Model inorganic green inhibitors.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10470",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives on Viral Disease Outbreaks - Epidemiology, Detection and Control",title:"Current Perspectives on Viral Disease Outbreaks",subtitle:"Epidemiology, Detection and Control",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The COVID-19 pandemic has reminded the world that infectious diseases are still important. The last 40 years have experienced the emergence of new or resurging viral diseases such as AIDS, ebola, MERS, SARS, Zika, and others. These diseases display diverse epidemiologies ranging from sexual transmission to vector-borne transmission (or both, in the case of Zika). This book provides an overview of recent developments in the detection, monitoring, treatment, and control of several viral diseases that have caused recent epidemics or pandemics.",isbn:"978-1-83881-911-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-910-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-915-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92485",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"current-perspectives-on-viral-disease-outbreaks-epidemiology-detection-and-control",numberOfPages:286,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"c14777459bf484d53004a121bf8c761e",bookSignature:"David Claborn",publishedDate:"January 12th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10470.jpg",numberOfDownloads:2733,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:3,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 1st 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 15th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 14th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 2nd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 3rd 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169536/images/system/169536.jpeg",biography:"David Claborn is a Professor of Public Health at Missouri State University (MSU), USA, where he teaches courses in environmental health, infectious disease, and international health. He obtained a DrPH from the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, with his dissertation on the re-emergence of malaria in South Korea. He has been the director of the Master of Public Health program at MSU since 2013. Prior to his academic career, Dr. Claborn served in the US Navy for 20 years, retiring at the rank of Commander in 2008. His work as a medical entomologist has taken him to several international settings including Japan, Australia, South Korea, Italy, and, during Operation Desert Storm, Saudi Arabia.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"Missouri State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1129",title:"Epidemiology",slug:"epidemiology"}],chapters:[{id:"76945",title:"Convalescent Plasma Immunotherapy - A Possible Mitigation Strategy for SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98254",slug:"convalescent-plasma-immunotherapy-a-possible-mitigation-strategy-for-sars-cov-2-pandemic",totalDownloads:144,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Recently, a newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a pandemic coronavirus disease (COVID-19). More than 10 million confirmed cases and 503,867 associated deaths of SARS-CoV-2 have been reported worldwide to WHO in the end of July 2020. According to WHO guidelines, there is no effective therapy available for treating devastating SARS-CoV-2. Consequently, lack of evidence for appropriate treatment and vaccines has led to the re-emergence of convalescent plasma (CP) immunotherapy. Herein, we discuss the historical perspectives of CP against SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, H1N1 pandemic and mainly the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients with respect to neutralizing antibodies (nAbs). A brief possible clinical protocol for CP transfusion with its adverse effects and limitation were also highlighted. It is concluded that, CP transfusion with high neutralizing antibody titer administered in early course of disease significantly improved clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients by reducing morbidity and mortality. Thus, CP immunotherapy is considered as noteworthy candidate to be further re-evaluated as a most suitable therapeutic option against SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.",signatures:"Rajendran Manikandan, Mithilesh Singh, Vishal Chander, Gaurav Kumar Sharma, Suresh Bindu and Murali Dinesh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76945",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76945",authors:[{id:"343879",title:"Dr.",name:"Mithilesh",surname:"Singh",slug:"mithilesh-singh",fullName:"Mithilesh Singh"},{id:"344642",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajendran",surname:"Manikandan",slug:"rajendran-manikandan",fullName:"Rajendran Manikandan"},{id:"344643",title:"Dr.",name:"Vishal",surname:"Chander",slug:"vishal-chander",fullName:"Vishal Chander"},{id:"344644",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaurav",surname:"Sharma",slug:"gaurav-sharma",fullName:"Gaurav Sharma"},{id:"347522",title:"Dr.",name:"Suresh",surname:"Bindu",slug:"suresh-bindu",fullName:"Suresh Bindu"},{id:"347525",title:"Dr.",name:"Murali",surname:"Dinesh",slug:"murali-dinesh",fullName:"Murali Dinesh"}],corrections:null},{id:"79434",title:"Recombinant Human Interferon-Gamma: Prospects for the Treatment of Chronic Epstein-Barr Viral Infection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101325",slug:"recombinant-human-interferon-gamma-prospects-for-the-treatment-of-chronic-epstein-barr-viral-infecti",totalDownloads:82,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Infection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is about 90% among people over the age of 40. The EBV causes a chronic infection that is characterized by chronic or recurrent symptoms and persists for a long time. Recombinant interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) has high clinical and antiviral efficacy in the treatment of herpesvirus infections. 110 patients with chronic EBV infection were examined. The patients were divided into three groups for different treatment regimens: Group 1—IFN-γ therapy (15 injections of Ingaron i/m, 500,000 IU every other day); Group 2—valaciclovir (Valtrex 500 mg × 2 times/day, orally for 2 months); Group 3—valganciclovir (Valcyte 450 mg × 2 times/day, orally for 2 months) and IFN-γ (10–20 injections of Ingaron i/m, 500,000 IU every other day). The best results were obtained in group 3–73.07% negative PCR. In this group, the combination of valganciclovir + IFN-γ was different. We showed that the efficacy of therapy in patients with chronic EBV is determined by the duration of INF-γ administration. We also determined spontaneous and induced production of IFN-α and -γ cytokines in serum and in lymphocyte culture. We demonstrated that in patients with an initially low level of induced IFN-γ, the production of this cytokine significantly increased in three months after the end of therapy.",signatures:"Irina A. Rakityanskaya and Tatiana S. Ryabova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79434",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79434",authors:[{id:"357403",title:"Prof.",name:"Irina A.",surname:"Rakityanskaya",slug:"irina-a.