Molecular Classification of Antitubulin Agents with Indole Ring Binding at Colchicine-Binding Site

Abstract

Algorithms for classification and taxonomy are proposed based on criteria as information entropy and its production. A set of 59 antitubulin agents with trimethoxyphenyl (TMP), indole, and C=O bridge present inhibition of gastric cancer cell line MNK-45. On the basis of structure-activity relation of TMPs, derivatives are designed that are classified using seven structural parameters of different moieties. A lot of categorization methods are founded on the entropy of information. On using processes on collections of reasonable dimension, an extreme amount of outcomes occur, matching information and suffering a combinatorial increase. Notwithstanding, following the equipartition conjecture, an assortment factor appears among dissimilar alternatives resultant from categorization among pecking order rankings. The entropy of information allows classifying the compounds and agrees with principal component analyses. A table of periodic properties TMPs is obtained. Features denote positions R1–4 on the benzo and X–R5/6 on the pyridine ring in indole cycle. Inhibitors in the same group are suggested to present similar properties; those in the same group and period will present maximum resemblance.

1. Introduction

Experimentally, antitubulin analogues were synthesized/tested for antitubulin activity, revealing ligand-interaction principles with tubulin/related bioactivity [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. Molecular modeling studies of antitubulin agents were performed to aid in the design of better antitubulin inhibitors [14, 15, 16]. In computer-aided drug design studies, comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) combined with docking calculations was applied to protein-ligand-binding complexes [17, 18, 19, 20, 21]. A class of antitubulin agents, binding at colchicine (COL) site with an indole ring, was developed and underwent examinations for binding, antitubulin polymerization, and/or anticancer effects. The discovered properties are helpful for better-inhibitor design. Half inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) were collected for the inhibition of gastric cancer cell MKN-45, for 59 COL-like compounds with indole and trimethoxyphenyl (TMP) rings (Figure 1), which bind at COL site [22]. The IC₅₀ were measured for 24 compounds and reviewed for others: 71 compounds were collected. Trial CoMFA calculations for all gave a low leave-one-out determination coefficient q²~0.2. Examination of functional groups showed that three ones are much more bulky than the others. Functional groups of eight are much different from others. Compounds were excluded leaving 59 substances in CoMFA calculation. With data, three-dimensional (3D)-quantitative structure-activity relationship (SAR) (QSAR) examination was performed with CoMFA [23], combined with docking calculations for compounds to illustrate correlation of functional group variations with anticancer effect. An approach was employed to examine QSAR for a number of other protein-ligand-binding complexes. Functional-group substitutions locate at sites around indole ring, i.e., R_1–6 functional-group sites. Comparative QSAR modeling of 2-phenylindole-3-carbaldehyde derivatives was performed as potential antimitotic agents [24]. The KIT kinase mutants showed unique mechanisms of drug resistance to imatinib and sunitinib in gastrointestinal stromal tumor patients [25]. Gene expression profiling of gastric cancer was reported [26]. Natural product COL, obtained from Colchicum autumnale, is a bioactive alkaloid used in the treatment of a number of diseases [27]. It received considerable attention in the basic study of neoplasia by its capacity for interrupting mitosis, ending the process in metaphase [28]. The COL acts as an inhibitor of the polymerization of tubulin (a protein that contains eight Trp units) [29]. It was used as a probe to understand microtubulerole in cells because of its big affinity to tubulin, in which structure presents a binding site (colchicine domain) [30, 31]. Tubulin is a target for cancer treatment: a number of drugs were developed to target it [32]. Binding with it, ligands interfere with its polymerization dynamics and exhibit an antitumor effect. In addition to developed drugs (viz. taxol, vibrestine), which bind with it at taxol/vibrestine-binding sites, COL presents a tubulin binding site and showed anticancer effects although with significant toxicity. Developing COL-like compounds with lesser toxicity represented an effort in finding better ligands to target tubulin at COL-binding site [33, 34]. A simple computerized algorithm useful for establishing a relation between chemical structures [35, 36] was proposed. The preliminary idea results the entropy of information for configuration detection. The entropy of information results was expressed based on a similarity matrixamong a pair of chemical entities. Because the entropy of information results feebly discerning for categorization reasons, the more influential concepts of entropy productionand equipartition conjectureresult were presented in [37]. In previous articles, the classifications by periodic properties of local anesthetics [38, 39, 40], inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus [41, 42, 43], and anticancer drugs [44, 45] were analyzed. The goal of the current account is expanding the promises of knowledge of the algorithm and, as compounds are unaffectedly explained by a changeable-dimension prearranged model, learning universal methods in the dispensation of prearranged information. Next goal presents a periodic classification of TMPs. A further objective is to perform a validation of the periodic table (PT) with an external property not used in the development of PT.

Figure 1.

