NIST test results.
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These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7176",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Visual Impairment and Blindness - What We Know and What We Have to Know",title:"Visual Impairment and Blindness",subtitle:"What We Know and What We Have to Know",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Blindness and vision impairment affect at least 2.2 billion people worldwide with most individuals having a preventable vision impairment. The majority of people with vision impairment are older than 50 years, however, vision loss can affect people of all ages. Reduced eyesight can have major and long-lasting effects on all aspects of life, including daily personal activities, interacting with the community, school and work opportunities, and the ability to access public services. This book provides an overview of the effects of blindness and visual impairment in the context of the most common causes of blindness in older adults as well as children, including retinal disorders, cataracts, glaucoma, and macular or corneal degeneration.",isbn:"978-1-83880-258-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-257-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-953-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73976",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"visual-impairment-and-blindness-what-we-know-and-what-we-have-to-know",numberOfPages:396,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"6b1848a23af744fba1f0eef95fb4b2d1",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Lo Giudice and Angel Catalá",publishedDate:"September 9th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7176.jpg",numberOfDownloads:14797,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:29,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:39,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 4th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 30th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 29th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 17th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 17th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"87607",title:"M.D.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Lo Giudice",slug:"giuseppe-lo-giudice",fullName:"Giuseppe Lo Giudice",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/87607/images/system/87607.png",biography:"Giuseppe Lo Giudice obtained an MD from the University of Messina, Italy and completed an ophthalmological residency at the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padua, Italy. He was a fellow at the Ophthalmology Department of the Gironcoli Ophthalmic Center from 2002 to 2004, and an assistant in ophthalmology at Conegliano Hospital Conegliano, Treviso, Italy from 2004 to 2007. Since 2007, he has been a surgeon and vice-director at San Antonio Hospital, University of Padua, Italy. His major fields of interest are treatments for retinal diseases (proliferative retinopathies, AMD, and diabetic retinopathy) and vitreoretinal surgery. He has more than 25 years of experience in clinical research as well as in clinical trials and laboratory research. He has performed more than 10,000 anterior segment surgeries (cataract surgery, glaucoma surgery, corneal transplantation) in the last five years. He has also performed more than 700 vitreo-retinal surgeries for ocular trauma, complicated cataracts, retinal pucker, retinal detachment, and vitreoretinal proliferative disease in the last two years at Saint Antonio Hospital. Dr. Lo Giudice has authored two books and edited two book chapters. He has contributed several research articles and book chapters in national and international books and serves as a reviewer for many ophthalmology journals.",institutionString:"University of Padua",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"191",title:"Ophthalmology",slug:"medicine-ophthalmology"}],chapters:[{id:"69696",title:"Infectious Keratitis: The Great Enemy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89798",slug:"infectious-keratitis-the-great-enemy",totalDownloads:814,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Infectious keratitis tops the list of diseases leading to visual impairment and corneal blindness. Corneal opacities, predominantly caused by infectious keratitis, are the fourth leading cause of blindness globally. In the developed countries, infectious keratitis is usually associated with contact lens wear, but in developing countries, it is commonly caused by trauma during agricultural work. The common causative organisms are bacteria, fungus, Acanthamoeba, and virus. Severe cases can progress rapidly and cause visual impairment or blindness that requires corneal transplantation, evisceration, or enucleation. The precise clinical diagnosis, accurate diagnostic tools, and timely appropriate management are important to reduce the morbidity associated with infectious keratitis. Despite the advancement of diagnostic tools and antimicrobial drugs, outcomes remain poor secondary to corneal melting, scarring, or perforation. Eye care strategies should focus on corneal ulcer prevention. This review addresses the epidemiology, diagnostic approach, clinical manifestations, risk factors, investigations, treatments, and the update of major clinical trials about common pathogens of infectious keratitis.",signatures:"Vatookarn Roongpoovapatr, Pinnita Prabhasawat, Saichin Isipradit, Mohamed Abou Shousha and Puwat Charukamnoetkanok",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69696",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69696",authors:[{id:"291708",title:"Dr.",name:"Vatookarn",surname:"Roongpoovapatr",slug:"vatookarn-roongpoovapatr",fullName:"Vatookarn Roongpoovapatr"},{id:"291711",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",surname:"Abou Shousha",slug:"mohamed-abou-shousha",fullName:"Mohamed Abou Shousha"},{id:"311222",title:"Prof.",name:"Pinnita",surname:"Prabhasawat",slug:"pinnita-prabhasawat",fullName:"Pinnita Prabhasawat"},{id:"311223",title:"Dr.",name:"Saichin",surname:"Isipradit",slug:"saichin-isipradit",fullName:"Saichin Isipradit"},{id:"311224",title:"Dr.",name:"Puwat",surname:"Charukamnoetkanok",slug:"puwat-charukamnoetkanok",fullName:"Puwat Charukamnoetkanok"}],corrections:null},{id:"70991",title:"How to Improve Visual Acuity in Keratoconic Cornea?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90478",slug:"how-to-improve-visual-acuity-in-keratoconic-cornea-",totalDownloads:385,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Keratoconus is one of the most important corneal diseases that causes preventable blindness, so we decided to review the main techniques for improving visual acuity in patients with progressive and nonprogressive keratoconus, in order to expand knowledge in relation to the range of therapeutic possibilities that exist today and the benefits and risks of each of these alternatives.",signatures:"Josefina A. Mejías S, Marta G. Hadid, Luis Izquierdo and Maria Henriquez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70991",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70991",authors:[{id:"307061",title:"Dr.",name:"Josefina",surname:"Mejias Smith",slug:"josefina-mejias-smith",fullName:"Josefina Mejias Smith"},{id:"312759",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",surname:"Izquierdo",slug:"luis-izquierdo",fullName:"Luis Izquierdo"},{id:"312760",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",surname:"Hadid",slug:"marta-hadid",fullName:"Marta Hadid"},{id:"312761",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Henriquez",slug:"maria-henriquez",fullName:"Maria Henriquez"}],corrections:null},{id:"69143",title:"Diffractive Corneal Inlays: A New Concept for Correction of Presbyopia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89265",slug:"diffractive-corneal-inlays-a-new-concept-for-correction-of-presbyopia",totalDownloads:729,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"A new class of corneal inlays for treatment of presbyopia is described, which uses diffraction as the working principle. The inlay consists of an opaque disk with a small central aperture surrounded by an array of micro-holes that are distributed following the order of a given Fresnel zone plate having N zones. In this way, the central hole of the disk produces an extension of the depth of focus of the eye for distance vision and contributes to the zero order of diffraction, and the light diffracted by the micro-holes in the periphery produces a real focus for near vision. In our general design, the number of zones and the diameter of the central hole are free parameters that can be used to design customized devices with different addition power and near-focus intensity. Two different designs are analyzed to show this property. In the analysis, we employed a ray tracing software to study the performance of the new inlays in the two different model eyes. The results are compared with those obtained with a model of the small-aperture inlay that is currently in the market. The different merit functions used in the comparison and the image simulations performed with the inlays in the model eyes show the excellent performance of our proposal.",signatures:"Diego Montagud-Martínez, Vicente Ferrando, Salvador Garcia-Delpech, Juan A. Monsoriu and Walter D. Furlan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69143",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69143",authors:[{id:"86866",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvador",surname:"Garcia-Delpech",slug:"salvador-garcia-delpech",fullName:"Salvador Garcia-Delpech"},{id:"186344",title:"Prof.",name:"Walter",surname:"Furlan",slug:"walter-furlan",fullName:"Walter Furlan"},{id:"307306",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",surname:"Montagud-Martínez",slug:"diego-montagud-martinez",fullName:"Diego Montagud-Martínez"},{id:"308940",title:"Dr.",name:"Vicente",surname:"Ferrando",slug:"vicente-ferrando",fullName:"Vicente Ferrando"},{id:"308942",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan A.",surname:"Monsoriu",slug:"juan-a.-monsoriu",fullName:"Juan A. Monsoriu"}],corrections:null},{id:"69918",title:"Intraocular Forced Convection Mechanism Defect as Probable Cause of Normal-Tension Glaucoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89934",slug:"intraocular-forced-convection-mechanism-defect-as-probable-cause-of-normal-tension-glaucoma",totalDownloads:625,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This paper describes several pathologies associated with pathological movements that can cause physical effort on the optic nerve and damage to vision. The accumulation of intraocular metabolic residues increases ocular globe mass and can change its position in the orbit, as well as increase the cornea and crystalline, accommodation resistance, in addition to being able to increase the aqueous humor output resistance. A series of discreet pathologies may result in optic nerve impairment: cyclotorsion and saccadic movement, position in the orbit, and increased intraocular pressure. The cyclotorsion movements can be stimulated by the superior visual field restriction, due to the metabolic residue accumulation in the light transmission regions of this visual field, preventing correct fusion of the images.",signatures:"Humberto D. Silva, Eduardo D. Silva, Maria Tamires D. Silva, Cristiana P. Dória and Cristiane P. Dória",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69918",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69918",authors:[{id:"210547",title:"Dr.",name:"Humberto",surname:"Dória Silva",slug:"humberto-doria-silva",fullName:"Humberto Dória Silva"},{id:"210614",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Maria Tamires",surname:"Dória Silva",slug:"maria-tamires-doria-silva",fullName:"Maria Tamires Dória Silva"},{id:"210615",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Cristiana",surname:"Pereira Dória",slug:"cristiana-pereira-doria",fullName:"Cristiana Pereira Dória"},{id:"311637",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",surname:"Dória Silva",slug:"eduardo-doria-silva",fullName:"Eduardo