Textile products and their descriptions used in automobiles.
\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Milestone",originalUrl:"/media/original/124"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1425",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Bipolar Disorder - A Portrait of a Complex Mood Disorder",title:"Bipolar Disorder",subtitle:"A Portrait of a Complex Mood Disorder",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Bipolar Disorder: Portrait of a Complex Mood Disorder is a step towards integrating many diverse perspectives on BD. As we shall see, such diversity makes it difficult to clearly define the boundaries of BD. It is helpful to view BD from this perspective, as a final common pathway arises from multiple frames of reference. The integration of epigenetics, molecular pharmacology, and neurophysiology is essential. One solution involves using this diverse data to search for endophenotypes to aid researchers, even though most clinicians prefer broader groupings of symptoms and clinical variables. Our challenge is to consolidate this new information with existing clinical practice in a usable fashion. This need for convergent thinkers who can integrate the findings in this book remains a critical need. This book is a small step in that direction and hopefully guides researchers and clinicians towards a new synthesis of basic neurosciences and clinical psychiatry",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0002-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6791-4",doi:"10.5772/1885",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"bipolar-disorder-a-portrait-of-a-complex-mood-disorder",numberOfPages:252,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"3ee6477398a272c39010b2332a62e4d9",bookSignature:"Jarrett Barnhill",publishedDate:"February 24th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1425.jpg",numberOfDownloads:28013,numberOfWosCitations:17,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:16,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:37,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 5th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 3rd 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 7th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 7th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 6th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"33657",title:"Dr.",name:"Jarrett",middleName:null,surname:"Barnhill",slug:"jarrett-barnhill",fullName:"Jarrett Barnhill",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/33657/images/3625_n.jpg",biography:"L. Jarrett Barnhill, MD is Professor of Psychiatry at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine. He is the Director of the Developmental Neuropharmacology Clinic within the Department of Psychiatry. Dr. Barnhill received his undergraduate degree at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and his medical degree from the Bowman Gray School of Medicine - Wake Forest University. Dr. Barnhill has completed residencies in General Psychiatry, Child Psychiatry, and Neuropsychiatry. He is a Distinguished Fellow in the American Psychiatric Association and Fellow in the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Dr. Barnhill has served on the Executive Council of the NCPA for 3 years and is a past president of the NC Council of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. He is a past President of the North Carolina Psychiatric Association. Dr. Barnhill currently serves on the Governor’s Committee on Children with Special Needs. His clinical interests include autism, mental retardation and other developmental disorders, traumatic brain injury, neuropsychiatry of mood and seizure disorders, Tourette’s Disorder and other movement disorders.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1059",title:"Neuroscience",slug:"mental-and-behavioural-disorders-and-diseases-of-the-nervous-system-neuroscience"}],chapters:[{id:"29386",title:"Bivalent Cations in Bipolar Disorders",doi:"10.5772/31937",slug:"bivalent-cations-in-bipolar-disorders",totalDownloads:2478,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mihai Nechifor, Cristina Vaideanu and Florina Crivoi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/29386",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/29386",authors:[{id:"89418",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",surname:"Nechifor",slug:"mihai-nechifor",fullName:"Mihai Nechifor"},{id:"135012",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Vaideanu",slug:"cristina-vaideanu",fullName:"Cristina Vaideanu"},{id:"135015",title:"Dr.",name:"Florina",surname:"Crivoi",slug:"florina-crivoi",fullName:"Florina Crivoi"}],corrections:null},{id:"29387",title:"Anti-Stress Effects of Mood Stabilizers and Relevance to Their Therapeutic Actions",doi:"10.5772/33689",slug:"anti-stress-effects-of-mood-stabilizers-",totalDownloads:1735,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Young-Ki Chung and Seungmin Yoo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/29387",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/29387",authors:[{id:"96687",title:"Dr.",name:"Young-Ki",surname:"Chung",slug:"young-ki-chung",fullName:"Young-Ki Chung"}],corrections:null},{id:"29388",title:"Lithium Enhances Synaptic Plasticity: Implication for Treatment of Bipolar Disorder",doi:"10.5772/32988",slug:"lithium-enhances-synaptic-plasticity-implication-for-treatment-of-bipolar-disorder",totalDownloads:2637,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Seong S. Shim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/29388",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/29388",authors:[{id:"93476",title:"Prof.",name:"Seong",surname:"Shim",slug:"seong-shim",fullName:"Seong Shim"}],corrections:null},{id:"29389",title:"Li+ in Bipolar Disorder – Possible Mechanisms of Its Pharmacological Mode of Action",doi:"10.5772/34560",slug:"li-in-bipolar-disorder-possible-mechanisms-of-its-pharmacological-mode-of-action",totalDownloads:1659,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:'Carla P. Fonseca, Liliana P. Montezinho and"M. Margarida C.A. Castro',downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/29389",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/29389",authors:[{id:"100707",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Margarida",surname:"Castro",slug:"maria-margarida-castro",fullName:"Maria Margarida Castro"}],corrections:null},{id:"29390",title:"Memantine: A New Mood Stabilizer for Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Disorders",doi:"10.5772/32196",slug:"memantine-a-new-mood-stabilizer-for-treatment-resistant-bipolar-disorders",totalDownloads:7900,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Gino Serra, Giulia Serra, Alexia E. Koukopoulos, Francesca Demontis and Athanasio Koukopoulos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/29390",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/29390",authors:[{id:"90525",title:"Prof.",name:"Gino",surname:"Serra",slug:"gino-serra",fullName:"Gino Serra"}],corrections:null},{id:"29391",title:"Bipolar Disorder and Suicide",doi:"10.5772/34396",slug:"bipolar-disorder-and-suicide",totalDownloads:2704,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Dagmar Breznoščáková",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/29391",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/29391",authors:[{id:"99961",title:"Dr.",name:"Dagmar",surname:"Breznoscakova",slug:"dagmar-breznoscakova",fullName:"Dagmar Breznoscakova"}],corrections:null},{id:"29392",title:"Correlations Between the Monoaminergic Status and the Psychoneuroendocrine Typology in a Murine Model – Possible Biomolecular Predictions for an Individualized Pharmacotherapy",doi:"10.5772/33455",slug:"correlations-between-the-monoaminergic-status-and-the-psychoneuroendocrine-typology-in-a-murine-mode",totalDownloads:1544,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Andreea Letitia Arsene, Niculina Mitrea and Dumitru Lupuliasa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/29392",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/29392",authors:[{id:"95599",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreea",surname:"Arsene",slug:"andreea-arsene",fullName:"Andreea Arsene"},{id:"100362",title:"Prof.",name:"Niculina",surname:"Mitrea",slug:"niculina-mitrea",fullName:"Niculina Mitrea"},{id:"100364",title:"Prof.",name:"Dumitru",surname:"Lupuliasa",slug:"dumitru-lupuliasa",fullName:"Dumitru Lupuliasa"}],corrections:null},{id:"29393",title:"Paediatric Bipolar Disorder – Are Attachment and Trauma Factors Considered?",doi:"10.5772/31999",slug:"paediatric-bipolar-disorder-are-attachment-and-trauma-factors-considered-",totalDownloads:1499,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Peter I. Parry",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/29393",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/29393",authors:[{id:"89692",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Parry",slug:"peter-parry",fullName:"Peter Parry"}],corrections:null},{id:"29394",title:"Psychosocial Functioning in Bipolar Disorder from a Social Justice Perspective",doi:"10.5772/34086",slug:"psychosocial-functioning-in-bipolar-disorder-from-a-social-justice-perspective",totalDownloads:2802,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Emily Manove, Lauren M. Price and Boaz Levy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/29394",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/29394",authors:[{id:"98621",title:"Dr",name:null,surname:"Levy",slug:"levy",fullName:"Levy"}],corrections:null},{id:"29395",title:"Star Shots: Stigma, Self-Disclosure and Celebrity in Bipolar Disorder",doi:"10.5772/31966",slug:"star-shots-stigma-self-disclosure-and-celebrity-in-bipolar-disorder",totalDownloads:3056,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Wendy Cross and Ken Walsh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/29395",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/29395",authors:[{id:"89551",title:"Prof.",name:"Wendy",surname:"Cross",slug:"wendy-cross",fullName:"Wendy Cross"},{id:"101087",title:"Prof.",name:"Ken",surname:"Walsh",slug:"ken-walsh",fullName:"Ken Walsh"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"4461",title:"Advanced Brain Neuroimaging Topics in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Methods and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30152982950eed84faf2ad2a75f78f4e",slug:"advanced-brain-neuroimaging-topics-in-health-and-disease-methods-and-applications",bookSignature:"T. Dorina Papageorgiou, George I. Christopoulos and Stelios M. Smirnakis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4461.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92641",title:"Dr.",name:"T. Dorina",surname:"Papageorgiou",slug:"t.-dorina-papageorgiou",fullName:"T. Dorina Papageorgiou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4496",title:"Autism Spectrum Disorder",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"554c56c045ceba00b9a03e831e47292c",slug:"autism-spectrum-disorder-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Michael Fitzgerald",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4496.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28359",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",surname:"Fitzgerald",slug:"michael-fitzgerald",fullName:"Michael Fitzgerald"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2055",title:"Contemporary Trends in ADHD Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a454586260fd47a4153d3670833bf7df",slug:"contemporary-trends-in-adhd-research",bookSignature:"Jill M. Norvilitis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2055.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91842",title:"Dr.",name:"Jill M.",surname:"Norvilitis",slug:"jill-m.-norvilitis",fullName:"Jill M. Norvilitis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"561",title:"When Things Go Wrong",subtitle:"Diseases and Disorders of the Human Brain",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cbf08acddb1a155af7723fbaa0dc0132",slug:"when-things-go-wrong-diseases-and-disorders-of-the-human-brain",bookSignature:"Theo Mantamadiotis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/561.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100551",title:"Dr.",name:"Theo",surname:"Mantamadiotis",slug:"theo-mantamadiotis",fullName:"Theo Mantamadiotis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"681",title:"Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis",subtitle:"Models, Disease Biology and Experimental Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3bd6f083e89ec79e18275773cf3a580f",slug:"experimental-autoimmune-encephalomyelitis-models-disease-biology-and-experimental-therapy",bookSignature:"Robert Weissert",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/681.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"79343",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",surname:"Weissert",slug:"robert-weissert",fullName:"Robert Weissert"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5729",title:"Physical Disabilities",subtitle:"Therapeutic Implications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"556762ab3ec37051e98db256b44c4b58",slug:"physical-disabilities-therapeutic-implications",bookSignature:"Uner Tan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5729.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63626",title:"Prof.",name:"Uner",surname:"Tan",slug:"uner-tan",fullName:"Uner Tan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7472",title:"Gut Microbiota",subtitle:"Brain Axis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4aaffb64056f2ff00c7ddf1b0d235174",slug:"gut-microbiota-brain-axis",bookSignature:"Alper Evrensel and Barış Önen Ünsalver",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197156",title:"Dr.",name:"Alper",surname:"Evrensel",slug:"alper-evrensel",fullName:"Alper Evrensel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3852",title:"Peripheral Neuropathy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b3926052a402423f7579c23dd6cb0335",slug:"peripheral-neuropathy",bookSignature:"Paulo Armada-Da-Silva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3852.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"161503",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulo",surname:"Armada-Da-Silva",slug:"paulo-armada-da-silva",fullName:"Paulo Armada-Da-Silva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5751",title:"Event-Related Potentials and Evoked Potentials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a168280a67eae09db5340f85f6705920",slug:"event-related-potentials-and-evoked-potentials",bookSignature:"Phakkharawat Sittiprapaporn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5751.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73395",title:"Dr.",name:"Phakkharawat",surname:"Sittiprapaporn",slug:"phakkharawat-sittiprapaporn",fullName:"Phakkharawat Sittiprapaporn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3457",title:"Developmental Disabilities",subtitle:"Molecules Involved, Diagnosis, and Clinical Care",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"77f126f58762e0ee8a31b52485df3e1a",slug:"developmental-disabilities-molecules-involved-diagnosis-and-clinical-care",bookSignature:"Ahmad Salehi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3457.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"27595",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmad",surname:"Salehi",slug:"ahmad-salehi",fullName:"Ahmad Salehi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"74251",slug:"corrigendum-to-enhancing-soil-properties-and-maize-yield-through-organic-and-inorganic-nitrogen-and",title:"Corrigendum to: Enhancing Soil Properties and Maize Yield through Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen and Diazotrophic Bacteria",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74251.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74251",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74251",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74251",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74251",chapter:{id:"71840",slug:"enhancing-soil-properties-and-maize-yield-through-organic-and-inorganic-nitrogen-and-diazotrophic-ba",signatures:"Arshad Jalal, Kamran Azeem, Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho and Aeysha Khan",dateSubmitted:"May 29th 2019",dateReviewed:"March 6th 2020",datePrePublished:"April 20th 2020",datePublished:"June 17th 2020",book:{id:"9345",title:"Sustainable Crop Production",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Sustainable Crop Production",slug:"sustainable-crop-production",publishedDate:"June 17th 2020",bookSignature:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman, Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho, Masayuki Fujita and Thiago Assis Rodrigues Nogueira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9345.