General structure motifs: Trimethoxyphenyl (TMP) ring/indole ring/C=O bridge.

2. Computational method

The key problem in classification studies is to define similarity indiceswhen several criteria of comparison are involved. The primary stage in counting resemblance for TMPs records the majority of the significant moieties. The vector of properties$\overline{i}$= < i₁,i₂,…i_k,… > should be linked to each TMP i, whose parts match with dissimilar characteristic groups in the molecule, in a pecking order consistent the predictable significance of pharmacological potency. Whether moiety m-thresults more important than portion k-ththen m < k. The parts i_kare values “1” or “0”, consistent if an alike portion of rank kis present in TMP icontrasted to the recommendation one. The examination comprises two regions of structure variation in TMP molecules: positions R_1–4 on the benzo and locations X and R_5/6 on the pyridine ring in the indole cycle. The TMPs are inhibitory to gastric cancer cell line MKN-45. The structural elementsof a TMP molecule can be rankedaccording to their contribution to MKN-45 inhibition in the order: R₁ > R₄ > R₂ > X > R₅ > R₃ > R₆. Index i₁ = 1 denotes R₁ = H (i₁ = 0, otherwise), i₂ = 1 means R₄ = H, i₃ = 1 signifies R₂ = H, i₄ = 1 stands for X = N, i₅ = 1 indicates R₅ = H, i₆ = 1 represents R₃ = OMe, and i₇ = 1 implies R₆ = CH₂–OH. In TMP 42, R₁ = R₄ = R₂ = R₅ = H, X = N, R₃ = OMe and R₆ = CH₂–OH; obviously its associated vector is <1,111,111>. The TMP 42 was selected as referencebecause of its greatest MNK-45 inhibition. Vectors were associated with 59 TMPs with gastric anticancer activities. Vector <1,111,110> is associated with TMP 1 since R₁ = R₄ = R₂ = R₅ = R₆ = H, X = N and R₃ = OMe. Mean by r_ij(0 ≤ r_ij ≤ 1) the similarity index of a pair of TMPs linked to vectors $\overline{i}$and $\overline{j}$, in that order. The relationship of similarity results is typified by a similarity matrixR = [r_ij]. The similarity index among a pair of TMPs $\overline{i}$= < i₁,i₂,…i_k… > and $\overline{j}$= < j₁,j₂,…j_k… > is described by:

$$r_{\mathit{ij}}=\sum _k{t}_k{\left(a_k\right)}^k\left(k=1,2,\dots \right)$$E1

where 0 ≤ a_k ≤ 1 and t_k = 1 whether i_k = j_kexcept t_k = 0 whether i_k ≠ j_k. The definition allocates a weight (a_k)^kto whichever feature concerned about the explanation of molecule ior j. The MNK-45 gastric cancer inhibition data reported by Lin et al. were used for the present classification study. The grouping algorithmapplies the stabilizedsimilarity matrix obtained viathe max-min composition rule oas described by:

$${\left(\mathbf{R}\mathrm{o}\mathbf{S}\right)}_{\mathit{ij}}={\text{max}}_k\left[{\text{min}}_k\left(r_{\mathit{ik}},s_{\mathit{kj}}\right)\right]$$E2

where R = [r_ij] and S = [s_ij] that result in matrices of the same kind and (RoS)_ij, entry (i,j)-thof matrix RoS[46, 47, 48, 49]. On using composition rule max-min iteratively, so that R(n + 1) = R(n) o R, an integer nresults fulfilling: R(n) = R(n + 1) = … The resultant matrix R(n) is named as stabilized similarity matrix. The importance of stabilization stretches out in the categorization procedure, and stabilization generates a separation in displaced divisions. From the present on, it results implicitly that the stabilized similarity matrix is applied and named as R(n) = [r_ij(n)]. The grouping ruleis as follows: iand jresults allocated in the same division whether r_ij(n) ≥ b. The grouping of i($\stackrel{⌢}{i}$) results in the collection of molecules jthat fulfills the grouping rule r_ij(n) ≥ b. The matrix of clusters results in

$$\stackrel{⌢}{\mathbf{R}}\left(n\right)=\left[{\stackrel{⌢}{r}}_{\stackrel{⌢}{i}\stackrel{⌢}{j}}\right]={\text{max}}_{s,t}\left(r_{\mathit{st}}\right)\left(s\in \stackrel{⌢}{i},t\in \stackrel{⌢}{j}\right)$$E3