Dória Silva"},{id:"311646",title:"BSc.",name:"Cristiane",surname:"Pereira Dória",slug:"cristiane-pereira-doria",fullName:"Cristiane Pereira Dória"}],corrections:null},{id:"69202",title:"Training Reading Skills in Central Field Loss Patients: Impact of Clinical Advances and New Technologies to Improve Reading Ability",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88943",slug:"training-reading-skills-in-central-field-loss-patients-impact-of-clinical-advances-and-new-technolog",totalDownloads:742,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The primary goal of patients with central field loss attending to visual rehabilitation (VR) offices is to get adapted to daily life activities in near vision, mainly looking for recovering their ability to read again. The disparity in the functionality of these patients, due to the new advances in medical treatment and the increasing number of new apps and technological devices in the market, implies a heterogeneity in the reading training programs to be applied, and consequently a variability in the results obtained. Currently, with the increasing access to information and communication technologies and social networks, the opportunities for improving their access to information and communication is taken an important role. For this reason, the basis of ad-hoc evidence-based reading training programs is needed to standardized the clinical practice in reading rehabilitation for visual impaired and blind patients. This chapter will go in depth into these topics offering an exhaustive state of the art of reading rehabilitation for central field loss patients that will be useful for clinicians dedicated to the rehabilitation of visual impaired and blind people.",signatures:"Coco-Martin MB, J. Herrera Medina, J. Oliveros López, N.C. Platero Alvarado and L. Leal Vega",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69202",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69202",authors:[{id:"301605",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Begoña",surname:"Coco",slug:"maria-begona-coco",fullName:"Maria Begoña Coco"},{id:"301612",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan",surname:"Oliveros",slug:"juan-oliveros",fullName:"Juan Oliveros"},{id:"301614",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Luis",surname:"Leal Vega",slug:"luis-leal-vega",fullName:"Luis Leal Vega"},{id:"308854",title:"MSc.",name:"Joaquín",surname:"Herrera Medina",slug:"joaquin-herrera-medina",fullName:"Joaquín Herrera Medina"},{id:"308896",title:"MSc.",name:"Nadiuska Cristine",surname:"Platero",slug:"nadiuska-cristine-platero",fullName:"Nadiuska Cristine Platero"}],corrections:null},{id:"69665",title:"Efficient Computer-Aided Techniques to Detect Glaucoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89799",slug:"efficient-computer-aided-techniques-to-detect-glaucoma",totalDownloads:436,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A survey of the World Health Organization has revealed that retinal eye disease Glaucoma is the second leading cause for blindness worldwide. It is a disease which will steals the vision of the patient without any warning or symptoms. About half of the World Glaucoma Patients are estimated to be in Asia. Hence, for social and economic reasons, Glaucoma detection is necessary in preventing blindness and reducing the cost of surgical treatment of the disease. The objective of the chapter is to predict and detect Glaucoma efficiently using image processing techniques. We have developed an efficient computer-aided Glaucoma detection system to classify a fundus image as either normal or glaucomatous image based on the structural features of the fundus image such as cup-to-disc ratio (CDR), rim-to-disc ratio (RDR), superior and inferior neuroretinal rim thicknesses, vessel structure-based features, and distribution of texture features in the fundus images. An automated clinical support system is developed to assist the ophthalmologists to identify the persons who are at risk in the early stages of the disease, monitor the progression of the disease, and minimize the examination time.",signatures:"Nataraj Vijapur and R. Srinivasarao Kunte",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69665",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69665",authors:[{id:"248204",title:"Dr.",name:"Nataraj",surname:"Vijapur",slug:"nataraj-vijapur",fullName:"Nataraj Vijapur"},{id:"248890",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Srinivasa Rao",surname:"Kunte",slug:"r.-srinivasa-rao-kunte",fullName:"R. Srinivasa Rao Kunte"}],corrections:null},{id:"71694",title:"Risk Assessment of Ocular Hypertension and the Use of Medication",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90804",slug:"risk-assessment-of-ocular-hypertension-and-the-use-of-medication",totalDownloads:550,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ocular hypertension (OHT) is the only known modifiable risk factor of glaucoma development. Intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering therapy reduces the risk of glaucoma development. The 5-year risk of glaucoma conversion is <10% for untreated OHT patients. Cost-effectiveness analyses suggested that it is not cost-effective to treat all patients with OHT. Treatment should be targeted towards the higher-risk group—namely, patients with older age, a higher level of IOP, a thinner central corneal thickness (CCT), a larger vertical cup-to-disc ratio (VCDR) and a smaller pattern standard deviation (PSD) value on visual field (VF) test. These risk factors were established by the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS) and the European Glaucoma Prevention Study (EGPS). However, there is significant variability in the measurement of the currently known risk factors, especially if the assessment is taken from a longitudinal perspective. This can lead to overtreatment or under-treatment: the former exposing the patient to unnecessary side effects of IOP-lowering eye drops and the latter putting the patient at risk of developing glaucoma. The advancement of new VF algorithm and ocular imaging can lead to the identification of new approaches to risk stratification and, thus, more specific treatment for OHT patients.",signatures:"Claire Chow and Poemen Pui-man Chan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71694",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71694",authors:[{id:"298759",title:"Dr.",name:"Poemen",surname:"Chan",slug:"poemen-chan",fullName:"Poemen Chan"},{id:"300945",title:"Dr.",name:"Claire",surname:"Chow",slug:"claire-chow",fullName:"Claire Chow"}],corrections:null},{id:"68633",title:"Introductory Chapter: Macular Degeneration: Mechanisms of Action",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86739",slug:"introductory-chapter-macular-degeneration-mechanisms-of-action",totalDownloads:394,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Giuseppe Lo Giudice",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68633",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68633",authors:[{id:"87607",title:"M.D.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Lo Giudice",slug:"giuseppe-lo-giudice",fullName:"Giuseppe Lo Giudice"}],corrections:null},{id:"67856",title:"Prologue: My Experience with Photoreceptors - The Peroxidation of Lipids",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87240",slug:"prologue-my-experience-with-photoreceptors-the-peroxidation-of-lipids",totalDownloads:363,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Angel Catala",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67856",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67856",authors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala"}],corrections:null},{id:"68681",title:"Zebrafish Photoreceptor Degeneration and Regeneration Research to Understand Hereditary Human Blindness",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88758",slug:"zebrafish-photoreceptor-degeneration-and-regeneration-research-to-understand-hereditary-human-blindn",totalDownloads:708,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Humans with mutations in photoreceptor-related genes develop forms of retinal degeneration, such as retinitis pigmentosa, cone dystrophy, or Leber congenital amaurosis. Similarly, numerous photoreceptor mutant animal models present phenotypes that resemble retinal degeneration. Zebrafish retina manifests anatomical organization and development remarkably conserved in humans, making these fish a good model to study photoreceptor development and disease. Zebrafish are ideal for forward genetic screens to isolate mutants with visual defects. More recently, CRISPR/Cas system-mediated genome editing has enabled establishment of specific zebrafish photoreceptor mutants. Here, I review zebrafish models of inherited retinal diseases, focusing on rod versus cone photoreceptor mutants. Because zebrafish possess robust regeneration capacity to replace the lost photoreceptors, here I review the current understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying this response.",signatures:"Maria Iribarne",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68681",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68681",authors:[{id:"300765",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Maria",surname:"Iribarne",slug:"maria-iribarne",fullName:"Maria Iribarne"}],corrections:null},{id:"65954",title:"Mechanistic Dissection of Macular Degeneration Using the Phosphorylation Interactome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83016",slug:"mechanistic-dissection-of-macular-degeneration-using-the-phosphorylation-interactome",totalDownloads:726,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the current study, we suggest that phosphorylation reactions of specific proteins in mitochondria and the nucleus are a key step in the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). To determine the molecular mechanism of AMD, we examined proteomic changes under oxidative stress to establish the protein interaction map using in vitro and in vivo models that mimic the complex and progressive characteristics of AMD. We postulated that apoptosis can be initiated by phosphorylation reactions under chronic oxidative stress in a region-specific and tissue-specific manner. The analysis of AMD interactome and oxidative biomarker network demonstrated that the presence of tissue- and region-dependent post-translational mechanisms may contribute toward AMD progression through the mitochondrial-nuclear communication. The AMD interactome suggests that new therapeutic targets, including prohibitin, erythropoietin, vitronectin, crystalline, nitric oxide synthase, ubiquitin, and complement inhibition may exist as a proteome network. Further, immunocytochemistry demonstrated that mitochondria could enter the nucleus in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) under oxidative stress. The current interactome map implies that a positive correlation may exist between oxidative stress-mediated phosphorylation and AMD progression. The unbiased proteome network provides a basis for understanding oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in AMD and exploring effective therapeutic approaches to treat age-related neurodegeneration.",signatures:"Weilue He, Srinivas R. Sripathi, Madu Joshua, Ruonan Zhang, Fabunmi Tosin, Patrick Ambrose, Diana R. Gutsaeva and Wan Jin Jahng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65954",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65954",authors:[{id:"205781",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Wan Jin",surname:"Jahng",slug:"wan-jin-jahng",fullName:"Wan Jin Jahng"}],corrections:null},{id:"64884",title:"The Role of Imaging in Age-Related Macular Degeneration",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82630",slug:"the-role-of-imaging-in-age-related-macular-degeneration",totalDownloads:738,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is the leading cause of blindness affecting adults. The disease alters the macula, center of the retina, responsible for the keenest vision. Although ARMD is part of the aging process, the exact pathophysiology is still unknown. The evidence