-rakityanskaya",fullName:"Irina A. Rakityanskaya"},{id:"357408",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana S.",surname:"Ryabova",slug:"tatiana-s.-ryabova",fullName:"Tatiana S. Ryabova"}],corrections:null},{id:"75202",title:"A Narrative Review of the Measles Outbreak in North America and Globally",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95921",slug:"a-narrative-review-of-the-measles-outbreak-in-north-america-and-globally",totalDownloads:203,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the early twenty-first century, measles was completely eradicated in the United States of America (USA) and almost eliminated in Canada. This was greatly due to most of the population being vaccinated against the virus. In 2018 and 2019, the USA and Canada experienced a rapidly developing measles virus outbreak due to growing debates about vaccine efficacy and side effects. Therefore, some people refused to vaccinate their children against measles, as well as many other life-threatening preventable diseases. This led to a major measles outbreak and health concern in the USA, Canada, and globally. Some countries including the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) reported a significant number of cases and casualties resulting from measles, mainly due to the lack of funding for vaccines, as well as inadequate vaccination coverage in certain socio-demographic areas. People traveling from these countries can easily transmit the disease, though there has been a steep decline in cases since the travel ban due to coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The number of unvaccinated children currently in the USA and Canada has quadrupled since 2001. Over the past couple of years, most of the measles cases have been diagnosed in those who either did not receive the measles vaccine or complete the recommended doses of the vaccine. This paper reviews the measles outbreak, in recent years, among unvaccinated individuals in the USA, Canada, and globally.",signatures:"Adekunle Sanyaolu, Chuku Okorie, Aleksandra Marinkovic, Kareem Hamdy, Stephanie Prakash, Risha Patidar, Abu Fahad Abbasi, Priyank Desai, Abdul Jan and Jasmine Mangat",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75202",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75202",authors:[{id:"324992",title:"Dr.",name:"Adekunle",surname:"Sanyaolu",slug:"adekunle-sanyaolu",fullName:"Adekunle Sanyaolu"},{id:"329146",title:"Dr.",name:"Chuku",surname:"Okorie",slug:"chuku-okorie",fullName:"Chuku Okorie"},{id:"329147",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandra",surname:"Marinkovic",slug:"aleksandra-marinkovic",fullName:"Aleksandra Marinkovic"},{id:"329149",title:"Dr.",name:"Abu",surname:"Abbasi",slug:"abu-abbasi",fullName:"Abu Abbasi"},{id:"329150",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephanie",surname:"Prakash",slug:"stephanie-prakash",fullName:"Stephanie Prakash"},{id:"329153",title:"Dr.",name:"Jasmine",surname:"Mangat",slug:"jasmine-mangat",fullName:"Jasmine Mangat"},{id:"345833",title:"Dr.",name:"Kareem",surname:"Hamdy",slug:"kareem-hamdy",fullName:"Kareem Hamdy"},{id:"345834",title:"Dr.",name:"Risha",surname:"Patidar",slug:"risha-patidar",fullName:"Risha Patidar"},{id:"345835",title:"Dr.",name:"Priyank",surname:"Desai",slug:"priyank-desai",fullName:"Priyank Desai"},{id:"345836",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdul",surname:"Jan",slug:"abdul-jan",fullName:"Abdul Jan"}],corrections:null},{id:"76433",title:"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndromes and Coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97564",slug:"severe-acute-respiratory-syndromes-and-coronaviruses-sars-cov-mers-cov-and-sars-cov-2-",totalDownloads:177,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The current SARS-CoV-2 (coronavirus) outbreak has reached pandemic proportions with a large global imprint. In December 2019, COVID-19 was first reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China and has continued largely unabated. The SARS-CoV-2 (coronavirus) is much talked about currently; however, it is worth noting that there are several different coronaviruses known to man, with most of them being responsible for causing illness in animals. Seven (7) types of coronaviruses are identified as causing illnesses in humans. Of the seven human coronavirus infections, four involve mild upper respiratory tract complaints that produce slight symptoms of the common cold. Conversely, the other three human coronavirus infections present more severe consequences as recently demonstrated by the SARS-CoV-2. These deadly outbreaks of pneumonia can have consequences that are far-reaching and are global in nature. SARS-CoV was the first new viral pandemic of the 21st century. It had its beginnings in southern China during November 2002 having started mysteriously; It was contained in 2004 after having spread to five continents and thirty-three countries, infecting approximately 8000 people. MERS-CoV the virus that the causes Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) was first identified in 2012 in Saudi Arabia and Jordan and has since registered roughly 2,220 confirmed cases and 790 deaths.",signatures:"Bradley Fevrier",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76433",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76433",authors:[{id:"337426",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Bradley",surname:"Fevrier",slug:"bradley-fevrier",fullName:"Bradley Fevrier"}],corrections:null},{id:"75478",title:"Chikungunya Neurological Manifestations: A Systematic Literature Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95525",slug:"chikungunya-neurological-manifestations-a-systematic-literature-review",totalDownloads:81,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Although the most common Chikungunya (do not capitalize the disease unless it is named after a proper noun such as Zika, Ebola or Carrion’s Disease) manifestations are osteoarticular, those which bring the most morbidity and mortality are neurological, where thorough mapping through studies with a methodological outline have not yet been well structured. Therefore, the objective was to review the literature to identify neurological manifestations of CHIKV. We used the Virtual Health Library (VHL) and PubMed with the following descriptors: #1 “Chikungunya” [MeSH]; #2 “neurological manifestations” [MeSH] and their equivalents in the Portuguese language, selecting literature published between July 2007 to January 2018. From the 180 studies that were found, 30 were selected. Findings were divided into two subcategories: “Chikungunya: Typical Neurological Manifestations” and “Chikungunya: Severe Neurological Manifestations”. The studies show that headaches were characterized as the most common symptom in adult patients affected by CHIKV, followed by meningeal involvement. Meningeal involvement is also a more serious clinical scenario associated with encephalitis, convulsions, polyneuropathies such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and death. CHIKV is a public health problem for many reasons