where smeans whichever indicator of a molecule fitting in class $\stackrel{⌢}{i}$(likewise for tand $\stackrel{⌢}{j}$). Rule (3) denotes discovering the main similarity index among molecules of a pair of divisions. In information theory, information entropy hmeasures the surprise that the source emitting the sequences can give [50, 51]. We consider the utilization of a qualitative mark assay to decide the attendance of Fe in a sample of water. With no sample in the past, the analyst has to start with the pair of results supposing: 0 (Fe not present) and 1 (Fe there), which are equiprobable with likelihood 1/2. As up to a pair of elements are there in the sample solution (e.g., Fe, Ni or both), there are four achievable results neither from (0, 0) to the two being there (1, 1) viaon a par likelihood 1/2². Which of the four options goes is decided by a pair of assays, each one with a pair of clear conditions. Likewise, with three metals, there are eight options, every one with a likelihood 1/2³: three assays are necessary. The following configuration clearly connects uncertainty to information necessary to solve it. The amount of options results stated to the power of 2. The power to which 2 is lifted to provide the amount of occurrences Nresults in the logarithm to base 2 of that amount. Both information and uncertainty are described in terms of the logarithm to base 2 of the amount of achievable analytical results: log₂ N. The initial uncertainty is defined in terms of the probability of the occurrence of every outcome; e.g., the definition is as follows: I = H = log₂ N = log₂ 1/p = −log₂ p, where Idenotes the information held in the reply provided that there were Noptions, H, the first uncertainty coming from the necessity of taking into account the Noptions and p, the likelihood of each result whether or not all Noccurrences are evenly probable to occur. The equation can be extended to the case in which the likelihood of each result does not result the same; whether it is identified from historical experiment is proven by some metals that result in more probability than other ones, the expression results are corrected so that the logarithms of the particular likelihood appropriately weighted result in: H = −Σ p_ilog₂ p_i, where: Σ p_i = 1. Take into account the first case but at present, historical experiment proved that 90% of the samples had no Fe. The amount of uncertainty results is computed as: H = −(0.9 log₂ 0.9 + 0.1 log₂ 0.1) = 0.469 bits. For a particular case happening with probability p, the amount of astonishment results is proportional to –ln p. Extending the outcome to a random variable X(that is able to present Nachievable values x₁, …, x_Nwith probabilities p₁, …, p_N), the astonishing mean is obtained when finding out the value of Xresults –Σ p_iln p_i. The entropy of information is linked to similarity matrix Rresults:

$$h\left(\mathbf{R}\right)=-\sum _{i,j}{r}_{\mathit{ij}}\text{ln}{r}_{\mathit{ij}}-\sum _{i,j}\left(1-r_{\mathit{ij}}\right)\text{ln}\left(1-r_{\mathit{ij}}\right)$$E4

Mean is obtained by C_b, the collection of divisions and ${\stackrel{⌢}{\mathbf{R}}}_b$, the similarity matrix at the classification level b. The entropy of information fulfills the following features. (1) h(R) = 0 whether r_ij = 0 or r_ij = 1. (2) h(R) results maximum whether r_ij = 0.5, i.e., as the ambiguity is maximum. (3) $h\left({\stackrel{⌢}{\mathbf{R}}}_b\right)\le h\left(\mathbf{R}\right)$for whichever b, i.e., categorization directs to a deficit of entropy. (4) $h\left({\stackrel{⌢}{\mathbf{R}}}_{b_1}\right)\le h\left({\stackrel{⌢}{\mathbf{R}}}_{b_2}\right)$if b₁ < b₂, i.e., entropy is a monotone function of grouping level b. In the categorization procedure, each hierarchical treematches to a reliance of the entropy of information on the classification level, and a plot h–bis obtained. The equipartition conjecture of entropy productionof Tondeur and Kvaalen results is suggested as an assortment principle, between dissimilar alternatives coming from categorization between pecking order rankings. Consistent with the conjecture, for a provided custody, the top arrangement of a dendrogram results in which the production of entropy results is mainly dispersed regularly, i.e., neighboring a type of equipartition. It is gone on at this point similarly via information entropyin its place of thermodynamic entropy. Equipartition entails a linear relationship, i.e., a steady production of entropy of information all along the extent of b, so that the equipartition lineresults are explained by:

$$h_{\mathrm{eqp}}=h_{\max }b$$E5

As the categorization results are disconnected, a mean of stating equipartition is a usual staircase function. The most excellent alternative results decided the one minimizing the addition of the square differences:

$$\mathit{SS}=\sum _{b_i}{\left(h-h_{\mathrm{eqp}}\right)}^2$$E6

Learning proceduresalike the ones met in stochastic methodsare the results as applied in [52]. Taking into account a provided classification as goodor perfect from practice or experience, which matches to a referencesimilarity matrix S = [s_ij] obtained for equivalent weights a₁ = a₂ = … = aand any amount of fabricated features. Then, take into account identical collection of molecules as in the good categorization and the real features. The similarity index r_ijresults calculated with Eq. (1) provided matrix R. The amount of features for Rand Scan vary. The learning process lies in attempting to get categorization outcomes for Ras near as likely to the goodcategorization. The primary weight a₁ results obtained constant and just the next weights a₂, a₃,… result exposed to random changes. A novel similarity matrix results viaEq. (1) and the novel weights. The distance among the classifications typified by Rand Sresults is provided by:

$$D=-\sum _{\mathit{ij}}\left(1-r_{\mathit{ij}}\right)\text{ln}\frac{1-r_{\mathit{ij}}}{1-s_{\mathit{ij}}}-\sum _{\mathit{ij}}{r}_{\mathit{ij}}\text{ln}\frac{r_{\mathit{ij}}}{s_{\mathit{ij}}}\forall 0\le r_{\mathit{ij}},s_{\mathit{ij}}\le 1$$E7

The definition was suggested by Kullback to measure the distance between two probability distributions, which is an amount of the distance among matrices Rand S[53]. As for each matrix a matching categorization exists, the pair of categorizations result contrasted by distance, which results a non-negative amount that approximates zero as the similarity among Rand Srises. The outcome of the procedure results a collection of weights permitting proper categorization. The algorithm was utilized in the production of complicated dendrograms viathe entropy of information [54]. Our program MolClas is an easy, dependable, effective, and quick process for molecular categorization, founded on the conjecture of the equipartition of the production of the entropy of information consistent with Eqs. (1)–(7). It reads the amount of features and molecular indices. It permits the optimization of the coefficients. It not obligatorily reads the initial coefficients and the amount of iteration cycles. The correlation matrix results are computed by the algorithm or read from input. Code MolClas permits the alteration of the correlation matrix from [−1, 1] to [0, 1]. The program computes the similarity matrix of the features in symmetric storage mode, computes categorizations, checks whether categorizations result is dissimilar, computes distances among categorizations, computes the similarity matrices of categorizations, works out the entropy of information of categorizations, optimizes coefficients, carries out single/complete-linkage hierarchical cluster analyses, and charts classification plots. It was written not only to analyze the equipartition conjecture of entropy production but also to explore the world of molecular classification. Code MolClas is different from other program MolClass as referred in the literature [55]. While MolClas classifies molecules based on hierarchical dichotomic (Boolean) descriptors, MolClass discovers SARs from molecular patterns (fingerprints) extracted from experimental datasets and needs to interrogate big databases (PubChem, ChEMBL, ChemBank). Code MolClas is available at Internet ([e-mail]) and is free for academic use.

3. Calculation results and discussion

Matrix of Pearson correlation coefficients results computed among couples of vector properties <i₁,i₂,i₃,i₄,i₅,i₆,i₇ > for 59 TMPs. Pearson correlations result displayed in the partial correlation diagram, which encloses high (r ≥ 0.75), medium (0.50 ≤ r < 0.75), low (0.25 ≤ r < 0.50), and zero (r < 0.25) partial correlations. Couples of inhibitors with superior partial associations present a vector property alike. Notwithstanding, the outcomes have to be gotten with concern since the TMP with steady vector <1,111,111> (Entry 42) presents zero standard deviation, producing maximum partial correlation r = 1 with whichever TMP, which results an artifact. After the conjecture of equipartition, the intercorrelations are illustrated in the partial correlation diagram, which contains 1382 high (Figure 2, red lines), 109 medium (orange), 161 low (yellow), and 59 zero(black) partial correlations. Six out of 58 high partial correlations of Entry 42 were corrected; e.g., its correlations with Entries 3 and 47 are medium, its correlations with Entries 12, 15, and 43 are low, and its correlation with Entry 46 is zeropartial correlation.

Figure 2.

Partial correlation diagram: High (red), medium (orange), and low (yellow) correlations.

The grouping rule in the case with equal weights a_k = 0.5 for b₁ = 0.97 allows the classes:

C–b₁ = (1,5–8,10,11,13,16,17,26–28,41,42,44,45,48,58,59),(2,4,9,18,19,49),(3),(12),

(14,20–25,29–33,35,50–55),(15,43),(34,36–40,56,57),(46),(47)

The nine groupings are obtained with associated entropy h–R–b₁ = 39.44. The dendrogram(binary tree) matching with <i₁,i₂,i₃,i₄,i₅,i₆,i₇ > and C–b₁ is calculated [56, 57, 58]; it provides a binary taxonomy that separates the same nine classes: from top to bottom, the data bifurcate into groupings 3, 4, 8, 9, 1, 2, 5, 6, and 7 with 1, 1, 1, 1, 20, 6, 19, 2, and 8 TMPs, respectively [59]. The TMPs 42, 26, etc. with the greatest inhibitory activity are grouped into the same class. The TMPs in the same grouping appear highly correlated in the partial correlation diagram. At level b₂ with b₂ = 0.86, the set of classes results in:

C–b₂ = (1,4–8,10,11,13,14,16–42,44,45,48–59),(2,9),(3,47),(12,15),(43),(46).