suggests that oxidative stress, lipofuscin accumulation, drusen accumulation, chronic inflammation, choroidal neovascularization, and mutations of the complement contribute to the development of ARMD. Early recognition and prompt treatment halt the progression of the disease. The advanced technology in imaging modalities provides comprehensive and complete management at the earliest stage of ARMD.",signatures:"Andi Arus Victor",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64884",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64884",authors:[{id:"228998",title:"Dr.",name:"Andi Arus",surname:"Victor",slug:"andi-arus-victor",fullName:"Andi Arus Victor"}],corrections:null},{id:"63857",title:"Management Strategies and Visual Results for the Treatment of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81466",slug:"management-strategies-and-visual-results-for-the-treatment-of-neovascular-age-related-macular-degene",totalDownloads:666,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The purpose of this chapter is to examine the various treatment strategies used to manage neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). The chapter will focus on the three main strategies including fixed interval dosing, as needed Pro-Re-Nata (PRN) treatment and Treat-and-Extend (TAE), with its variant the Treat-Extend-Stop (TES) protocol. We will discuss the visual results of randomized clinical trials and retrospective studies using these methodologies and compare their outcomes, the pros and cons of each treatment strategy, as well as the underlying mechanisms that may explain these differences. The results of long-term extension trials following landmark randomized clinical studies and other long-term retrospective studies will also be compared to studies using a fixed interval dosing or the TAE/TES method. We will also focus on the visual results of the TES protocol and examine recurrence rates, proposing a definition of the recurrence of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) versus increased disease activity. These topics discussed will help optimize anti-VEGF treatment regimens for patients with nAMD over the long term.",signatures:"Siyang Chaili and Sean D. Adrean",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63857",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63857",authors:[{id:"259578",title:"Dr.",name:"Sean",surname:"Adrean",slug:"sean-adrean",fullName:"Sean Adrean"},{id:"270244",title:"Mr.",name:"Siyang",surname:"Chaili",slug:"siyang-chaili",fullName:"Siyang Chaili"}],corrections:null},{id:"68627",title:"Diabetic Retinopathy and Blindness: An Epidemiological Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88756",slug:"diabetic-retinopathy-and-blindness-an-epidemiological-overview",totalDownloads:906,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Prevalence of diabetes is rising worldwide. In the course of the last 20 years, blindness and low vision due to diabetic eye complications have increased in large regions in Eastern Europe, North Africa/Middle East, Asia, Latin America, and Oceania. The magnitude and trends of vision-threatening disease are presented. Systemic risk factors for progression to sight-threatening disease are reviewed. The impact of economic and cultural background on early diagnosis and adherence to treatment is highlighted. Current management of diabetic macular edema, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, neovascular glaucoma, and cataract surgery of diabetic patients is outlined, and its contribution to preventing vision loss is reviewed.",signatures:"Maya Georgieva Pandova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68627",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68627",authors:[{id:"300935",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Maya G.",surname:"Pandova",slug:"maya-g.-pandova",fullName:"Maya G. Pandova"}],corrections:null},{id:"69116",title:"The Role of Vision on Spatial Competence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89273",slug:"the-role-of-vision-on-spatial-competence",totalDownloads:788,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Several pieces of evidence indicate that visual experience during development is fundamental to acquire long-term spatial capabilities. For instance, reaching abilities tend to emerge at 5 months of age in sighted infants, while only later at 10 months of age in blind infants. Moreover, other spatial skills such as auditory localization and haptic orientation discrimination tend to be delayed or impaired in visually impaired children, with a huge impact on the development of sighted-like perceptual and cognitive asset. Here, we report an overview of studies showing that the lack of vision can interfere with the development of coherent multisensory spatial representations and highlight the contribution of current research in designing new tools to support the acquisition of spatial capabilities during childhood.",signatures:"Giulia Cappagli and Monica Gori",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69116",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69116",authors:[{id:"301601",title:"MSc.",name:"Monica",surname:"Gori",slug:"monica-gori",fullName:"Monica Gori"},{id:"301765",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Giulia",surname:"Cappagli",slug:"giulia-cappagli",fullName:"Giulia Cappagli"}],corrections:null},{id:"69033",title:"Sensory Substitution for Visual Impairments: A Technological Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89147",slug:"sensory-substitution-for-visual-impairments-a-technological-review",totalDownloads:589,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This work shows the study of the people who are deprived of a sensory modality that affects brain organization and cognition. By studying, the blind or visual impaired helps learn about how sensory experience in each sense is required for specific brain systems to develop, and how the technologies help in plasticity change in their absence. The sensory-motor deprivation model serves to assess the roles of critical developmental periods, compensatory cross-modal plasticity, and sensory-independent (a-modal) processes in the human brain. Sensory substitution enables a new era for blind people. Therefore, this research will commit a complete review on the sensory substitution for visual impairments.",signatures:"Md Masum Billah, Zulkhairi Mohd Yusof, Kushsairy Kadir and Abdul Malik Mohd Ali",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69033",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69033",authors:[{id:"302209",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Masum",surname:"Billah",slug:"md-masum-billah",fullName:"Md Masum Billah"},{id:"302216",title:"Dr.",name:"Zulkhairi",surname:"Mohd Yusof",slug:"zulkhairi-mohd-yusof",fullName:"Zulkhairi Mohd Yusof"},{id:"308059",title:"Prof.",name:"Kushsairy",surname:"Kadir",slug:"kushsairy-kadir",fullName:"Kushsairy Kadir"},{id:"310183",title:"Mr.",name:"Abdul Malik",surname:"Mohd Ali",slug:"abdul-malik-mohd-ali",fullName:"Abdul Malik Mohd Ali"}],corrections:null},{id:"68981",title:"Audio Cortical Processing in Blind Individuals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88826",slug:"audio-cortical-processing-in-blind-individuals",totalDownloads:648,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter focuses on the cortical processing of auditory spatial information in blindness. Research has demonstrated enhanced auditory processing in blind individuals, suggesting they compensate for lacking vision with greater sensitivity in other senses. A few years ago, we demonstrated severely impaired auditory precision in congenitally blind individuals when performing an auditory spatial metric task: participants’ thresholds for spatially bisecting three consecutive, spatially distributed sound sources were seriously compromised. Here we describe psychophysical and neural correlates of this deficit, and we show that the deficit disappears if blind individuals are presented with coherent spatio-temporal cues (short space associated with short time and vice versa). Instead, when the audio information presents incoherent spatio-temporal cues (short space associated with long time and vice versa), sighted individuals are unaffected by the perturbation while blind individuals are strongly attracted to the temporal cue. These results suggest that blind participants use temporal cues to make audio spatial estimations and that the visual cortex seems to have a functional role in these perceptual tasks. In the present chapter, we illustrate our hypothesis, suggesting that the lack of vision may drive construction of multisensory cortical network coding space based on temporal instead of spatial coordinates.",signatures:"Monica Gori, Maria Bianca Amadeo, Giulio Sandini and Claudio Campus",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68981",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68981",authors:[{id:"301601",title:"MSc.",name:"Monica",surname:"Gori",slug:"monica-gori",fullName:"Monica Gori"},{id:"302021",title:"Ms.",name:"Maria Bianca",surname:"Amadeo",slug:"maria-bianca-amadeo",fullName:"Maria Bianca Amadeo"},{id:"302022",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",surname:"Campus",slug:"claudio-campus",fullName:"Claudio Campus"}],corrections:null},{id:"69380",title:"The Application of Geographic Information Systems to Support Wayfinding for People with Visual Impairments or Blindness",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89308",slug:"the-application-of-geographic-information-systems-to-support-wayfinding-for-people-with-visual-impai",totalDownloads:696,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"People with visual impairments or legal blindness are relying on differing, comprehensive information utilized for their individual mobility. Increasing the personal mobility of people with disabilities and thereby achieving a self-determined life are major steps toward a more inclusive society. Research and applications on mobility issues of people with visual impairments or blindness mainly focus on technical applications or assistive orientation and navigation devices, and less work is covering the individual needs, e.g., regarding the information required for wayfinding. Moreover, active participation of people with disabilities in research and development is still limited. ways2see offers a new online application to support individual mobility in context of pre-trip planning for people with visual impairments or blindness based on a Geographic Information System (GIS). Obstacles, barriers, landmarks, orientation hints, and directions for wayfinding are generated by user profiles. The underlying network for GIS analysis is designed as pedestrian network. This individually coded network approach integrates sidewalks and different types of crossings and implements various orientation and navigation attributes. ways2see integrates three research realms: firstly, implementing a participative and transdisciplinary research design; secondly, integrating personalized information aligned with the individual user needs; and thirdly, presenting result of GIS analysis through an accessible designed user interface.",signatures:"Susanne Zimmermann-Janschitz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69380",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69380",authors:[{id:"307292",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Susanne",surname:"Zimmermann-Janschitz",slug:"susanne-zimmermann-janschitz",fullName:"Susanne Zimmermann-Janschitz"}],corrections:null},{id:"72559",title:"Low-Vision Rehabilitation in Maculopathy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92358",slug:"low-vision-rehabilitation-in-maculopathy",totalDownloads:557,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Maculopathy can have many causes: congenital, hereditary and acquired. The response of a maculopathy is the formation of a scotoma that can be relative or absolute with difficulty or impossibility to read, write and see the normal activities of daily life. The visually impaired person therefore has an insufficient level of visual ability to perform