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"190597",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira Filho",fullName:"Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho",slug:"marcelo-carvalho-minhoto-teixeira-filho",email:"mcm.teixeira-filho@unesp.br",position:null,institution:{name:"Sao Paulo State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"322298",title:"Dr.",name:"Aeysha",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",fullName:"Aeysha Khan",slug:"aeysha-khan",email:"fhw9uhfig@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"322299",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamran",middleName:null,surname:"Azeem",fullName:"Kamran Azeem",slug:"kamran-azeem",email:"gisfgiog34sg@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"322301",title:"Dr.",name:"Arshad",middleName:null,surname:"Jalal",fullName:"Arshad Jalal",slug:"arshad-jalal",email:"gisfgiog3465sg@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"71840",slug:"enhancing-soil-properties-and-maize-yield-through-organic-and-inorganic-nitrogen-and-diazotrophic-ba",signatures:"Arshad Jalal, Kamran Azeem, Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho and Aeysha Khan",dateSubmitted:"May 29th 2019",dateReviewed:"March 6th 2020",datePrePublished:"April 20th 2020",datePublished:"June 17th 2020",book:{id:"9345",title:"Sustainable Crop Production",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Sustainable Crop Production",slug:"sustainable-crop-production",publishedDate:"June 17th 2020",bookSignature:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman, Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho, Masayuki Fujita and Thiago Assis Rodrigues Nogueira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9345.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"190597",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira Filho",fullName:"Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho",slug:"marcelo-carvalho-minhoto-teixeira-filho",email:"mcm.teixeira-filho@unesp.br",position:null,institution:{name:"Sao Paulo State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"322298",title:"Dr.",name:"Aeysha",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",fullName:"Aeysha Khan",slug:"aeysha-khan",email:"fhw9uhfig@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"322299",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamran",middleName:null,surname:"Azeem",fullName:"Kamran Azeem",slug:"kamran-azeem",email:"gisfgiog34sg@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"322301",title:"Dr.",name:"Arshad",middleName:null,surname:"Jalal",fullName:"Arshad Jalal",slug:"arshad-jalal",email:"gisfgiog3465sg@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"9345",title:"Sustainable Crop Production",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Sustainable Crop Production",slug:"sustainable-crop-production",publishedDate:"June 17th 2020",bookSignature:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman, Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho, Masayuki Fujita and Thiago Assis Rodrigues Nogueira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9345.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10576",leadTitle:null,title:"Factoring Ethics in Technology, Policy Making, Regulation and AI",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book explores the ethical implications of the burgeoning adoption and deployment of Autonomous Decision Making and Algorithmic Learning Systems (ADM/ALS) on human rights and societal values as well as these systems’ potential social harms and benefits. After two millennia of recorded civilization, consideration of ethics and social values in all that we strive for is a long-overdue phenomenon. Therefore this is a journey that we’ve just embarked on thanks to the emergence of ADM/ALS and should not be treated as a destination in line with many other facets and emergent properties of products, services, and systems. This book informs policymakers and practitioners about best practices in technology ethics pertinent to many disciplines and sectors.",isbn:"978-1-83969-161-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-160-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-162-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92952",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"factoring-ethics-in-technology-policy-making-regulation-and-ai",numberOfPages:154,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"eff20787f4c5417ea12367e8a6d72e92",bookSignature:"Ali G. Hessami and Patricia Shaw",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10576.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:1845,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,numberOfTotalCitations:2,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 21st 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 4th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 2nd 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 23rd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 22nd 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a year",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:'Prof. Hessami is leading the articulation, modeling, and specification of suites of ethical criteria for global assurance and certification of "autonomous decision making" (ADM) and "algorithmic learning systems" (ALS) through the world\'s largest technical professional institution, IEEE. He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA), a fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), and a senior member of IEEE.',coeditorOneBiosketch:"Patricia Shaw is a non-practicing solicitor, public speaker, and writer in the area of AI and data ethics, and CEO and founder of Beyond Reach Consulting Limited, UK, a tech ethics (policy, governance, and legal) consultancy.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"108303",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali G.",middleName:null,surname:"Hessami",slug:"ali-g.-hessami",fullName:"Ali G. Hessami",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/108303/images/system/108303.jpeg",biography:"Ali Hessami is Director of R&D and Innovation at Vega Systems. He is an expert in systems assurance and safety, security, sustainability, and knowledge assessment/management methodologies and has a background in the design and development of advanced control systems for business and safety-critical industrial applications. He chairs the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 7000 Technology Ethics standard and is the vice-chair of the Ethics Certification ECPAIS Programme at IEEE.\n\n\n\nDr. Hessami is a visiting professor at London City University’s Centre for Systems and Control and at Beijing Jiaotong University School of Electronics and Information Engineering. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA), a fellow of the UK Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), and a Life Senior Member of IEEE.",institutionString:"Vega Systems",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"City, University of London",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"330450",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Shaw",slug:"patricia-shaw",fullName:"Patricia Shaw",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/330450/images/system/330450.jpg",biography:"With twenty years of experience as a solicitor in technology, regulatory/government affairs, and risk management, Patricia Shaw advises on artificial intelligence (AI) and data ethics, policy, and governance, including ethics advisory boards. She is a public speaker and author, with contributions in The AI Book,1 The Law of AI,2 and Responsible AI: A Global Policy Framework Update 2021.3 She also chairs the UK Society for Computers and Law, sits on the board of and is vice-chair of the AI Committee for iTechLaw, and is an advocate for responsible AI through her work with ForHumanity, Women Leading in AI, and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).",institutionString:"Beyond Reach Consulting Limited",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"267",title:"Ethics",slug:"ethics"}],chapters:[{id:"78545",title:"Introductory Chapter: AI’s Very Unlevel Playing Field",slug:"introductory-chapter-ai-s-very-unlevel-playing-field",totalDownloads:206,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"108303",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali G.",surname:"Hessami",slug:"ali-g.-hessami",fullName:"Ali G. Hessami"},{id:"330450",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",surname:"Shaw",slug:"patricia-shaw",fullName:"Patricia Shaw"}]},{id:"77306",title:"Technological Approach to Ensure Ethical Procurement Management",slug:"technological-approach-to-ensure-ethical-procurement-management",totalDownloads:250,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"339966",title:"Prof.",name:"David",surname:"Fourie",slug:"david-fourie",fullName:"David Fourie"},{id:"346601",title:"Dr.",name:"Cornel",surname:"Malan",slug:"cornel-malan",fullName:"Cornel Malan"}]},{id:"77359",title:"The Desirability of a Future Integrated Reporting in the Study of Social and Innovative Practices",slug:"the-desirability-of-a-future-integrated-reporting-in-the-study-of-social-and-innovative-practices",totalDownloads:154,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"339978",title:"Prof.",name:"M. Victoria",surname:"Lopez-Perez",slug:"m.-victoria-lopez-perez",fullName:"M. Victoria Lopez-Perez"},{id:"339994",title:"Dr.",name:"Lourdes",surname:"Arco-Castro",slug:"lourdes-arco-castro",fullName:"Lourdes Arco-Castro"},{id:"339995",title:"Dr.",name:"Mauricio",surname:"Florez-Parra",slug:"mauricio-florez-parra",fullName:"Mauricio Florez-Parra"},{id:"339996",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",surname:"Rodriguez-Gomez",slug:"sara-rodriguez-gomez",fullName:"Sara Rodriguez-Gomez"}]},{id:"77785",title:"Modern Privacy Threats and Privacy Preservation Techniques in Data Analytics",slug:"modern-privacy-threats-and-privacy-preservation-techniques-in-data-analytics",totalDownloads:259,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"338336",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Mohan",surname:"Rao P",slug:"ram-mohan-rao-p",fullName:"Ram Mohan Rao P"},{id:"338340",title:"Dr.",name:"AP",surname:"Siva Kumar",slug:"ap-siva-kumar",fullName:"AP Siva Kumar"},{id:"338341",title:"Dr.",name:"S. Murali",surname:"Krishna",slug:"s.-murali-krishna",fullName:"S. Murali Krishna"}]},{id:"76436",title:"An Ontology for Standardising Trustworthy AI",slug:"an-ontology-for-standardising-trustworthy-ai",totalDownloads:312,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"340280",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Dave",surname:"Lewis",slug:"dave-lewis",fullName:"Dave Lewis"},{id:"340285",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Filip",slug:"david-filip",fullName:"David Filip"}]},{id:"77478",title:"How Factoring Ethics Encourages and Stimulates Innovative Development of IT Systems Responsive to Stakeholder Needs and Requirements",slug:"how-factoring-ethics-encourages-and-stimulates-innovative-development-of-it-systems-responsive-to-st",totalDownloads:188,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"344124",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Zvikomborero",surname:"Murahwi",slug:"zvikomborero-murahwi",fullName:"Zvikomborero Murahwi"}]},{id:"75584",title:"A Social Platform for Fostering Ethical Education through Role-Playing",slug:"a-social-platform-for-fostering-ethical-education-through-role-playing",totalDownloads:269,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"337763",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",surname:"Alvarez",slug:"claudio-alvarez",fullName:"Claudio Alvarez"},{id:"340266",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",surname:"Zurita",slug:"gustavo-zurita",fullName:"Gustavo Zurita"},{id:"340268",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatriz",surname:"Hasbun",slug:"beatriz-hasbun",fullName:"Beatriz Hasbun"},{id:"340269",title:"MSc.",name:"Sergio",surname:"Peñafiel",slug:"sergio-penafiel",fullName:"Sergio Peñafiel"},{id:"346075",title:"BSc.",name:"Alvaro",surname:"Pezoa",slug:"alvaro-pezoa",fullName:"Alvaro Pezoa"}]},{id:"76979",title:"The Rise of Virtual Reality in Online Courses: Ethical Issues and Policy Recommendations",slug:"the-rise-of-virtual-reality-in-online-courses-ethical-issues-and-policy-recommendations",totalDownloads:207,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"337499",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Clement",surname:"Longondjo Etambakonga",slug:"clement-longondjo-etambakonga",fullName:"Clement Longondjo Etambakonga"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"287827",firstName:"Gordan",lastName:"Tot",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/287827/images/8493_n.png",email:"gordan@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6065",title:"Modern Railway Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"77a5fae5e9451d4e52e9f7cd8f39bdcb",slug:"modern-railway-engineering",bookSignature:"Ali Hessami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108303",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali G.",surname:"Hessami",slug:"ali-g.-hessami",fullName:"Ali G. Hessami"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7573",title:"Perspectives on Risk, Assessment and Management Paradigms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"799ce26efc776b46b7b9f3aedff16edc",slug:"perspectives-on-risk-assessment-and-management-paradigms",bookSignature:"Ali G. Hessami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7573.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108303",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali G.",surname:"Hessami",slug:"ali-g.-hessami",fullName:"Ali G. Hessami"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8850",title:"Harnessing Knowledge, Innovation and Competence in Engineering of Mission Critical Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"25ef9074be50f4e5c1f6cb7298e1b68d",slug:"harnessing-knowledge-innovation-and-competence-in-engineering-of-mission-critical-systems",bookSignature:"Ali G. Hessami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8850.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108303",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali G.",surname:"Hessami",slug:"ali-g.-hessami",fullName:"Ali G. Hessami"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"59208",title:"Polyester Usage for Automotive Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74206",slug:"polyester-usage-for-automotive-applications",body:'
The amount of fiber usage in a standard passenger car is sizable, reaching around 25 kg; even the safety and comfort requirement can increase this amount [1]. In the automotive industry, fibers are used in the manufacturing of textile products, which are given and described in Table 1 [2].
Textile products used in automobiles | Description of product |
---|---|
Car tire cords | Fabric reinforcement for car tires |
Drive belts | Fabric reinforcement for automotive drive belts |
Hose | Fabric reinforcement for automotive hoses |
Filters | Filter media for engine filters, air intake filters, fuel filtration |
Seat belts | Narrow woven safety belt fabric |
Airbags | Fabric for air bags |
Automobile carpets face fabric | Tufted or needle punch face fabric for floor covering |
Automobile carpet backing | Primary and secondary carpet backing |
Trim | Woven, knitted and nonwoven trims for bootliners, head liners, parcel shelves and door panels |
Seat cover | Woven and knitted seat covers and backing fabrics |
Textile products and their descriptions used in automobiles.
In the automobiles, fibers are used in different forms of textile materials such as circular knitted, warp knitted, woven and nonwoven structures. Fibers are also used as a component in multi-layer composite structures. Textile products used in automobiles are expected to fulfill different performance requirements regarding the application area. These requirements are generally fulfilled by using man-made fibers as summarized in Table 2 [3].
Textile products used in automobiles | Requirement | Fibers used |
---|---|---|
Seat covers | Abrasion and UV resistance, attractive design | Polyester, wool, polyamide, acrylic |
Carpets | Light fastness, moldability | Polyamide, polyester, polypropylene |
Seat belts | Tensile strength, abrasion and UV resistance | Polyester |
Airbags | Ability to withstand high temperature inflation gases, durability to storage in compacted state over many years | Polyamide 6.6, Polyamide 4.6 |
Hoses, belts | Heat resistance, tensile strength, dimensional stability, adhesion to rubber and chemical resistance | Polyester, aramid |
Composites (Headliner, Bootliner) | Stiffness, strength, light weight, energy absorbing and thermal stability | Glass, carbon, aramid, polyester and polyethylene |
Performance requirements of textile products and fibers used.
As shown in Table 2, polyester (mainly polyethylene terephthalate—PET—but also polybutylene terephthalate—PBT—and polyethylene naphthalate—PEN) is the predominant fiber used in manufacturing of automotive textiles. It has a share of 42%, whereas polyamide 6.6 (PA 6.6) has a share of 26%. These fibers are preferred because of their good physical properties and high mechanical performances, being dyeable as well as inexpensive [1].This chapter deals with the use of polyester in automotive applications by discussing the basic properties and performance aspects of the fiber. It presents the recent studies about the production of textile-based automobile components made of polyester and recycled polyester fibers. In addition, recyclability of automotive components made of polyester fiber as well as the usage of polyester in the production of natural fiber composites enabling reuse of waste materials is indicated.