Six classes result and entropy decays to h–R–b₂ = 16.18. Dendrogram matching to <i₁,i₂,i₃,i₄,i₅,i₆,i₇ > and C–b₂ divides the same six classes: from top to bottom data bifurcate into classes 5, 6, 1, 2, 3, and 4 with 1, 1, 51, 2, 2, and 2 TMPs, respectively. Again, TMPs with the greatest inhibitory potency belong to the same class. The TMPs in the same class appear highly correlated in the partial correlation diagram and dendrogram. An analysis of set containing 1–59 classes was performed, in agreement with partial correlation diagram and dendrograms. In view of partial correlation diagram and dendrograms, we split data into seven classes: (1,26–28,41,42,45,58,59), (5–8,10,11,13,16,17,44,48), (14,20–25,29–33,35,50–55), (34,36–40,56,57), (2,4,9,18,19,49), (3,47), and (12,15,43,46). Figure 3 displays corresponding tree. Again, TMPs with the greatest activity correspond to the same class.

Figure 3.

Dendrogram of TMP ring/indole ring/C=O bridge as MKN-45 inhibitors.

The illustration of the classification above in a radial tree (Figure 4) shows the same classes, in qualitative agreement with the partial correlation diagram and dendrograms. Once more, TMPs with the greatest potency are included in the same grouping.

Figure 4.

Radial tree of TMP ring/indole ring/C=O bridge as MKN-45 inhibitors.

Program SplitsTree analyzes cluster analysis (CA) data [60]. Based on split decomposition, it takes a distance matrixand produces a graph that represents the relations between taxa. For ideal data, graph is a tree, whereas less ideal data cause a tree-like network, which is interpreted as possible evidence for different and conflicting data. As split decomposition does not attempt to force data on to a tree, it gives a good indication of how tree-like are given data. Splits graph for 59 TMPs in (Figure 5) shows that most TMP groups collapse: (1,2,4–11,13,16–19,26–28,41,42,44,45,48,49,58,59), (3,47), (12,15,43), (14,20–25,29–33,35,50–55), and (34,36–40,56,57); classes 1, 2, and 5 coincide. No conflicting relation appears between TMPs. Splits graph is in partial agreement with partial correlation diagram, dendrograms, and radial tree.

Figure 5.

Splits graph of TMP ring/indole ring/C=O bridge as MKN-45 inhibitors.

Usually in quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPRs), the information archive encloses fewer than 100 molecules and thousands of X-variables. There are a lot of X-variables that nobody is able to find out by inspectionconfigurations, tendencies, groupings, etc. in the molecules. Principal component analysis(PCA) results a method helpful to summarizethe knowledge enclosed in the X-matrix and place it comprehensible [61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66]. The PCA acts by decomposing the X-matrix as the product of two matrices Pand T. The loading matrix(P), with knowledge concerning the variables, encloses some vectors [principal components(PCs)], in which results are obtained as linear combinations of the first X-variables. In the score matrix(T), with knowledge about the molecules, each molecule result is expressed by projections on to PCs instead of original variables: X = TP’ + E. Knowledge not enclosed in the matrices stays as unexplainedX-variancein a residual matrix(E). Each PC_iresults a novel coordinate stated as a linear combination of the first characteristics x_j: PC_i = Σ_jb_ijx_j. The novel coordinates PC_iresult scoresor factorswhereas the coefficients b_ijresult the loadings. The scores are sorted consistently with the knowledge regarding the entire variability between molecules. The score-score plotspresent the places of the molecules in the novel coordinate scheme, whereas the loading-loading plotsdisplay the position of the properties that correspond to the molecules in the novel coordinate scheme. The PCs show a pair of features. (1) The PCs result taken out in decreasing sequence of significance: the first PC encloses more knowledge than the second one, the second more than the third one, and so on. (2) Each PC results orthogonal to each other: no correlation exists between information contained in different PCs. A PCA was performed for TMPs. The importance of PCA factors F_1–7 for {i₁,i₂,i₃,i₄,i₅,i₆,i₇} was calculated. In particular, the use of the first factor F₁ explains 27% of the variability of data (73% error), the combined application of the first two factors F_1/2 accounts for 45% of variance (55% error), the utilization of the first three factors F_1–3 justifies 60% of variability (40% error), etc. Factor loadings of PCA were computed. Profile of PCA F₁–F₂ for vector property was calculated. For F₁, variable i₆ shows the maximum weight in the profile; notwithstanding, F₁ is not able to be downgraded to two variables {i₅,i₆} devoid of a 48% error. For F₂, variable i₄ presents the maximum weight and F₂ is able to be downgraded to two variables {i₄,i₅} with a 5% error. For F₃, variable i₇ assigns the maximum weight and F₃ is able to be downgraded to two variables {i₄,i₇} with a 3% error. For F₄, variable i₃ consigns the maximum weight; however, F₄ is not able to be downgraded to two variables {i₂,i₃} devoid of a 15% error. For F₅, variable i₁ represents the maximum weight and F₅ is able to be downgraded to two variables {i₁,i₆} with a 6% error. For F₆, variable i₂ explains the maximum weight; notwithstanding, F₆ is not able to be downgraded to two variables {i₁,i₂} devoid of a 25% error. For F₇, variable i₅ accounts for the maximum weight; nevertheless, F₇ is not able to be downgraded to two variables {i₅,i₆} devoid of a 36% error. In PCA F₂–F₁ scores plot (Figure 6), TMPs with the same vector property collapse: (1,26–28,41,45,58,59), (2,9), (4,18,19,49) (5–8,10,11,13,16,17,44,48), (14,20–25,29–33,35,50–55) and (34,36–40,56,57). Seven TMP classes are clearly distinguished: class 1 with 9 compounds (0 < F₁ < F₂, right), class 2 with 11 substances (F₁ < F₂ ≈ 0, middle), class 3 with 19 molecules (F₁ > > F₂, bottom right), class 4 with 8 organics (0 < F₁ < < F₂, top), class 5 (6 units, F₁ < F₂ ≈ 0, middle), class 6 (2 units, F₁ < < F₂ < 0, left) and class 7 (4 units, F₁ < F₂ < 0, bottom). The classification is in agreement with partial correlation diagram, dendrograms, radial tree, and splits graph.

