Effective components of TCM on bacterial biofilm.
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm, a special stage which a large amount of bacteria are adhere to surface, increase resistance to antimicrobial agents. However, all the bacteria are possibly developed into biofilm, and bacterial biofilm is more difficult to remove from environment comparing to planktonic bacteria, which can be a strike to food industry. Many researchers have showed that traditional Chinese medicines contribute to the reduction of bacterial formation, since the important factor (quorum sensing) in biofilm formation is inhibited by traditional Chinese medicines. In this review, the effect of traditional Chinese medicines and its inhibition mechanism of biofilm formation on common bacterium biofilm are summarized, which provide a new direction for the removal of bacterial biofilm.
Keywords
- Chinese medicine composition
- biofilm
- quorum sensing
1. Introduction
Bacterial biofilms, a bacterium growth state, which can attach to living and non-living surfaces, consist of a small part of bacteria and self-produced hydrated matrix of extracellular polymeric substances. Biofilm bacteria are more resistant to antimicrobials compared with planktonic bacteria, which cause their elimination from food processing facing great challenges [1]. The emergence of bacterial resistance to conventional antimicrobials clearly shows that new biofilm control and removal strategies need to be proposed. Quorum sensing (QS), is an important mechanism of bacteria protection that enable bacteria to deliver special signal in response to changes of cell density in a certain environment, causing biofilm formation and other virulence factors [2]. When the bacterial population densities reach a certain threshold, bacteria will regulate virulence, biofilm formation, luminescence and etc. Virulence expression and biofilm formation, protecting bacteria from adverse environment, are considered to be harmful for pathogen therapy and human healthy life [3]. The normal operation of QS system requires the participation of signal molecules, such as acylhomoserine lactone [4]. In a word, the reagents that can inhibit QS regulation will interfere with biofilm formation, which means that the reagent possess ability of QS inhibition (QSI) [5]. As we know, traditional Chinese medicine has been applied for antibacterial and anti-inflammatory for many years. However, studies on traditional Chinese medicine for drug discoveries have focused mainly on its antibacterial property. A few attention has been given to its quorum sensing inhibition and anti-biofilm activity [6]. Thus, the ability to disrupt this signaling process and QS signals may be advantageous in the removal or prevention of bacterial biofilm. Different Chinese medicine composition shows different effects on QS [7]. In order to provide references for QSI to control biofilm formation, the effects of traditional Chinese medicines and its inhibition mechanism of biofilm formation—QS on common bacterium biofilm are reviewed in this article.
2. Different QS on gram positive and gram negative bacterium
Quorum sensing, a cell-to-cell communication system, plays a key role in biofilm formation. When cell-to-cell signals arrive at a certain threshold, bacteria will secrete adhesion molecule and develop into biofilm with three dimensional structures [8]. Biofilm formation is a dynamic state which consists of (i) attachment, (ii) microcolony formation, (iii) maturation and (iv) dispersion [9, 10]. Quorum sensing affects the whole process of biofilm development. It is recognized that biofilms are mainly regulated by quorum sensing [11]. With quorum sensing response to the environment, bacterium occurs to the secretion of signaling molecules, the expression of the corresponding gene, and the secretion of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) [12]. The study showed that the content of proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids matrix increased significantly in the mature biofilm, since the biofilm matrix could protect the embedded cells from harmful conditions [13]. It has been reported that signal molecules play an initial role in QS system, and different signaling molecules are secreted by different bacterium: (i) N-Acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs), which are synthesized by LuxI-type enzyme, are mainly functioned in gram-negative bacterium, such as
3. QSI on gram positive bacteria
4. QSI on gram negative bacteria
Previous studies have demonstrated that a large majority of traditional Chinese medicine show great sensitivity to gram negative bacteria QS and biofilm. It is well-known on the research of QS that
5. Active constituent of traditional Chinese medicines
To sum up the above arguments, most researches of QSI on gram negative bacteria have been taken into deep consideration. It has been demonstrated that
6. Conclusion
Different components of traditional Chinese medicine also exert anti-QS activities on the gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria seems sensitive to QS inhibitor, since
Acknowledgments
This work has been supported by Science Research Fund of Wuhan Institute of Technology (17QD01) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31501582).
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