daily activities, work or leisure activities that are usual for individuals of the same age, sex and sociocultural status. A more or less serious low vision and a visual disability are thus created. The visually impaired person is able to use the eccentric visual residue in the preferential retinal network. With visual rehabilitation, a visual capacity lost by the patient is gained, developing eccentric fixation, giving the patient the awareness of his own possibilities to see and use the use of optical and electronic aids.",signatures:"Giovanni Sato and Roberta Rizzo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72559",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72559",authors:[{id:"306058",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanni",surname:"Sato",slug:"giovanni-sato",fullName:"Giovanni Sato"},{id:"306061",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberta",surname:"Rizzo",slug:"roberta-rizzo",fullName:"Roberta Rizzo"}],corrections:null},{id:"65920",title:"Biometric Systems and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84845",slug:"biometric-systems-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:2055,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Nowadays, we are talking more and more about insecurity in various sectors as well as the computer techniques to be implemented to counter this trend: access control to computers, e-commerce, banking, etc. There are two traditional ways of identifying an individual. The first method is a knowledge-based method. It is based on the knowledge of an individual’s information such as the PIN code to allow him/her to activate a mobile phone. The second method is based on the possession of token. It can be a piece of identification, a key, a badge, etc. These two methods of identification can be used in a complementary way to obtain increased security like in bank cards. However, they each have their weaknesses. In the first case, the password can be forgotten or guessed by a third party. In the second case, the badge (or ID or key) may be lost or stolen. Biometric features are an alternative solution to the two previous identification modes. The advantage of using the biometric features is that they are all universal, measurable, unique, and permanent. The interest of applications using biometrics can be summed up in two classes: to facilitate the way of life and to avoid fraud.",signatures:"Souhail Guennouni, Anass Mansouri and Ali Ahaitouf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65920",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65920",authors:[{id:"281497",title:"Dr.",name:"Souhail",surname:"Guennouni",slug:"souhail-guennouni",fullName:"Souhail Guennouni"},{id:"287151",title:"Prof.",name:"Anass",surname:"Mansouri",slug:"anass-mansouri",fullName:"Anass Mansouri"},{id:"287152",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",surname:"Ahaitouf",slug:"ali-ahaitouf",fullName:"Ali Ahaitouf"}],corrections:null},{id:"64363",title:"Eye Movements during Barking at Print",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81898",slug:"eye-movements-during-barking-at-print",totalDownloads:685,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In order for educational software coupled with eye-tracking capability to respond with pedagogical appropriateness to a reader’s eye movements, reading metrics must be validly interpreted. These metrics and the types of reading they diagnose, for example, scanning, skimming and reading for meaning, come largely from reading fiction texts in a home language. The use of existing classification systems for disadvantaged South African learners did not yield consistent and credible classification of these learners’ reading. This could be attributed to learners barking at print, that is, decoding the text without comprehending what they were reading beyond the word level. Eye movements of barkers and non-barkers were analysed and no statistically significant differences were found. Barking at print was found to be distinct from mindless reading and mind-wandering, as well as other reading types for both first and second languages. Barking is characterised by slow reading with few regressions, average fixation durations typical of second language reading, and variability in eye-movements between lines of text. This work is significant in that it establishes that eye-movement during barking at print is distinct from other categories of reading. However, further research is needed before valid applications can be made from this work.",signatures:"Tanya Beelders and Angela Stott",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64363",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64363",authors:[{id:"25734",title:"Ms.",name:"Tanya",surname:"Beelders",slug:"tanya-beelders",fullName:"Tanya Beelders"},{id:"266805",title:"Dr.",name:"Angela",surname:"Stott",slug:"angela-stott",fullName:"Angela Stott"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3388",title:"Age-Related Macular Degeneration",subtitle:"Etiology, Diagnosis and Management - A Glance at the Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c93f7f824d35cebde6987fe5da36f6ff",slug:"age-related-macular-degeneration-etiology-diagnosis-and-management-a-glance-at-the-future",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Lo Giudice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3388.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87607",title:"M.D.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Lo Giudice",slug:"giuseppe-lo-giudice",fullName:"Giuseppe Lo Giudice"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8855",title:"Retinoblastoma",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1686b2f1d697de9d4bc2005a5fa9b998",slug:"retinoblastoma-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Hind Manaa Alkatan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8855.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"223782",title:"Dr.",name:"Hind",surname:"Alkatan",slug:"hind-alkatan",fullName:"Hind Alkatan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6372",title:"Early Events in Diabetic Retinopathy and Intervention Strategies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"46ff48bdb1bac8a69372566fff0e2f6d",slug:"early-events-in-diabetic-retinopathy-and-intervention-strategies",bookSignature:"Andrew T.C. Tsin and Jeffery G. Grigsby",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6372.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"310667",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Tsin",slug:"andrew-tsin",fullName:"Andrew Tsin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7858",title:"A Practical Guide to Clinical Application of OCT in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e2d479cc9258dee430f8ba4c353c468",slug:"a-practical-guide-to-clinical-application-of-oct-in-ophthalmology",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8418",title:"Eye Motility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f554b86583b2290b7dc0ae067e1d577",slug:"eye-motility",bookSignature:"Ivana Mravicic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8418.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96701",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivana",surname:"Mravicic",slug:"ivana-mravicic",fullName:"Ivana Mravicic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5917",title:"Causes and Coping with Visual Impairment and Blindness",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59fe032e3de5e150eab8bf47bd2d8fdd",slug:"causes-and-coping-with-visual-impairment-and-blindness",bookSignature:"Shimon Rumelt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5917.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54335",title:"Dr.",name:"Shimon",surname:"Rumelt",slug:"shimon-rumelt",fullName:"Shimon Rumelt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10732",title:"Dry Eye Syndrome",subtitle:"Modern Diagnostic Techniques and Advanced Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"44a1939cac17b7cfebbef5e156af0b2a",slug:"dry-eye-syndrome-modern-diagnostic-techniques-and-advanced-treatments",bookSignature:"Felicia M. 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Volatilities",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/80645.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80645",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80645",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/80645",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/80645",chapter:{id:"70128",slug:"the-independence-of-indexed-volatilities",signatures:"Katlego Kola and Tumellano Sebehela",dateSubmitted:"October 11th 2019",dateReviewed:"October 22nd 2019",datePrePublished:"December 5th 2019",datePublished:"March 17th 2021",book:{id:"10098",title:"Linear and Non-Linear Financial Econometrics",subtitle:"Theory and Practice",fullTitle:"Linear and Non-Linear Financial Econometrics -Theory and Practice",slug:"linear-and-non-linear-financial-econometrics-theory-and-practice",publishedDate:"March 17th 2021",bookSignature:"Mehmet Kenan Terzioğlu and Gordana Djurovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10098.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219093",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Kenan",surname:"Terzioğlu",slug:"mehmet-terzioglu",fullName:"Mehmet Terzioğlu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"312865",title:"Dr.",name:"Tumellano",middleName:null,surname:"Sebehela",fullName:"Tumellano Sebehela",slug:"tumellano-sebehela",email:"tumellano.sebehela@wits.ac.za",position:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"312867",title:"Ms.",name:"Katlego",middleName:null,surname:"Kola",fullName:"Katlego Kola",slug:"katlego-kola",email:"461696@students.wits.ac.za",position:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"70128",slug:"the-independence-of-indexed-volatilities",signatures:"Katlego Kola and Tumellano Sebehela",dateSubmitted:"October 11th 2019",dateReviewed:"October 22nd 2019",datePrePublished:"December 5th 2019",datePublished:"March 17th 2021",book:{id:"10098",title:"Linear and Non-Linear Financial Econometrics",subtitle:"Theory and Practice",fullTitle:"Linear and Non-Linear Financial Econometrics -Theory and Practice",slug:"linear-and-non-linear-financial-econometrics-theory-and-practice",publishedDate:"March 17th 2021",bookSignature:"Mehmet Kenan Terzioğlu and Gordana Djurovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10098.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219093",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Kenan",surname:"Terzioğlu",slug:"mehmet-terzioglu",fullName:"Mehmet Terzioğlu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"312865",title:"Dr.",name:"Tumellano",middleName:null,surname:"Sebehela",fullName:"Tumellano 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\r\n\tCurrently, numerous biomaterials-based studies are being conducted, including research into chitin and chitosan, the second most abundant polysaccharide after cellulose. Chitin is obtained at an industrial scale from a variety of natural sources including, crustacean and insect exoskeletons, fungi cell walls, squid pen, etc. Chitosan is biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic, water-soluble under acidic conditions, and linear cationic amino polysaccharide derived from the deacetylation of chitin. It contains free amino and hydroxyl groups that can be functionalized by binding with the cationic and anionic groups. It has numerous applications, especially in the environmental remediation, biomedical, pharmaceutical, agriculture, and food industries.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book will present an update of articles addressing isolation, properties, and certain applications of chitin and chitosan, including films, fibers, nanoparticles, composite materials, hydrogels, polymeric complexes, water purification, antimicrobials, textile, cosmetics, biosensors, nanoporous scaffolds, and membranes. We invite world-class researchers from around the world, industry, academia, government, and private research institutions are encouraged to publish research or review articles on chitin and chitosan.