The physical and mechanical properties of PET make it widely preferred for textiles used in automobiles because of [4]:
high resistance to temperature (short-term exposure from 210 to 240°C)
high strength, hardness and good chemical resistance
excellent sliding properties and good electrical insulation properties
high resistance to abrasion and low absorption of humidity
modulus range in tension is between 1700 and 17,000 MPa depending on modifications
Advantages and disadvantages of textile fibers commonly used in automotive applications are summarized in Table 3 [1, 5, 6]. As stated before, polyester and polyamide are the leading fibers in automotive applications; however, the very low cost of polypropylene makes it attractive; thus, it is also included in the table. Besides, as a natural fiber, wool is also preferred even in low amounts in automotive applications.
Fiber type | Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|
Polyester (PET) |
|
|
Polyamide 6 (PA 6) and 6.6 (PA 6.6) |
|
|
Polypropylene (PP) |
|
|
Wool |
|
|
Advantages and disadvantages of textile fibers commonly used in automotive applications.
Although PP seems to be a good choice for several automobile components with its low cost and lightweight, this fiber has several disadvantages in terms of use, such as low melting point and moderate abrasion resistance. Besides, difficulty in PP’s dyeability overshadows the advantage of low cost [5].
When compared to PP, PET and PA fibers have better dyeability characteristics, temperature resistance and dimensional stability. For example, 3 M™ Thinsulate™ acoustic insulation material is composed of 35% of PET staple fibers and 65% PP fibers. While the material has low weight, thanks to the polypropylene fiber, the unquestionable role of PET fiber is strengthening of the material for enhancing its usability in automobiles [7].
PA has greater toughness, excellent tensile strain recovery and excellent adhesiveness when compared to PET [1]. However, PET has higher modulus, higher heat stability, higher resistance to color change, higher durability to sunlight exposure and it is less expensive than PA.
Wool fiber provides a high level of thermal comfort owing to its high moisture absorption ability. Together with its high level of resiliency, these features make wool fiber attractive and appropriate especially for seat cover fabrics. However, due to its high cost, PET has been replaced with that fiber and has become the predominant fiber used in seat cover fabrics. Thus, wool fiber is generally used only in high-end cars [5, 6]. Despite the inappropriateness of polyester fiber for use in applications where thermal comfort has priority, its low moisture absorption property can be an advantage when dimensional stability is required under changing environmental conditions (e.g. when it is used in seat belts). Although it is not shown in Table 3, cellulosic fibers can also be used especially in seat covers due to their good esthetic and thermal comfort properties. However, very good abrasion resistance of PET provides durability and makes that fiber appropriate for use in seat cover fabrics [5].
In addition to mechanical performance properties, PET has good sound insulation property, which is important for carpets and pre-assembled interior components such as headliners, bootliners, parcel shelves and door panels because of the requirements for increased driving and traveling comfort. PET fiber has a potential for use to increase sound transmission loss within a wide range of frequency (i.e. 100–500 Hz) similar to that achieved by using fiberglass [8]. Besides, nonwovens produced with a high percentage of hollow PET fibers (e.g. 45–50%) in the blends with PET fiber has demonstrated higher sound absorption rate when compared to the samples produced from 100% PET fibers [9, 10].
Moreover, due to the increasing environmental awareness to protect resources, reuse and recycle of the products have gained importance in the manufacturing of automobile components. Polyester fiber can be used in the recycled form in car upholstery, especially in the automobile carpets and seat covers [11, 12]. Polyester nonwovens can be recycled to produce new materials [13]. Moreover, polyester resin can be used as a matrix material for especially the natural fiber composites, enabling the reuse of waste materials used in the pre-assembled parts of the automobiles such as headliner, bootliners and parcel shelves [14, 15]. Thus, polyester can be considered as a select fiber for recycling and sustainability.
Carpets used in the automobiles are basically required to be durable against soil and abrasion with high color fastness and they are expected to insulate the noise as well as having a pleasing appearance [16]. In addition, environmental friendliness is a recent trend found in automobile carpets. In this regard, lightweight carpets for decreasing the total weight of the car and carpets from recycled materials have been developed for decreasing the environmental pollution [11].
Carpets used in automobiles basically can be categorized into two types: needle punched nonwoven carpets and tufted carpets. Fifty-five percent of the interior carpets are composed of nonwoven fabrics, whereas 45% are tufted carpets, depending on the car-manufacturing region or country [16, 17]. In both types of carpets, PET is mainly used in the facings [1]. On the other hand, needle punch facings are made from PET fibers in Europe and from PP fibers in the USA. In PET velour constructions, different fiber linear densities can be blended together to provide stability of the piles and esthetic appearance [17]. Carpets produced by using tufting method have backing surfaces for supporting the piles on the facing surface. In the backing surfaces, thermally bonded spunlaid PET and/or PP nonwovens are used [16]. For example, Colback® backings are thermally bonded spunlaid nonwovens, made from bi-component filaments with a PET core and either a PP or a PA surface. The product offers processing stability, high tear strength and uniform elongation as well as excellent thermal and dimensional stability [18]. For many years, automotive carpets have been produced by molding to the shape to match the dimensions where the carpet is used [19]. PET and/or PET blended nonwovens are appropriate to meet this requirement, since they can easily be molded into shape at relatively low temperatures and have outstanding dimensional stability [16].
Recently, the most important trend in automobile carpets is using recycled PET in order to reduce the environmental pollution and promote sustainability and efficient use of resources. The analysis of sound transmission loss of needle punch nonwoven automotive carpets made up of recycled PET revealed that comparable quality levels and specifications could be achieved using recycled PET instead of pure PET in terms of mechanical properties [11].
Made from recycled PET, Freudenberg Performance Materials from Germany produces automobile carpets with an environmentally friendly production process. In addition to using recycled fiber, they have eliminated the use of chemical binders and also obtained lighter carpets when compared to conventional automobile carpets, which promotes further environmental protection [12].
The required characteristics of the seat covers used in automobiles can be durability, soil resistance, UV resistance and appearance retention [17].
Automobile seats are produced in a three-layer structure. Seat cover is at the uppermost layer, a foam layer is in the middle and a scrim backing at the bottom, and these three different components are connected with adhesive layers. The seat cover at the top layer is usually made from woven, warp knitted or circular knitted fabrics, in which PET is used as a dominant fiber. Since late 1990s, PET has been used in 95% of seat covers in automobiles due to its high strength and modulus, high performance against abrasion, UV radiation and heat, outstanding anti-aging performance, good shape retention and dimensional stability and low cost [20]. PET is generally used in pure form; however, sometimes it is blended with wool. Other characteristics that make PET appropriate for seating fabric are high tear resistance, easy care property and wrinkle resistance. On the other hand, very low moisture absorption capability of PET fiber (around 0.4%) is a disadvantage in terms of thermal comfort, especially in hot weather [5, 21]. In the usage of 100% PET constructions, fabrics are also produced from waste materials blended with thermoplastic to meet price points [16].
Banex is a fabric that uses a special type of PET yarn used as a seat cover that achieves the cushioning effect of springs with the machine-made warp knitting and finishing [22].
The foam layer beneath the top layer is generally made from polyurethane (PU) and acts as an adhesive agent [23]. However, the materials composed of PET and other polymeric fibers have been recently used in order to replace the foam material [17]. Nonwoven PET fabrics made from recycled fibers and the knitted structures can be used in the cover laminate instead of PU foam. Major knitted structures preferred over PU foam are the spacer fabrics, knit, multiknit and struto. Within these knit structures, multiknit comprises two stitch layers with piles in between, whereas knit consists of a stitch layer with a pile on the top [24].
The third layer at the bottom is the backing layer, which is generally produced from either PET or PA [5, 23, 25]. In the backing layer, bolster fabrics and reinforcement nonwovens such as needle punch, hydroentangled and spunbond nonwoven fabrics are preferred [17].
Pre-assembled parts are the fixtures in the car other than upholstery and carpeting, which are produced by molding in shape and covered with a fabric. Among them, there are headliners, bootliners, door panels and parcel shelves. In the production of these components, knitted, woven and nonwoven fabrics are used generally as the facing layer. On the other hand, polyester can also be used as a thermoset resin with vinyl ester in the production of natural fiber composites in automotive applications such as door panel, seat backs, headliners and dashboards. Whereas the natural fiber composites produced using vinyl esters are tougher, the orthophthalic polyester provides rigid products with low heat resistance and isophthalic polyester provides moisture resistance [14, 15].
Headliners are the parts which are tightly fitted into the interior roof from the rear window to the front of the car. They are usually produced by molding and are given the shapes to house sunroofs, lamps and coat hooks [16].
The characteristics, which are expected from headliners, include esthetic properties, sound absorption, thermal insulation and cushioning. Moreover, they are required to be produced from lightweight materials. The headliners are also required to be soil resistant [17].
Headliners are produced to have at least three layers, which are esthetic-facing fabric, a foam backing and the core [17]. As the facing fabric for covering, knit tricot fabrics and woven materials are used in majority. Nonetheless, nonwoven linings can also be preferred in the headliners as the facing fabric. Whereas knitted and woven linings provide better appearance, nonwoven materials are cheaper, easy to process and they show more resistance to abrasion. The other components of headliners are selected from porous structures such as PET foam sheets and fiber-reinforced porous polymer sheets, since the sound absorbing capability and heat insulation is needed [24].
On the other hand, the construction of the materials used in the production of headliners may change in different regions. For instance, regarding the facing fabrics, it is stated that half of the facing fabrics are made up of warp-knitted tricot fabrics, which are followed with needle punched and stitch bond fabrics in Europe [17]. Contrary to this, PA and PET warp-knit tricot fabric or woven materials are selected as facing fabrics to cover the headliners [16]. Nonetheless, having the ability to be easily assembled into the roof, headliners covered with dope dyed 100% PET needle punch fabrics seem to replace conventional warp-knitted fabrics. The other reason for this selection is the cost advantage, acceptable abrasion resistance and good thermal molding characteristics of the needle punch fabrics. Moreover, the weight of the needle punch fabric can be decreased by decreasing the fiber linear density. In parallel with this weight reduction, the softness of the fabric increases as well [16]. The other fabric type which drew attention is the hydroentangled fabrics because of better durability and softness. Being made up of spunlaid and hydroentangled splittable PA/PET bicomponent fibers, Evolon® fabric has excellent strength and softness. Produced using Apex technology and used in the production of headliners, Miratec fabric can copy the fabric patterns of 3D textiles and they have high strength in both horizontal and vertical directions [17, 26].
There are also some studies in which the headliner was produced solely from polyester fiber. The headliner material was formed from two layers of polyester fibers which include the binder and non-binder fibers. Whereas the layer including 20–30% binder fiber provided the loftier part and better sound absorption properties, the layer including 40–60% binder fibers provided rigidity to the headliner material [27].
In fact, polyester fiber is suggested to be a convenient material for the recycling process because of its thermoplastic characteristics. The headliners, which are produced from PET fibers, can be ground, melted and spun into new headliners [13]. Besides, needle punch PET facing fabrics were developed with PET core as an alternative to foam type materials. Although the foam type materials control the stiffness, increase the sound absorption and provide the cushioning effect, their recycling processes are complicated. By bonding directly the facing fabric to the core, the use of foam type materials can be eliminated [17].
The boot of the car can be considered as the extension of the cabin. The coverings such as rubber matting and a carpet joined to hardboard base is preferred as the bootliners [16].
The required properties for the bootliners can be wear resistance, abrasion resistance, durability, stiffness, lightweight and ease of cleaning. Moreover, the bootliner should not have excessive recovery since this may result in a tendency to shrink over time [16] and this property gains importance within the useful life of the product.
PP and PET are the mostly used fibers in the boot linings. Whereas PP is partially stable and because of this reason less preferred, PET is more dimensionally stable since it can be molded at high temperatures.
Because of economic concerns, nonwovens are mostly used in boot and luggage compartments. Again, in the nonwoven structures, PET is the preferred fiber for bootliners. Bootliners are usually produced from needle punch fabrics for which the facing fabric is made from a staple fiber PET or needle punch fabrics in either flat or velour construction [17].
On the other hand, the sound insulation properties of the bootliners can be improved with the underlay fabric produced from fiber batts composed of recycled fibers [17]. The fibers obtained from clothing wastes can be the blends of PET, PA, PP and acrylic or natural fibers such as wool, coconut, sisal jute and hemp [16].
The other application of polyester in the bootliners is the integration of it into the natural fiber composite materials. While natural fiber composites are preferred in automobiles since they cause a reduction in weight, energy production and cost at 10, 80 and 5%, respectively, polyester is used as a matrix material for these types of composites. Even different materials other than textile materials like sunflower can be used as the core material of these composites [28].
The door panels are the third type of preformed structures within the car interiors. The lower section of the door panel is produced as an extension of floor covering and the upper part is upholstery fabric or vinyl [16].
Having higher modulus, good heat stability, excellent resistance to color change and high durability for sunlight degradation and being less expensive, PET is used for making door panels [17].
For the panel trim in the door including the inserts or bolster, both the underlying reinforcement fabrics and lower facing fabrics can be constructed from nonwovens. The facing fabric can be selected from flat or random velour needle punch or hydroentangled materials [17].
