Surgery of pulmonary tuberculosis.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"11196",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"New Updates in E-Learning",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book presents state-of-the-art educational technologies and teaching methodologies and discusses future educational philosophies in support of the global academic society. New Updates in E-Learning is a collection of chapters addressing important issues related to effective utilization of the Internet and Cloud Computing, virtual robotics, and real-life application of hybrid educational environments to enhance student learning regardless of geographical location or other constraints. Over ten chapters, the book discusses the current and future evolution of educational technologies and methodologies and the best academic practices in support of providing high-quality education at all academic levels.",isbn:"978-1-80355-418-1",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-417-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-419-8",doi:null,price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",numberOfPages:190,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",numberOfDownloads:464,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:null,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 9th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 7th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 6th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 24th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 25th 2022",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/10086/images/system/10086.jpg",biography:"Professor Eduard Babulak is an accomplished international scholar, researcher, consultant, educator, professional engineer, and polyglot with more than thirty years of experience. He has published research that has been cited by scholars worldwide. He has been an invited speaker at the University of Cambridge, England; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Purdue University, Indiana; Yokohama National University, Japan; University of Electro-Communications, Japan; Sungkyunkwan University, Korea; Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Graz University of Technology, Austria; and other prestigious academic institutions worldwide. He serves as editor in chief, associate editor in chief, co-editor, and guest editor for numerous journals. He communicates in sixteen languages and his biography was cited in the Cambridge Blue Book, Cambridge Index of Biographies, Stanford Who’s Who, and several issues of Who’s Who in the World and America.",institutionString:"National Science Foundation (NSF)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"National Science Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1318",title:"Virtual Learning",slug:"virtual-learning"}],chapters:[{id:"81000",title:"Technology Integration on Teaching Writing in the Foundation Phase Classrooms in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103666",slug:"technology-integration-on-teaching-writing-in-the-foundation-phase-classrooms-in-the-eastern-cape-pr",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Teachers play a significant role in developing writing. They are responsible for teaching the younger generations exposed to technology through various gadgets. This study aims to better integrate technology in teaching writing in the Foundation Phase (FP). The premise for this study is the need to integrate technology in the Foundation Phase in order to attain educational goals. A qualitative case study was conducted that involved semi-structured interviews and the draw and talk/write method to gain in-depth knowledge of integrating technology to develop writing skills. For this study, the cognitive theory of multimedia learning (CTML) and sociocultural theory of learning were used as a theoretical framework. The participants were four Grade 3 teachers and 12 learners from two primary schools. This study indicated the importance of integrating technology in teaching writing, which subsequently led to more positive learning experiences for the FP learners. The study’s key finding is that FP teachers are technologically illiterate. As a result, it is suggested that a set of curriculum guidelines based on the interests of this generation of learners be produced to enable teachers and students in successfully integrate teaching and technology in the FP.",signatures:"Pretty Thandiswa Mpiti and Bulelwa Makena",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81000",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81000",authors:[{id:"451956",title:"Dr.",name:"Pretty Thandiswa",surname:"Mpiti",slug:"pretty-thandiswa-mpiti",fullName:"Pretty Thandiswa Mpiti"},{id:"452016",title:"Dr.",name:"Bulelwa",surname:"Makena",slug:"bulelwa-makena",fullName:"Bulelwa Makena"}],corrections:null},{id:"80627",title:"New Updates in Online Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102576",slug:"new-updates-in-online-learning",totalDownloads:51,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"During the COVID-19 pandemic, a rapid transformation happened overnight in the teaching-learning strategy in primary, secondary and tertiary education. All educators started using web-conferencing tools as principal element of online learning. However, in spite of health concerns among the pandemic situation, strong student preferences towards returning back to face-to-face or hybrid mode brought challenges to the effectiveness of online learning. Students cite many reasons for dropping out of online courses. Increased workload and poor organization of remote learning have been found to be the principal reason for the students’ dissatisfaction. The orientation of online learning needs alignment towards the principle of course design along with the flexibility to attain the instructional goals, objectives, and outcomes. Sophisticated technology often makes online and even hybrid course design to change track from well-designed pedagogy leading to loss of functional relevance for the students. Instructors should be flexible and employ multiple strategies to improve online learning experiences in both asynchronous and synchronous learning environment. Studies have proved that using the best practice of the alignment of learning outcome, online learning activities and repeated online knowledge-checks foster student motivation towards the completion of online courses.",signatures:"Nilesh Kumar Mitra",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80627",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80627",authors:[{id:"439978",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Nilesh Kumar",surname:"Mitra",slug:"dr.-nilesh-kumar-mitra",fullName:"Dr. Nilesh Kumar Mitra"}],corrections:null},{id:"80356",title:"Training Framework to Enhance Digital Skills and Pedagogy of Chemistry Teachers to Use IMFUNDO",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102003",slug:"training-framework-to-enhance-digital-skills-and-pedagogy-of-chemistry-teachers-to-use-imfundo",totalDownloads:51,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The purpose of this study was to develop a training framework to enhance digital skills, practice and pedagogy of Chemistry teachers to effectively use a learning management system (LMS). The Department of Chemistry has been unsuccessful in adopting and integrating technology in teaching since 2011 due to the lack of a framework for training teachers in skills and competencies required to successfully implement digitalization pedagogy, engage students and improve student success. The challenge was that Chemistry teachers used LMS as a repository. This observation was not in line with the newly approved study University’s Teaching, Learning and Technology Strategy and did not support student-centered learning. Action research was employed. It was found that the teacher-training framework and the remote training of Chemistry teachers were developed and implemented. After training, the design and development of online modules significantly improved. COVID-19 lockdown accelerated the transition to fully online teaching.",signatures:"Sibongile Simelane-Mnisi and Ntebogeng Mokgala-Fleischmann",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80356",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80356",authors:[{id:"355471",title:"Dr.",name:"Sibongile",surname:"Simelane-Mnisi",slug:"sibongile-simelane-mnisi",fullName:"Sibongile Simelane-Mnisi"},{id:"449056",title:"Prof.",name:"Ntebogeng",surname:"Mokgalaka-Fleischmann",slug:"ntebogeng-mokgalaka-fleischmann",fullName:"Ntebogeng Mokgalaka-Fleischmann"}],corrections:null},{id:"80271",title:"The Impact of Academic Discipline on Student’s Engagement in Online Learning: An Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102071",slug:"the-impact-of-academic-discipline-on-student-s-engagement-in-online-learning-an-extension-of-the-tec",totalDownloads:57,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Tertiary education has dramatically changed after the outbreak of COVID-19. The use of the Learning Management System (LMS) in online learning has become popular. Many researchers are trying to investigate its features that influence the degree of acceptance and usage of learners among those techniques. However, some of their acceptance is not behavioral, but more on mental and abstract, which would be considered as engagement. In addition, academic disciplines would have a different focus on the integration of technology into their teaching and learning, thus, it would influence students\\' acceptance of the technology. This research addressed this gap by studying university students in Hong Kong about the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and behavioral, agentic, cognitive, and emotional engagement. The findings extended the previous literature of TAM by adding engagement and academic discipline into the model. The current study demonstrates that LMS displays the potential of delivering learning and teaching materials amid the pandemic.",signatures:"Ka Long Chan, Roy Kam and Man Sing Wong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80271",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80271",authors:[{id:"438312",title:"Mr.",name:"Ka Long",surname:"Chan",slug:"ka-long-chan",fullName:"Ka Long Chan"},{id:"439874",title:"Mr.",name:"Roy",surname:"Kam",slug:"roy-kam",fullName:"Roy Kam"},{id:"439875",title:"Prof.",name:"Man Sing",surname:"Wong",slug:"man-sing-wong",fullName:"Man Sing Wong"}],corrections:null},{id:"80472",title:"Strategy as Plan for Technology Integration to Reposition Lecturers for the New Normal in Higher Education",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102078",slug:"strategy-as-plan-for-technology-integration-to-reposition-lecturers-for-the-new-normal-in-higher-edu",totalDownloads:24,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter reports on the strategy as plan using ICT policy that could impact on repositioning the lecturers for the integration of technology for the new normal in education. Global, the COVID-19 pandemic distinctly exposed the unpreparedness of lecturers to integrate technology in teaching and learning when the shutdown of the higher institutions was announced. The participants consisted of 37 lecturers from four departments in the School of Education at a university of technology in South Africa. A qualitative case study method was used. An open-ended questionnaire, individual interviews and document analysis were used to collect data. Atlas.ti was used to analyse data. The findings revealed that the study University does not have the eLearning policy to enforce technology integration. Hence the unpreparedness of lecturers to integrate was discovered during Covid-19. It is recommended the study university develops an ICT policy, involving lecturers as stakeholders to promote ownership and conformability.",signatures:"Sibongile R. Ngcapu, Sibongile Simelane-Mnisi and Andile Mji",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80472",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80472",authors:[{id:"355471",title:"Dr.",name:"Sibongile",surname:"Simelane-Mnisi",slug:"sibongile-simelane-mnisi",fullName:"Sibongile Simelane-Mnisi"},{id:"122407",title:"Prof.",name:"Andile",surname:"Mji",slug:"andile-mji",fullName:"Andile Mji"},{id:"448504",title:"Mrs.",name:"Sibongile R.",surname:"Ngcapu",slug:"sibongile-r.