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His research interest is in the development of sustainable and eco-friendly techniques for (a) nanoparticles synthesis and their applications for environmental remediation, (b) active films of organic solar cells, (c) nanomedicine, (d) sensors, (e) natural product extraction, purification, and analysis,(f) natural polymers, (g) peptide chemistry, (h) microwave and ultrasound-assisted organic synthesis and (i) organic synthesis. Dr. Brajesh Kumar has been credited for different national and international fellowships and he has also worked as a faculty member in various universities of India, Ecuador, and South Korea. He has also published numerous SCI/ SCIE/ Scopus research articles (h index = 28, Citations 2690) and is also an active reviewer of more than 50 Journals. 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For users, it is of potentially great value to associate a personal device with another device in a spontaneous manner, i.e. without need for pre-configuration between two legitimate devices. Pairing devices can be used for the purpose of short-lived interactions, for example, file transfer and synchronization, or aimed at longer lived pairing, for example, pairing a smartphone with accessories.
The wireless nature of the communication between devices gives rise to problems of authentication and security [1]. Figure 1 presents an example of on-body devices with potential adversaries. An adversary can listen to the communication between legitimate devices and eavesdrop private information. Traditional security mechanisms rely on cryptographic keys to support integrity and confidentiality services. Usually, two parties will first establish a common key, and then use the key to encrypt/decrypt subsequent communications between these two devices. In a dynamic mobile environment, mobile devices need to establish point-to-point association frequently. However, it is difficult to ensure the availability of a certificate authority or a key management center. Therefore, it is necessary to have alternative method for key distribution between mobile devices without resorting to a fixed infrastructure.
Legitimate device vs. adversary device.
In current mobile systems, this is achieved by key exchange methods, which are either manual (e.g. typing in the key in a keypad) or exploit key-exchange algorithms. For the first case, a common mechanism for peer device authentication is personal identification number (PIN) code entry by the user into the involved devices [2]. Another example is that the user needs to make sure two devices show the same PIN code on the display when pairing devices using Bluetooth.
However, a primary requirement for human-involved authentication is ease of use and can interact with another device without much user intervention. Such methods offer a reasonably secure way of establishing a common key, but can only be acceptable for occasional use. The number of pairing between wearable devices can be expected to grow considerably as mobile devices are becoming increasingly pervasive. Therefore, the human-involved authentication method is undesirable when users seek to engage in fast and short-lived authentications frequently. To address the problem of pairing devices frequently, one can save the secure key on the device and use it next time. However, this method cannot ensure the security of the key because the stored key can be stolen. On the other hand, due to the small form factor and user interface (UI) of wearable devices, such method is not well suitable because wearable devices are not assumed to include screen and keyboard, e.g. pacemaker and health monitor. For the key-exchange algorithm, a common key exchange method is Diffie-Hellman (DH) protocol which is used to distribute a symmetric key between two parties [3]. However, the premise of DH protocol is that two devices to be paired together are legitimate devices. It cannot be used to distinguish adversary device with legitimate devices.
In this chapter, we propose and implement a shared secret key generation protocol for smart wearable devices based on gait. Gait refers to a person’s manner of walking [4]. The intuition of the proposed key generation protocol is that devices on the same body experience similar signals when the user is walking. Therefore, the similar signals can be used to generate a shared secret key between legitimate devices. The proposed protocol provides an intuitive, unobtrusive method to pair wearable devices when they are on the same body. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to generate a key for wearable devices based on gait. The main contributions of this paper are two-fold:
Shared key generation protocol: We present a novel, lightweight key generation protocol for wearable devices based on gait signals. We experimentally demonstrate that the keys generated on two separate wearable devices on the same body can achieve a 100% bit agreement rate. The proposed key generation protocol is able to generate a 128-bit key with entropy varying from 0.93 to 1 by walking 5 s (≈10 steps).
Implementation: We implement the proposed key generation protocol on modern smartphone. We report system overhead such as processing time and power consumption, and demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed protocol for use in contemporary wearable devices.
The rest of the chapter is organized as follows. We first introduce system model in Section 2. Then we specify the shared key generation protocol in Section 3. We evaluate the performance of the proposed key generation protocol in Section 4 and implement the system in Section 5. Finally, Section 6 concludes the chapter.
We envision the use of the proposed system primarily for pairing wearable and implantable devices such as smartphone, smartwatch and pacemaker. Figure 2 illustrates a typical user model: a user wants to read private health information from pacemaker (Bob) through a smart watch (Alice). He walks several steps, and then Alice and Bob generate a shared secret key by exploiting the gait signals. The key is then used to encrypt/decrypt the messages between two parties.
System model.
In this section, we will provide an overview of the proposed scheme. Figure 3 illustrates the flowchart of the key generation protocol. Suppose Alice (smartphone) wants to read data from Bob (pacemaker). Alice first broadcasts a
Signal processing. Signal processing consists of two steps: temporal alignment and spatial alignment. Temporal alignment is used to synchronize acceleration samples at Alice and Bob. Spatial alignment is used to transform the acceleration data to the same coordinate system to facilitate key generation.
Key generation. The key generation phase is composed of three parts: quantization, reconciliation and privacy amplification. In quantization stage, Alice and Bob convert their observed information into bits. In reconciliation stage, Alice and Bob exchange some information to agree on the same bit string. Finally, privacy amplification technique is used to diminish the partial information eavesdropped by Eve.
System flowchart.
In the following sections, we will describe design details of each component in turn.
In this section, we describe spatial alignment which is used to transform the original acceleration data into the same coordinate system and temporal alignment which addresses the problem of synchronization.
Walking is inherently a three-dimensional movement. 3D acceleration data cannot be directly used for key generation because they are recorded at different locations and orientations. We address this problem by transforming accelerometer data of different devices to the same reference coordinate system. Figure 4 shows the definition of device coordinate system, the global coordinate system, and the body reference coordinate system. We define the world coordinate system by North, East and the Earth gravity (−G). The device coordinate system is defined as (X, Y, Z). The user plane of motion is defined as forward-sideway plane that is perpendicular to gravity. Sideway points to the right side of the body’s forward direction. Take smart watch as an example, assume the linear acceleration signals along three orthogonal directions of smart watch are Acc_x, Acc_y and Acc_z, respectively, the linear acceleration in the body reference system can be calculated by the following equation:where Acc_X’, Acc_Y’ and Acc_Z’ are linear acceleration along gravity direction, forward direction and sideway direction in the body reference system.
The different coordinate systems: the coordinate system of device is defined as (X, Y, Z). The world coordinate system is defined as (E, N, −G). The user plane of motion is the forward-sideway (F-S) plane, which is the plane perpendicular to gravity.
Temporal synchronization is necessary because different devices sample acceleration values independently. We adopt an event-based mechanism in which devices detect the time point of a heel-strike event, and use this event to trigger data collection. This method is based on the fact that the acceleration data along gravity direction reach the peak simultaneously when the foot touches the ground, and time delays in signal transmission through the body are negligible. In order to detect this event, we apply a low-pass filter on acceleration data Acc_X’ to reduce noise. The cut-off frequency is 3 Hz as we find the normal step frequency lies between 1.6–2.8 Hz [6]. Then the local peaks are detected to indicate heel-strike events as we can see from Figure 5.
The peak along gravity direction indicates a heel strike on the ground.
The proposed method eliminates the requirement of explicit synchronization as heel-strike events can be detected locally at each device without communication. When Alice receives a
Our goal is to extract exactly the same cryptographic key if and only if two devices are on the same body. Figure 6 plots the acceleration of two legitimate devices and an adversary device in three directions. Due to the fact that acceleration values of two devices on the same body are not identical as shown in Figure 6, the key generation algorithm must have the ability to map even similar sequences to the same key and less similarity to different keys. The key generation method is applied on two legitimate devices separately.
Acceleration along three directions.
After signal alignment, we obtain acceleration values along three directions: Acc_X’, Acc_Y’ and Acc_Z’. To generate keys, we perform low-pass filtering and quantization for the acceleration values in these three directions independently. As the first step, we use a low-pass filter to filter out environmental noise. The cutoff frequency is chosen as 10 Hz as the useful frequency of human motion lies below 10 Hz. After filtering, the acceleration values are normalized to have zero mean and unit length to eliminate the impact of different positions. Bits are obtained by applying the bit generation approach in [7, 8]. In the proposed system, we segment the acceleration sequence with a moving window with no overlap (window size
where
Quantization process.