Whereas needled fabrics produced from PP are used in the USA, the fabrics produced from fiber spun dyed PET fiber are preferred in Europe and Japan. Since interior fabrics are subjected to UV exposure, spun dyed fibers are preferred. But, in fact, spun dyed PET fiber has lower abrasion resistance when compared with PP fiber [17].
The second component of the door trim is usually made of hydroentangled fabrics. They are joined with the facing fabric or foamed PU and usually composed of 100% PET, 75% PET, 25% viscose or 50% PET/50% PP [17].
In fact, polyester is used in the door panel constructions which have parts differing from the ones explained earlier. In a study, the vehicle door panel was patented, which is mainly made up of rigid plastic panel, a paper-backing material attached with rigid plastic panel, a polyester fiber pad providing a cushioning surface, a cloth membrane and nylon adhesive membrane placed on the cloth and finally a vinyl membrane supported by cloth fabric [29].
The parcel shelf is the part of the car that encloses the area between the rear seats and boot. The requirements of this part are light fastness, lightweight and sound absorption to some extent.
Usually a needled fabric made up of PA, PET or PP fibers is used in the parcel shelf [16]. Often matt is included in the parcel shelf structure to increase the sound absorption.
Tires are the interface between the car and the road. The components of tires can be classified as the tread, belt package, ply, inner liner, apex, bead bundle, sidewalls and chafer [30]. Other than the rubber and steel components, textile fibers such as rayon, PA, PET or Kevlar are used in the ply component of the tire coated with rubber.
The tire ply cords are classified into three parts, which are named as bias, belted bias and radial ply cords according to their configuration. In diagonal (bias) tires, ply cords are laid at angles less than 90° to tread centerline. Belted bias tires have the belt added in the tread region. The radial tires have body ply cords, which are laid radially from bead to bead at 90° to the centerline of the tread [16]. The ply and tire ply cords transmit the braking and steering forces and withstand burst loads [30]. The requirements of the ply cords are thus tenacity, flexibility, shrinkage at high temperature, heat resistance, wear and abrasion resistance [16, 31]. Being used on the rougher roads, and requiring lower wearing resistance, PA fiber is used in bias tires as ply cord because of its excellent toughness. On the other hand, PET fiber is used in radial tires as ply cord because of having higher modulus and reducing the flat spotting [1]. PET is strong and stiff, and it provides excellent dimensional stability [16]. Moreover, it has high tenacity, good heat resistance, good wet resistance and low water absorption [32]. When compared to PA tire ply cords, the thermal shrinkage and flat spotting characteristics are superior. However, it lacks bonding with rubber when compared to PA [24]. The PET fiber type used in the tire cord is a multifilament fiber with high modulus and low shrinkage [1]. In radial tires, rayon is also used because of its superiority to PA in high-speed impact [33]. PET is also good at high-speed impacts but loses modulus and strength faster than viscose [33]. When these three fibers, PET, viscose and PA, are compared to each other, PA has the highest tenacity, whereas viscose has the least shrinkage at 160°C. On the other hand, heat generation is very low in rayon and it depends on driving conditions for the PET fiber [16].
In comparing PA 6, PA 6.6 and PET, Naskar et al. [34] applied cyclic compression and tension onto the cord-reinforced rubber composite specimens at different strain levels and time intervals on Goodrich compression and tension fatigue tester and found out that PET tire ply cords had excellent dimensional stability but poor fatigue resistance.
PET fibers are also developed to have distinguishing properties for being used as tire ply cords. A high modulus yarn was prepared by spinning polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) or other semi-crystalline PET polymers to an optimum crystallinity state. The resulting yarn had high tenacity, dimensional stability of less than 5% and shrinkage lower than 4% [35].
Finally, PET fibers were proposed to be used in the other parts of the automobile tires rather than tire ply cords. A limited twisted PET yarn having low polymerization degree was used in the belt breaker [32].
An average car involves many different types of filters to prevent air, fuel, oil and water from contaminants such as carburetor air filter, cabin interior filter, crank base breather filter, ABS wheel/brake filter, power steering filters, engine oil filters, fuel tank filter, transmission filters, wiper washer screen filters, air conditioning recirculation filter and diesel/soot filters [16].
The basic air filters in the automobiles can be classified as the engine air filter and the cabin air filter. The major purpose of air filters is cleaning the air and preventing the impurities within the air, which is used by the engine during combustion. Thus, the air filters indirectly protect the components of the engine from wear. Cabin air filter prevents the airborne pollutants and allergens within the cabin and they improve the quality of cabin air.
The air intake filters are usually produced from wet-laid, resin-impregnated cellulose papers. The other media used in the air filters are PU foam, nonwovens from synthetic, natural fibers or both in hybrid systems. In fact, the usage of nonwovens in air filtering is advantageous because they are more durable and have higher bursting strength. Besides, it is possible to control the parameters such as thickness, porosity and fiber diameter [17]. Moreover, the nonwoven filter media can be constructed to have specific characteristics such as being flame retardant, antibacterial property and so on.
PET fiber can be used in different forms as a filtration media. Mainly made up of PET fiber, QualiFlo® is developed as a gradient filtration media which is produced to have a trilaminate structure. It has exceptional dirt/dust-holding capacity consisting of continuous filament PET web with filaments having a trilobal cross section in one outer section and fully bonded air-permeable high loft batt with a randomly dispersed blend of crimped PET fibers in the other outer section. Moreover, requiring no additional binder, StarWeb, which is made up of spunbond PET, was proposed to be used in filtration with Qualiflo®. StarWeb is constructed as a trilaminate filter medium containing PET fibers as in the case of Qualiflo®. Within this filter, a top layer was produced from trilobal PET spunlaid fabric, the middle layer was produced from 100% PET homopolymer and copolymer PET filaments and the bottom layer was produced from high-loft PET crimped fiber fabrics with isotropic fiber arrangement [36].
Although there are filtration media produced only from PET fiber as is discussed in previous examples, PET is also preferred to be used in nonwoven and hybrid nonwoven structures in the air filter media.
A high-capacity hybrid, multilayer automotive air filter was developed and patented [37]. This air filter was designed to have a fluid filter media containing porous natural fibers and a porous synthetic fiber media containing absorbent spunbond PET. In the natural fiber filter media, two cotton mesh layers with different densities were used in a way that the first cotton mesh, which was placed closer to receiving end of the air stream, has lower density than the second cotton mesh layer, which was placed closer to the filtered effluent air stream. In parallel with this, synthetic fiber filter media, the first spunbond PET fiber filter placed closer to the second cotton mesh has lower density than the second spunbond PET mesh placed closer to the filtered effluent air stream creating a gradient density.
Placed between the fuel reservoir and the engine, the fuel filters are also used to protect the engine of the cars from dirt, water and the other contaminants.
The fuel filter media is usually made from PA. The reason for this is that, although the thermoplastic materials such are fluoropolymers, PET and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers are resistant to fuels, the impact toughness especially at low temperatures is not found as satisfactory as PA [38]. Nonetheless, PET fiber can be used in different forms as a component of fuel filter media.
In fact, in a patent for a multilayer plastic fuel filter having at least three layers, the inner and outer layers are suggested to be produced from plastic material, which is made conductive using additives (PA6, PA6.6, PA11 and PA12). Embedded between them, PET was listed as one polymer which can be used with the other plastics which is not made conductive (fluoropolymer other than PVDH, PET or impact-modified PET) [38].
In a patent for developing depth media in-tank fuel filter with extruded mesh shell [39], it is stated that an in-tank fuel filter is developed to have two panels of filtration media. Each panel is comprised of an outer layer of extruded mesh, a pair of spunbond filtration media and an inner layer of meltblown filtration media in between. PET is used in both the spunbond and the meltblown filtration media.
Moreover, a diesel fuel filter is patented with a smoke suppressant for which the smoke suppressant is adsorbed onto the strip of nonwoven PET fiber, which is placed equidistantly around the round container [40].
Seat belts and airbags are the two main items used as safety equipment in automobiles. A seat belt is used to fix the passengers on their seats and decrease the import shock by absorbing [1]. High tensile strength and stability under static and dynamic loadings are needed in seat belts. The narrow fabric used in seat belts has mostly the weave structures such as plain weave, twill weave and sateen weave used in single-layer or double-layer structures. Seat belts are manufactured in a needle loom where the weft is inserted through the warp sheen and a selvedge is formed. On the other hand, filament yarns made of PA or PET are used to produce seat belt webbing [24].
Although PA was used as a major fiber in seatbelts for years, PET has been replaced with PA due to some advantages [40]. Having higher-impact energy-absorbing capability, less discoloration against sunlight and better dimensional stability under changing temperature and humidity conditions, PET is preferred to PA [1, 41].
When the static and dynamic loads have been applied on the seatbelts made from multifilament PET and PA yarns and compared, it has been observed that PET is superior due to lower extensibility that prevents stretching of the belts under loading during impact situations and higher stiffness [24, 41, 42].
As one other important safety equipment in automobiles, airbags are required to have extremely low gas permeability by means of a combination of high-density weaving and a thin coating treatment to resist high temperature, to have high extensibility and to be durable for storage in a compacted state for many years [43].
Demands for airbag yarns have been increasing recently, as a result of global rise in safety requirements in automobiles. Airbags are usually made up from PA 6.6 filament yarns. Nonetheless, there are some attempts to find alternative fibers. There is a noticeable trend toward PET and PA 4.6 filament yarns for the airbag fabrics and sewing threads [44, 45].
In Table 4, characteristics of the fibers used in airbag yarns are given [44].
Characteristic | PA 6.6 | PA 6 | PET |
---|---|---|---|
Density (kg/m3) | 1140 | 1140 | 1390 |
Specific heat capacity (kJ/kg°K) | 1.67 | 1.67 | 1.3 |
Melting point (°C) | 260 | 215 | 258 |
Softening point (°C) | 220 | 170 | 220 |
Heat to melt (kJ/kg) | 589 | 522 | 427 |
Characteristics of the fibers used in airbag yarns.
North America’s airbag market in 2014 comprised around 45,000 tons of PA 6.6-based fabrics and an additional 4000 tons of PET-based alternatives. On the other hand, in Europe, the use of PA 6.6-based fabrics has stayed around 33,000–35,000 tons per year while the use of PET fabrics has increased. It is forecasted that around 12,000–13,000 tons of PET will be employed in European airbags by 2020 [46].
Textile materials are used in engine compartment items such as driving belts (V-belt, synchronous belts and serpentine belt), hoses (brake and clutch hoses) and lines (power steering lines and bonnet lines).
In automobiles, the mechanical parts of the engines are driven by belts. The belts used in engine compartment of automobiles are required to be resistant to fatigue, abrasion, heat, chemicals as well as have high tensile strength and good dimensional stability [16].
A typical V-belt cross-sectional scheme is shown in Figure 1.
V-belt [
In order to enhance the fatigue properties of the belts that proposed mechanical and thermal loads, cords are used for reinforcement. The major reinforcing element used in the belts is PET cord, which is composed of twisted filament yams [16]. PET fiber is applied both in the cord of V-belt and in the fabric cover of its upper part, whereas p-Aramid fiber is applied to the cords of V-belts, V-ribbed belts and metal-combined belts [1].
The bonnet line and the fabric linings with it in the engine compartment require both thermal and sound insulation functions and it usually is constructed from metal or fiber-reinforced plastic composite. PET spunbond is usually used as a nonwoven facing to cover stiffening components such as glass fiber foam or resin bonded nonwoven fabric [17].
The brake and clutch hoses are required to prevent absorption of the lubricant fluid and to resist the fluid. As an example of those kinds of hoses supplied by Fenox, the PET yarn is used as the reinforcement component that prevents fluid absorption and extends the service life of the fluid and also it improves the ability of the hose to withstand pressures as a result of increased rigidity [48].
Although attempts have been made to investigate the use of different textile fibers such as cotton, viscose, wool, acrylic, aramid and bast fibers in automobile applications, these fibers are used in a small amount by specific automobile manufacturers. The industry is still served by manmade fibers, in particular PET fiber, due to its good physical properties, enhancing mechanical performances, functionality and durability.
Polyester fiber can be used in many forms in the automotive industry, such as knitted, woven or nonwoven fabrics, especially needle punch and stitch bond fabrics used as facing materials; woven fabrics in the airbags and seat belts; nonwoven material used as a filling material for especially improving the sound insulation property in multilayer structures in the car interiors; spunbond or meltblown nonwoven structures either used solely or in combination with other layers in the filtration media; as reinforcing material in the tire cords and engine comportment items such as V-belt and hoses; and finally as a component for resin-impregnated composites either as a core material or as a matrix material.
In future, it is expected that polyester will remain as the leading fiber that will be used in the production of automotive textiles. Besides, considering the increase in natural fiber composites with the purpose of weight reduction and environmental friendliness and increasing amount of recycled material in the automobile parts, the usage of polyester resin in natural fiber composites is expected to increase. Nonetheless, the performance and functionality of materials made of polyester should be improved in parallel to the trends, probable changes in future expectations and requirements, as for the materials produced from other types of fibers and polymers.
As a treatment modality driven by technology, radiation therapy (RT) has made significant advances in recent years. These advances have mostly been in areas of treatment delivery, imaging, and image fusion which has required sophisticated algorithms for calculation of dose in patients and complex machines to deliver the dose. There is always some level of discrepancies between the calculated dose and delivered dose which can arise from different sources such as: the dose calculation algorithm, beam modeling in TPS, physics data entry, beam delivery, detector resolution, and planned grid size. The purpose of this chapter is to present a review of algorithms for photon dose calculation, beam modeling in different TPSs, detector resolution and planned grid size (GS) and analyze the effect of each of them on gamma passing rate (GPR) in pre-treatment quality assurance (QA).
