Comparison of different literatures with respect to methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant pattern of
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains is one of the major causes of community and hospital-acquired bacterial infections. They are also becoming increasingly multidrug resistant and recently developed resistance to vancomycin, which has been used successfully to treat MRSA for many years. In vitro determination of drug resistance patterns of S. aureus is critical for the selection of effective drugs for the treatment of staphylococci infections. The main aim of this review was to determine the prevalence of drug-resistant S. aureus strains from different clinical specimens throughout the world. Various types of research study designs such as cross-sectional and retrospective and laboratory techniques like Kirby Bauer, agar dilution, and E tests were used. The result of each study was narrated accordingly.
Keywords
- prevalence
- MRSA
- beta-lactamase
- antimicrobial susceptibility pattern
1. Introduction
A study on methicillin resistance against
Similar study was carried out by Orrett and Land [2] in Trinidad and Tobago. In this study, 2430 isolates of
Oxacillin-resistant and multidrug-resistant
The prevalence of MRSA across the European countries from 1999 to 2002 was analyzed by Tiemersma et al. [6]. In this study a total of 50,759
Many studies on the prevalence of MRSA have been conducted in India. A total of 1426 wound swabs were taken from 450 high-risk patients by Vidhani et al. [7] of which
Another study conducted by Rajendra Goud et al. [8] revealed a prevalence 29.76% of community-associated MRSA. All community-associated MRSA were resistant to methicillin and penicillin, while resistance to erythromycin and vancomycin was 65 and 1.12%, respectively, but all MRSA isolates were sensitive to linezolid. A third study conducted by Sharma and Mall [9] found out that out of 200 nasal samples,
A number of similar studies were carried out in other Asian countries. A study carried out in Tehran by Vahdani et al. [12] exhibited marked variation in the drug susceptibility of MRSA. The results of this study showed that all the 90 MRSA isolates were resistant to penicillin (100%), ampicillin (92%), and cefotaxime (93%). Vancomycin and chloramphenicol were the most effective antibiotics, and only 7 and 14% of isolates were resistant, respectively. Nitrofurantoin, gentamycin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and other cephalosporins like cefepime and cefazolin were better active than penicillin, ampicillin, and cefotaxime. This study showed that 44% of hospital-acquired MRSA strains were resistant to co-trimoxazole. Akhter et al. [13] in Karachi isolated MRSA and determined the drug susceptibility of pattern of both MRSA and MSSA. A total of 87 strains of
A good number of research work on the prevalence, rate of isolation, and drug susceptibility profile of MRSA have been carried out in Africa. A study carried out by Ojulong et al. [15] investigated 188 pus swabs collected from patients with surgical site infections. Out of 54 (28.7%)
Okwu et al. [17] in Nigeria examined 120 samples taken from the nose. Of these 22 (18.3%) were found to be positive for
In Ethiopia, a retrospective study on the prevalence of MRSA was conducted by Geyid et al. [20]. The results of this study showed that among 249
Similarly, in a study conducted by Dilnessa et al. [22], of 1360 clinical specimens analyzed,
Authors (publication year) | Country | Sample size | No. of |
MRSA (N/%) | MSSA (N/%) | VRSA (%) | MDRSA (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moran et al. (2006) | USA | 422 | 320 (76) | 249 (78.0) | 71 (22.0) | — | — |
Ojulong et al. (2009) | Uganda | 188 | 54 (28.7) | 17 (31.5) | 37 (68.5) | 0 | — |
Sharma and Mall (2011) | India | 200 | 97 (48.5) | 23 (23.7) | 74 (76.3) | — | — |
Okwu et al. (2012) | Nigeria | 120 | 22 (18.3) | 13 (59.1) | 9 (40.9) | — | 100 |
Akpaka et al. (2006) | Spain | — | 1912 | 244 (12.8) | 1668 (87.2) | 0 | — |
Geyid et al. (1991) | Ethiopia | 17,142 | 249 (1.4) | 76 (30.5) | 173 (69.5) | 0 | 80 |
Dilnessa et al. (2016) | Ethiopia | 1360 | 194 (14.3) | 34 (17.5) | 160 (82.5) | 5.1 | 50.5 |
Olowe et al. (2012) | Nigeria | — | 67 | 32 (47.8) | 35 (52.2) | 6.3 | 100 |
Vidhani et al. (2000) | India | 450 | 188 (41.7) | 97 (51.6) | 91 (48.4) | — | 79.5 |
Alamin et al. (2013) | Malaysia | — | 85 | 25 (29.4) | 60 (70.6) | 8 | — |
Factors that could contribute to variations in the prevalence rate of MRSA and vancomycin could be due to differences in the length of study period, number of study sites, sample size, and sample type, and the lab procedures employed can be mentioned. The isolates were multidrug resistant to several combinations of the tested antibiotics. According to Magiorakos et al. [23], MDR is defined as non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories. Over all drugs such as gentamicin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, clindamycin, cefuroxime, vancomycin, and cephalothin had relatively lower resistance.
2. Conclusion
The prevalence of
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