; vw; very weak; mbr, medium broad; s, strong; vs., very strong.
Fundamentally, the hydrogen-bonded OH groups may lead to three vibrations, namely: ν(OH) stretching, the in-plane (OH), and the out-of-plane (OH) deformation vibrations. In fact, the stretching bands of strongly H-bonded systems are intense and usually built up of a number of unresolved components owing to strong interaction between the proton vibration and the ν(O…O) vibrations [19, 20]. It is also clearly elucidated from the literature [21, 22] that the broad ν(OH) band in Fermi resonance with the overtones of the ν(OH) modes splits into three bands A, B, and C. The A mode is typically observed as a strong broad band at 2850 cm−1 in the IR spectrum, while the B mode is obtained as a medium intense band at 2360 cm−1. A medium intense broad band at 1900 cm−1 and a weak one at 1730 cm−1 are generally being assigned to C bands. From a practical viewpoint, the appearance of these bands confirms the existence of strong hydrogen bonds in the crystal. The in-plane bending ν(OH) vibrations are less sensitive to the hydrogen bond strength than the ν(OH) mode [15]. A medium band observed at 1280 cm−l in the IR spectrum is attributed to the in-plane ν(OH) bending mode and a medium intense broad band in the 870–940 cm−1 region to the ν(OH) mode.
Two prominent broad bands were observed in the stretching region of the typical water in the Raman spectra of the main (title) compound. Similarly, in the IR spectrum, a corresponding strong broad band with two distinct peaks exhibited at 3553 and 3170 cm−l are noticeable for this mode. The bending mode of H2O that appears at around 1606 cm−1 in the IR is noteworthy. The considerable shifting of stretching and bending frequencies from those of a free water molecule (H2O) [23] may be an indication of the presence of strong hydrogen bonding in the new crystal. The external modes of the HSeO3 ion, lattice modes of water, and metal-oxygen stretching modes appear approximately below 200 cm−l [1].
3.3. Dielectric studies
Figure 8 shows an illustration of the temperature dependence of the dielectric constant (ε′) in the frequency range [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] KHz, and in the temperature region of 300–500 K obtained for [Cu0.335Se0.582(HSeO3)2CuCl3(H2O)3]. These curves (Figure 8) exhibit the following characteristics:
Figure 8.
Temperature dependence of ε’ as a function of frequency.
(1) There is one anomaly in the dielectric constant ε′ observed at about 383 K, (2) there is a maxima in the permittivity curves, displaced to higher temperatures with increasing frequency, and (3) apparently, this is a transition which can be attributed to the “order-disorder” phase transition, probably characterizing the motion of H+ diffusion related to the motion of HSeO3 groups, as reported in the literature [16, 17].
In conclusion, the author ascertains that a novel substituted hydrogen selenites [Cu0.335Se0.582 (HSeO3)2CuCl3(H2O)3], have been successfully prepared via slow evaporation method. The crystal structure of the novel compound is characterized by the presence of structural blocs with structures as such [Cu0.335Se0.582(HSeO3)2] and [CuCl3(H2O)3]. The principal compound is arranged to form layers in the structure parallel to the (001) plane between which the lone pairs E are located. So, the main feature of the structure of this compound is based on different coordination polyhedral, SeO3 pyramids, and [CuCl3(H2O)3] groups. The presence of hydrogen selenites (Se─O─H) was confirmed by IR and Raman spectra. The particularity of [Cu0.335Se0.582(HSeO3)2CuCl3(H2O)3] is that it undergoes a phase transition on heating at 383 K. High temperature structure investigation of the new compound is in our future plans in order to confirm the nature of this transformation.
Open access peer-reviewed chapter