-ngcapu",fullName:"Sibongile R. Ngcapu"}],corrections:null},{id:"80566",title:"Lessons Learned in a Hybrid Environment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102575",slug:"lessons-learned-in-a-hybrid-environment",totalDownloads:42,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the last two years in isolation, the hybrid environment for education becomes the most normal way to deliver education. The well-known design techniques are not enough for new learners from distance. The common practice from face-to-face training is neither. A lot of lessons are learned. The new combined approach is based on e-learning in combination with nugget education. The design considers learning and personal users’ styles. The learning experience design takes a significant role in rethinking the course/training design in the hybrid environment. Nowadays, understanding learners’ needs is most important for training design and to motivate them.",signatures:"Eugenia Kovatcheva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80566",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80566",authors:[{id:"174963",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Eugenia",surname:"Kovatcheva",slug:"eugenia-kovatcheva",fullName:"Eugenia Kovatcheva"}],corrections:null},{id:"80165",title:"Improving Accessibility of e-Learning Templates for Students with Disabilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101931",slug:"improving-accessibility-of-e-learning-templates-for-students-with-disabilities",totalDownloads:87,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Because of the effective development of contemporary technologies, also during the recent COVID-19 pandemic, students with disabilities have been increasingly integrated into the society, work, and academic environment. Accordingly, the question of how to provide accessible graphical design of e-learning materials for various categories of students with disabilities and how to comply with international accessibility standards is becoming more and more prominent. The purpose of the study was to propose recommendations for the design of e-learning materials to achieve the preparation of effective study materials for students with hearing and visual loss, as well as autism spectrum disorders. According to their needs and requirements, recommendations for the graphic design of accessible e-learning materials have been designed, developed, implemented, and evaluated. The findings revealed a higher level of acceptance of adapted material for all experimental groups and can be helpful for teachers and other professionals educating students with disabilities.",signatures:"Peter Čakš, Monika Ferk, Matjaž Debevc, Julija Bele Lapuh and Ines Kožuh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80165",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80165",authors:[{id:"201794",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Matjaž",surname:"Debevc",slug:"matjaz-debevc",fullName:"Matjaž Debevc"},{id:"201798",title:"Dr.",name:"Ines",surname:"Kožuh",slug:"ines-kozuh",fullName:"Ines Kožuh"},{id:"439304",title:"MSc.",name:"Peter",surname:"Čakš",slug:"peter-caks",fullName:"Peter Čakš"},{id:"439308",title:"MSc.",name:"Monika",surname:"Ferk",slug:"monika-ferk",fullName:"Monika Ferk"},{id:"439310",title:"Dr.",name:"Julija",surname:"Bele Lapuh",slug:"julija-bele-lapuh",fullName:"Julija Bele Lapuh"}],corrections:null},{id:"80569",title:"Workers’ Education from the Cloud: Maximising Latest Technologies for Human Resource Development in Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102793",slug:"workers-education-from-the-cloud-maximising-latest-technologies-for-human-resource-development-in-af",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"As the world is getting increasingly globalised as occasioned by rapid advancements in technology, so is the need for continuous skills enhancement on the part of the working population. What it takes to cope with the demands of the ever dynamic workplace in today’s tech-driven world has kept changing. Therefore, a worker who refuses to up-skill in line with the changing demands of the workplace will soon become obsolete. This has an implication for workers’ training and re-training towards skills enhancement which has some elements of digital skills acquisition. Meanwhile, cloud-based technology is increasingly being used in the education sector, and it is also considered to hold much promise for workers’ education. Cloud computing systems provide a variety of opportunities for content delivery, as well as providing limitless access to information over the internet. This chapter, therefore, explores the workability of workers’ education through the use of cloud computing systems, particularly in Africa in the face of her obvious challenges relating to a high level of poverty, epileptic power supply and poor internet connectivity, among others.",signatures:"Kehinde O. Kester and Solomon O. Ojedeji",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80569",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80569",authors:[{id:"110666",title:"Dr.",name:"Kehinde O.",surname:"Kester",slug:"kehinde-o.-kester",fullName:"Kehinde O. Kester"},{id:"440034",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Solomon O.",surname:"Ojedeji",slug:"solomon-o.-ojedeji",fullName:"Solomon O. Ojedeji"}],corrections:null},{id:"80166",title:"Virtual Robotics in Hybrid Teaching and Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102038",slug:"virtual-robotics-in-hybrid-teaching-and-learning",totalDownloads:82,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Traditional robotics instruction in face-to-face classrooms, after-school clubs, and independent competition environments align with expensive, physical robot kits shared by students. Students or parent groups often elect themselves because of previous experience, expertise, or perceived technical ability to dominate the physical robotic platforms’ planning, engineering, building, and subsequent programming. This self-elected grabbing of control leaves students who are not regarded as well-positioned to contribute sidelined to observe the self-appointed experts of the group. Virtual robotics platforms provide educators and coaches with the unique opportunity to give every student access to a robot. Each student learns programming, math, and scientific forces that impact robots through simulated physics algorithms. With their customizable virtual environments, virtual robotics platforms such as Vex VR and Robot Virtual Worlds level the playing field. All students can learn, practice, and subsequently contribute to robotics-centered group projects or competitive teams in meaningful ways. This book chapter delineates the strategies to implement virtual robotics in hybrid classroom environments supported by the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework. Additionally, this chapter reviews how computer-aided design and augmented reality platforms provide students with the opportunity to incorporate 3D objects into virtual worlds.",signatures:"Sharon Mistretta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80166",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80166",authors:[{id:"437279",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharon",surname:"Mistretta",slug:"sharon-mistretta",fullName:"Sharon Mistretta"}],corrections:null},{id:"80568",title:"Emergency Remote Education Amid COVID-19 Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102822",slug:"emergency-remote-education-amid-covid-19-pandemic",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The COVID-19 health emergency has created an unprecedented crisis in many areas. In education, it caused the suspension of face-to-face classes at all educational levels to prevent the spread of the virus and mitigate its impact. In extraordinary circumstances, such as those faced since 2020, the governments and the corresponding educational authorities found it necessary to apply strategies that would allow continuity to the learning processes remotely, causing a series of changes. The teacher, for example, required a transformation in his/her role as part of the social isolation demanded by the pandemic, for which it should be noted, he/she was not prepared; compelling him/her to act mainly as a mediator in the teaching-learning processes, and rely on the use of technology as an educational resource. Therefore, given the particularities of the current context and the conditions required for students to adapt themselves to the challenges to come, the education needs to be structured according to the four pillars raised by Jaques Delors at the end of the last century; but from a different approach; which will be addressed through the next chapter.",signatures:"María de Jesús Araiza-Vasquez and Mariel García-Leal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80568",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80568",authors:[{id:"443390",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Mariel",surname:"García Leal",slug:"mariel-garcia-leal",fullName:"Mariel García Leal"},{id:"443392",title:"Dr.",name:"María De Jesús",surname:"Araiza-Vasquez",slug:"maria-de-jesus-araiza-vasquez",fullName:"María De Jesús Araiza-Vasquez"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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",isbn:"978-1-80356-834-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-833-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-835-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"209fb1d781e97e58e1b2098b8976e2c3",bookSignature:"Dr. Albert Sabban",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11533.jpg",keywords:"Green Electronics, Renewable Energy, Green Material, Green Device, Energy Harvesting, Electronic Industry, Electronic Waste, Recycling, Computing Device, Optical Device, Optical Industry, Environmental Pollution",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 30th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 10th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 9th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 28th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 27th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"19 days",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Albert Sabban received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Colorado in Boulder, USA. He worked at RAFAEL as a senior researcher, group leader, and project leader, at Hitech companies as an RF specialist project leader, and acted as vice president of the colleges' lecturer organization in Israel. In 2014 he received the best lecturer award from Ort Braude college where he was the leader of the communication group.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"16889",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Sabban",slug:"albert-sabban",fullName:"Albert Sabban",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/16889/images/system/16889.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Albert Sabban holds a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Colorado at Boulder, USA (1991), and an MBA from the Faculty of Management, Haifa University, Israel (2005). He also holds a BSc and MSc, Magna Cum Laude, from the Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty at Tel Aviv University, Israel. He is a senior lecturer and researcher in electrical and computer engineering at several colleges. From 1976 to 2008 he worked at RAFAEL as a senior researcher, group leader, and project leader. From 2007 to 2021 he worked as an RF specialist project leader at Hitech companies and a senior lecturer and researcher at various colleges. From 2014 to 2017 he acted as vice president of the colleges lecturer organization in Israel. In 2014 Dr. Sabban received the best lecturer award from Ort Braude college where he was the leader of the communication group. He has published more than 200 research papers and holds several patents in the United States. He has written and edited nine books on compact wearable systems and green technologies. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"58943",title:"Learning and Teaching after 50 Years of THORAX Surgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72915",slug:"learning-and-teaching-after-50-years-of-thorax-surgery",body:'In the past, the assessment of surgical education started with the difficult acquisition of knowledge, reading through a total of six anatomy volumes published by Testut and Jacob and Testut and Latarjet. Besides, an unlimited number and type of general surgical procedures had to be carried out. Currently, surgical practice is mainly obtained through experimental models. These methods of teaching and learning surgical skills have shown that “if students outlive” the anatomical and functional steps, they will gain a greater understanding of anatomy and physiology. Nonetheless, surgeons must get a specific surgical specialty. In the future, surgeons will become subspecialists with genetic and robotic multitraining. However, it must be said that this issue may contain sensible medical ethical dilemmas, although this discipline derived from philosophy has grown in a very important way and surely will continue growing every day, mainly because of the positive impact of technological development on human well-being.