After the above steps, we obtain three separate bit strings K_G, K_F, K_S. We concatenate these three bit strings together to form the initial key for Alice K_Alice = [K_G, K_F,K_S]. On Bob’s side, he will perform the same quantization process to get K_Bob.
After key generation, we often get K_Alice≈K_Bob in practice because of noise. In this section, we describe reconciliation process which is used to correct the mismatches between Alice and Bob. The main reason causing mismatches is that the samples discarded during quantization at Alice’s side may be different from Bob’s side. In order to correct the mismatches, they are required to exchange their sequence of sample indexes during reconciliation process. In this step, only the bits corresponding to common sample indexes are reserved by Alice and Bob to obtain the common key. For example, let us assume Alice and Bob each has 10 measurements in a window. After key generation, Alice obtains “01100” and Bob yields “0110”. The length of these two keys is not required to be same because they may discard different number of acceleration samples during quantization. If we assume Alice generates bits at positions 1, 3, 5, 6 and 9, respectively. She sends L_Alice = [1, 3, 5, 6, 9] to Bob. Bob checks his own position information and finds the bits are generated at positions 1, 2, 5 and 9. He sends L_Bob = [1, 2, 5, 9] back to Alice. Then they use the bits at positions 1, 5 and 9 to generate the same key as K_Alice’ = K_Bob’ = “010.”
Because walking is a repetitive activity, different steps may have high correlation, thus decreasing the randomness of the key. This problem can be addressed by privacy amplification process. In the proposed system, we use XOR function to achieve this goal. Specifically, we interleave the bit streams from three directions in time sequence and segment the concatenated keys into small windows with no overlap. We then perform XOR operation on two consecutive windows together to obtain the final key which are denoted by K_Alice” and K_Bob”.
Another function of privacy amplification is that it diminishes the partial information revealed to Eve. Because in the reconciliation stage, Alice and Bob exchange messages over an authenticated public channel and the publicly exchanged messages reveal a certain amount of information about the bit strings to Eve. Note that other privacy amplification methods such as universal hash [9] can be employed to further enhance the randomness of the concatenated key. We refer the reader to [9] for more details.
In this section, we present the evaluation results. The aims of the evaluation are twofold: (1) to evaluate the impact and performance of different parameters such as the window size (
We collected a set of accelerometer data from 20 subjects (14 males and 6 females) wearing smart devices on different locations of their body. As can be seen from Figure 8, the body positions involved in the data collection include head, chest, waist and wrist. These positions represent the common locations of mobile devices such as smartwatch and medical sensors (e.g. pacemaker). During the data acquisition, the sampling rate of all smart wearable devices is 100 Hz.
Data acquisition.
During data acquisition, the participants were asked to wear mobile devices as shown in Figure 8 and walk for about 5 minutes in their normal speed (0.7–1.1 m/s). We collect data from both indoor and outdoor environments to capture different terrains in real-world scenarios. It is worth mentioning that we do not consider the influence of different days or different walking speeds (slow, normal and fast) because all the devices worn by the subject are measuring the same gait signal simultaneously, which is different from the data collection requirement in the study of gait recognition [10]. The detected peaks that indicate heel strikes are used to synchronize acceleration samples recorded on different wearable devices and segment steps. For each device attached on one subject, we segment the acceleration sequences into small windows based on heel-strike points. In this experiment, each window contains 10 steps. Then these windows are passed to the system to generate final keys and evaluate the following metrics.
Three metrics are selected to quantitatively evaluate the performance:
To evaluate the influence of different parameters on the system performance, we first conduct a systematic exhaustive search to find the optimal combination. We vary the respective parameters within a dedicated range, i.e.
As mentioned above, each subject has acceleration samples recorded from five different body parts. For each body part of one subject, we compute the bit agreement rate of legitimate devices by using keys generated from other locations on the same body. We show the results of the average values and 95% confidence level of the performance metrics (bit agreement rate and bit rate).
In this experiment, we evaluate the influence of different sampling rate by downsampling
Influence of sampling rate.
The parameter
Impact of
In addition to sampling rate and
As described in Section 3.2.2, reconciliation process is necessary because it is used to reduce the mismatches between two parties. Figure 11 shows the influence of reconciliation process on the bit rate and agreement rate. We can see a significant improvement in bit agreement rate after employing reconciliation approach. However, we also notice that the drawback of reconciliation approach used in our system is that it will reduce bit rate. Recall that the main goal of our system is to generate the same key; therefore, reconciliation is a necessary part of the proposed key extraction system.
Influence of reconciliation.
As mentioned in Section 3.2.3, privacy amplification is used to improve the randomness of the final key. In this experiment, we investigate if the XOR function in privacy amplification achieves this goal. Figure 12 compares the entropy of the final key before and after privacy amplification. We find that the distribution of entropy is closer to 1 after XOR operation. We also notice that the entropy of the final keys varies from 0.93 to 1 which suggests that the proposed key generation protocol can generate secret keys with good entropy. It is worth mentioning that one disadvantage of using XOR function is that the bit rate will be reduced by a factor of 2 because we XOR two consecutive windows together. From the results in Figure 11, we find that the final bit rate can still reach 26 bit/sec after reconciliation and privacy amplification process. State-of-the-art cryptographic algorithms such as AES require a key length with at least 128 bits; therefore, our method takes about 5 s to generate a secure key (about 10 steps).
Impact of privacy amplification.
The generated keys will be used for encryption and decryption; therefore, we need to guarantee that the generated keys are random. In this experiment, we apply the NIST suite of statistical tests to evaluate the randomness of the final keys generated from our dataset. The final results of NIST statistical test are
NIST test | p-values |
---|---|
Frequency | 0.606072 |
FFT test | 0.562699 |
Longest run | 0.027173 |
Linear complexity | 0.386887 |
Block frequency | 0.984496 |
Cumulative sums | 0.974180 |
Approximate entropy | 0.995898 |
Nonoverlapping template | 0.302941 |
NIST test results.
In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed key generation protocol on mobile devices, we have prototyped the proposed scheme on Motorola Moto E2, a state-of-the-art mobile phone. The complete key generation scheme is implemented in Java. The sampling rate of accelerometer is set as 30 Hz, and Bluetooth low energy (BLE) functionality is employed for wireless communication. BLE is designed to provide significantly lower power consumption for devices with low power requirements, such as pacemaker. Therefore, BLE is well suited for the proposed key generation protocol. Moreover, devices working under BLE broadcasting mode do not need to be paired together beforehand.
BLE is designed to provide significantly lower power consumption for devices with low power requirements. It introduces a new feature called peripheral mode, in which the data source can advertise and publish data without requiring to pair with the data requestor beforehand. BLE peripheral mode is designed for devices with resource-constraint and need to publish new data frequently. Therefore, we run the system in peripheral mode and advertise the data using broadcast packets. Bob organizes its data using Generic Attribute Profile (GATT) and encrypts the data to publish by AES. All the devices nearby including adversaries can receive the broadcast advertisements and read the public-available data from Bob. However, only Alice on the same body can generate the same key for data decryption. In this way, the private data is protected from reading by unauthorized devices.
We implement our protocol on two Moto E2 smartphones and use one of them to simulate pacemaker (Bob), the other one is used as smartphone (Alice) to request data from pacemaker. Both Alice and Bob work under BLE broadcasting mode. The main interface of Alice has a UI button that can be pressed by a user to trigger pairing process. After a user presses the start button on Alice, Alice and Bob follow the steps presented in Figure 3 to generate a shared secret key. If the length of the final key is greater than 128, only the first 128 bits are considered. After obtaining a 128-bit length cryptographic key, Bob encrypts the heart rate measurement (simulated measurement) by Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and broadcast the encrypted message. Although several nearby devices including adversaries can listen to the broadcast packets, only Alice can generate the same key and decrypt the messages.
Table 2 presents the system overhead (computation time and energy consumption) of our system on Moto E2. The computation time and energy consumption are computed by averaging the results from 50 trials. The computation time is obtained from the console of Android studio. The energy consumption is profiled by
Computation time (ms) | Energy consumption(mJ) | |
---|---|---|
Signal processing | 108.3 | 72.7 |
Key generation | 208.1 | 12.7 |
AES encryption | 0.2 | 0.1 |
AES decryption | 0.2 | 0.1 |
Total | 316.8 | 85.6 |
System overhead measured on Moto E2 smartphone.
In this chapter, we propose and implement a key generation protocol that exploits the acceleration data produced by walking to establish a common cryptographic key between two wearable devices. Our protocol obtains a security advantage from the fact that different people have distinctive walking styles. We performed extensive experiments to evaluate the performance of our proposed system and demonstrate that the proposed key generation protocol is able to establish a 128-bit length key in about 5 s (about 10 steps). We also prototyped the proposed scheme on Motorola E2 smartphone to demonstrate the feasibility of our system on mobile devices.