Figure 6.

Principal component analysisF₂–F₁ scores plot for TMP ring/indole ring/C=O bridge.

From PCA factor loadings of TMPs, F₂–F₁ loadings plot (Figure 7) depicts the seven properties. In addition, as a complement to the scores plot for the loadings, it is confirmed that TMPs in class 1, located in the right side, present a contribution of R₃ = OMe situated in the same side. The TMPs in class 3 in the bottom have more pronounced contribution of X = N in the same location. Two classes of properties are clearly distinguished in the loadings plot: class 1 {R₁,R₄,R₂,R₃} (F₁ > F₂ > 0, right) and class 2 {X,R₅,R₆} (F₁ < F₂, left).

Figure 7.

PCAF₂–F₁ loadings plot for TMP ring/indole ring/C=O bridge.

Instead of 59 TMPs in the ℜ⁷ space of seven vector properties, we consider seven properties in the ℜ⁵⁹ space of 59 TMPs. The dendrogram for vector properties separates properties {R₁,R₄,R₂,R₃} (class 1) from {X,R₅,R₆} (class 2), in agreement with PCA loadings plot. The splits graph for properties indicates no conflicting relation between vector components, separating properties {R₁,R₄,R₂,R₃} (class 1) from {X,R₅,R₆} (class 2), in agreement with PCA loadings plot and dendrogram. A PCA was performed for the vector properties. The use of only the first factor F₁ explains 51% of variance (49% error), the combined application of the first two factors F_1/2 accounts for 71% of variability (29% error), the utilization of the first three factors F_1–3 rationalizes 82% of variance (18% error), etc. In the PCA F₂–F₁ scores plot, property R₄ appears superimposed on R₁. Two groupings of properties are distinguished: class 1 {R₁,R₄,R₂,R₃} (F₁ > F₂, right) and class 2 {X,R₅,R₆} (F₁ < F₂, left), in agreement with PCA loadings plot, dendrogram and splits graph. Format for PT of TMPs (Table 1) indicates that TMPs are categorized first by i₁, then i₂, i₃, i₄, i₅, i_6, and i₇. Vertical groups result described by {i₁,i₂,i₃,i₄} and horizontal periods, by {i₅,i₆,i₇}. Periods of eight elements are considered; e.g., group g0011 denotes <i₁,i₂,i₃,i₄ > = <0011>: <0011100> (R₁ ≠ H, R₄ ≠ H, R₂ = H, X = N, R₅ = H, R₃ ≠ OMe, R₆ ≠ CH₂–OH), etc. The TMPs in the same column appear close in partial correlation diagram, dendrograms, radial tree, splits graph, and PCA scores.