Regarding surgery, in the past, surgeons without any surgical specialty were capable of performing incisions in all cavities; they could correctly perform surgeries in the central nervous system, resolve cardiopathies, and dissect the abdomen. Currently, for instance in chest surgery, there are many subspecialties such as video-assisted surgery or interventional bronchoscopy performing surgeries such as pleural decortication, pulmonary resection, oncologic surgery, endocavitary aspiration, and transbronchial punctures for therapeutic, diagnostic or palliative purposes, and lately long-distance surgery and robotic surgery. The large number of subspecialties that have currently been added to pneumology, such as thoracic oncology, pulmonary pathophysiology, and intensive care of sleeping disorders, is worth noting. In addition to technological changes, in the future, thoracic surgeons will have to have knowledge/comprehend and support genomic medicine, molecular biology, epigenetics, computer networks, telecommunications, bioelectronics, artificial intelligence, communication and psychomedical techniques of treatment, geriatrics, preventive medicine, administration and health economics as well as ethics. Currently, thoracic surgery in the future will be practiced by groups of subspecialists that will need to be competent to select/have to choose from millions of data published daily in order to obtain and classify information.
“Writing about general chest surgery practiced since 50 years ago to date, and its future trends is to describe the medical-surgical fight against two important diseases: in the past, against pulmonary tuberculosis, and currently, against lung cancer. In the future, the challenge will be to unify video-assisted approach and robotics along with research and study of new drugs against these two diseases” [1].
Pulmonary tuberculosis or “the great white plague” was a serious public health problem worldwide since time immemorial, as confirmed by the forensic analysis of human remains showing signs of tuberculosis.
If we remember and think about Thomas Mann’s classic book “The Magic Mountain,” which began to be written in 1912 and was finished in 1924 and which describes the hospitals that existed in the mountains of Switzerland, we may recognize that in those times it was suggested that the air that could be breathed at those heights was a good treatment for the white plague. The hospital most talked about is the Walls Sanatorium in Davos, where lung collapse measures were used to treat tuberculosis patients. Nowadays, some of those homes once inhabited by patients with Koch bacillus, became fashion great luxury hotels.
The National Institute of Respiratory Diseases in Mexico (NIRDM) was inaugurated in 1936 as the Huipulco Tuberculosis Sanatorium (Figure 1), a place where most patients suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis. The sanatorium was architecturally designed in such a way that the rooms for patients had only three and a half walls to allow the free cycling of fresh air. NIRDM was built approximately 15 km away from the urban area, on green fields full of trees with temperatures ranging between 5 and 11°C [2].
Huipulco tuberculosis sanatorium, Mexico City, 1936.
Over the years, overpopulation and the consequent urban growth have caused environmental changes along with different ways of thinking about the treatment of some diseases, including tuberculosis. Because tuberculosis has been earmarked with lower income, less financial resources are allotted to its treatment while much more money is allocated to chronic-degenerative diseases.
In the past, young students´ restlessness and an unreal desire to dress in the surgeon’s uniform made the work even harder. The process was relatively slow since during the period as a medical student and specifically during the first 2 years, two tremendous subjects had to be studied exhaustively: the first one was descriptive anatomy. This task implied using “The Treatise on Descriptive Human Anatomy” by Testud and Jacob as a bedside book. The second subject was topographic anatomy based on “The Compendium of Topographic Anatomy” by Testut and Latarjet, a textbook that described human anatomy by regions.
Currently, much functional knowledge of the human body is mainly obtained in a practical way, either through experimental models or with dummies that had shown that “if students outlive” the anatomical and functional study steps, they will indisputably gain a greater understanding of anatomy and physiology knowledge.
When a medical student studies, learns clinical subjects such as pneumology, gastroenterology, or cardiology among other subjects, he or she does it closely to his or her tutor. The semiological study of the patient is performed on the analysis of the patient’s symptoms, that is, if the patient presents clinical signs such as dyspnea or cough, lung anatomy will be remembered, as well as the physiology of the lower airways regarding ventilation, perfusion, and diffusion; the surgical coil will especially be thought about when procuring the patient’s benefit. I think that in the future, all surgical/medical decisions will have to be taken by a group of experts, and a biologist-immunologist must be considered as one of them.
As for surgery, in the past, it was said that “the great surgeons made large incisions.” Furthermore, these great surgeons surgically intervened all the organs of the different cavities of the human body, and, as I experienced while I was a medical student, I saw the same surgeon from The General Hospital of Mexico practicing surgeries very dexterously in the central nervous system, or to alleviate heart diseases as well as the most frequent procedures practiced in the abdomen, such as colicystectomies and intestinal resections.
When I was in the fourth year of my Bachelor’s studies in medicine, I started studying the respiratory apparatus. It was the time when several types of thoracoplasty and some pulmonary resections were performed. After entering the surgery and seeing the surgical technique of thoracoplasty and the type of anesthesia used, I was impressed by the incision at the skin level, by the muscular separation, the entrance to the pleural cavity, and the desperiostization of the first, second and third ribs. So I decided to learn the surgical method and the postoperative management of this irreversible pulmonary collapse. Likewise, observing pulmonary resection was surprising too, due to the dissection of the pulmonary hilum and by the different techniques used to close the lobular bronchus or the lung.
In Mexico, Koch’s bacillus caused severe damage to the population, and around 1890s, health authorities and the distinguished physician Eduardo Liceaga started an organization to fight against the infection by
In 1905, The General Hospital of Mexico was inaugurated. There, two pavilions were assigned for tuberculosis patients only, and after the Mexican Revolution (1910), this pathology incidence increased because of the poverty increment after the armed conflict [1].
In those years, no specific treatment against
In those previous years, “pulmonary resections” were performed by placing the pulmonary hilum, either lobar or the whole lung, in a tourniquet, and a dissection was performed. True cunning was required in order to apply a tourniquet to the entire pulmonary hilum to perform the pneumonectomy. This surgery caused significant bleeding and bronchopleural fistulas with 25–30% of mortality rate. Indisputably, in order to practice a pneumonectomy, the surgeon must dissect the veins, artery, and bronchus either from the segment, the lobe, or the lung. Doctor Overholt, who intervened his patients in a face-down position on an operation table specially designed by him, insisted in the dissection of the pulmonary hilum. Leo Eloesser also supported this surgical procedure.
In 1882, the same year in which Robert Koch (Figure 2) discovered the causal agent of pulmonary tuberculosis, Carlo Forlanini devised intrapleural pneumothorax [3]. Since Koch’s postulates have been valid for 135 years, it is worth remembering them:
The bacterial pathogen is isolated from sick animals and never from healthy animals.
Bacteria can be isolated, cultivated, and purified from sick animals.
If bacteria are inoculated into a healthy susceptible host, illness would occur.
Robert Koch.
In 1954, Dr. Miguel Jiménez Sánchez registered a book describing the doctrine of respiratory trauma very well. His intention was to prevent it and give rise to the collapse therapy. It is worth describing this concept in the words of Dr. Jiménez:
“By the action of the inspiratory muscles, the lung tissue is subjected to a centrifugal distension that increases during inspiration, but does not disappear in the expiratory phase, since, during this phase, it occupies a space much bigger than the corresponding to its true complete rest position, which is the total collapse of the viscera, in which its retraction force is annulled, a circumstance that does not occur “in vivo” due to the existence of the pleural attraction that keeps the lung in a state of constant distension in the vicinity of the costal wall. In other words, the lung during expiration (physiological rest) is in a state of centrifugal hyperdistention that increases during each inspiration by the mechanisms already indicated.”
Also in the words of Dr. Jimenez: “The lung has a very delicate anatomical constitution and is formed of a tissue that is essentially elastic, uniform and eccentrically dilatable in the course of inspiration. It can be considered as a small elastic balloon that cannot dilate or retract as long as the inspiration does not allow the entrance of the air and the exhalation its exit. The alveolus is subjected to two opposing forces; on the one hand, the inspiratory muscles tend to dilate it, and on the other, the narrowing of the airways, by delaying the arrival of the air, oppose this dilatation. It is notable that a tissue as weak as that of the alveolus, due exclusively to its elastic expansion potential, can dampen the action of two opposing forces; and if its very delicate wall is not injured, it is that its dilatability is superior to the inspiratory dilation of the thorax” [4] (Figure 3).
Right pneumothorax X-ray image.
These concepts described by Dr. Forlanini and established by Dr. Jimenez led to the idea that normal function became abnormal because of lung disease.
It must be mentioned that inflammatory factors generated by pulmonary infection develop pleuritis, since the pleural leaves are adhered, and because their function to impede lung collapse gets compromised, Dr. Forlanini implemented a surgical technique called “section of adhesions,” to section them and avoid the lung’s collapse. When this procedure was executed, the urethroscope was used because there was no other equipment (as, for instance, a pleuroscope) available to section the parieto-visceral adhesions.
With Dr. Forlanini’s idea of causing pulmonary immobility, several physicians who treated pulmonary tuberculosis performed irreversible pulmonary collapse using different surgical techniques that comprised resection of the ribs in order to “letting the lung fall”, that is, inducing pulmonary collapse and, consequently, improving mainly cavitary lesions.
Breathing is carried out through inspiration and expiration in a number of 12–18 breaths per minute in diseased lungs, and this gave Dr. Carlo Forlanini the notion of the respiratory trauma concept. He explained that in lungs infected with
The discovery of
Subsequently, in Naples, Italy, Dr. Monaldi pursued the endocavitary aspiration to eliminate caseum from the tuberculous cavern, because the greatest amount of bacilli concentrates in that area [5].
Another surgical procedure practiced to avoid respiratory trauma was the phrenicectomy, although it caused respiratory insufficiency, paralysis of the hemidiaphragm, and therefore serious pulmonary ventilation problems.
In 1952, Waksman was awarded the Nobel Prize for his research in streptomycin discovery, a drug that fortunately led to a significant reduction in surgical measures for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.
There are different procedure types of thoracoplasty as follows:
Total thoracoplasty.
Subtotal thoracoplasty.
Upper partial thoracoplasty.
Partial inferior thoracoplasty.
The widened thoracoplasty.
Iterative thoracoplasties.
Thoraco-apicolysis.