For understanding TPS algorithms, it is required to know [1]:
The production of Megavoltage X-rays
The interaction and scattering of photons by the Compton effect
The effects of transport of charged particles near boundaries and tissue heterogeneities
By far, medical linear accelerators (linac) are the main devices used in the treatment of cancer patients producing X-rays and electrons in the clinical energy range. In the head of a linac, high energy electrons are accelerated to the near speed of light and are directed to strike a high Z target typically made of Tungsten which has also a high melting point to produce photon. The bremsstrahlung photons produced by a linac have an energy distribution from 0 to maximum energy of the electrons in the beam impinging upon the target. These photons pass through the primary collimator and other parts of the linac head such as jaws, Multi Leaf Collimator (MLC) system, etc. before reaching the patient. All these photons (primary and scattered) will contribute to photon fluence. For example, for a typical Varian linac with a flattening filter, 80–90% of primary photons are directly from the target, 3–5% from the primary collimator, 8–12% originated from the flattening filter [1, 2]. However, in modern linacs which are equipped with flattening filter free (FFF) technology, scatter photon produced in the treatment head has significantly decreased [3, 4]. Therefore, the contribution of primary and scatter photon in photon fluence for FFF is different from the flattened beam [5]. For example for a 40 × 40 cm2 field size and a 6 MV FFF beam, the calculated contribution was 84.6% for the primary source, 11.3% for the first scattered source, and 4.1% for the second scattered source [5].
In general, ionizing radiation such as photon, electron, and heavy charged particles interact with matter which depends on the energy of ionizing radiation, type of ionizing radiation, the atomic number, and density of the medium through which they travel. Photons are indirect ionizing radiation and energy deposition of the photon to the material is dominated by three interactions: Photoelectric, Compton scatter, and pair production. In the energy range from 100 Kev to 10 MeV, which is a mostly therapeutic range, the Compton process is dominant for energy absorption in soft tissues. The energy deposition of photons involves two stages: First, partial transfer of their kinetic energy to charged particles (electron, positron) when they interact with material, and second, energy deposition from these charged particles to material through excitation or ionization. The range of charged particles in the therapeutic energy range can be several centimeters so they can travel and pass-through various layers with different densities and atomic numbers in a human body. When charged particle equilibrium (CPE) is achieved, then there is a linear relationship between TERMA1 (Total energy released per unit mass) and dose, and the two steps can be included in a single calculation. However, this condition does not occur near the edge of the field or in inhomogeneity regions like at tissue interfaces, therefore, this simplification cannot be valid, and the two steps of energy deposition of the photon to medium must be more clearly distinguished [6].
The human body consists of a variety of tissues and cavities that are radiologically different from water, such as lungs, oral cavities, teeth, nasal passages, sinuses, and bones. A treatment planning system uses the electron density derived from CT images of patients to calculate dose in the patient body. Therefore, the dose distribution inside the patient body is affected by these heterogeneities. In this area, the ability of treatment planning systems to calculate dose at the interferences such as lung vs. tissue, bone vs. air cavity, etc. is crucial. Also, using CT images with 3D TPS allows us to design a plan with complex beam arrangements which require more advanced dose computation algorithms. In this section, we will present a summary review of the past and current dose calculation algorithms used in the TPS for radiotherapy.
According to the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Task Group 65 (TG-65, Report No.85) [6], there are four types of inhomogeneity correction algorithms:
Category.1: Linear attenuation, Ratio of tissue air ratio (RTAR), Power law (Batho).
Category.2: Equivalent TAR, Differential scatter air ratio (dSAR), Delta volume, Differential TAR, and 3D Beam subtraction method.
Category.3: Convolution (pencil beam) and Fast Fourier transformation (FFT) techniques.
Category.4: Superposition/Convolution, Monte Carlo.
This is the simplest technique for computation of inhomogeneity correction factor (ICF), which does not include any information regarding electron density and the geometric treatment beam parameters such as field size [6].
Only heterogeneity correction applied on the beam path from source to the calculation point.
where
This is an empirical correction factor method for points lying within water and distal to an inhomogeneity by raising tissue-air ratios to a power that depends on density. This was first proposed by Batho in 1964 [8] and then modified by Sontag and Cunningham in 1977 [9].
where
The power law method underestimates the dose when density is less than one and overestimates when density is greater than one [6]. Several studies showed improvement if Tissue Maximum Ratio (TMR) is used instead of TAR [10, 11].
It can be considered as the first practical dose calculation method using the full CT data set for computerized treatment planning and was used in early treatment planning systems [6].
where
This was a 3D dose calculation in a heterogeneous media that used scatter-air ratios (SAR) to calculate the dose to a point in an inhomogeneous medium. For this purpose, a SAR table was used to determine the scatter contribution that arises from voxels within the irradiation volume [12].
The primary dose, an analytical first-scatter dose component, and an approximate residual multiple-scatter component were summed to calculate dose at a point in a heterogeneous medium. This method has been examined and justified for Co-60 and succeeds incorrectly calculating the dose to (a) water with a small void and, (b) homogeneous non-water medium.
dSAR and DVOL have never been implemented in clinics due to the long
Kappas and Rosenwald [13] showed that applying K(θ,μ) on dSAR method results in more accurate results.
where
In general, categories 1 and 2 are not applicable when photon energy is greater than 6MV where scatter contribution is less important, and the effects of secondary electrons (delta rays) set in motion can result in very high local dose changes [6].
This technique is a model-based algorithm which unlike correction-based algorithms uses heterogeneity effects directly to compute the dose in tissue. Kernels are used for modeling the dose distribution in media. The kernels represent the energy spread and dose deposition of secondary particles from an interaction at a given point or line which is not usually accessible through measurements but is very simple to calculate by use of Monte Carlo particle transport codes [12]. Absorbed dose is calculated based on the following equation
This means that the energy fluence distribution is
In 1986, Mohan et al. [14] introduced a
This technique reduces computation time greatly because of the invariant kernel assumption for the convolution calculation. Because of this assumption, different kernels at different regions based on the density cannot be used in FFT. Several studies were conducted to circumvent invariant kernel assumptions [17, 18, 19]. In 1996, Wong et al. [20] proposed a solution to address problems related to lateral disequilibrium and penumbra in low-density regions because a water kernel was used for entire regions even in low-density regions. The lateral disequilibrium problem was solved by
The convolution-superposition algorithm is also a model-based algorithm and has two essential parts: 1) TERMA and 2) dose spread kernel. TERMA was first introduced by Ahnesjo et al. in 1987 [21] which is analogous to the Kerma, (the kinetic energy released in medium) and has the same unit as dose. The formula for the TERMA element (T) of the convolution method is given by the following equation
where μ/ρ is the mass attenuation coefficient and Ψ is the primary energy fluence. Then the convolution-superposition is the integration of the TERMA distribution times EDK over the entire volume. EDK is spatially variant and is deformed based on the local density environment to consider interface effects in regions of different densities. Also, to get a more accurate model of the scattering conditions, the kernels must be adjusted according to their direction and orientation at the site of interaction [22].
This method is widely used in TPS because computers are fast enough to do 3D dose calculations by using electron density data derived from CT images in a reasonable amount of time. According to AAPM report 85 (TG-65), the dose calculation accuracy of TPS algorithms should be within 2%. This goal serves as a useful benchmark to evaluate the capabilities of treatment planning algorithms to calculate the dose.
Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm (AAA) (Varian Medical System, Inc) is a kernel-based convolution-superposition method. This algorithm was first designed by Ulmer and Kaissl (2005) [23] in cylindrical coordinate and then improved by Tillikainen in 2008 [24]. The AAA dose calculation model has two main components, the configuration algorithm, and the actual dose calculation algorithm. Its configuration is based on the Monte Carlo simulations to determine basic physical parameters and match them with measured clinical beam data. The dose calculation algorithm utilizes separate models for primary photons, scattered extra-focal photons, and contamination electrons. The lateral distribution is adjusted according to the radiological distance to the calculation point for tissue heterogeneities corrections [16, 25]. For the most part, AAA is a pencil beam convolution-superposition algorithm where the pencil beam is compiled from Monte Carlo calculations and adjusted to fit measurements. In this case, two components need to be considered that contribute to final distributions; 1) longitudinal contribution of the pencil beam which is scaled according to Equivalent Length Path (EPL), and 2) contribution from the lateral extension of the pencil beam which is scaled with the density relative to water in directions normal to the pencil beam [26]. In this way, the changes in lateral transport of energy are modeled when the density varies in the irradiated object. Therefore, unlike the pencil beam algorithms, it can consider inhomogeneity correction on both longitudinal and lateral directions. However, many studies indicate the inability of AAA to accurately calculate doses at interfaces and for high atomic number materials such as bone and have shown that the deviation between AAA and measurements exceeds the goal of TG-65 [27, 28, 29, 30].
The advantage of the AAA is its relatively short calculation time and its accuracy is better than the pencil beam convolution (PBC) model [30, 31, 32].
In 1989 Ahnesjo [33] proposed collapsed cone convolution (CCC) method. The CCC algorithm uses the analytical kernel in polar coordinates represented by a set of cones. In this way, it is assumed that all energy is released into coaxial cones of equal solid angle and, from volume elements on the cone axis is approximated to be rectilinearly transported, attenuated, and deposited in volume elements on that axis [7]. The polyenergetic kernels can be described by
where
The advantage of the CCC algorithm over standard convolution algorithms is that it can reduce the computation resources. The computation time for the CCC method in heterogenous media is proportional to MN3 where M is the number of cones and N is the number of voxels along one side of the calculation volume [16]. Different TPSs use the CCC algorithm such as Pinnacle (Philips Inc., Amsterdam, Netherlands), Oncentra MasterPlan (Nucletron, Inc., Columbia, MD, USA), CMS XiO (Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden), RayStation (RaySearch Laboratories AB, Stockholm, Sweden), etc.
Monte Carlo (MC) is a principle-based algorithm that almost includes all known physical features for photon interactions inside the patient body. Many MC codes have been developed such as BEAMnrc, GEANT4, MNCP, PENELOPE, and XVMC. All of them have two main steps, first, modeling the linac head with all precise details of the target, component dimensions, geometry, locations, and material composition. The second step uses CT data to get morphological and chemical information in terms of mass density, electron density, and atomic composition, which are all required for accurate dose calculation in the tissue.
The MC has the capability of simulating all interactions, therefore it is expected to be accurate. However, its accuracy depends on correct and detailed geometry information of the linac head and the number of particle histories. This statistical uncertainty is proportional to the inverse square root of the generated event numbers [34, 35]. MC dose calculation is slow and time-consuming, so they are not yet applicable in clinics because the dose may recompute repeatedly during planning to get an optimized plan. A few vendors offer Monte Carlo methods in TPS as calculation options for the final dose calculation once the dose optimization is completed.
Monte-Carlo (MC) dose calculation algorithm is widely considered as the golden dose calculation technique in radiation therapy; however, the calculation time of this method is still long especially where a greater number of particle histories should be used to reduce statistical noise and
In radiotherapy, the ability of TPS to do accurate dose calculation is important. This capability depends on the algorithm of TPS as discussed before and beam modeling. For beam modeling, several dosimetric parameters (e.g., PDDs, profiles, output factors) and non-dosimetric parameters such as MLC design, flattening filter, wedges etc. must be defined precisely. Then the dose calculation algorithm applies the beam model to the patient body or phantom to calculate the dose. The challenge of the beam model is becoming more and more crucial due to advanced treatment techniques such as IMRT and VMAT. In these treatment techniques, each beam consists of multiple segments or control points that are shaped with MLC. Using multiple control points provides this opportunity to deliver conformal dose to the target, however, delivering dose through small segments arises a challenge to accurately calculate the dose due to the complexity of MLC modeling in TPS. Many studies indicate the importance of accurate MLC modeling in TPS for IMRT. In 1998, LoSasso et al. [39] showed an MLC error gap of 1 mm may result 10% error in dose calculation in the sliding window IMRT technique. Cadman et al. [40] reported 12% discrepancy between calculation and measurement due to MLC leaf gap error in step-and-shoot IMRT. Because different commercial TPS have their own features for beam modeling, many guidelines have been published regarding TPS commissioning for IMRT [41, 42]. For example, TG-119 [43] based on the IMRT QA results of five institutions for a set of test cases provides a reference baseline for the accuracy of IMRT commissioning.
In Eclipse, leaf transmission factors and dosimetric leaf gaps (DLGs) are required to model the MLC. The DLG is a beam configuration parameter used to model the effects of rounded MLC leaf ends. Many research papers indicate the effects of DLG on the accuracy of dose calculation in Eclipse TPS [44, 45, 46, 47].
In RayStation, modeling of MLC is different from other commercial TPS. The MLC model requires four parameters: leaf-tip offset, leaf-tip width, average transmission factor, and tongue and groove. The leaf-tip width is used for the MLC leaf-end transmission modeling instead of using dosimetric leaf gap (DLG) or rounded leaf-tip radius, and the MLC leaf radiation transmission is modeled using average transmission factor instead of intra-leaf and inter-leaf transmission [48, 49]. According to Chen et al. tongue-and-groove has a minimal effect on IMRT dose calculation, but transmission plays a significant role in this commercial TPS [49].
The process of patient-specific QA usually involves applying an optimized plan using the same beam parameters as those of the patient plan and delivered in the phantom. This process can be done in a number of different ways but according to TG-218 [50], there are three common methods for performing pre-treatment QA. 1) True Composite (TC), 2) Perpendicular field-by-field (PFF), and 3) Perpendicular composite (PC).