including its chronic potential complications. Given the neurological symptoms, this disease is concerning in age extremes, for patients with comorbidities and for patients with more than one viral infection by arboviruses, in whom the most severe neurological manifestations are more common.",signatures:"Jucier Gonçalves Júnior, Marília de Oliveira Bringel, Leonardo Rodrigues de Morais, Luiz Fernando de Castro Malinverno, Giselle Vasconcelos Liberato, Myllena Maria de Morais Pereira, Modesto Leite Rolim Neto, Leonardo de Oliveira Cavalcante and Estelita Lima Cândido",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75478",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75478",authors:[{id:"325332",title:"Dr.",name:"Modesto Leite",surname:"Neto",slug:"modesto-leite-neto",fullName:"Modesto Leite Neto"},{id:"325872",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucier Gonçalves",surname:"Junior",slug:"jucier-goncalves-junior",fullName:"Jucier Gonçalves Junior"},{id:"325873",title:"Dr.",name:"Marília De Oliveira",surname:"Bringel",slug:"marilia-de-oliveira-bringel",fullName:"Marília De Oliveira Bringel"},{id:"325983",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonardo Rodrigues De",surname:"Morais",slug:"leonardo-rodrigues-de-morais",fullName:"Leonardo Rodrigues De Morais"},{id:"325984",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz Fernando De Castro",surname:"Malinverno",slug:"luiz-fernando-de-castro-malinverno",fullName:"Luiz Fernando De Castro Malinverno"},{id:"325985",title:"Dr.",name:"Giselle Vasconcelos",surname:"Liberato",slug:"giselle-vasconcelos-liberato",fullName:"Giselle Vasconcelos Liberato"},{id:"325986",title:"Dr.",name:"Myllena Maria De Morais",surname:"Pereira",slug:"myllena-maria-de-morais-pereira",fullName:"Myllena Maria De Morais Pereira"},{id:"325990",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonardo De Oliveira",surname:"Cavalcante",slug:"leonardo-de-oliveira-cavalcante",fullName:"Leonardo De Oliveira Cavalcante"},{id:"325992",title:"Dr.",name:"Estelita Lima",surname:"Cândido",slug:"estelita-lima-candido",fullName:"Estelita Lima Cândido"}],corrections:null},{id:"78821",title:"Herpesviridae and microRNAs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100370",slug:"herpesviridae-and-micrornas",totalDownloads:110,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"MicroRNAs (miRNAs), first discovered in the year 1993 in the nematode C. elegans, are small, approximately 22-nucleotide-long, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression. Cellular miRNAs have been implicated in the control of many biological processes, and their dysregulation is associated with different diseases. They can be significantly up/downregulated upon infection or disease, serving as excellent biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Several human DNA viruses, including many herpesviruses, have now been reported to encode viral miRNAs. There are a variety of possible interactions and mechanisms of viral microRNAs (vmiRNAs) which are yet to be remains obscure. Viral miRNAs can function as orthologs of cellular miRNAs and regulate their expression. Additionally, viruses have also developed vmiRNA mechanisms to avoid being targeted by the host miRNAs. Herpes Simplex Viruses (HSV-1 & HSV-2) cause genital and oral herpes, establishing lifelong latent infections in their hosts, and it is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide. vmiRNAs play essential roles in Herpesvirus biology. In this chapter, we will discuss the current knowledge about miRNAs and their role in different stages of Herpesvirus infection. It will also elaborate the biomarkers, therapeutic potential of these molecules, and the prospective areas of future research.",signatures:"Anwesha Banerjee and Anupam Mukherjee",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78821",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78821",authors:[{id:"357335",title:"Dr.",name:"Anupam",surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anupam-mukherjee",fullName:"Anupam Mukherjee"},{id:"416431",title:"Ms.",name:"Anwesha",surname:"Banerjee",slug:"anwesha-banerjee",fullName:"Anwesha Banerjee"}],corrections:null},{id:"77367",title:"Immunological and Virological Failure among Individuals on Highly-Active Antiretroviral Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98593",slug:"immunological-and-virological-failure-among-individuals-on-highly-active-antiretroviral-therapy",totalDownloads:98,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Initiation of antiretroviral treatment decreased HIV related mortality and morbidity. Virological failure (a condition defined when the plasma viral load of HIV infected individuals greater than 1000 RNA copies/ml based on two consecutive viral load measurements with adherence support) have an increased risk of clinical progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and death. Nowadays, combination of highly active antiretroviral therapy is recommended to decrease the likelihood of drug resistance. However, there is emergence of drug resistance and treatment failure during treatment. Hence, managing and detecting antiretroviral treatment response is important to monitor the effectiveness of medication and possible drug switching for treatment regimens. Additionally, mechanisms of drug resistance and factors associated with immunological and virological treatment failure should be addressed.",signatures:"Hadush Negash, Brhane Berhe and Miglas Welay",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77367",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77367",authors:[{id:"329709",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Hadush",surname:"Negash",slug:"hadush-negash",fullName:"Hadush Negash"},{id:"329713",title:"MSc.",name:"Miglas",surname:"Welay",slug:"miglas-welay",fullName:"Miglas Welay"},{id:"329715",title:"MSc.",name:"Brhane",surname:"Berhe",slug:"brhane-berhe",fullName:"Brhane Berhe"}],corrections:null},{id:"74915",title:"Trained Immunity-Based Vaccines: A Ready-to-Act Strategy to Tackle Viral Outbreaks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95765",slug:"trained-immunity-based-vaccines-a-ready-to-act-strategy-to-tackle-viral-outbreaks",totalDownloads:324,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Viral outbreaks have become significant threats to global human public health. New emerging viruses, pathogen mutations, and even the progressive loss of efficacy in some existing vaccines are behind this problem, which is amplified by the rapid virus spread given the ease of current mobility. Taking into account that these outbreaks arise in the absence of conventional effective vaccines, alternative approaches based on trained (innate) immunity are being considered. This immunity is dependent on a functional reprogramming of innate immune cells, leading to an enhanced nonspecific response towards different pathogens, including viruses. Trained immunity-based vaccines (TIbVs), defined as vaccine formulations containing trained immunity inducers, could be used during viral outbreaks to confer non-specific protection but also to enhance adaptive specific immune responses. In this chapter, we aim to illustrate how TIbVs could tackle the above-mentioned