Frequently, pulmonary tuberculosis caused infection in the pleural cavity or empyema tuberculosis. In most cases, this pathological situation required draining of pleural pus through a water seal connected to suction. Furthermore, the pleura responded to the
In 1935, Dr. Leo Eloesser devised a surgical technique called Eloesser’s Window to drain the tuberculous empyema by opening the pleural cavity. This “window” was a 2 × 3 cm2 cut into the costal wall and thus allowing the cleaning of the cavity to perform the pulmonary decortication (Figure 4).
Eloesser’s window technique for pleural drainage.
Around 1933, Dr. Banyai, while trying to perform an intrapleural pneumothorax in a tuberculous patient, introduced air into the peritoneal cavity, causing a pneumoperitoneum (Figure 5) that enhanced the evolution of tuberculosis lesions in the inferior lung lobes. This gave rise to the fact that in certain topographic situations of the tuberculous lesions, the pneumoperitoneum will be used.
Pneumoperitoneum X-ray image.
All surgical interventions, intrapleural pneumothorax, extrapleural pneumothorax (difficult to maintain), plumbing (Figure 6), lucite balls (Figure 7), phrenicectomy, pneumoperitoneum, and all types of thoracoplasty mentioned earlier are practiced to keep the lung at rest to avoid respiratory trauma.
Plumbing X-ray image.
Lucite balls X-ray image.
Although nowadays, efficient primary and secondary drugs for tuberculosis treatment exist, the lack of education and low-economic income have contributed to bacillary resistance, and occasionally thoracic surgery must be practiced to maintain the lung at rest.
Undoubtedly, as it has been stated by well-known tisiology specialists “tuberculosis has been an excellent teacher and an important teaching and learning factor in the management and treatment of different diseases of the chest.”
On the other hand, thoracoplasties consist of removing the posterior and lateral edges of the ribs, which are the parietal pleural support. This excision induced the lung collapse, and the surgical techniques are shown in Table 1 [6].
1. Intrapleural pneumothorax | |
1882 | Forlanini |
1898 | Murphy |
1908 | Saugman |
1909 | Brauer |
1912 | Jacobeus |
2. Phrenic nerve palsy | |
1911 | Stüertz |
1913 | Sauerbruch |
1920 | Felix/Goetze |
3. Thoracoplasty | |
1907 | Friedrich |
1911 | Wilms |
1913 | Sauerbruch |
1922 | Brauer |
1925 | Alexander |
1935 | Semb |
1954 | Björk |
4. Extrapleural pneumolysis | |
1891 | Tuffer |
1913 | Baer |
1936 | Graff |
5. Pneumoperitoneum | |
1933 | Banyai |
Klopstoc | |
Vajda | |
1938 | Bennet |
Surgery of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Plumbing, a technique that consisted of the application of oil to provoke lung collapse and diminish the respiratory trauma, lowers the apex of the lung, and the introduction of lucite balls into the pleural cavity was also used to avoid respiratory trauma. These methods occasionally caused erosions of the bronchi; even though oil could be expulsed through air expulsion, the lucite balls had to be surgically removed.
Thoracoplasty was another surgical method used to reduce respiratory trauma. It consists of the resection of the first five ribs in two surgical times, from the vertebral joint to the sternum costal joint. All patients submitted to thoracoplasty had paradoxical breathing due to the lack of support offered by the ribs, to the development of pleural adhesion, and to consequent negative pressure. These disturbances on the pulmonary ventilation “mediastinal swing and loss of costal support” invited the surgeon to practice a different type of thoracoplasty, that is, performing a partial resection of the ribs. This type of surgery, called chondroflexion, decreased the hemithorax space and no paradoxical breathing was produced (Figure 8).
Right thoracoplasty X-ray image.
In some patients, a post-thoracoplasty resection was prescribed in order to remove excavated lesions through lobar or segmental resection.
In addition to thoracoplasties, to keep the lung at rest, the phrenic nerve was sectioned with the purpose of paralyzing the corresponding hemidiaphragm and avoid trauma in the inferior dominant line. This surgery was performed for many years but unfortunately caused respiratory insufficiency because of diaphragmatic immobility and infections that were consequence of poor secretion management. In the long term, hemodynamic disorders such as pulmonary artery hypertension developed (Figure 9).
Left thoracoplasty X-ray image.
In Mexico City, the first lung resection was performed by Leo Eloesser at the Huipulco Tuberculosis Sanatorium (NIRD), and he was assisted by William B. Neff, who took care of the general anesthesia (Figure 10).
From right to left: Ismael Cosio Villegas, Leo Eloesser, William B. Neff, and Donato Alarcón at the National Institute of respiratory diseases (NIRD), Mexico City.
In the 1950s, staplers were developed in the Soviet Union to perform resections of pulmonary pathology in “wedge,” that is, without dissecting the corresponding hilum. This surgical method was used in the Soviet Union mainly due to the serious problem of pulmonary tuberculosis that they faced in addition to the lack of pleuropulmonary surgeons. Over time, these staplers were used less frequently to perform wedge resection but more often mainly to perform pulmonary resections stapling the bronchus only, to try to solve bronchial fistulas (Figure 11).
Russian stapler.
Pulmonary tuberculosis repeatedly causes pleural effusion due to infected pulmonary peripheral nodules. This situation causes tuberculous empyema and bronchopleural fistula. These patients with tuberculous empyema were handled by Dr. Leo Eloesser through a drainage of the pleural cavity to the outside, communicating the pleural cavity by means of a 2- or 3-cm opening to the outside. This technique facilitated the daily cleaning and healing of the pleural cavity, and due to the symphysis of the pleural leafs, there was no total pulmonary collapse. This surgical technique, called Eloesser, was generally followed by decortication of the pleural cavity and closure, if any, of the air leakage of the lung parenchyma. In the past, Eloesser’s surgery in addition to antituberculosis drugs provided good results, and currently Eloesser’s method continues to be performed from time to time (Figures 12 and 13).
Pleural effusion X-ray image.
Drainage of the pleural cavity by communicating the pleural cavity to the outside through an incision.
The discovery of streptomycin by Waskman in 1943 was worth the Nobel Prize for Medicine and caused the surgical measures for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis to decrease significantly. Streptomycin sulfate is an aminoglycoside that has activity against aerobic gram-negative bacteria such as the tuberculosis bacillus. Streptomycin penetrates the cell membrane of bacteria, fixes to the ribosome, and therefore does not stop the initiation of protein synthesis in bacteria. Unfortunately, in some cases, it causes renal failure and deafness, and patients receiving this antibiotic must be closely monitored.
Tuberculosis patient’s expectoration also affected the trachea producing ulcers and sometimes retraction by proliferation of connective tissue and stenosis. This, at least a 50-year-old problem, was a very serious complication without antituberculosis drugs, since morbidity and mortality rates and low-economic income contributed to the failure of its surgical treatment. Dr. Hermes Grillo started tracheal surgery and devised different surgical techniques with good results. A very important contribution for the study of the trachea was made by Dr. Chevalier Jackson (1865–1958) who is considered the father of bronchoscopy and laryngoscopy; he designed rigid bronchoscopes and used them for diagnosis and bronchodilation (Figure 14).
Tracheal surgery.
Isoniazid was discovered in 1945; this drug inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acid on the wall of the bacteria. On the other hand, parasinosalicylic acid (PAS) is a bacteriostatic of the tuberculous bacillus, which is very useful in inhibiting or retarding bacterial resistance to streptomycin and isoniazid. With isoniazid, streptomycin, PAS, and ethambutol (1961), thoracic surgery decreased due to diminished indications in pulmonary tuberculosis therapies and new drug treatments.
It is impossible to explain and describe the surgical techniques of the past without mentioning some words about pulmonary tuberculosis. Pulmonary tuberculosis was the pathological condition that originated the art of its surgical management.
Currently, the prevalence of tuberculosis patients has decreased significantly, whereas diseases such as cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, and asthma have increased in a high percentage. In the future, chronic-degenerative diseases will dominate respiratory pathology, and so in this section, we must indicate and contraindicate methods such as video-assisted and robotic surgeries.
In addition, although drug administration is not a surgical procedure, the synergy of drugs based on studies of molecular biology for the treatment of chronic-degenerative diseases will be very important.
Currently, there are many surgical subspecialties and technological advances, that is, chest surgery procedures such as pleural decortication, pulmonary resection, endocavitary aspiration, and transbronchial punctures are performed in order to obtain lymph node tissue through video-assisted surgery (Tables 2 and 3) [7].
Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|
Lesser traumatic interventions | Difficult access in deep lesions |
Better postoperative recovery | Increased possibility of leaving hidden disease |
Faster functional recovery | More postoperative follow-up due to increased chance of hidden disease |
Better immune response | Greater difficulty in the evaluation of surgical margins. |
Quicker reincorporation to full activity | |
Lower economic cost |
Advantages and disadvantages of video-thoracoscopic surgery [7].
Absolute | Relative |
---|---|
Dense pleural symphysis | Significant hilar lymphadenopathy |
Absence of pleural space | Mayor emphysema |
Inability of achieving ipsilateral pulmonary collapse | Nodular lesions less than 1 cm deep |
Inability of tolerating monopulmonary ventilation | Tumor size greater than 5 cm |
Decompensated cardiovascular disease | Chest wall involvement |
Thrombocytopenia of less than 60,000 or INR greater than 20 | Serious deformity of the thoracic cage |
Inadequate visualization and instrumentation | Radiotherapy or neoadjuvant chemotherapy |
Contraindications of video-thoracoscopic surgery [7].
As of today, the long-distance surgery along with robotic surgery will be preponderant in the future. The large number of subspecialties currently underway should be noted, that is, surgical oncology, interventional bronchoscopy, or cochlear implants and surgeons must become subspecialists with genetic and robotic multitraining.