g0011	g0101	g0111	g1001
–OMe –OMe –H –N –H –H –H		–OMe –H –H –N –H –H –H	–H –OMe –OMe –N –H –H –H
	–OMe –H –OMe –N –H –OMe –H	–OMe –H –H –N –H –OMe –H

g1011	g1101	g1110	g1111
			–H –H –H –N –CO–CH=CH2 –OMe –H; –H –H –H –N –Me –OMe –H; –H –H –H –N –Pr –OMe –H; –H –H –H –N –Bu –OMe –H; –H –H –H –N –CH2–CH2–N(CH3)2 –OMe –H; –H –H –H –N –CH2–CH2–CO–OH –OMe –H; –H –H –H –N –CH2–Ph –OMe –H; –H –H –H –N –CH2–Pyr –OMe –H; –H –H –H –N –CO–Ph –OMe –H; –H –H –H –N –CO–2-Furan –OMe –H; –H –H –H –N –CO–C(CH3)3 –OMe –H; –H –H –H –N –CO–O–Ph –OMe –H; –H –H –H –N –SO2–Ph –OMe –H; –H –H –H –N –Et –OMe –H; –H –H –H –N –i-Pr –OMe –H; –H –H –H –N –CH2–CO–OH –OMe –H; –H –H –H –N –CO–2-Thiofuran –OMe –H; –H –H –H –N –CO–O–C(CH3)3 –OMe –H; –H –H –H –N –CO–N(CH3)2 –OMe –H
–H –OMe –H –N –H –H –H	–H –H –OMe –N –H –H –H; –H –H –OMe –N –H –H –Me		–H –H –H –N –H –F –H; –H –H –H –N –H –OEt –H; –H –H –H –N –H –OPr –H; –H –H –H –N –H –O-i-Pr –H; –H –H –H –N –H –NO2 –H; –H –H –H –N –H –Br –H; –H –H –H –N –H –O–CH2–O– –H; –H –H –H –N –H –NHMe –H; –H –H –H –N –H –N(Me)2 –H; –H –H –H –N –H –OH –H; –H –H –H –N –H –NH2 –H
	–H –H –OMe –N –H –OMe –H; –H –H –NH2 –N –H –OMe –H; –H –H –OH –N –H –OMe –H; –H –H –O–CH2–Ph –N –H –OMe –H	–H –H –H –O –H –OMe –H; –H –H –H –O –H –OMe –Me; –H –H –H –O –H –OMe –Pr; –H –H –H –S –H –OMe –H; –H –H –H –S –H –OMe –Me; –H –H –H –S –H –OMe –Pr; –H –H –H –O –H –OMe –Et; –H –H –H –S –H –OMe –Et	–H –H –H –N –H –OMe –H; –H –H –H –N –H –OMe –Me; –H –H –H –N –H –OMe –Et; –H –H –H –N –H –OMe –Pr; –H –H –H –N –H –OMe –CO–O–CH3; –H –H –H –N –H –OMe –CH2–C≡CH; –H –H –H –N –H –OMe –CO–OH; –H –H –H –N –H –OMe –CH2–N(CH3)2
			–H –H –H –N –H –OMe –CH2–OH

Table 1.

Periodic properties for 2-phenylindole-3-carbaldehyde derivatives.

The change of property P(inhibition of gastric cancer cell MKN-45) of vector <i₁,i₂,i₃,i₄,i₅,i₆,i₇ > is expressed in the decimal system P = 10⁶i₁ + 10⁵i₂ + 10⁴i₃ + 10³i₄ + 10²i₅ + 10i₆ + i₇ vs. structural parameters {i₁,i₂,i₃,i₄,i₅,i₆,i₇}, for TMPs. The property was not used in the development of PT and serves to validate it. Most points appear superimposed, and lines i_2/6 on i₁ and i₇ on i₄. Results show the order of importance of parameters: i₁ > i₂ > i₃ > i₄ > i₅ > i₆ > i₇, in agreement with PT of properties with vertical groups defined by {i₁,i₂,i₃,i₄} and horizontal periods by {i₅,i₆,i₇}. The variation property Pof vector <i₁,i₂,i₃,i₄,i₅,i₆,i₇ > in base 10 vs. the number of group in PT, for TMPs, reveals minima corresponding to compounds with <i₁,i₂,i₃,i₄ > ca. <0011> (group g0011) and maxima ca. <1111> (group g1111). Periods p010, p100, p110, and p111 represent rows 1–4, respectively. For groups 3 and 6, period p110 is superimposed on p100, and for group 8, all periods coincide. The corresponding function P(i₁,i₂,i₃,i₄,i₅,i₆,i₇) indicates a series of cyclic wavesobviously controlled by minima or maxima, which propose a periodic performance that evokes the shape of a trigonometric function. For <i₁,i₂,i₃,i₄,i₅,i₆,i₇>, maximum results are obviously presented. The space in <i₁,i₂,i₃,i₄,i₅,i₆,i₇ > elements among every couple of successive maxima is eight, which agrees with TMP collections in consecutive periods. The maxima are in similar locations in the curve and are in phase. The typical points in phase have to match with the components in similar group in PT. For maxima <i₁,i₂,i₃,i₄,i₅,i₆,i₇>, there is consistency among the two descriptions; notwithstanding, the constancy is not universal. The assessment of the waves presents a pair of dissimilarities: (1) periods are incomplete and (2) periods 2 and 3 are somewhat staircase like. The most characteristic points of the plot are maxima that lie about group g1111. The values of <i₁,i₂,i₃,i₄,i₅,i₆,i₇ > are repeated as the periodic law (PL) states. An empirical function P(p) reproduces different <i₁,i₂,i₃,i₄,i₅,i₆,i₇ > values; a minimum of P(p) presents significance just if it is contrasted with the previous P(p–1) and afterward P(p + 1) points, necessitating to satisfy:

$$\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\min }\left(p\right)<P\left(p-1\right)\\ P_{\min }\left(p\right)<P\left(p+1\right)\end{array}$$E8

Sequenced relationship (8) has to be done again at determined gaps peer to the dimension of the period and is equal to:

$$\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\min }\left(p\right)-P\left(p-1\right)<0\\ P\left(p+1\right)-P_{\min }\left(p\right)>0\end{array}$$E9

Because relationship (9) is just suitable for minima, additional universal others are wanted for all positions p; D(p) = P(p + 1) – P(p) differences are computed by allocating each value to TMP p:

$$D\left(p\right)=P\left(p+1\right)-P\left(p\right)$$E10

In the place of D(p), the values of R(p) = P(p + 1)/P(p) are obtained by assigning R(p) to TMP p; whether PL is universal, components in similar group in equivalent locations in dissimilar periodic waves assure:

either

$$D\left(p\right)>0\text{or}D\left(p\right)<0$$E11

either

$$R\left(p\right)>1\text{or}R\left(p\right)<1$$E12

Notwithstanding, the outcomes demonstrate that this is not the case, so PL is not universal but with anomalies. The change of D(p) vs. group number shows that for group 6, periods p100 and p110 collapse. It introduces lack of consistency among <i₁,i₂,i₃,i₄,i₅,i₆,i₇ > Cartesian and PT charts. Whether constancy were exact, every position in each period present similar sign: in general, a tendency exists in the positions to provide D(p) > 0 for the lower groups but not for group 8; however, the latter results should be taken with care because D(p) are calculated using data from the next period. In detail, irregularities exist in which TMPs for successive periods are not always in phase. The change of R(p) vs. group number shows that for groups 3 and 6, periods p100 and p110 collapse, and, for group 8, all periods coincide, confirming the lack of steadiness among Cartesian and PT representations. Whether control were precise or not, every position in every period presents R(p) either smaller or larger than one. A tendency exists in the positions to provide R(p) > 1 for the lower groups but not for group 8; however, the latter should be taken with care because R(p) are calculated from the next period. Confirmed incongruities exist in which TMPs for successive periods are not always in phase.

4. Conclusion

1. Several criteria were selected to reduce analysis to manage quantity of trimethoxyphenyl, indole, carbonyl bridge antitubulins referred to structural parameters related to positions R_1–4 on benzo, R_5/6 on pyridine, and heteroatom X in indole. Molecular structural elementswere rankedaccording to inhibitory activity: R₁ > R₄ > R₂ > X > R₅ > R₃ > R₆. In compound 42, R₁ = R₄ = R₂ = R₅ = H, X = N, R₃ = OMe and R₆ = CH₃–OH <1,111,111>, which was selected as reference. Many classification algorithms are based on information entropy. For moderate-sized sets, an excessive number of results appear compatible with data and suffer a combinatorial explosion; however, after the equipartition conjecture,one has a selection criterion, according to which the best configuration is that in which entropy production is most uniformly distributed. Method avoids the problem of continuum variables because for compound with constant <1,111,111> vector, null standard deviation causes Pearson correlation coefficient of one. Classification is in agreement with the analyses by principal components.

2. Code MolClas is an easy, dependable, effective, and quick process for the classification of molecules founded on the conjecture of the equipartition of the production of the entropy of information. The code was developed not just to examine the conjecture of equipartition but, in addition, to discover the world of the classification of molecules.

3. The periodic law does not convince the category of the laws of physics: (1) antitubulin inhibitory powers do not result done again; maybe their chemical nature; (2) sequence relations are done again with exemptions. The examination compels the declaration: relationships that whichever molecule ppresents with its neighbor p + 1 are more or less done again for each period. Periodicity result is not universal; notwithstanding, if a usual order of molecules are agreed, the rule should be phenomenological. The antiproliferative potency did not generate the table of periodic classification and serves to confirm it. The examination of other antitubulin features would give an insight into the achievable generalization of the periodic table.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank support from Generalitat Valenciana (Project No. PROMETEO/2016/094) and Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr(Project No. PRUCV/2015/617).