IntechOpen - where academia and industry create content with global impact
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\n\nDr Alex Lazinica
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pH, Fibre Degradation, and Microbiota According to the Diet",slug:"use-of-yeast-probiotics-in-ruminants-effects-and-mechanisms-of-action-on-rumen-ph-fibre-degradation-",totalDownloads:7902,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:38,abstract:null,book:{id:"2991",slug:"probiotic-in-animals",title:"Probiotic in Animals",fullTitle:"Probiotic in Animals"},signatures:"Frédérique Chaucheyras-Durand, Eric Chevaux, Cécile Martin and Evelyne Forano",authors:[{id:"151065",title:"Dr.",name:"Frederique",middleName:null,surname:"Chaucheyras-Durand",slug:"frederique-chaucheyras-durand",fullName:"Frederique Chaucheyras-Durand"},{id:"151068",title:"Mr.",name:"Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Chevaux",slug:"eric-chevaux",fullName:"Eric Chevaux"},{id:"151069",title:"Dr.",name:"Evelyne",middleName:null,surname:"Forano",slug:"evelyne-forano",fullName:"Evelyne Forano"},{id:"160177",title:"Dr.",name:"Cécile",middleName:null,surname:"Martin",slug:"cecile-martin",fullName:"Cécile 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Lemma",authors:[{id:"25594",title:"Dr.",name:"Alemayehu",middleName:null,surname:"Lemma",slug:"alemayehu-lemma",fullName:"Alemayehu Lemma"}]},{id:"57645",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71780",title:"Antibiotics in Chilean Aquaculture: A Review",slug:"antibiotics-in-chilean-aquaculture-a-review",totalDownloads:1931,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:"Aquaculture in Chile has been practiced since the 1920s; however, it was not until the 1990s that aquaculture became an important sector here. Important species in Chilean aquaculture include salmonids, algae, mollusks, and turbot. Salmonids are the dominant species in Chilean aquaculture for both harvest volume and export value, their production reaching greater than 800-thousand tons in 2015. However, this growth has been accompanied by an increase in disease presence, requiring greater drug use to control. This increase in drug use is an environmental and public health concern for the authorities, the salmon industry itself, and the destination markets. In this chapter, we review the literature on drug use, antibiotic resistance, regulatory framework, and alternatives, with focus on Chile.",book:{id:"6179",slug:"antibiotic-use-in-animals",title:"Antibiotic Use in Animals",fullTitle:"Antibiotic Use in Animals"},signatures:"Ivonne Lozano, Nelson F. Díaz, Susana Muñoz and Carlos Riquelme",authors:[{id:"208847",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivonne",middleName:null,surname:"Lozano",slug:"ivonne-lozano",fullName:"Ivonne Lozano"},{id:"208895",title:"Dr.",name:"Nelson F.",middleName:null,surname:"Díaz",slug:"nelson-f.-diaz",fullName:"Nelson F. Díaz"},{id:"208897",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Riquelme",slug:"carlos-riquelme",fullName:"Carlos Riquelme"},{id:"208898",title:"MSc.",name:"Susana",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz",slug:"susana-munoz",fullName:"Susana Muñoz"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56612",title:"Reproduction in Goats",slug:"reproduction-in-goats",totalDownloads:2892,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Reproductive activity of the goat begins when the females reach puberty, which happens at 5 months of age. The ovarian or estrous cycle is the period between two consecutive estrus. It is also the time that lasts the development of the follicle in the ovary, until rupture occurs and ovulation takes place, which coincides with the appearance of estrus. This chapter will describe the physiological and endocrinological bases of estrus in the goat. Likewise, factors affecting the presence of estrus and ovulation will be described. At another point, synchronization of estrus and ovulation, factors affecting the presence of estrus and external symptoms of estrus, will be described. To achieve synchronization of estrus or induction of ovulation within or outside the breeding season, it may be necessary to manage light hours, male effect, and/or use of hormones. The importance of artificial insemination is described, as well as the current situation of this technique worldwide. Currently, the techniques of artificial insemination in goats have been limited worldwide, due to the lack of resources of producers and trained technicians. The techniques of artificial insemination with estrous synchronization programs and ovulation with current research results will be described.",book:{id:"5987",slug:"goat-science",title:"Goat Science",fullTitle:"Goat Science"},signatures:"Fernando Sánchez Dávila, Alejandro Sergio del Bosque González\nand Hugo Bernal Barragán",authors:[{id:"201830",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Sanchez",surname:"Davila",slug:"fernando-davila",fullName:"Fernando Davila"},{id:"206127",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Del Bosque-Gonzalez",slug:"alejandro-sergio-del-bosque-gonzalez",fullName:"Alejandro Sergio Del Bosque-Gonzalez"},{id:"206128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hugo",middleName:null,surname:"Bernal-Barragán",slug:"hugo-bernal-barragan",fullName:"Hugo Bernal-Barragán"}]},{id:"58095",title:"The Innovative Techniques in Animal Husbandry",slug:"the-innovative-techniques-in-animal-husbandry",totalDownloads:3766,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Technology is developing rapidly. In this development, the transfer of computer systems and software to the application has made an important contribution. Technologic instruments made farmers can work more comfortable and increased animal production efficiency and profitability. Therefore, technologic developments are the main research area for animal productivity and sustainability. Many technologic equipment and tools made animal husbandry easier and comfortable. Especially management decisions and applications are effected highly ratio with this rapid development. In animal husbandry management decisions that need to be done daily are configured according to the correctness of the decisions to be made. At this point, smart systems give many opportunities to farmers. Milking, feeding, environmental control, reproductive performance constitute everyday jobs most affected by correct management decisions. Human errors in this works and decisions made big effect on last product quality and profitability are not able to be risked. This chapter deal with valuable information on the latest challenges and key innovations affecting the animal husbandry. Also, innovative approaches and applications for animal husbandry are tried to be summarized with detail latest research results.",book:{id:"6384",slug:"animal-husbandry-and-nutrition",title:"Animal Husbandry and Nutrition",fullTitle:"Animal Husbandry and Nutrition"},signatures:"Serap Göncü and Cahit Güngör",authors:[{id:"215579",title:"Prof.",name:"Serap",middleName:null,surname:"Goncu",slug:"serap-goncu",fullName:"Serap Goncu"},{id:"218971",title:"Dr.",name:"Cahit",middleName:null,surname:"Güngör",slug:"cahit-gungor",fullName:"Cahit Güngör"}]},{id:"58486",title:"Quality of Chicken Meat",slug:"quality-of-chicken-meat",totalDownloads:3290,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:"Chicken meat is considered as an easily available source of high-quality protein and other nutrients that are necessary for proper body functioning. In order to meet the consumers’ growing demands for high-quality protein, the poultry industry focused on selection of fast-growing broilers, which reach a body mass of about 2.5 kg within 6-week-intensive fattening. Relatively low sales prices of chicken meat, in comparison to other types of meat, speak in favor of the increased chicken meat consumption. In addition, chicken meat is known by its nutritional quality, as it contains significant amount of high-quality and easily digestible protein and a low portion of saturated fat. Therefore, chicken meat is recommended for consumption by all age groups. The technological parameters of chicken meat quality are related to various factors (keeping conditions, feeding treatment, feed composition, transport, stress before slaughter, etc.). Composition of chicken meat can be influenced through modification of chicken feed composition (addition of different types of oils, vitamins, microelements and amino acids), to produce meat enriched with functional ingredients (n-3 PUFA, carnosine, selenium and vitamin E). By this way, chicken meat becomes a foodstuff with added value, which, in addition to high-quality nutritional composition, also contains ingredients that are beneficial to human health.",book:{id:"6384",slug:"animal-husbandry-and-nutrition",title:"Animal Husbandry and Nutrition",fullTitle:"Animal Husbandry and Nutrition"},signatures:"Gordana Kralik, Zlata Kralik, Manuela Grčević and Danica Hanžek",authors:[{id:"207236",title:"Dr.",name:"Gordana",middleName:null,surname:"Kralik",slug:"gordana-kralik",fullName:"Gordana Kralik"},{id:"227281",title:"Prof.",name:"Zlata",middleName:null,surname:"Kralik",slug:"zlata-kralik",fullName:"Zlata Kralik"},{id:"227283",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuela",middleName:null,surname:"Grčević",slug:"manuela-grcevic",fullName:"Manuela Grčević"},{id:"227284",title:"BSc.",name:"Danica",middleName:null,surname:"Hanžek",slug:"danica-hanzek",fullName:"Danica Hanžek"}]},{id:"56453",title:"Goat System Productions: Advantages and Disadvantages to the Animal, Environment and Farmer",slug:"goat-system-productions-advantages-and-disadvantages-to-the-animal-environment-and-farmer",totalDownloads:4328,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Goats have always been considered very useful animals. Goats success is related to its excellent adaptability to the difficult mountain conditions, extreme weather and low value feed acceptance, versatile habits and high production considering their size. These are some reasons because goats are among the first animals to be domesticated. In terms of evolution, goats could be separated by their dispersion area in three large groups: the European, the Asian, and the African. Global goat populations, mainly in Africa and in Asia, have increased for centuries but very strongly in the past decades, well above the world population growth. They are also used for forest grazing, an integrated and alternative production system, very useful to control weed growth reducing fire risk. Despite some exceptions, no large‐scale effort to professionalize this industry has been made so far. There are consumers for goat dairy products and there is enough global production, but misses a professional network between both. Regarding goat meat, the world leadership also stays in Africa and Asia, namely in China, and there is a new phenomenon, the spreading of goat meat tradition through Europe due to migrants from Africa and other places with strong goat meat consumption.",book:{id:"5987",slug:"goat-science",title:"Goat Science",fullTitle:"Goat Science"},signatures:"António Monteiro, José Manuel Costa and Maria João Lima",authors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"},{id:"203680",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria João",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",slug:"maria-joao-lima",fullName:"Maria João Lima"},{id:"203683",title:"MSc.",name:"José Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Costa",slug:"jose-manuel-costa",fullName:"José Manuel Costa"}]},{id:"70760",title:"Induction and Synchronization of Estrus",slug:"induction-and-synchronization-of-estrus",totalDownloads:1716,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Estrus cycle is a rhythmic change that occur in the reproductive system of females starting from one estrus phase to another. The normal