The medicine of the future plus multiple technological changes will force a student who chooses a medical degree to rely on genomics, molecular biology, epigenetics, computer networks and telecommunications, bioelectronics, artificial intelligence, communication and psycho-medical sciences, treatment techniques, geriatrics, preventive medicine, administration, and health economics and ethics. Likewise, the health professional will need to be competent in selecting worthy information from millions of data published daily. It is also important to point out that the knowledge obtained will be added to information in the basic subjects, and both will enable the medical student to prevent some diseases like diabetes. All this accumulation of knowledge will mean that the medicine of the future will be practiced by groups of specialists and subspecialists, as it is already being done in some countries; conceivably, individual practice is going to decrease significantly.
The book of the General Health Council entitled “Futures of the formation of human resources for health in Mexico” by Dr. Enrique Ruelas Barajas, Dr. Antonio Alonso Concheiro, and Guadalupe Alarcón Fuentes has been fundamental to integrate this topic. It includes references from complementary medicine (herbal and acupuncture), which, in some European countries, is already part of the medical profession. Some groups of professionals even include specialists in administration and health economics [8].
Finally, some sensible words about medical ethics must be mentioned: this discipline derived from philosophy has grown in a very important way and is surely going to increase every day, mainly because of the positive complexity of technological development.
In accordance with Louie et al., which report an early experience with robotic lung resection, it resulted in similar outcomes when compared with mature video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) cases. However, a potential benefit of robotics may relate to postoperative pain reduction (p = 0.039), and early return to usual activities (p = 0.001) was shorter in the robotic group [9].
The Spanish Royal Academy defines a robot as a programmable electronic machine with the capacity to manipulate objects and carry out operations that only the human being is capable of doing. In this regard, it is also known that the word robot derives from the word robota, which in Czechoslovakia designates “compulsive work.” These words appeared in the play Rossum’s
The concept of robotic surgery with telepresence was born by the effort and collaboration of the Research Institute of Stanford University, NASA, and the United States Department of Defense to treat wounded soldiers. This technology was initially assigned to the neurosurgeons, and in 1985 the first surgical procedure with a robot was performed with the Mitsubishi system to obtain a brain biopsy through stereotaxy.
In 1988, the PROBOT system was created in England to aid in a transurethral prostatic resection. It consisted of the elaboration of a three-dimensional model of the prostate where the surgeon delineated the limits of the resection and the robot calculated the trajectories of the incisions. In 1992, IBM produced a robot called ROBODOC for orthopedic interventions; the number of surgeries performed by this method increased with hip replacement surgery.
In Mexico City in 1996, two cholecystectomies were operated from a distance of 10 m by a robotic arm with 6° of pronosupination.
In November 2001, a robotic arm was used to assist in a hysterectomy [11].
In 1997, Dr. Garcia Ruiz of Mexico and Dr. Falcone of the Cleveland Clinic performed the first remote robotic surgery that consisted of a tubal reanastomosis. This performance demonstrated the feasibility of making endoscopic sutures, which surgeons said were faster and more accurate. In 1996, at the Mexican Institute of Social Security of Tijuana, doctors Carvajal and Fogel performed a laparoscopic cholecystectomy in porcine models.
In 2001, the Zeus project (a system of robotic instruments) performed hiatus and gall-bladder operations [12].
Unfortunately, the cost of a robot, which is around one million dollars, increases the costs of surgeries. For example, the costs of the Da Vinci system are higher than of a laparoscopy, and some doctors refer to the robot as “expensive toy.”
Hopefully, robot systems will be smaller in the future and, therefore, cheaper.
Swanson et al. [13] compared hospital cost and clinical outcomes for lobectomies by video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) and wedge resections versus robot-assisted (RATS) lobectomies. Data from 15,502 surgeries were analyzed. The average cost of inpatient procedures with RATS was $25,040.70 US Dls versus $20476.60 for VATS (p = 0.0001) for lobectomies and $19,592.40 versus $16,600.10 (p = 0.0001) for wedge resections. Inpatient operating times were longer for RATS lobectomy than for VATS lobectomy (4.49 vs. 4.23 h; p = 0.959) and wedge resection (3.26 vs. 2.86 h; p = 0.003). The length of stay was similar with no differences in adverse events. They concluded that RATS lobectomy and wedge resection seem to have higher hospital cost and longer operating times, without any differences in adverse events.
Resection with robot seems to be an appropriate alternative for VATS and with better results than with an open surgery [14].
“Robotic lobectomy for cancer offers excellent results, with excellent lymph node removal with minimal morbidity, mortality and pain. Despite its costs, it is cost-effective for the hospital system. Disadvantages include capital costs, equipment learning curve, and lack of lung palpation. Robotic surgery is an important tool in the arsenal for the thoracic surgeon, but its precise function continues to evolve” [15].
General thorax surgery was a series of maneuvers especially indicated in pulmonary tuberculosis, so it is not possible to describe a technique without describing the pathology indicated. This treatment was carried out, as has been mentioned before, in the past, because today the drug treatment is very useful in tuberculosis.
Currently, lung cancer, which is the main cause of hospitalization and the invasive methods that apply to this disease, has advanced very importantly as video-assisted surgery and surgery performed with a robot.
Histopathological diagnoses vary in lung cancer. These techniques are being applied for diagnosis, and therefore the treatment is modified. Immunohistochemical techniques help improve and personalize the patient’s treatment. For these histological studies, a sample can be taken by video-assisted surgery, and in some pulmonary resections surgery with a robot is practiced. Biopsies taken by VATS are possible in the topographic areas of the thorax, and with robotic surgery it is possible to perform pulmonary excision and, if necessary, pneumonectomy. There is no doubt that with VATS and RATS (robotic surgery), the advance has been of great importance because the incisions are small, and the days of hospital stay also and the costs in the VATS have decreased, but unfortunately this has not been so in the RATS. Undoubtedly, this type of treatment in general chest surgery will change radically because of the important advance that the technology has had. It is currently possible to detect pathology that in previous years was not feasible to diagnose. The latest publications on these topics of surgery describe them favorably and the results on VATS and RATS also; new generations of human resources must be very attentive to technological changes and should be mentally prepared to learn and perform this type of surgery. However, a very important doctors´ complaint is the impossibility of palpating some of the pathologies. There is no doubt that this situation will be solved “with a new technology” that tells us the organs´ consistency or about hidden ganglia.
According to different opinions from 2020 to 2030, there will be several disciplines that currently do not exist in the curriculum of students due to scientific and technological advances [8].
As I mentioned in the previous lines, surgery and armed interventions have been practiced more in pulmonary tuberculosis in the past and currently in lung cancer and chronic-degenerative conditions.
There is no doubt that knowledge, technology, and the spirit of research have achieved this progress in addition to the progress in basic matters such as molecular biology, epigenetics, immunology, and so on. In brief, there will be further great progress. Many physical examinations can be achieved in lung cancer patients using the mediastinoscope and fibrobronchoscopes. Fortunately, different types of antibodies that are tested for diagnostic purpose have been found and will, surely, have very positive effects.
An example I find very illustrating can be found on page 241 of the book “The Shock of the Future” by Alvin Toffler. The biochemist Marvin Johnson from the University of Wisconsin wrote: “Recently, microorganisms have been domesticated because human did not know its existence” [16]. Currently, human not just knows them but gets many benefits from them, that is, large-scale production of vitamins, enzymes, antibiotics, citric acid, and other useful compounds. In a few years, biologists will create microorganisms to feed animals and ultimately humans.
The authors are grateful to Miss María de Lourdes Espinosa Cruz for her invaluable dedication and secretarial assistance as well as to Mr. Manuel Silva Alvarado for the elaboration of the drawings.
Multilingualism alludes to both a person’s capacity to utilize a few dialects and the coexistence of distinctive language communities in one geological area [1]. Besides, Edwards and Aronin [2, 3] contend that multilingualism is the phenomena of the present age; however, it has existed throughout the whole of human history. As society moves ahead, the expansion of multilingualism is attributed to the social, linguistic, and cultural changes derived from globalization, geographical, and social mobility, economic and political transformations, and the development of technology [2, 3]. Hammarberg [4] states that multilingualism is the normal condition of language ability and that humans are multilingual by nature [4].
In the book
According to Blommaert [6], we are all multilingual to a certain degree since we use different “linguistic varieties, genres, registers, accents,” and it does not matter if our linguistic recourses belong only to one “conventionally defined language” or several of them. He further points out language ideologies in his conception about multilingualism. He connects these ideologies with the ideas people have about the way of using languages they possess, the way they define a language and multilingualism, their beliefs about how language is used and how it works. Aronin and Singleton [7] share with Blommaert’s [6] similar ideas about multilingualism. They describe it as a new social phenomenon in itself, not just adding numbers of languages to individuals and societies. They view multilingualism as a “new linguistic dispensation,” which means “language ideologies and policies, language education in all its dimensions, and the patterns of language use of communities and individuals. It also encompasses the systemic development and evolving status of the full spectrum of extant and emergent language varieties” [7].
According Franceschini [8], today the term multilingualism “denotes various forms of social, institutional and individual usage as well as individual and group competence, plus various contexts of contact and involvement with more than one language.” Franceschini states that the study of multilingual phenomena takes into account the practice of using more than one language, including regional languages, minority languages, migration languages, and language varieties such as dialects, to varying degrees of proficiency among individuals and societies [8]. Thus, the term “multilingualism” is being used increasingly and it refers to societies, nations, individuals, who use more than one language in everyday life, in variety of situations to varying degrees. Multilinguals then are the one who have two or three languages in their repertoire.