situations derived from viral outbreaks, reviewing the potential of available TIbVs in such urgent situations with a special mention to COVID-19.",signatures:"Laura Conejero, Paula Saz-Leal and José Luis Subiza",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74915",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74915",authors:[{id:"330515",title:"Dr.",name:"José Luis",surname:"Subiza",slug:"jose-luis-subiza",fullName:"José Luis Subiza"},{id:"330517",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",surname:"Conejero",slug:"laura-conejero",fullName:"Laura Conejero"},{id:"330518",title:"Dr.",name:"Paula",surname:"Saz-Leal",slug:"paula-saz-leal",fullName:"Paula Saz-Leal"}],corrections:null},{id:"74486",title:"The MONITOR Ecosystem: A Digital Health Intervention for the Early Detection, Control, Follow-Up, and Management of COVID-19 in Mexico",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95260",slug:"the-monitor-ecosystem-a-digital-health-intervention-for-the-early-detection-control-follow-up-and-ma",totalDownloads:237,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In fighting infectious disease outbreaks, a basic epidemiological principle is to detect cases quickly and to isolate each case, to interrupt transmission. This principle has been the cornerstone of the Carso Group (CG) COVID Protocol, a systematic blueprint for the reopening of operations of workplaces in the context of ongoing disease transmission in Mexico. The CG comprises over 50 companies with approximately 180,000 employees engaged in economic activities including telecommunications, retail, construction, banking, mining, and manufacturing, among others. To cope with the COVID-19 pandemic within the CG, the Carlos Slim Foundation designed, developed and implemented MONITOR, a digital health ecosystem comprising a mobile phone application, web portal, and analytics platform, to assess the infection risk of each employee, follow-up their health status, and detect early symptoms of COVID-19. MONITOR provides daily notifications for any suspected cases and activates a COVID-19 testing request and follow-up of results. This intervention helps rapidly identify and isolate suspected cases, as well as follow-up of work and family contacts, to prevent further outbreaks. Use of MONITOR has thus enabled containment of COVID-19 in workplaces and safe return to work. MONITOR is an example of the implementation of public health practices in workplaces and can serve as the basis for larger deployment in population-wide settings.",signatures:"Miguel Betancourt-Cravioto, Jorge Falcón-Lezama, Fernando Rojas-Estrella, Rodrigo Saucedo-Martínez and Roberto Tapia-Conyer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74486",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74486",authors:[{id:"198398",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",surname:"Betancourt-Cravioto",slug:"miguel-betancourt-cravioto",fullName:"Miguel Betancourt-Cravioto"},{id:"198399",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Falcón-Lezama",slug:"jorge-falcon-lezama",fullName:"Jorge Falcón-Lezama"},{id:"198658",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Tapia-Conyer",slug:"roberto-tapia-conyer",fullName:"Roberto Tapia-Conyer"},{id:"340621",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",surname:"Saucedo-Martínez",slug:"rodrigo-saucedo-martinez",fullName:"Rodrigo Saucedo-Martínez"},{id:"340822",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Rojas-Estrella",slug:"fernando-rojas-estrella",fullName:"Fernando Rojas-Estrella"}],corrections:null},{id:"75084",title:"The One-Health Approach to Infectious Disease Outbreaks Control",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95759",slug:"the-one-health-approach-to-infectious-disease-outbreaks-control",totalDownloads:180,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Close contact between people, animals, plants, and their shared environment provides more disease transmission opportunities. Host characteristics, environmental conditions, and habitat disruption can provide new opportunities for disease to occur. These changes may lead to the spread of existing and new diseases. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, sporozoans, worms, and others cause infectious diseases. Some of these diseases may be prone to explosive outbreaks and may constitute deadly epidemic threats that could rapidly reach pandemic proportions. Drugs and vaccines can successfully control many infectious diseases; however, this is challenged by the lack of facilities and resources. In all parts of the world, infectious disease is an essential constraint to increased human, animal, and environmental interactions. Identifying hot-spot and interventions for prevention while considering the heterogeneity of target diseases to places, population time, or situation is essential. Therefore, successful infectious disease control measures must be based on understanding disease transmission pathways, strengthening surveillance systems, and intervention. Application of the One Health method is a responsive approach to infectious disease control. Much of the One-Health based approach to managing an infectious disease has been utilized with a promising effect on controlling current outbreaks. More deliberate efforts should encourage understanding of disease determinants to analyze infectious disease issues through a One-Health lens. Only through the extensive participation of all related field stakeholders can One-Health truly reach its potential to mitigate infectious disease outbreaks. This chapter reviews utilization of the One Health approach to infectious disease outbreak control.",signatures:"Sima Ernest Rugarabamu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75084",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75084",authors:[{id:"322766",title:"Dr.",name:"Sima",surname:"Ernest Rugarabamu",slug:"sima-ernest-rugarabamu",fullName:"Sima Ernest Rugarabamu"}],corrections:null},{id:"75644",title:"Human Cultural Dimensions and Behavior during COVID-19 Can Lead to Policy Resistance and Economic Losses: A Perspective from Game Theory Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96689",slug:"human-cultural-dimensions-and-behavior-during-covid-19-can-lead-to-policy-resistance-and-economic-lo",totalDownloads:239,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The recent COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant societal impacts. Besides loss of life there were large additional costs incurred by every country including the treatment of patients and costs to implement response plans. The pandemic resulted in major economic disruptions and stalled growth worldwide due to travel bans, lockdowns, social distancing, and non-essential business closures. Public health officials in almost every country implemented and encouraged Nonpharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) such as contact tracing, social distancing, masks, and isolation. Human behavioral decision-making concerning social isolation was a major hindrance to the success in curbing the pandemic worldwide. In many developing countries individuals’ choices were motivated by the competing risk of losing jobs, and daily income. In this chapter