duration of estrus cycle is 21 days in cow, sow, and mare, 17 days in ewe, and 20 days in doe. The species which exhibit a single estrus cycle are known as monstrous and species which come into estrus twice or more are termed polyestrous animals. Among them some species have estrus cycles in a particular season and defined as seasonal polyestrous. It includes goats, sheep, and horses. On the other hand, cattle undergo estrus throughout the year. The estrus inducers can grossly be divided into two parts, that is, non-hormonal and hormonal. Non-hormonal treatments include plant-derived heat inducers, mineral supplementation, uterine and ovarian massage, and use of Lugol’s iodine. The hormones that are used in estrus induction are estrogen, progesterone, GnRH, prostaglandin, insulin, and anti-prolactin-based treatment. Synchronization can shorten the breeding period to less than 5 days, instead of females being bred over a 21-day period, depending on the treatment regimen. The combination of GnRH with the prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α)- and progesterone-based synchronization program has shown a novel direction in the estrus synchronization of cattle with the follicular development manipulation.",book:{id:"8545",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine"},signatures:"Prasanna Pal and Mohammad Rayees Dar",authors:[{id:"299126",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Rayees",middleName:null,surname:"Dar",slug:"mohammad-rayees-dar",fullName:"Mohammad Rayees Dar"},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"25",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",slug:"canine-hearing-management",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",abstract:"The United States military employs multipurpose canines as force multipliers. A newly developed baseline audiology program applicable to noise effects on the hearing threshold for these dogs has just been developed by the University of Cincinnati FETCHLAB using brainstem auditory evoked potentials to detect estimated threshold shifts in this population. Dogs that are routinely deployed are subject to consistent exposure to noise in the field. Few investigations have focused on the effects of transport noise on the auditory system in multipurpose dogs. The consequence of these dogs having a significant hearing threshold shift is a failure of the dog to properly respond to voice commands and to miss critical acoustic cues while on target. This chapter specifically discusses the baseline protocol for audiological testing of special operations’ multipurpose canines related to helicopter transport.",book:{id:"11580",title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg"},signatures:"Peter M. Skip Scheifele, Devan Marshall, Stephen Lee, Paul Reid, Thomas McCreery and David Byrne"},{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",abstract:"The unique diversity of parvoviral vectors with innate antioncogenic properties, autonomous replication, ease of recombinant vector production and stable transgene expression in target cells makes them an attractive choice as viral vectors for gene therapy protocols. Amongst various parvoviruses that have been identified so far, recombinant vectors originating from adeno-associated virus, minute virus of mice (MVM), LuIII and parvovirus H1 have shown promising results in many preclinical models of human diseases including cancer. The adeno-associated virus (AAV), a non-pathogenic human parvovirus, has gained attention as a potentially useful vector. The improved understanding of the metabolism of vector genomes and the mechanism of transduction by AAV vectors is leading to advancement in the development of more sophisticated AAV vectors. The in-depth studies of AAV vector biology is opening avenues for more robust design of AAV vectors that have potentially increased transduction efficiency, increased specificity in cellular targeting, and an increased payload capacity. This chapter gives an overview of the application of autonomous parvoviral vectors and AAV vectors, based on our current understanding of viral biology and the state of the platform.",book:{id:"11580",title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg"},signatures:"Megha Gupta"},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:17,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",abstract:"Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) is a highly contagious and key enteropathogen affecting the canine population around the globe by causing canine parvoviral enteritis (CPVE) and vomition. CPVE is one of the the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in puppies and young dogs. Over the years, five distinct antigenic variants of CPV-2, namely CPV-2a, CPV-2b, new CPV-2a, new CPV-2b, and CPV-2c, have emerged throughout the world. CPV-2 infects a diverse range of wild animals, and the newer variants of CPV-2 have expanded their host range to include felines. Despite the availability of highly specific diagnostics and efficacious vaccines, CPV-2 outbreaks have been reported globally due to the emergence of newer antigenic variants, expansion of the viral host range, and vaccination failures. The present chapter describes the latest information pertaining to virus properties and replication, disease manifestations in animals, and an additional recent updates on diagnostic, prevention and control strategies of CPV-2.",book:{id:"11580",title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg"},signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy"},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:38,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",abstract:"Parvoviridae are small viruses composed of a 4–6 kb linear single-stranded DNA protected by an icosahedral capsid. The viral genes coding non-structural (NS), capsid, and accessory proteins are flanked by intriguing sequences, namely the telomeres. Telomeres are essential for parvovirus genome replication, encapsidation, and integration. Similar (homotelomeric) or different (heterotelomeric) at the two ends, they all contain imperfect palindromes that fold into hairpin structures. Up to 550 nucleotides in length, they harbor a wide variety of motifs and structures known to be recognized by host cell factors. Our study aims to comprehensively analyze parvovirus ends to better understand the role of these particular sequences in the virus life cycle. Forty Parvoviridae terminal repeats (TR) were publicly available in databases. The folding and specific DNA secondary structures, such as G4 and triplex, were systematically analyzed. A principal component analysis was carried out from the prediction data to determine variables signing parvovirus groups. A special focus will be put on adeno-associated virus (AAV) inverted terminal repeats (ITR), a member of the genus Dependoparvovirus used as vectors for gene therapy. This chapter highlights the diversity of the Parvoviridae telomeres regarding shape and secondary structures, providing information that could be relevant for virus-host interactions studies.",book:{id:"11580",title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg"},signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo"},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",slug:"virtual-physiology-a-tool-for-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:153,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",abstract:"Veterinary physiology is a basic curricular unit for every course within the veterinary field. It is mandatory to understand how the animal body works, and what to expect of a healthy body, in order to recognize any misfunction, and to be able to treat it. Classic physiology teaching involves wet labs, much equipment, many reagents, some animals, and a lot of time. But times are changing. In the 21st century, it is expected that the teaching and learning process can be more active and attractive, motivating students to learn better. It is necessary to understand what students like, and to introduce novelties into the school routine. The use of a game-based learning, using “new” technologies, creating virtual experiences and labs, reducing the costs of reagents, equipment, and especially reducing the use of animals, will be the future for physiology teaching.",book:{id:"10665",title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg"},signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. Oliveira, João Mesquita and Helena Vala"},{id:"78543",title:"Pulmonary Vein: Embryology, Anatomy, Function and Disease",slug:"pulmonary-vein-embryology-anatomy-function-and-disease",totalDownloads:182,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100051",abstract:"Four pulmonary veins come from respective lung lobes drain oxygen-rich blood back to the left atrium. Failure of incorporation with the left atrium can lead to a condition, called Cor triatriatum sinister, that the left atrium is separated into two chambers by an abortive fibrous tissue. The venous system of lung and whole body communicate with each other in the earlier time and they will be disconnected in the following developmental process. Total or partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection refers to that there is/are some degree of the communication exists after birth, which can occur in different sites. In the veterinary field, retrospective studies and several case reports have been published to describe these rare congenital cardiovascular diseases in several species. More cases are need for better understanding their clinical manifestation, treatment options and outcomes.",book:{id:"10665",title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg"},signatures:"Chan I-Ping and Hsueh Tung"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:13},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:301,paginationItems:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. 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In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11401,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188"},editorialBoard:[{id:"188881",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando José",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade-Narváez",slug:"fernando-jose-andrade-narvaez",fullName:"Fernando José Andrade-Narváez",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRIV7QAO/Profile_Picture_1628834308121",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Yucatán",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"269120",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",middleName:"K.",surname:"Tyagi",slug:"rajeev-tyagi",fullName:"Rajeev Tyagi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRaBqQAK/Profile_Picture_1644331884726",institutionString:"CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, India",institution:null},{id:"336849",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Izurieta",slug:"ricardo-izurieta",fullName:"Ricardo Izurieta",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/293169/images/system/293169.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Florida",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"78849",title:"Application of Vermicompost Fertilizer in Aquaculture Nutrition: Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100326",signatures:"Sonnia Nzilani Musyoka and Rita Nairuti",slug:"application-of-vermicompost-fertilizer-in-aquaculture-nutrition-review",totalDownloads:71,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Nutrition - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11416.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. 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Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/59250",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"59250"},fullPath:"/chapters/59250",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()