“Bilingualism and multilingualism are normal, unremarkable necessities of everyday life for the majority of the world’s population” [9]. However, different sociolinguists use the terms “bilingualism” and “multilingualism” in different ways. For example, Romaine [10] uses these terms interchangeably to refer to the routine use of two or more languages in multilingual speech communities. In this chapter, I use the term “multilingualism” to refer to the routine use of two or more languages in a community. Sociolinguists know that multilingualism is not the aberration or minority phenomenon many speakers suppose it to be. It is, rather, a normal and unremarkable necessity for the majority of the world’s population. Although it is so difficult to provide the exact statistical data on the multilingual speakers and distribution of multilingualism in the world, the focus of this chapter is to succinctly describe the sociolinguistic aspects of language choice and use of multilingual speakers in various domains. Besides, some of the relevant issues are related to language choice and use in multilingual speech communities, in different parts of the world. Furthermore, factors and recent developments for the spread of multilingualism in various parts of the world are also reviewed and included in this chapter.
Spolsky [11] affirms that, during the last 40 years or so, sociolinguistics has been acknowledged as an independent scientific study that accounts for the relationship between language and society. The field of sociolinguistics, Llamas [12] maintain, in the early twenty-first century has become a mature, definitive, and vigorous discipline. Hudson [13] on his part propounds sociolinguistics as the study of language in relation to society. Yet again, according to Coupland and Jaworski [14], sociolinguistics is defined as “the study of language in its social contexts and the study of social life through linguistics.” Further, Fishman [15] uses the term sociolinguistics to embrace both the sociology of language and sociolinguistic. Multilingualism is one of the basic concepts dealt in sociolinguistics.
In sociolinguistics, no matter how it is defined, as partially already mentioned, “Language is not simply a means of communicating information. It is also a very important means of establishing and maintain relationships with other people” [16, 17]. In other words, “the fundamental sociolinguistic question is posed by the need to understand why anyone says anything” [18]. Clearly, in the field of sociolinguistics, language is the key point that links speakers to other people and to society in general. As a matter of fact, the use of language is probably what separates humans from other species and what explains the peculiar ways of living together we can call society or community [19]. That is to say, whether it is used as a basis or as the main topic, language is the essential and central instrument that brings human beings together by creating societies and communities. In [20] terms, “language is the principal means whereby we conduct our social lives. It expresses cultural reality through all its verbal and non-verbal aspects, language embodies cultural reality.” In other words, language might be consider the fundamental instrument within the society in terms of communication, but also one of the main tools that convey and constitute elements of culture and values. This point, on which there seems to be no conflicting opinions, allows all sociolinguistic research to be carried out.
How many languages are there in the world? Questions such as these are central to the study of multilingualism, which can be defined as the use of more than two languages by individuals, and/or within societies and countries. This definition of multilingualism subsumes the definition of bilingualism, which can be defined as the use of two languages by individuals [21]. The term can be applied to people who have competences in a number of languages or to places where many languages are used. The ability to use more than one language) as the attribute of an individual who has a “plurilingual repertoire” of language competences [1]. Plurilingualism is the opposite of monolingualism because it refers to the variety of languages that many people use; it includes the linguistic diversity referred to as “mother tongue” or “first language,” as well as a variety of additional languages or varieties.
Multilingualism can be defined as follows:
The act of using or promoting the use of many languages by an individual speaker or a group of speakers in general. In the world’s population, multilingual speakers predominate monolingual speakers.
Polyglottism is yet another term for it. Polyglots are people who are multilingual. This has evolved into a societal phenomenon governed by globalization and cultural openness requirements.
In a general way, a multilingual person is someone who can communicate in more than one language, whether actively through speaking, writing or signing, or passively through listening, reading or perceiving.
Multilingual speakers have acquired and maintained at least one language during childhood, that is, first language (L1) or mother tongue. This is something that can be acquired without a formal education. Even if a person is proficient in two or more languages, his or her “communicative competence” or “ability” may be unequal.
In society, linguistic diversity has been viewed in three ways: as a problem, a right, and a resource [22]. Ethnic linguistic minority is considered as a problem that must be solved by assimilation into the majority language from the first perspective. Supporters of this viewpoint believe that minorities should fully embrace the behavior and language of the majority group. The second viewpoint views minority language maintenance as a right, while the third viewpoint argues that a minority language is a resource that can enrich the experiences and perceptions of all community members, regardless of their first language, [23]. This third view of multilingualism and linguistic diversity has been advocated in a number of studies [24, 25], where three main benefits of multilingualism have been identified: improved international relations and trade; cultural enrichment; and social inclusion [25]. Multilingualism is also seen as a key factor through which different ethnolinguistic groups in society can successfully coexist. Auer and Wei [24] commented as: “Far from being a problem, multilingualism is part of the solution for our future. Social stability, economic development, tolerance and cooperation between groups are possible only when multilingualism is respected” [24]. Thus, this shows that multilingualism is a necessary part of the solution to problems surrounding language and inequality in a given polity.
In this section, I examine at some of the different meanings of multilingualism offered by the different authors. I also go through the definitions of the some of the concepts that have been related to multilingualism, albeit with some preconceptions.
Multilingualism is a fundamental phenomenon that involves language competences and communicative practices in most communities around the globe, according to Heller and Edwards [2, 26]. Multilingualism is an important linguistic dispensation in respect of people’s communication patterns, according to Aronin and Singleton [27, 28]. They claim that multilingualism is the worldwide norm, notably in Africa and Asia, and that it manifests itself at the individual and societal levels. Although language uniformity has long been valued in Europe, there is a growing tendency toward embracing linguistic diversity [8].
The term multilingualism refers to the knowledge and use of a wide range of languages and language varieties with various statuses on the one hand, such as official, national, majority, minority, non-standard varieties, mixed languages, and domains of use on the other, such as home, school, and work places [8, 29]. It also entails all levels of language knowledge and skills. Research on multilingualism has greatly influenced studies in the fields of Linguistics, Applied Linguistics, Psycholinguistics and Sociolinguistics. Jessner [29] states that one of the reasons for the challenge in creating widely recognized definitions of multilingualism is that monolingualism’s principles do not match the unique arrangements that occur when individuals or groups know and use many languages. This is also evident of different conceptions for different terms and concepts crucial to multilingual studies, such as the meaning of “language,” which is the primary object of study in various domains.
Since “multilingualism” emerged as a theme in linguistic research, different attempts have been made toward defining it. According to Kemp [30], the different definitions stem from the complexity of language practices in different communities on the one hand, and differing ideologies and goals of researchers in studying multilingualism and multilingual societies on the other hand. The understanding of multilingualism starts from the understanding of its basic ingredient, “language,” which in the classical sense is defined as an abstract tool of communication with territorial and cultural boundaries [5, 31, 32]. Its bounded nature inspired the creation of language names like English attached to specific geographical territories [6]. In this sense, language is a quantifiable entity. The fact that the people or communities could have many such institutions inspired the counting convention. The practice of counting languages led to the coining of terminology such as “bilingualism,” “trilingualism,” “plurilingualism,” and, of course, “multilingualism” [4, 5, 30]. In light of the aforesaid, Edwards [2] defines “multilingualism” in terms of individual knowledge and use of language (individual multilingualism). He recognizes that the ability of an individual to speak different languages is varied does not exist at the same level for all languages. This discussion forms the base for a binary approach in research, which distinguishes the complexity of multilingualism as opposed to monolingualism, and which subsumes “multilingualism” under “bilingualism” by authors of [33, 34, 35].
At earlier, descriptions of multilingualism emphasized on languages as abstract objects, with multilingualism being associated with having a number of independent monolingual systems. Before the industrial revolution, it was uncommon to find people who spoke more than two languages in Europe. As a result, the term multilingualism was first applied to civilizations where multiple languages coexisted, rather than to individuals. Canagarajah [36] for example refers to “national multilingualism” which he defined it as the use of many languages in a country. This concept illustrates how the presence of multiple languages can be a barrier to easy communication because people are not thought to have the ability to quickly learn new languages for trans-local contact. For many years, this perception of multilingualism resulted in its denunciation in communities and among people [37]. On the similar vein, Blommaert [6], mentions that it has since been revisited in light of the ongoing and increasing migration and globalization, which promotes the constant transfer of languages and cultures from one place to another, needing individuals to construct communicative practices that are compliant with the diversity in order to either provide or access services. The peculiar trends of communication observed in certain parts of the world such as South Asia, particularly India [2] and Africa [37] have presented linguists with a complex scenario that prompts more critical attention than just numerical consideration of languages [38]. This, as Blommaert and Heller [6, 39] mention, highlights the situated nature of language practices that makes people acquire and use bits of language that suit particular contexts.
Franceschini [8] elaborates that the concept of multilingualism is to be caught on as the capacity of social orders, teach, bunches, and people to lock in on a customary premise in space and time with more than one dialect in regular life. This means that multilingualism is a product of the fundamental human ability to communicate in a number of languages. Operational distinctions may then be drawn between social, institutional, discursive, and individual multilingualism. This is in line with Groasjean’s [33] assessment that “bilingualism” involves open interaction and contact especially involving different cultures. Franceschini [8] further addresses the unfixed nature of communities and practices by acknowledging language use in space and time, and the aspect of contact. She emphasizes the value of communities of practice (institutions and groups) which breed the environment for societal and individual practices that utilize and produce language for different purposes. Groasjean [33] on the other hand asserts that “bilingualism is not a phenomenon of language; it is a characteristic of its use.” In an attempt to give a profound description of multilingualism, Cruz-Ferreira [34] emphasizes [32, 33] assertion by viewing “multilingualism” as an aspect of individuals and not of languages. Makoni and Pennycook [32] contend that multilingualism has nothing to do with languages, because languages are not multilingual, rather people are capable. This is not to say that there is not a language element to the concept of multilingualism. It all more strongly mirrors Stewart’s [31] argument that language is a local practice formed by individuals’ repeated activities in their many communicative interactions in various social contexts. In other words, individuals’ social practices (what people do) with languages cause multilingualism [34, 40]. Thus, Makoni and Pennycook [32] suggest that in order to understand and ably describe “multilingualism,” there is a need to study speakers’ language practices.