we focus on human behavior concerning social isolation in the context of decision-making during the pandemic. We developed a conceptual framework and deterministic model that integrated evolutionary game theory within our disease transmission model. We illustrate scenarios numerically simulating the model. This study highlights the idea that human behavior is an important component in successful disease control strategies. Economic resilience, especially in low-income countries, can improve public understanding and uptake of NPIs.",signatures:"Tamer Oraby, Michael G. Tyshenko and Samit Bhattacharyya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75644",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75644",authors:[{id:"208850",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamer",surname:"Oraby",slug:"tamer-oraby",fullName:"Tamer Oraby"},{id:"329860",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Samit",surname:"Bhattacharyya",slug:"samit-bhattacharyya",fullName:"Samit Bhattacharyya"},{id:"344430",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael G.",surname:"Tyshenko",slug:"michael-g.-tyshenko",fullName:"Michael G. Tyshenko"}],corrections:null},{id:"74377",title:"Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Patients with COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95261",slug:"antiphospholipid-antibodies-in-patients-with-covid-19",totalDownloads:192,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Patients infected with COVID-19 are at higher risk of thrombosis, suggesting an important role of COVID-19 induced coagulopathy. Abnormal coagulation parameters such as elevation in D-dimer are found in patients, with frequent thrombotic events ranging from peripheral ischemia, pulmonary thromboembolism to disseminated intravascular coagulation. Recently, the role of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 have been questioned but it remains unclear whether they contribute to coagulopathy. We aim to evaluate the presence of aPL, including LAC, aCL (IgG, IgM), aβ2GPI (IgG, IgM) in a cohort of patients with SARS-CoV-2, study clinical associations and discuss the relevance. The relevance of aPLs in patients with COVID-19 is yet to be determined. Inflammation is closely associated to thrombosis and the presence of inflammatory mediators in COVID-19 infection can lead to thrombosis. Further studies are needed before to determine the role of aPL in COVID-19 patients and their relationship with thrombosis. The presence of aPL should be carefully interpreted as it is important to evaluate the persistence of aPL positivity in patients infected with COVID-19.",signatures:"Cristiana Isabel Sieiro Santos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74377",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74377",authors:[{id:"329604",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristiana",surname:"Isabel Sieiro Santos",slug:"cristiana-isabel-sieiro-santos",fullName:"Cristiana Isabel Sieiro Santos"}],corrections:null},{id:"77453",title:"The Power of Computational Intelligence Methods in the Containment of COVID-19 Pandemic from Detection to Recovery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98931",slug:"the-power-of-computational-intelligence-methods-in-the-containment-of-covid-19-pandemic-from-detecti",totalDownloads:101,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The coronavirus disease (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has caused unprecedented economic crises, and changes in our lifestyle to different things that we have not experienced before in this century, which cause by movement restriction order by the authority to halt the spread of the disease around the globe. Researchers around the globe applied computational intelligence methods in numerous fields which exhibits a successful story. The computational intelligence methods play an important role in dealing with coronavirus pandemics. This research will focus on the use of computational intelligence methods in understanding the infection, accelerating drugs and treatments research, detecting, diagnosis, and predicting the virus, surveillance, and contact tracing to prevent or slow the virus from the spread, monitoring the recovery of the infected individuals. This study points out promising CI techniques utilized as an adjunct along with the current methods used in containments of COVID-19. It is imagined that this study will give CI researchers and the wider community an outline of the current status of CI applications and motivate CI researchers in harnessing CI technique possibilities in the battle against COVID-19.",signatures:"Abdullahi Isa and Barka Piyinkir Ndahi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77453",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77453",authors:[{id:"347240",title:"Mr.",name:"Abdullahi",surname:"Isa",slug:"abdullahi-isa",fullName:"Abdullahi Isa"},{id:"419071",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Barka",surname:"Ndahi",slug:"barka-ndahi",fullName:"Barka Ndahi"}],corrections:null},{id:"76319",title:"Docking-Based Screening of Cell-Penetrating Peptides with Antiviral Features and Ebola Virus Proteins as a Drug Discovery Approach to Develop a Treatment for Ebola Virus Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97222",slug:"docking-based-screening-of-cell-penetrating-peptides-with-antiviral-features-and-ebola-virus-protein",totalDownloads:232,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ebola drug discovery continues to be challenging as yet. Proteins of the virus should be targeted at the relevant biologically active site for drug or inhibitor binding to be effective. In this regard, by considering the important role of Ebola virus proteins in the viral mechanisms of this viral disease, the Ebola proteins are selected as our drug targets in this study. The discovery of novel therapeutic molecules or peptides will be highly expensive; therefore, we attempted to identify possible antigens of EBOV proteins by conducting docking-based screening of cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) that have antiviral potential features utilizing Hex software version 8.0.0. The E-value scores obtained in this research were very much higher than the previously reported docking studies. CPPs that possess suitable interaction with the targets would be specified as promising candidates for further in vitro and in vivo examination aimed at developing new drugs for Ebola infection treatment.",signatures:"Ehsan Raoufi, Bahar Bahramimeimandi, Mahsa Darestanifarahani, Fatemeh Hosseini, Mohammad Salehi-Shadkami, Hossein Raoufi and Reza Afzalipour",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76319",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76319",authors:[{id:"210529",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ehsan",surname:"Raoufi",slug:"ehsan-raoufi",fullName:"Ehsan Raoufi"},{id:"347331",title:"BSc.",name:"Hossein",surname:"Raoufi",slug:"hossein-raoufi",fullName:"Hossein Raoufi"},{id:"347332",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",surname:"Afzalipour",slug:"reza-afzalipour",fullName:"Reza Afzalipour"},{id:"347333",title:"MSc.",name:"Bahar",surname:"Bahramimeimandi",slug:"bahar-bahramimeimandi",fullName:"Bahar