In this method, phantom or measurement device is placed on the treatment couch and treatment plan is delivered using actual parameters such as MUs, couch, gantry, collimator angles, MLCs, and jaws positions. The phantom or measurement device has been used to integrate dose from all beams of a plan which result in a single dose image for comparison, therefore, this method is a comparison of planned dose vs. measured dose.
The gantry is fixed at zero degree and the collimator is fixed at the nominal angle in the PFF technique. Therefore, beams are always perpendicular to the phantom surface and are comparing the dose of each beam with each measured beam dose.
This method is similar to the PFF method, but this is not a comparison of field-by-field. This is the integration dose of all perpendicular field which result in one dose image for analysis.
For the purpose of dose comparisons between calculated and measured dose gamma index have been used. Low et al. [51] developed a gamma index (γ) for the quantitative evaluation of dose distributions. This index checks dose difference and distance-to-agreement (DTA) simultaneously in a space that also includes dose, and provides quantitative value which indicates disagreement in the regions that fail the acceptance criteria. A γ comparison is performed between two dose maps: one distribution is the ‘reference dose distribution’ and the other is the ‘evaluated dose distribution’. The
where
The γ is the minimum value calculated overall evaluated points:
Regions where γ is less than or equal to 1 corresponds to locations where the calculation meets the acceptance criteria. According to TG-218, criteria for tolerance limit is 2 mm/3% with 95% passing rate [50].
There are two types of gamma calculation which depends on how the percent dose difference (%Diff) is normalized: 1) local normalization method which %Diff is normalized to the doses at each evaluated point, 2) global normalization method which %Diff is normalized usually to the maximum dose within the reference dose distribution. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. For example, local gamma will exaggerate %Diff and highlighted failures in low dose regions because in low dose regions the percent dose difference between calculated and measured may exhibit a very large value which results in more failings points. However, in the global method, the dose discrepancies in the low-dose regions could be underestimated which results in a higher passing rate than the local method [52, 53].
Low et al. [51] presented a powerful tool for dose distribution comparisons in a continuous environment; however, clinical comparisons are usually made between two dose distributions which are sampled at different spatial resolutions. The importance of spatial resolution was first analyzed by Depuydt
Modern radiotherapy techniques like IMRT and VMAT are highly complex modalities due to MLCs motions, gantry rotation, dose rate variation during beam delivery. The advantages of using these techniques are delivery of conformal radiation dose to the target while sparing the surrounding normal tissues and organs-at-risk (OAR) are significantly higher compared to conventional 3D techniques. However, due to the high degree of complexity of these techniques, it is strongly recommended to do pre-treatment verification before dose delivery. For this reason, different types of 2D or 3D detectors such as diode arrays, ionization chambers, film (e.g., Gafchromic film EBT3), electronic portal imaging device (EPID), etc. have been used to ensure that the prescribed treatment dose is delivered within the clinically acceptable error tolerances. Regardless of the type of detector, all of this equipment has spatial limitations because of the discrete placement and physical separation of each detector which may affect GPR results [59, 60].
As it was mentioned before, phantoms or dosimeter devices used for performing patient-specific QA present spatial resolution limitations which may affect GPR results. Several research has been conducted to show the discrepancy of GPR within different phantoms with different spatial resolutions. Bruschi et al. [59] studied the effect of detector resolution on GPR. Three detectors (PTW OCTAVIUS 4D 729, 1500, and 100 SRS) used in five configurations with different resolutions were utilized in their study. This study indicates the detector resolution can significantly affect the SBRT pre-treatment verification results and a detector with high spatial resolution would be able to detect any kind of error such as those caused by MLC position, collimator, and gantry rotations, etc. In 2017 Woon et al. [61] worked on a similar subject and used three detectors with different resolutions (MapCHECK2, ArcCHECK, and EPID). They demonstrated that MLC errors of greater than 0.5 mm were not distinguishable in measured doses by the MapCheck2/ArcCHECK due to the inferior resolution caused by the large diode spacing relative to the resolution of the EPID. Bailey et al. [53] reported that detector arrays with low-spatial resolution may potentially affect the gamma index analysis by under sampling data. On the other hand, Steers et al. [62] indicated that different detectors show different error sensitivity which depends on the induced type of error and the GPR does not highly depend on detector spatial sampling. Moreover, they showed that increasing spatial sampling not only increase the GPR but also reduces error sensitivity in many cases. This is observed if the increase in the number of sampling results in a higher number of low dose points in the comparison than high dose points, an effect which is increasingly important for globally normalized gamma comparisons [62]. Salari et al. [63] also compared standard density vs. high density measurements of ArcCHECK phantom in Intensity Modulation Radiosurgery (IMRS) cases and compared the GPR values. As shown in Figure 1, the results of standard density mode had better GPR for each energy and planned dose grid which is also in good agreement with Steer et al. result. Note that 1 mm and 2 mm represent GS; 6 FFF and 10 FFF for 6 MV FFF and 10 MV FFF beam energies, respectively.
Comparisons of standard density vs. high-density modes between different planned grid sizes and energy. (reprinted from Salari, et al., “evaluation of parameters affecting gamma passing rate in patient-specific QA’s for multiple brain lesions IMRS treatments using Ray-Station treatment planning system. In print: J Appl Clin med Phys. 2021).
Hussein et al. [64] also conducted research on five commercial QA devices and analyzed the effect of detector resolution on γ. They concluded that different combinations of QA devices and software exhibit varying level of agreement for the same passing rate.
Modern treatment techniques, such as IMRT and VMAT, have enabled the escalation of target dose with fewer side effects to the surrounding OARs by modulation of the treatment plans to achieve the desired dose distribution. In IMRT, MLCs are moving during treatment, thereby delivering a radiation field with a non-uniform intensity while in VMAT technique, in addition to MLC motions, gantry speed and dose rate are also variable when the radiation beam is continuously on. For patients’ protection and safety, pretreatment dosimetric verification is done to provide sufficient data on the safety and reliability of treatment plans and delivery, even though performing pretreatment dosimetric verification is considered an additional workload. Therefore, a retrospective analysis of which parameter (leaf travel, beam aperture and shapes, control point angular separation, dose rate, and gantry variations) can affect the ability of the TPS to calculate a dose may provide important information on the limits of TPSs for IMRT/VMAT plans. The difference between calculated and measured dose distribution may be affected by the accuracy of the TPS calculation and the delivery accuracy. Discriminating between the two causes of errors is not an easy task. Furthermore, the delivery accuracy of IMRT/VMAT plans can be predicted by the score of plan modulation complexity [65]. For this purpose, many authors introduced or evaluated different Modulation Indices (MI)/parameters to find a correlation between plan complexity and GPR.
Nicolini et al. [66] studied the effect of gantry speed (deg/s) and dose rate (MU/min) on the quality of VMAT plans and showed using a higher dose rate improves plan quality and reduces delivery time. They also used dynamic log files generated by linac controllers to evaluate the delivery accuracy of plans and found out accuracy slightly improved in delivery when using a low dose rate. Wu et al. [67] analyzed the results of dose verification of 924 patients including the relationship between gamma pass rates and the location of lesions, the total number of monitor units, and the maximum area of the collective dose. They observed a correlation between the treatment site and GPR plus a strong negative correlation between total MUs and GPR that indicates increasing MU results in lower GPR. Moreover, a weak negative correlation between the largest area of the acquisition dose and GPR was reported [67]. McNiven et al. [68] proposed
In summary, various studies were conducted in this area and revealed different results regarding the correlation between plan complexity indices and QA metrics [65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79]. We believe, these differences may depend on the linac model and its commissioning plus TPS limitations such as beam model, dose engine, and algorithm [71, 80, 81].
As described in this chapter, there are a number of sources which may contribute and arise different levels of discrepancy between the computed dose by TPS and measurements. Much effort has been devoted to improve the accuracy of dose calculation algorithms, computing technology and measurements, and through all these developments the accuracy of dose calculation and measurements seems close to our clinical goals. Although, the accuracy of dose calculation in homogenous medium (e.g., water) does not much rely on the algorithm, in heterogeneous media such as lungs or bone, the accuracy of calculation depends strongly on the kernels of calculation algorithms and how well they can simulate the actual scattering of photon and electrons. As mentioned previously in this chapter and noted by authors in various literatures, the accuracy of dose calculation algorithms is rated as principle-based algorithms such as Monte Carlo, and the linear Boltzmann transport as the most accurate, followed by model-based algorithms such as CCC, AAA, and PBC in that order for accuracy; and correction-based algorithms. Another important item to be considered is the beam modeling which will directly affect the accuracy of dose calculation where each TPS has its own features to model beams. Therefore, following the beam data measurements, commissioning of the modeled beams becomes a necessary step typically achieved through end-to-end testing. This is to verify dose distribution and accurate computation under different clinical conditions before any clinical use. Moreover, it is important to understand the response and limitations of each equipment used along with gamma index analysis due to different combinations of QA devices and software packages, which may result in varying levels of agreement with the predicted gamma analysis for the same pass-rate criteria. Various reasons result in different correlations between GPR and complexity metrics, hence, these correlations are not generic and should be defined for each TPS.
None to report.
At IntechOpen, we not only specialize in the publication of Book Chapters as part of our Edited Volumes, but also the publication and dissemination of longer manuscripts, known as Long Form Monographs. Monographs allow Authors to focus on presenting a single subject or a specific aspect of that subject and publish their research in detail.
\n\nEven if you have an area of research that does not at first sight fit within a previously defined IntechOpen project, we can still offer support and help you in publishing your individual research. Publishing your IntechOpen book in the form of a Long Form Monograph is a viable alternative.
",metaTitle:"Publish a Whole Book",metaDescription:"At IntechOpen, we not only specialize in the publication of book chapters as part of our Edited Volumes, but also the publication and dissemination of long form manuscripts, known as monographs. Monographs allow authors to focus on presenting a single subject or a specific aspect of that subject and publish their research at length.\n\nPerhaps you have an area of research that does not fit within a previously defined IntechOpen project, but rather need help in publishing your individual research? Publishing your IntechOpen book in the form of a long form monograph is a great alternative.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publish-a-whole-book",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"MONOGRAPH - LONG FORM MANUSCRIPT
\\n\\nFORMATS
\\n\\nCOST
\\n\\n10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\nThe final price includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applied in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\nOptional Services
\\n\\nIntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, which is one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in a language they understand. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book and their high degree of linguistic and subject expertise enables them to deliver a superior quality output.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\\n\\nFUNDING
\\n\\nWe feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their work. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\\n\\nBENEFITS
\\n\\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\\n\\nFor a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions, go to How Open Access Publishing Works.
\\n\\nSEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\\n\\nIf you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
\\n\\nNot sure if this is the right option for you? Please refer back to the main Publish with IntechOpen page or feel free to contact us directly at book.department@intechopen.com.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'MONOGRAPH - LONG FORM MANUSCRIPT
\n\nFORMATS
\n\nCOST
\n\n10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\nThe final price includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applied in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\nOptional Services
\n\nIntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, which is one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in a language they understand. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book and their high degree of linguistic and subject expertise enables them to deliver a superior quality output.
\n\nIntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\n\nFUNDING
\n\nWe feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their work. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\n\nBENEFITS
\n\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\n\nFor a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions, go to How Open Access Publishing Works.