Sociolinguists list down different competencies of multilingual speakers. In multilingual societies, not all speakers need to be multilingual. Some states have multilingual policies and recognize several official languages, such as Canada (English and French). In some other states, particular languages may be associated with particular regions in the states, when all speakers are multilingual linguists classify the community according to the functional distribution of the languages involved.
Resources in a multilingual repertoire are obtained with a variation of competences for use in specific contexts [41] and for specific purposes. Henceforth, language choice is an important aspect to discuss in a study of multilingualism [42, 43]. Gumperz and Duranti [42, 44] moreover keep up that multilingual speakers in multilingual settings continually make choices as to which etymological asset to convey in a given setting and with a given group of bystanders. Gumperz [42] accepts that dialect choice depends on the realization of the communicative capacities of the questioners such that comprehensible is of center intrigued. Myers-Scotton [45] on the other hand asserts that language choice is motivated by performance of identity and negotiation of agency especially during social interactions. With this view, Myers-Scotton [45] is inclined to language choice as a function of identity negotiation whereby every time the communication situation changes and people assume different subject positions, Kramsch [46] chooses a code that reflects their personae. Meyer and Apfelbaum [47] argue that “cognitive, social and historical aspects may play an important role in multilingual communication such as level of linguistic competence of participants and the degree of linguistic regulation of interaction spaces.”
Scholars have identified a number of factors which they believe influence language choice and language use in ethnic minority settings. These are as follows: domain, interlocutors, and topic. These factors are discussed in the following sections:
Interlocutors—Interlocutors have a significant impact on language choice. While researching the linguistic behavior of ethnic minority communities in the London suburbs, Harris [52] identified three patterns: one with parents, which usually involved a mixed language of mainstream and minority languages; one with siblings, which mainly involved using the mainstream language; and one with grandparents, which mainly involved using the minority language. Other researchers Lawson and Yagmur [53, 54] reported similar results, suggesting that language use may be connected to the speakers’ age. Gender differences are thought to influence language usage patterns [52, 55].
The concept of domain analysis developed by Fishman remains useful for both description and explanation of the distribution and use of language in domains and is based on [49] famous question of “Who speaks what language to whom, and when.” There is a correlation between language choice and a wide range of social factors, such as the number and geographical distribution of the language’s speakers. Domain analysis, therefore, is the framework on which the survey questionnaires for this study are based. Domain analysis approached the study of language use by relating self-reported language behaviors and attitudes of the respondents to sociological indices in the groups under study. The language domain should be considered an abstraction of an interactional situation in which a cluster of sociocultural, sociolinguistic, and linguistic factors is at work.
The family, the playground, and the street, the school, the church, work, literature, the mass media, the courts, and other administrative agencies are examples of domains described in the literature. The precise description and classification of domains necessitates a thorough understanding of a society’s sociocultural dynamics, norms, and values at a specific point in time. This is because the quantity and intensity of language behavior domains can vary from context to context [49].
Domain, an important determinant of language choice, refers to the context of language use, for instance, that of family, friendship, neighborhood, education, and transaction. With reference to domain distribution of language use, Wallwork [60] says that in some domains there may be contact with other people with whom there is a potential choice of two or even three languages. The decision may be focused on the function of the two speakers in relation to each other, or the topic of the conversation who both view domain in the same ways [61].
The impacts of domain on language choice have been investigated in a number of research. Greenfield [62] states that in the multilingual Puerto Rican population of New York, the low language, Spanish, is preferred in intimate domains such as family and friendship, while the high language, English, is preferred for job and education. Parasher [63] demonstrates that in India, people use their mother tongue and another language in the family domain, although English dominates high domains like education, government, and employment, as well as some low domains like friendship and neighborhood. Similar findings were reported by Hohenthal [64], who found that languages are employed differently depending on the domain. The concept of domain and domain analysis, however, has been criticized. Some of the studies reported partial effect of domain on language choice whereas others reported even no effect at all. Pascasio and Hidalgo [65] examined how role-relationships, domains, and speech situations affect language use among bilinguals in Philippines. The speech situations, however, do not seem to have much effect on language used. Gal [66] however, strongly disagreed with the influence of domain on language choice. The other situational factors such as audience, setting, occasion, and purpose have been found to influence the choice of language in other communities but these factors were found irrelevant to the Oberwart case in Austria.
Topic, role relation, and geography, according to Fishman [49], are elements that influence the concept of domain. In multilingual situations, he claims that topic can be a language regulator. When discussing specific topics, someone might, for example, adjust their language to that of the interlocutor. Role relation, according to Marjohan [67], is that the languages you use are decided by the interlocutors with whom you communicate. For instance, a father may converse with his mother, a child may converse with his mother, and a mother may converse with her child. He also says that locality influences the languages you use because of where the discussions take place. According to Marjohan and Tanner [67, 68], there are factors of choice to be setting in locale. The factors are content or topic, social distance and motivational factors. In social distance, there are two dimensions: vertical and horizontal dimensions. The vertical dimensions mean that the languages use are determined by the relative position of someone that is compared with others. Marjohan [67] States that you have to respect someone who is above you in terms of status, age or marital status. The horizontal dimensions refer to the relative closeness of someone with others. You tend to use a low code if you speak to someone who is close to you in terms of degree of friendship, sex, ethnic background, religious background or educational background. Someone has motivational factors when he or she is interested to speak with the interlocutors or interested about the topics even manipulative.
A number of studies have identified proficiency as a limiting factor in language choice. David [69] There have been reports that a shift can be attributed to a lack of proficiency in the ethnic language (language shift, switch, mix and maintenance are the ways through which language choice manifests). David also understands that code switching reflects a speaker’s level of expertise and comfort with a certain language. She also acknowledges that whether English or Malay is utilized as the lingua franca is determined by whether the speakers are fluent in both languages. Wallwork [60] has a similar view when he states that it is vital to consider an individual’s language skill in connection to the settings in which language is used. In a Puerto Rican bilingual education program in New Haven, Connecticut, Hakuta [70] looked into the links between language choice, proficiency, and attitude. She claimed that language transition in American Hispanic communities is frequently characterized by a combination of processes involving proficiency, choice, and attitude.
Ethnicity is widely acknowledged as a major limitation that determines people’s linguistic choices. The impact of ethnicity on language choice has been documented in several research. Gal’s [66] is one of the research that firmly suggests that language choice is determined by identity. In the Oberwart instance in Austria, Gal discovered that only the participants’ identities can account for their language choice and use. In their study in Valencia, Spain, Sankoff [71] discovered a similarly high link between ethnicity and language choice. According to the findings, ethnic identity is the most closely linked to language choice motivation. Another study Burhanudeen [72], conducted in Malaysia, where the current study is being conducted, finds that the ethnicity of the participants influences the Malays’ language choice.
Gender is also found to influence language choice. According to Lu [73], disparities in age, education, gender, and residency area result in various attitudes toward native language maintenance and legitimacy, and these attitudes encourage people to choose alternative languages. Chan [74], on the other hand, finds no gender differences in Minnanren’s language use (quoted in [75]). Domain, proficiency, ethnicity, and gender are all factors that influence language choice among Malaysian friends and neighbors, according to this study.
Given the scope of the term and the relevance of the various characteristics of attitudes, Garrett [76] contends that defining the idea of attitude is difficult. Attitudes, on the other hand, are divided into three categories: cognitive, affective, and behavioral [76]. The first is concerned with the impact of attitudes on an individual’s perceptions of the world and specific situations; the second is concerned with emotions in response to the attitude item, and the third is concerned with attitudes interfering with conduct [76]. There is a general consensus in the literature that learning and using a language are easier for people who have a positive attitude toward the language and its speakers [76, 77], because language attitudes can better determine others’ reactions to the language choice and thus influence this choice [76].
Scholars have argued pedagogical, theoretical, and empirical foundations for such multilingual language use policies in multiethnic countries. Increasing citizens’ language skills will be equally important in achieving European policy goals, particularly against a background of increasing global competition and the challenge of better exploiting Europe’s potential for sustainable growth and more and better jobs. For example, The European Union Commission’s long-term objective is to increase individual multilingualism until every citizen has practical skills in at least two languages in addition to his or her mother tongue. This framework should establish clear objectives for language choice and use of multilingual speakers at the various domains and be accompanied by a sustained effort to raise awareness of the importance of linguistic diversity and multilingualism.
Two patterns deserve comment in relation to the changing character of multilingualism in the world today. This is true for the spread of the major world languages such as English, Spanish, French, and Chinese especially in the major cities and urban centers in the world. This is because as those major languages spread in urban centers as well as other localities, people tend to prefer and use them (languages) in various domains instead of the other minority or less populous languages. The second condition in the new development of multilingualism in the world is the increasing linguistic and cultural diversity, and mobility in different parts of the world particularly in Europe and America where linguistic homogeneity was the major characters of these parts of the globe [6]. Of course, in these parts of the world (Europe, USA), mobility and waves of immigration are the main leading factors for the spread of multilingualism and multiculturalism across the world.
Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and the effects of language use on society. Multilingualism is the act of using polyglottism, or using multiple languages, either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers. The simultaneous coexistence of a large number of languages in a country has also important cultural, economical, sanitary, and political effects on the life of its inhabitants, who will be crucially affected by the decisions taken by the government on language policy.