Bahramimeimandi"},{id:"347334",title:"MSc.",name:"Fatemeh",surname:"Hosseini",slug:"fatemeh-hosseini",fullName:"Fatemeh Hosseini"},{id:"347335",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Salehi-Shadkami",slug:"mohammad-salehi-shadkami",fullName:"Mohammad Salehi-Shadkami"},{id:"347336",title:"MSc.",name:"Mahsa",surname:"Darestani Farahani",slug:"mahsa-darestani-farahani",fullName:"Mahsa Darestani Farahani"}],corrections:null},{id:"74041",title:"Survey for a Vector of Zika Virus and Two Other Mosquito Species in Four Ecoregions of Missouri: An A Posteriori Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94499",slug:"survey-for-a-vector-of-zika-virus-and-two-other-mosquito-species-in-four-ecoregions-of-missouri-an-e",totalDownloads:174,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In 2015, Zika emerged as a vector-borne disease in the Americas, causing a variety of health issues ranging from Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults to microcephaly in newborns. Following the documentation of mosquito-borne transmission of the disease in the southern United States, the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services contracted with researchers at Missouri State University to complete a survey of possible mosquito vectors of the Zika in the state. The primary vector of the disease, Aedes aegypti, had been reported from Missouri in previous surveys from several decades ago, but a comprehensive survey of the state mosquitoes and never been completed. Researchers focused on mosquitoes that spend the immature stages in artificial containers because this is descriptive of the most important Zika vectors. The large survey over three years provided an opportunity for post hoc analysis of mosquito occurrence data across a variety of ecoregions inside the state, documenting changes in the vector populations as a result of invasive species. The survey also allowed an analysis of different trapping techniques for important species in the state. The results are reported in this chapter along with a discussion of the potential impact on human health of changes to the mosquito population.",signatures:"David M. Claborn, Sapana Subedi Chowi, Matthew Flint and Clement Acheampong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74041",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74041",authors:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn"},{id:"328843",title:"Ms.",name:"Sapana",surname:"Chowi",slug:"sapana-chowi",fullName:"Sapana Chowi"},{id:"328844",title:"Mr.",name:"Matthew",surname:"Flint",slug:"matthew-flint",fullName:"Matthew Flint"},{id:"328845",title:"Mr.",name:"Clement",surname:"Acheampong",slug:"clement-acheampong",fullName:"Clement Acheampong"}],corrections:null},{id:"75586",title:"Frog Virology: Biosafety in an Experimental Farm",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96605",slug:"frog-virology-biosafety-in-an-experimental-farm",totalDownloads:160,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Understanding and detecting diseases of amphibians has become vitally important in conservation and ecological studies and prevent and biosecurity a determinant priority in experimental farms, mainly when related with academic and research activities. Ranavirus belongs to the family Iridoviridae, and causes an emergent infectious disease that affects different species, especially fish, reptiles and amphibians, with a significant contribution to the decline of the population. In amphibian systems, Ranaviruses transmission can occur between vertebrate classes through direct contact, by scavenging or through virus particles persisting in the environment. Subclinical infected individuals may serve as reservoirs in the most susceptible anura species. Humans play a significant role in this emergent disease and biosecurity measures are determinant to prevent the introduction of these viruses, either in commercial or experimental farms. A Biosafety Plan is a fundamental tool in the Ranaviruses prevention and include educational and training programs, relevant to the mission of a Higher Education Institution.",signatures:"Cláudia Luís Martins Batista, Alexandre Nuno Vaz Batista de Vieira e Brito and Júlio César Oliveira Lopes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75586",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75586",authors:[{id:"339241",title:"Prof.",name:"Nuno",surname:"Brito",slug:"nuno-brito",fullName:"Nuno Brito"},{id:"340071",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio",surname:"Lopes",slug:"julio-lopes",fullName:"Julio Lopes"},{id:"340218",title:"BSc.",name:"Cláudia",surname:"Batista",slug:"claudia-batista",fullName:"Cláudia Batista"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:[{id:"54",label:"covid-19 book program"}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3842",title:"Leishmaniasis",subtitle:"Trends in Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"861f3ca84eede677ba6cd863093d62f8",slug:"leishmaniasis-trends-in-epidemiology-diagnosis-and-treatment",bookSignature:"David M. Claborn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3842.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5378",title:"The Epidemiology and Ecology of Leishmaniasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"862e269e0512a4763bba54d355c3c44f",slug:"the-epidemiology-and-ecology-of-leishmaniasis",bookSignature:"David Claborn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5378.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4475",title:"Topics in Public Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9d60e400498e29ac23d4e94d68301024",slug:"topics-in-public-health",bookSignature:"David Claborn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4475.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7090",title:"Current Issues in Global Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7e4c3c0c459e7615e74cdc125d5b500c",slug:"current-issues-in-global-health",bookSignature:"David Claborn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7090.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9114",title:"Vector-Borne Diseases",subtitle:"Recent Developments in Epidemiology and Control",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"97b62d395de991b4cd74bd3148aeb535",slug:"vector-borne-diseases-recent-developments-in-epidemiology-and-control",bookSignature:"David Claborn, Sujit Bhattacharya and Syamal Roy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9114.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1810",title:"Epidemiology",subtitle:"Current Perspectives on Research and Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ac7d05ca923379f2deb51dc563d0d050",slug:"epidemiology-current-perspectives-on-research-and-practice",bookSignature:"Nuno Lunet",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1810.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58911",title:"Prof.",name:"Nuno",surname:"Lunet",slug:"nuno-lunet",fullName:"Nuno Lunet"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10706",title:"Fighting the COVID-19 Pandemic",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1a5246f0b6ba4f0e9ad1fbfa4134c598",slug:"fighting-the-covid-19-pandemic",bookSignature:"Manal Mohammad Baddour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10706.