\n\nSEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\n\nIf you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
\n\nNot sure if this is the right option for you? Please refer back to the main Publish with IntechOpen page or feel free to contact us directly at book.department@intechopen.com.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{id:"965887@"},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6601},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5906},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2400},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12541},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1008},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17561}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"HttP://bxss.me/t/xss.html?%00"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:62},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10351",title:"Enhanced Liposuction",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f08ed6de16da357614586c5b58ed4dfa",slug:"enhanced-liposuction-new-perspectives-and-techniques",bookSignature:"Diane Irvine Duncan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10351.jpg",editors:[{id:"279869",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane Irvine",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"diane-irvine-duncan",fullName:"Diane Irvine Duncan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10779",title:"21st Century Nanostructured Materials",subtitle:"Physics, Chemistry, Classification, and Emerging Applications in Industry, Biomedicine, and Agriculture",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72c67f97f9bef68200df115b5fd79884",slug:"21st-century-nanostructured-materials-physics-chemistry-classification-and-emerging-applications-in-industry-biomedicine-and-agriculture",bookSignature:"Phuong V. Pham",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10779.jpg",editors:[{id:"236073",title:"Dr.",name:"Phuong",middleName:"Viet",surname:"Pham",slug:"phuong-pham",fullName:"Phuong Pham"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4389},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3340,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1845,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1096,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:995,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3791,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2982,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:559,editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:546,editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:539,editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:535,editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"148",title:"Applied Microbiology",slug:"immunology-and-microbiology-applied-microbiology",parent:{id:"13",title:"Immunology and Microbiology",slug:"immunology-and-microbiology"},numberOfBooks:26,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:860,numberOfWosCitations:964,numberOfCrossrefCitations:838,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1815,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"148",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"11006",title:"Disinfection of Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d7f3f66e22e16c3751989918a43b3210",slug:"disinfection-of-viruses",bookSignature:"Raymond W. Nims and M. Khalid Ijaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11006.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104702",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond W.",middleName:null,surname:"Nims",slug:"raymond-w.-nims",fullName:"Raymond W. Nims"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9403",title:"Human Microbiome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c31366ba82585ba3ac91d21eb1cf0a4d",slug:"human-microbiome",bookSignature:"Natalia V. Beloborodova and Andrey V. Grechko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9403.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8415",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e0321bc93b89ff73730157738f8f97",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8967",title:"Bacterial Biofilms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e692b520263526cca2b37092c3e8d0b4",slug:"bacterial-biofilms",bookSignature:"Sadik Dincer, Melis Sümengen Özdenefe and Afet Arkut",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8967.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9294",title:"Fluorescence Methods for Investigation of Living Cells and Microorganisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a97a566a3a19eb9e0c9ba61042bb06c5",slug:"fluorescence-methods-for-investigation-of-living-cells-and-microorganisms",bookSignature:"Natalia Grigoryeva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9294.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"239430",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",middleName:"Yu.",surname:"Grigoryeva",slug:"natalia-grigoryeva",fullName:"Natalia Grigoryeva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8422",title:"Metagenomics",subtitle:"Basics, Methods and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82c6409553747ffccd6075f9420e3175",slug:"metagenomics-basics-methods-and-applications",bookSignature:"Wael N. Hozzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8422.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"189233",title:"Prof.",name:"Wael N.",middleName:"Nabil",surname:"Hozzein",slug:"wael-n.-hozzein",fullName:"Wael N. Hozzein"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6967",title:"Prebiotics and Probiotics",subtitle:"Potential Benefits in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"11781d6b1c070edcf204518e632033be",slug:"prebiotics-and-probiotics-potential-benefits-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Elena Franco-Robles and Joel Ramírez-Emiliano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6967.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219102",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Franco-Robles",slug:"elena-franco-robles",fullName:"Elena Franco-Robles"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8019",title:"Alginates",subtitle:"Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61ea5c1aef462684a3b2215631b7dbf2",slug:"alginates-recent-uses-of-this-natural-polymer",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8019.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8292",title:"Oral Health by Using Probiotic Products",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"327e750e83634800ace02fe62607c21e",slug:"oral-health-by-using-probiotic-products",bookSignature:"Razzagh Mahmoudi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8292.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"245925",title:"Dr.",name:"Razzagh",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoudi",slug:"razzagh-mahmoudi",fullName:"Razzagh Mahmoudi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8107",title:"Yeasts in Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b3b86676fec9c1a1f34c8bd00b16c11c",slug:"yeasts-in-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Thalita Peixoto Basso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8107.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"139174",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Thalita",middleName:null,surname:"Peixoto Basso",slug:"thalita-peixoto-basso",fullName:"Thalita Peixoto Basso"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:26,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"62553",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79371",title:"Antibiotic Use in Poultry Production and Its Effects on Bacterial Resistance",slug:"antibiotic-use-in-poultry-production-and-its-effects-on-bacterial-resistance",totalDownloads:7145,totalCrossrefCites:42,totalDimensionsCites:85,abstract:"A surge in the development and spread of antibiotic resistance has become a major cause for concern. Over the past few decades, no major new types of antibiotics have been produced and almost all known antibiotics are increasingly losing their activity against pathogenic microorganisms. The levels of multi-drug resistant bacteria have also increased. It is known that worldwide, more than 60% of all antibiotics that are produced find their use in animal production for both therapeutic and non-therapeutic purposes. The use of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry has been linked to the development and spread of resistant bacteria. Poultry products are among the highest consumed products worldwide but a lot of essential antibiotics are employed during poultry production in several countries; threatening the safety of such products (through antimicrobial residues) and the increased possibility of development and spread of microbial resistance in poultry settings. This chapter documents some of the studies on antibiotic usage in poultry farming; with specific focus on some selected bacterial species, their economic importance to poultry farming and reports of resistances of isolated species from poultry settings (farms and poultry products) to essential antibiotics.",book:{id:"6978",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-global-threat",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",fullTitle:"Antimicrobial Resistance - A Global Threat"},signatures:"Christian Agyare, Vivian Etsiapa Boamah, Crystal Ngofi Zumbi and\nFrank Boateng Osei",authors:[{id:"182058",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Agyare",slug:"christian-agyare",fullName:"Christian Agyare"},{id:"261271",title:"MSc.",name:"Crystal Ngofi",middleName:null,surname:"Zumbi",slug:"crystal-ngofi-zumbi",fullName:"Crystal Ngofi Zumbi"},{id:"261272",title:"MSc.",name:"Frank Boateng",middleName:null,surname:"Osei",slug:"frank-boateng-osei",fullName:"Frank Boateng Osei"},{id:"261273",title:"Dr.",name:"Vivian Etsiapa",middleName:null,surname:"Boamah",slug:"vivian-etsiapa-boamah",fullName:"Vivian Etsiapa Boamah"}]},{id:"39599",doi:"10.5772/50046",title:"Encapsulation Technology to Protect Probiotic Bacteria",slug:"encapsulation-technology-to-protect-probiotic-bacteria",totalDownloads:12312,totalCrossrefCites:40,totalDimensionsCites:81,abstract:null,book:{id:"3145",slug:"probiotics",title:"Probiotics",fullTitle:"Probiotics"},signatures:"María Chávarri, Izaskun Marañón and María Carmen Villarán",authors:[{id:"150285",title:"Dr.",name:"María",middleName:null,surname:"Chávarri Hueda",slug:"maria-chavarri-hueda",fullName:"María Chávarri Hueda"},{id:"151613",title:"MSc.",name:"Izaskun",middleName:null,surname:"Marañon",slug:"izaskun-maranon",fullName:"Izaskun Marañon"},{id:"151621",title:"Dr.",name:"Mª Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Villarán",slug:"ma-carmen-villaran",fullName:"Mª Carmen Villarán"}]},{id:"39607",doi:"10.5772/50121",title:"Recent Application of Probiotics in Food and Agricultural Science",slug:"recent-application-of-probiotics-in-food-and-agricultural-science",totalDownloads:10107,totalCrossrefCites:28,totalDimensionsCites:74,abstract:null,book:{id:"3145",slug:"probiotics",title:"Probiotics",fullTitle:"Probiotics"},signatures:"Danfeng Song, Salam Ibrahim and Saeed Hayek",authors:[{id:"107905",title:"Prof.",name:"Salam",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"salam-ibrahim",fullName:"Salam Ibrahim"},{id:"150202",title:"Dr.",name:"Danfeng",middleName:null,surname:"Song",slug:"danfeng-song",fullName:"Danfeng Song"},{id:"151025",title:"MSc.",name:"Saeed",middleName:null,surname:"Hayek",slug:"saeed-hayek",fullName:"Saeed Hayek"}]},{id:"51065",doi:"10.5772/63499",title:"Role of the Biofilms in Wastewater Treatment",slug:"role-of-the-biofilms-in-wastewater-treatment",totalDownloads:6763,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:57,abstract:"Biological wastewater treatment systems play an important role in improving water quality and human health. This chapter thus briefly discusses different biological methods, specially biofilm technologies, the development of biofilms on different filter media, factors affecting their development as well as their structure and function. It also tackles various conventional and modern molecular techniques for detailed exploration of the composition, diversity and dynamics of biofilms. These data are crucial to improve the performance, robustness and stability of biofilm-based wastewater treatment technologies.",book:{id:"5197",slug:"microbial-biofilms-importance-and-applications",title:"Microbial Biofilms",fullTitle:"Microbial Biofilms - Importance and Applications"},signatures:"Shama Sehar and Iffat Naz",authors:[{id:"180364",title:"Dr.",name:"Iffat",middleName:null,surname:"Naz",slug:"iffat-naz",fullName:"Iffat Naz"},{id:"183345",title:"Dr.",name:"Shama",middleName:null,surname:"Sehar",slug:"shama-sehar",fullName:"Shama Sehar"}]},{id:"49246",doi:"10.5772/61300",title:"Chitosan as a Biomaterial — Structure, Properties, and Electrospun Nanofibers",slug:"chitosan-as-a-biomaterial-structure-properties-and-electrospun-nanofibers",totalDownloads:4618,totalCrossrefCites:24,totalDimensionsCites:55,abstract:"Chitosan is a polysaccharide derived from chitin; chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in the world, after cellulose. Chitosan is biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic, so that it can be usedin medicalapplications such as antimicrobial and wound healing biomaterials. It also used as chelating agent due to its ability to bind with cholesterol, fats, proteins and metal ions.",book:{id:"4648",slug:"concepts-compounds-and-the-alternatives-of-antibacterials",title:"Concepts, Compounds and the Alternatives of Antibacterials",fullTitle:"Concepts, Compounds and the Alternatives of Antibacterials"},signatures:"H. M. Ibrahim and E.M.R. El- Zairy",authors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"},{id:"175694",title:"Dr.",name:"Enas",middleName:null,surname:"El- Zairy",slug:"enas-el-zairy",fullName:"Enas El- Zairy"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"65613",title:"The Methods for Detection of Biofilm and Screening Antibiofilm Activity of Agents",slug:"the-methods-for-detection-of-biofilm-and-screening-antibiofilm-activity-of-agents",totalDownloads:9040,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Biofilm producer microorganisms cause nosocomial and recurrent infections. Biofilm that is a sticky exopolysaccharide is the main virulence factor causing biofilm-related infections. Biofilm formation begins with attachment of bacteria to biotic surface such as host cell or abiotic surface such as prosthetic devices. After attachment, aggregation of bacteria is started by cell-cell adhesion. Aggregation continues with the maturation of biofilm. Dispersion is started by certain conditions such as phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs). By this way, sessile bacteria turn back into planktonic form. Bacteria embedded in biofilm (sessile form) are more resistant to antimicrobials than planktonic bacteria. So it is hard to treat biofilm-embedded bacteria than planktonic forms. For this reason, it is important to detect biofilm. There are a few biofilm detection and biofilm production methods on prosthetics, methods for screening antibacterial effect of agents against biofilm-embedded microorganism and antibiofilm effect of agents against biofilm production and mature biofilm. The aim of this chapter is to overview direct and indirect methods such as microscopy, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and Congo red agar, tube method, microtiter plate assay, checkerboard assay, plate counting, polymerase chain reaction, mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF, and biological assays used by antibiofilm researches.",book:{id:"8427",slug:"antimicrobials-antibiotic-resistance-antibiofilm-strategies-and-activity-methods",title:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods",fullTitle:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods"},signatures:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu",authors:[{id:"179460",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sahra",middleName:null,surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"}]},{id:"62553",title:"Antibiotic Use in Poultry Production and Its Effects on Bacterial Resistance",slug:"antibiotic-use-in-poultry-production-and-its-effects-on-bacterial-resistance",totalDownloads:7132,totalCrossrefCites:42,totalDimensionsCites:85,abstract:"A surge in the development and spread of antibiotic resistance has become a major cause for concern. Over the past few decades, no major new types of antibiotics have been produced and almost all known antibiotics are increasingly losing their activity against pathogenic microorganisms. The levels of multi-drug resistant bacteria have also increased. It is known that worldwide, more than 60% of all antibiotics that are produced find their use in animal production for both therapeutic and non-therapeutic purposes. The use of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry has been linked to the development and spread of resistant bacteria. Poultry products are among the highest consumed products worldwide but a lot of essential antibiotics are employed during poultry production in several countries; threatening the safety of such products (through antimicrobial residues) and the increased possibility of development and spread of microbial resistance in poultry settings. This chapter documents some of the studies on antibiotic usage in poultry farming; with specific focus on some selected bacterial species, their economic importance to poultry farming and reports of resistances of isolated species from poultry settings (farms and poultry products) to essential antibiotics.",book:{id:"6978",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-global-threat",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",fullTitle:"Antimicrobial Resistance - A Global Threat"},signatures:"Christian Agyare, Vivian Etsiapa Boamah, Crystal Ngofi Zumbi and\nFrank Boateng Osei",authors:[{id:"182058",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Agyare",slug:"christian-agyare",fullName:"Christian Agyare"},{id:"261271",title:"MSc.",name:"Crystal Ngofi",middleName:null,surname:"Zumbi",slug:"crystal-ngofi-zumbi",fullName:"Crystal Ngofi Zumbi"},{id:"261272",title:"MSc.",name:"Frank Boateng",middleName:null,surname:"Osei",slug:"frank-boateng-osei",fullName:"Frank Boateng Osei"},{id:"261273",title:"Dr.",name:"Vivian Etsiapa",middleName:null,surname:"Boamah",slug:"vivian-etsiapa-boamah",fullName:"Vivian Etsiapa Boamah"}]},{id:"65914",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Action Mechanisms