As already explained or stated in the introduction of the chapter, multilingualism is the common norm and way of life in many parts of the world. Nevertheless, for so long time, the concept of monolingualism has been also a dominant norm and way of life in various parts of world particularly in the Western countries. As has been stated in the chapter, the nature of multilingualism in different countries in the world is reviewed and presented. Besides, practical aspects of the multilingualism and language choice and use practices from empirical data were also reviewed and discussed for further understanding. Nevertheless, the coexistence of multiple languages in linguistically diversified settings by itself is not inherently the source of conflicts, miscommunication, or misunderstandings as a result of language choice and use of multilingual speakers. The real problem perhaps might be the inequalities existing between individuals and groups or communities who happen to speak and use different languages in various domains.
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Liposuction is a procedure to improve the body contour and not a surgery to reduce weight, although recently people who have failed in their plans to lose weight look at liposuction as a means to contour their body figure. Tumescent liposuction of large volumes requires a meticulous selection of each patient; their preoperative evaluation and perioperative management are essential to obtain the expected results. The various techniques of general anesthesia are the most recommended and should be monitored in the usual way, as well as monitoring the total doses of infiltrated local anesthetics to avoid systemic toxicity. The management of intravenous fluids is controversial, but the current trend is the restricted use of hydrosaline solutions. The most feared complications are deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, fat embolism, lung edema, hypothermia, infections and even death. The adherence to the management guidelines and prophylaxis of venous thrombosis/thromboembolism is mandatory.",book:{id:"6221",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},signatures:"Sergio Granados-Tinajero, Carlos Buenrostro-Vásquez, Cecilia\nCárdenas-Maytorena and Marcela Contreras-López",authors:[{id:"273532",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio Octavio",middleName:null,surname:"Granados Tinajero",slug:"sergio-octavio-granados-tinajero",fullName:"Sergio Octavio Granados Tinajero"}]},{id:"30178",title:"Chest Mobilization Techniques for Improving Ventilation and Gas Exchange in Chronic Lung Disease",slug:"chest-mobilization-techniques-for-improving-ventilation-and-gas-exchange-in-chronic-lung-disease",totalDownloads:30993,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"648",slug:"chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-current-concepts-and-practice",title:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease",fullTitle:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - Current Concepts and Practice"},signatures:"Donrawee Leelarungrayub",authors:[{id:"73709",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jirakrit",middleName:null,surname:"Leelarungrayub",slug:"jirakrit-leelarungrayub",fullName:"Jirakrit Leelarungrayub"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"3",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"80951",title:"Approach to the Difficult Airway in Laryngeal Cancer",slug:"approach-to-the-difficult-airway-in-laryngeal-cancer",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104111",abstract:"The laryngeal cancer is the second most frequent neoplasm of the upper aerodigestive tract. In these patients, the incidence of difficult airway is very high, and sometimes the anatomy can be modified because of the previous treatments like radiotherapy, making difficult intubation and difficult mask ventilation. To prevent an emergency, it is a priority to make an approach plan, appropriate preoperative assessment, have the necessary tools, and work together with the surgical team.",book:{id:"11086",title:"Laryngology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11086.jpg"},signatures:"Dra. Maria Elena Buenrostro Espinosa"},{id:"81890",title:"Coronary Arteries Bypass Grafting as a Salvage Surgery in Ischemic Heart Failure",slug:"coronary-arteries-bypass-grafting-as-a-salvage-surgery-in-ischemic-heart-failure",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104939",abstract:"Ischemic cardiomyopathy accounts for approximately two-thirds of all Heart Failure (HF) cases. Recent studies indicates that revascularization provides superior outcomes compared with optimal medical therapy (OMT) alone. Current European and American guidelines recommend an invasive approach in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) less than 35% and with multivessel disease (MVD). Randomized controlled trials in these patients have proven that long-term survival is greater following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) than with OMT alone. Patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease that is amenable to surgical revascularization should undergo combination of surgical revascularization and medical therapy rather than medical therapy alone. In some cases, combined CABG with other surgeries are vital salvage procedures, such as atrial fibrillation, mitral valve, tricuspid valve, and LV remodeling. Based on small but, nontrivial, early mortality risk associated with CABG surgery as well as other post-CABG morbidities, patients may also reasonably choose medical therapy as initial treatment option. Revascularization remains an important treatment option for patients with ongoing anginal symptoms despite optimal medical therapy. In this chapter, we will highlight the role of CABG in heart failure treatment and when to use it as a salvage surgery before referring the patient for heart transplantation.",book:{id:"11235",title:"Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11235.jpg"},signatures:"Samuel Jacob, Pankaj Garg, Games Gramm and Saqib Masroor"},{id:"81894",title:"Diet and Nutrition and Their Relationship with Early Childhood Dental Caries",slug:"diet-and-nutrition-and-their-relationship-with-early-childhood-dental-caries",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105123",abstract:"Early consumption of foods containing sugar is increasing and one of the consequences of this exposure is caries in early childhood, that is, in children under 6 years of age. Early consumption results in the child’s taste and food choice throughout life, maintaining cariogenic dietary patterns. It is important to emphasize that most eating behaviors occur due to family influence. Therefore, an approach in dental prenatal care and consultations until the first year of age, allows the establishment of eating habits and oral hygiene, as well as guidelines and instructions for the adoption of certain measures that contribute to the health of pregnant women and babies. Based on the present study, we conclude the importance of establishing the relationship between the dentist and the pregnant woman, since early educational actions act directly on health in the gestational period and the child’s growth. The early consumption of sugar is correlated with the occurrence of caries in early childhood due to family habits. Therefore, it becomes relevant instructions that help in maintaining healthy nutritional habits and correct oral hygiene practices, since focusing on educational actions increases the chances of healthy gestational and infant development.",book:{id:"11565",title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg"},signatures:"Luanna Gonçalves Ferreira, Giuliana de Campos Chaves Lamarque and Francisco Wanderley Garcia Paula-Silva"},{id:"81872",title:"Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Manifestations",slug:"benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-epidemiology-pathophysiology-and-clinical-manifestations",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104823",abstract:"The prostate secretes 20% of the seminal fluid. One of its main pathologies is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), the most common benign disease in older men. It has an 8–10% prevalence in men 40 years of age and older, increasing to more than 90% in men over 90 years, with lower urinary tract symptoms being one of its main complications. Although the etiology of BPH is not still fully known, testosterone and estradiol have shown a permissive role. Likewise, other factors have emerged, such as inflammation, growth factors, and prolactin, which influence the development of BPH. These factors act through binding to specific receptors, intervening in BPH and prostate cancer development. Existing treatments significantly reduce clinical symptoms, including lower urinary tract symptoms. However, it is a nonpreventable disease; some factors can reduce its incidence: diet, physical activity, and moderate consumption of alcohol and tobacco, some of which have been proposed to have a protective role. Therefore, this chapter aims to update the preclinical and clinical evidence on the etiology of this disease, briefly describing the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic and preventive modalities in managing BPH.",book:{id:"10793",title:"Molecular Mechanisms in Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10793.jpg"},signatures:"Luz Irene Pascual Mathey"},{id:"81837",title:"Unshielded Magnetocardiography in Clinical Practice: Detection of Myocardial Damage in CAD Patients and in Patients Recovered from COVID-19",slug:"unshielded-magnetocardiography-in-clinical-practice-detection-of-myocardial-damage-in-cad-patients-a",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104924",abstract:"The chapter deals with magnetocardiography—a specific section of electrocardiography, which is designed to analyze the magnetic component of the electromagnetic field of the heart. Magnetocardiography is described as clinical information technology (IT), i.e., a set of methods, software, and hardware combined into a technological chain, the product of which is an automated diagnostic report. There are several examples of magnetocardiographic information technology implementation in clinical routine, aiming to register and evaluate subtle changes in the electromagnetic field of the heart for early diagnosis of the most common and dangerous heart diseases, especially coronary heart disease. It is shown that new metrics of analysis of spatial structure of 2D and 3D magnetocardiographic maps of current density distribution allow diagnosis with high accuracy of various forms of myocardial ischemia as well as myocardial damage in patients, recently recovered from COVID-19.",book:{id:"11218",title:"Electrocardiograms",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11218.jpg"},signatures:"Illya Chaikovsky, Anatoly Kazmirchyk, Sergey Sofienko, You-Bin Liu, Ya-Feng Zhou, Xie Feng, Lin Xu and Yan-Fei Huang"},{id:"81886",title:"Protocols for Bleeding and Thrombosis in Pediatric Intensive Care Units",slug:"protocols-for-bleeding-and-thrombosis-in-pediatric-intensive-care-units",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104882",abstract:"Bleeding and thrombosis are the common hematological complications found in children who are admitted in the pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). Some of those complications could be mild, however some could be serious or life-threatening for critically-ill children. The etiologies of those conditions could be due to the underlying diseases, i.e., congenital bleeding disorders, complications of the diseases, i.e. coagulopathy due to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and also the side effects from the treatments themselves, i.e., massive transfusion or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Early detection and management and prevention of those complications could decrease the morbidity and mortality of the children in PICUs. Although most guidelines of management of those bleeding and thrombosis in adults is well established, the evidences for the management of those conditions in children are limited. In addition, developmental hemostasis during the childhood, which is different from adulthood, could challenge the management of those conditions in children admitted in PICUs.",book:{id:"11297",title:"ICU Management and Protocols",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11297.jpg"},signatures:"Rungrote Natesirinilkul"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:755},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:302,paginationItems:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198499/images/system/198499.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Daniel Glossman-Mitnik is currently a Titular Researcher at the Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Chihuahua, Mexico, as well as a National Researcher of Level III at the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico. His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. 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