of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-action-mechanisms-of-antibiotics-and-antibiotic-resistance",totalDownloads:4313,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"8427",slug:"antimicrobials-antibiotic-resistance-antibiofilm-strategies-and-activity-methods",title:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods",fullTitle:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods"},signatures:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu, Nesrin Gareayaghi and Bekir S. Kocazeybek",authors:[{id:"179460",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sahra",middleName:null,surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"},{id:"248288",title:"Prof.",name:"Bekir",middleName:null,surname:"Kocazeybek",slug:"bekir-kocazeybek",fullName:"Bekir Kocazeybek"},{id:"406463",title:"Dr.",name:"Nesrin",middleName:null,surname:"Gareayaghi",slug:"nesrin-gareayaghi",fullName:"Nesrin Gareayaghi"}]},{id:"50992",title:"Probiotics: A Comprehensive Review of Their Classification, Mode of Action and Role in Human Nutrition",slug:"probiotics-a-comprehensive-review-of-their-classification-mode-of-action-and-role-in-human-nutrition",totalDownloads:5326,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:"Probiotics are live microorganisms that live in gastrointestinal (GI) tract and are beneficial for their hosts and prevent certain diseases. In this chapter, after a complete introduction to probiotics, definition, mechanism of action, and their classification, currently used organisms will be discussed in detail. Moreover, different kinds of nutritional synthetic products of probiotics along with their safety and drug interaction will be noticed. This chapter mentions all clinical trial studies that have been done to evaluate probiotic efficacy with a focus on gastrointestinal diseases.",book:{id:"5193",slug:"probiotics-and-prebiotics-in-human-nutrition-and-health",title:"Probiotics and Prebiotics in Human Nutrition and Health",fullTitle:"Probiotics and Prebiotics in Human Nutrition and Health"},signatures:"Amirreza Khalighi, Reza Behdani and Shabnam Kouhestani",authors:[{id:"179560",title:"Dr.",name:"Amirreza",middleName:null,surname:"Khalighi",slug:"amirreza-khalighi",fullName:"Amirreza Khalighi"},{id:"185238",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Behdani",slug:"reza-behdani",fullName:"Reza Behdani"},{id:"185239",title:"Dr.",name:"Shabnam",middleName:null,surname:"Kouhestani",slug:"shabnam-kouhestani",fullName:"Shabnam Kouhestani"}]},{id:"72109",title:"Antibiotic Resistance in Biofilm",slug:"antibiotic-resistance-in-biofilm",totalDownloads:1411,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Biofilms can be found on several living and nonliving surfaces, which are formed by a group of microorganisms, complex assembly of proteins, polysaccharides, and DNAs in an extracellular polymeric matrix. By forming a biofilm, bacteria protect themselves from host defense, disinfectants, and antibiotics. Bacteria inside biofilm are much more resistant to antimicrobial agents than planktonic forms since bacteria that are unresisting to antimicrobial agents in any way can turn resistant after forming a biofilm. Low penetration of antibiotics into the biofilm, slow reproduction, and the existence of adaptive stress response constitute the multiphased defense of the bacterium. This antibiotic resistance, which is provided by biofilm, makes the treatments, which use effective antibiotic doses on the bacterium in planktonic shape, difficult. Biofilm formation potential of bacteria appears as an important virulence factor in ensuring the colonization on the living tissues or medical devices and makes the treatment difficult. The aim of this chapter is to overview the current knowledge of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in biofilms.",book:{id:"8967",slug:"bacterial-biofilms",title:"Bacterial Biofilms",fullTitle:"Bacterial Biofilms"},signatures:"Sadık Dincer, Fatima Masume Uslu and Anil Delik",authors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"},{id:"315992",title:"MSc.",name:"Fatıma Masume",middleName:null,surname:"Uslu",slug:"fatima-masume-uslu",fullName:"Fatıma Masume Uslu"},{id:"315993",title:"MSc.",name:"Anıl",middleName:null,surname:"Delik",slug:"anil-delik",fullName:"Anıl Delik"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"148",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 13th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"10",title:"Animal Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}},{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"332229",title:"Prof.",name:"Jen-Tsung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jen-tsung-chen",fullName:"Jen-Tsung Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332229/images/system/332229.png",biography:"Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen is currently a professor at the National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. He teaches cell biology, genomics, proteomics, medicinal plant biotechnology, and plant tissue culture. Dr. Chen\\'s research interests include bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. He has published more than ninety scientific papers and serves as an editorial board member for Plant Methods, Biomolecules, and International Journal of Molecular Sciences.",institutionString:"National University of Kaohsiung",institution:{name:"National University of Kaohsiung",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:43,paginationItems:[{id:"81796",title:"Apoptosis-Related Diseases and Peroxisomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105052",signatures:"Meimei Wang, Yakun Liu, Ni Chen, Juan Wang and Ye Zhao",slug:"apoptosis-related-diseases-and-peroxisomes",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81723",title:"Peroxisomal Modulation as Therapeutic Alternative for Tackling Multiple Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104873",signatures:"Shazia Usmani, Shadma Wahab, Abdul Hafeez, Shabana Khatoon and Syed Misbahul Hasan",slug:"peroxisomal-modulation-as-therapeutic-alternative-for-tackling-multiple-cancers",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81638",title:"Aging and Neuropsychiatric Disease: A General Overview of Prevalence and Trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103102",signatures:"Jelena Milić",slug:"aging-and-neuropsychiatric-disease-a-general-overview-of-prevalence-and-trends",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81566",title:"New and Emerging Technologies for Integrative Ambulatory Autonomic Assessment and Intervention as a Catalyst in the Synergy of Remote Geocoded Biosensing, Algorithmic Networked Cloud Computing, Deep Learning, and Regenerative/Biomic Medicine: Further Real",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104092",signatures:"Robert L. Drury",slug:"new-and-emerging-technologies-for-integrative-ambulatory-autonomic-assessment-and-intervention-as-a-",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7264",title:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7264.jpg",slug:"calcium-and-signal-transduction",publishedDate:"October 24th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"John N. Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",biography:"Full Professor and Vice Chair, Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine. He received his B.S. Degree in Biology at La Sierra University, Riverside California (1980) and a PhD in Pharmacology from Loma Linda University School of Medicine (1988). Post-Doctoral Fellow at University of California, Irvine, College of Medicine 1989-1992 with a focus on autonomic nerve function in blood vessels and the impact of aging on the function of these nerves and overall blood vessel function. Twenty years of research funding and served on NIH R01 review panels, Editor-In-Chief of Edorium Journal of Aging Research. Serves as a peer reviewer for biomedical journals. Military Reserve Officer serving with the 100 Support Command, 100 Troop Command, 40 Infantry Division, CA National Guard.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",slug:"antioxidants",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Antioxidants",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63600/images/system/63600.png",biography:"Dr. Emad Shalaby is a professor of biochemistry on the Biochemistry Department Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University. He\nreceived a short-term scholarship to carry out his post-doctoral\nstudies abroad, from Japan International Cooperation Agency\n(JICA), in coordination with the Egyptian government. Dr.\nShalaby speaks fluent English and his native Arabic. He has 77\ninternationally published research papers, has attended 15 international conferences, and has contributed to 18 international books and chapters.\nDr. Shalaby works as a reviewer on over one hundred international journals and is\non the editorial board of more than twenty-five international journals. He is a member of seven international specialized scientific societies, besides his local one, and\nhe has won seven prizes.",institutionString:"Cairo University",institution:{name:"Cairo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"11576",title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",hash:"5a01644fb0b4ce24c2f947913d154abe",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 26th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"76041",title:"Prof.",name:"Pier Paolo",surname:"Piccaluga",slug:"pier-paolo-piccaluga",fullName:"Pier Paolo Piccaluga"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11577",title:"Tick-Borne Diseases - A Review and an Update of Knowledge on Infections in Human and Animal Population",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11577.jpg",hash:"3d72ae651ee2a04b2368bf798a3183ca",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"51521",title:"Prof.",name:"Elisa",surname:"Pieragostini",slug:"elisa-pieragostini",fullName:"Elisa Pieragostini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11570",title:"Influenza - New Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11570.jpg",hash:"157b379b9d7a4bf5e2cc7a742f155a44",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"139889",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyyed Shamsadin",surname:"Athari",slug:"seyyed-shamsadin-athari",fullName:"Seyyed Shamsadin Athari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11569",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",hash:"069d6142ecb0d46d14920102d48c0e9d",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"May 31st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"189561",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela Laura",surname:"Vica",slug:"mihaela-laura-vica",fullName:"Mihaela Laura Vica"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11568",title:"Staphylococcal Infections - Recent Advances and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11568.jpg",hash:"92c881664d1921c7f2d0fee34b78cd08",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59719",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Bustos-Martínez",slug:"jaime-bustos-martinez",fullName:"Jaime Bustos-Martínez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81751",title:"NanoBioSensors: From Electrochemical Sensors Improvement to Theranostic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102552",signatures:"Anielle C.A. Silva, Eliete A. Alvin, Lais S. de Jesus, Caio C.L. de França, Marílya P.G. da Silva, Samaysa L. Lins, Diógenes Meneses, Marcela R. Lemes, Rhanoica O. Guerra, Marcos V. da Silva, Carlo J.F. de Oliveira, Virmondes Rodrigues Junior, Renata M. Etchebehere, Fabiane C. de Abreu, Bruno G. Lucca, Sanívia A.L. Pereira, Rodrigo C. Rosa and Noelio O. Dantas",slug:"nanobiosensors-from-electrochemical-sensors-improvement-to-theranostic-applications",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81766",title:"Evolution of Organoids in Oncology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104251",signatures:"Allen Thayakumar Basanthakumar, Janitha Chandrasekhar Darlybai and Jyothsna Ganesh",slug:"evolution-of-organoids-in-oncology",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81678",title:"Developmental Studies on Practical Enzymatic Phosphate Ion Biosensors and Microbial BOD Biosensors, and New Insights into the Future Perspectives of These Biosensor Fields",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104377",signatures:"Hideaki Nakamura",slug:"developmental-studies-on-practical-enzymatic-phosphate-ion-biosensors-and-microbial-bod-biosensors-a",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hideaki",surname:"Nakamura"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81547",title:"Organoids and Commercialization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104706",signatures:"Anubhab Mukherjee, Aprajita Sinha, Maheshree Maibam, Bharti Bisht and Manash K. Paul",slug:"organoids-and-commercialization",totalDownloads:33,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81412",title:"Mathematical Morphology and the Heart Signals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104113",signatures:"Taouli Sidi Ahmed",slug:"mathematical-morphology-and-the-heart-signals",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81360",title:"Deep Learning Algorithms for Efficient Analysis of ECG Signals to Detect Heart Disorders",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103075",signatures:"Sumagna Dey, Rohan Pal and Saptarshi Biswas",slug:"deep-learning-algorithms-for-efficient-analysis-of-ecg-signals-to-detect-heart-disorders",totalDownloads:31,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81294",title:"Applications of Neural Organoids in Neurodevelopment and Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104044",signatures:"Jing Gong, Jiahui Kang, Minghui Li, Xiao Liu, Jun Yang and Haiwei Xu",slug:"applications-of-neural-organoids-in-neurodevelopment-and-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:25,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81318",title:"Retinal Organoids over the Decade",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104258",signatures:"Jing Yuan and Zi-Bing Jin",slug:"retinal-organoids-over-the-decade",totalDownloads:39,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81068",title:"Characteristic Profiles of Heart Rate Variability in Depression and Anxiety",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104205",signatures:"Toshikazu Shinba",slug:"characteristic-profiles-of-heart-rate-variability-in-depression-and-anxiety",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"80691",title:"Applications of Quantum Mechanics, Laws of Classical Physics, and Differential Calculus to Evaluate Source Localization According to the Electroencephalogram",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102831",signatures:"Kristin S. Williams",slug:"applications-of-quantum-mechanics-laws-of-classical-physics-and-differential-calculus-to-evaluate-so",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:13,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9403",title:"Human Microbiome",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9403.jpg",slug:"human-microbiome",publishedDate:"June 16th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Natalia V. Beloborodova and Andrey V. Grechko",hash:"c31366ba82585ba3ac91d21eb1cf0a4d",volumeInSeries:20,fullTitle:"Human Microbiome",editors:[{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",slug:"oxidoreductase",publishedDate:"February 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",volumeInSeries:19,fullTitle:"Oxidoreductase",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224662/images/system/224662.jpg",institutionString:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institution:{name:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9742",title:"Ubiquitin",subtitle:"Proteasome Pathway",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9742.jpg",slug:"ubiquitin-proteasome-pathway",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"af6880d3a5571da1377ac8f6373b9e82",volumeInSeries:18,fullTitle:"Ubiquitin - Proteasome Pathway",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9002",title:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9002.jpg",slug:"glutathione-system-and-oxidative-stress-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"August 26th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",hash:"127defed0a50ad5ed92338dc96e1e10e",volumeInSeries:17,fullTitle:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:8},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:10}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:249,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"15",type:"subseries",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",slug:"azhar-rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81681",title:"Immunomodulatory Effects of a M2-Conditioned Medium (PRS® CK STORM): Theory on the Possible Complex Mechanism of Action through Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of the TLR System and the Purinergic System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104486",signatures:"Juan Pedro Lapuente",slug:"immunomodulatory-effects-of-a-m2-conditioned-medium-prs-ck-storm-theory-on-the-possible-complex-mech",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81580",title:"Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104450",signatures:"Shin Mukai",slug:"graft-versus-host-disease-pathogenesis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80485",title:"Potential Marker for Diagnosis and Screening of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102792",signatures:"Yulia Nadar Indrasari, Siti Nurul Hapsari and Muhamad Robiul Fuadi",slug:"potential-marker-for-diagnosis-and-screening-of-iron-deficiency-anemia-in-children",totalDownloads:42,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"79693",title:"Ferroptosis: Can Iron be the Last or Cure for a Cell?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101426",signatures:"Asuman Akkaya Fırat",slug:"ferroptosis-can-iron-be-the-last-or-cure-for-a-cell",totalDownloads:90,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"79616",title:"Dietary Iron",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101265",signatures:"Kouser Firdose and Noor Firdose",slug:"dietary-iron",totalDownloads:144,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"78977",title:"FERALGINE™ a New Oral iron Compound",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100445",signatures:"Valentina Talarico, Laura Giancotti, Giuseppe Antonio Mazza, Santina Marrazzo, Roberto Miniero and Marco Bertini",slug:"feralgine-a-new-oral-iron-compound",totalDownloads:129,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/59208",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"59208"},fullPath:"/chapters/59208",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()