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174598",title:"Dr.",name:"Manal Mohammad",surname:"Baddour",slug:"manal-mohammad-baddour",fullName:"Manal Mohammad Baddour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9504",title:"Science-Based Approaches to Respond to COVID and Other Public Health Threats",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"355f26e9a65d22c4de7311a424d1e3eb",slug:"science-based-approaches-to-respond-to-covid-and-other-public-health-threats",bookSignature:"Erick Guerrero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9504.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"294761",title:"Dr.",name:"Erick",surname:"Guerrero",slug:"erick-guerrero",fullName:"Erick Guerrero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10535",title:"SARS-CoV-2 Origin and COVID-19 Pandemic Across the Globe",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"043fa3e57c1448a9cf8155587a8cac3d",slug:"sars-cov-2-origin-and-covid-19-pandemic-across-the-globe",bookSignature:"Vijay Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10535.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63844",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",surname:"Kumar",slug:"vijay-kumar",fullName:"Vijay Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10558",title:"Lifestyle and Epidemiology",subtitle:"The Double Burden of Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases in African Populations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fcb1804d36a2b0eed63e5a37ba463702",slug:"lifestyle-and-epidemiology-the-double-burden-of-poverty-and-cardiovascular-diseases-in-african-populations",bookSignature:"Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki and Han C.G. Kemper",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10558.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"276287",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotsedi Daniel",surname:"Monyeki",slug:"kotsedi-daniel-monyeki",fullName:"Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"72877",slug:"erratum-synthesis-techniques-and-applications-of-perovskite-materials",title:"Erratum - Synthesis Techniques and Applications of Perovskite Materials",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/72877.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72877",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72877",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/72877",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/72877",chapter:{id:"70923",slug:"synthesis-techniques-and-applications-of-perovskite-materials",signatures:"Dinesh Kumar, Ram Sagar Yadav, Monika, Akhilesh Kumar Singh and Shyam Bahadur Rai",dateSubmitted:"March 12th 2019",dateReviewed:"May 13th 2019",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"June 10th 2020",book:{id:"9360",title:"Perovskite Materials, Devices and Integration",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Perovskite Materials, Devices and Integration",slug:"perovskite-materials-devices-and-integration",publishedDate:"June 10th 2020",bookSignature:"He Tian",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9360.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259466",title:"Prof.",name:"He",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",slug:"he-tian",fullName:"He Tian"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"298428",title:"Dr.",name:"Ram Sagar",middleName:null,surname:"Yadav",fullName:"Ram Sagar Yadav",slug:"ram-sagar-yadav",email:"ramsagaryadav@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"302651",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Dinesh Kumar",slug:"dinesh-kumar",email:"dineshiitbhu@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"302652",title:"Ms.",name:"Monika",middleName:null,surname:"Kanwal",fullName:"Monika Kanwal",slug:"monika-kanwal",email:"monikavbspu@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"302653",title:"Dr.",name:"Akhilesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Akhilesh Kumar Singh",slug:"akhilesh-kumar-singh",email:"aksingh.mst@iitbhu.ac.in",position:null,institution:null},{id:"302654",title:"Prof.",name:"Shyam Bahadur",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",fullName:"Shyam Bahadur Rai",slug:"shyam-bahadur-rai",email:"sbrai49@yahoo.co.in",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"70923",slug:"synthesis-techniques-and-applications-of-perovskite-materials",signatures:"Dinesh Kumar, Ram Sagar Yadav, Monika, Akhilesh Kumar Singh and Shyam Bahadur Rai",dateSubmitted:"March 12th 2019",dateReviewed:"May 13th 2019",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"June 10th 2020",book:{id:"9360",title:"Perovskite Materials, Devices and Integration",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Perovskite Materials, Devices and Integration",slug:"perovskite-materials-devices-and-integration",publishedDate:"June 10th 2020",bookSignature:"He Tian",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9360.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259466",title:"Prof.",name:"He",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",slug:"he-tian",fullName:"He Tian"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"298428",title:"Dr.",name:"Ram Sagar",middleName:null,surname:"Yadav",fullName:"Ram Sagar Yadav",slug:"ram-sagar-yadav",email:"ramsagaryadav@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"302651",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Dinesh Kumar",slug:"dinesh-kumar",email:"dineshiitbhu@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"302652",title:"Ms.",name:"Monika",middleName:null,surname:"Kanwal",fullName:"Monika Kanwal",slug:"monika-kanwal",email:"monikavbspu@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"302653",title:"Dr.",name:"Akhilesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Akhilesh Kumar Singh",slug:"akhilesh-kumar-singh",email:"aksingh.mst@iitbhu.ac.in",position:null,institution:null},{id:"302654",title:"Prof.",name:"Shyam Bahadur",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",fullName:"Shyam Bahadur Rai",slug:"shyam-bahadur-rai",email:"sbrai49@yahoo.co.in",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"9360",title:"Perovskite Materials, Devices and Integration",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Perovskite Materials, Devices and Integration",slug:"perovskite-materials-devices-and-integration",publishedDate:"June 10th 2020",bookSignature:"He Tian",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9360.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259466",title:"Prof.",name:"He",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",slug:"he-tian",fullName:"He Tian"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11515",leadTitle:null,title:"Light-Emitting Diodes - New Perspectives",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tThe aim of this book project is to cover a comprehensive and up-to-date collection of LEDs. This book will cover the recent advances in perovskite LEDs, organic LEDs, Quantum dot LEDs, nitride-based LEDs, etc. Organic LEDs are well known and already in the market and quantum dot-based LEDs are based on nanoparticles, and their structures are similar to the OLEDs. In 2014, the first perovskite LED was fabricated and after that, a lot of improvements have been done in this area. III-nitrides semiconductor materials including GaN, InN, AlN, and their alloys InGaN, AlGaN, etc. are promising semiconductors. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014 was awarded jointly to Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano, and Shuji Nakamura for the invention of proficient blue LEDs. After the invention of GaN-based blue LEDs, there was a revolutionary development in the III-nitrides-based semiconductor industry worldwide.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-561-3",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-560-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-562-0",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"08a7e9ae6b64e49a2118515e285b78da",bookSignature:"Dr. Chandra Shakher Pathak and Mr. Uday Dadwal",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11515.jpg",keywords:"LEDs, Organic, Perovskite, Nitride, Quantum Dot, GaN, Display, Technology, Nanoparticles, Semiconductor, Efficiency, Lifetime",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 11th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 13th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 12th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 30th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 29th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 days",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering researcher actively involved in research on nanomaterials, thin-film growth, characterization, and photovoltaics.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Dadwal is currently a Technical Officer in the Nanoscale Research Facility (NRF), IIT Delhi actively involved in research on III-nitrides semiconductor materials and setting up state-of-the-art nanofabrication facilities.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"318029",title:"Dr.",name:"Chandra Shakher",middleName:null,surname:"Pathak",slug:"chandra-shakher-pathak",fullName:"Chandra Shakher Pathak",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002tQPGTQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-22T15:04:07.jpg",biography:"Dr. Chandra Shakher Pathak obtained his Ph.D. in Physics from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India. He obtained his MSc in Physics from Kumaun University Nainital, Uttarakhand, and M.Tech. (Gold medalist) in Advanced Materials Science and Technology from the National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India. His research work focuses on nanomaterials, thin-film growth, characterization, and photovoltaics. He has worked on nanomaterials, organic-inorganic heterojunctions, Schottky diodes, 2D materials, and photovoltaics. Currently, Dr. Pathak is working on the fabrication and stability of perovskite solar cells.",institutionString:"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Israel"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"106848",title:"Mr.",name:"Uday",middleName:null,surname:"Dadwal",slug:"uday-dadwal",fullName:"Uday Dadwal",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRzc9QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-02-22T15:14:34.JPG",biography:"Dr. Uday Dadwal is currently a Technical Officer in the Nanoscale Research Facility (NRF), IIT Delhi. He obtained M.Sc. (Physics) from the Jiwaji University Gwalior in 2005. After that he joined Centre for Applied Research in Electronics, IIT Delhi for Ph.D. His Ph.D. work was related to the investigation of blistering and exfoliation phenomena in hydrogen implanted semiconductors. He obtained his Ph.D. in 2013. After that, he became a Project Scientist at the NRF. He was involved in the setting up of state-of-the-art nanofabrication facilities in the class-100 clean room such as electron beam lithography and maskless photolithography. He was also involved in the growth of semiconductor nanostructures for water splitting applications. He was involved in the research related to the layer splitting studies of wide bandgap semiconductors including GaN and AlN, wafer bonding study using hydrogen ion implantation, growth and study of semiconductor nanostructures for water splitting applications.",institutionString:"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"440204",firstName:"Ana",lastName:"Cink",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/440204/images/20006_n.jpg",email:"ana.c@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10644",title:"Recent Developments in Atomic Force Microscopy and Raman Spectroscopy for Materials Characterization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30a4c22b98d8dd2b18e5c33dade4b94b",slug:"recent-developments-in-atomic-force-microscopy-and-raman-spectroscopy-for-materials-characterization",bookSignature:"Chandra Shakher Pathak and Samir Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"318029",title:"Dr.",name:"Chandra Shakher",surname:"Pathak",slug:"chandra-shakher-pathak",fullName:"Chandra Shakher Pathak"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10198",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"58538",title:"Green Methods for Corrosion Control",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72762",slug:"green-methods-for-corrosion-control",body:'Metallic materials are the pre-eminent important materials used in structural and decorative applications and are still the most widely used group of materials particularly in both mechanical engineering and transportation industry [1]. The usefulness of these metals is constrained by one common problem known as corrosion. The corrosion, deterioration or destruction of metals is an unavoidable but controllable process by means of optimum corrosion management practices.
One of the established methods of protection against corrosion damage is the use of corrosion inhibitors. A corrosion inhibitor is a solid or liquid substance when added in a suitable concentration to an environment reduces the corrosion rate by reducing the corrosivity of the environment [2]. Corrosion inhibitors can be divided into two broad categories: passive film formation and adsorbing on the metal surface. In both cases, a barrier was created on the surface that prevents access of corrosive agents to the metal surface [3]. Corrosion inhibitors have always been considered to be the first line of defiance against corrosion. According to their action, there are four types of corrosion inhibitors: anodic inhibitors, cathodic inhibitors, mixed inhibitors and volatile corrosion inhibitors (VCI). Anodic inhibitors usually cause a large anodic shift of the corrosion potential to reach passivation region by forming a protective oxide film on the metal surface. Cathodic inhibitors act by selectively precipitating on cathodic areas. This blocking of cathodic areas limits the diffusion of reducing species to the surface. Also, they can slow the cathodic reaction itself. Mixed inhibitors work by reducing both the cathodic and anodic reactions by forming film compounds that block both anodic and cathodic sites. Volatile corrosion inhibitors (VCI) compounds have sufficient vapor pressures to allow vaporization and subsequent condensation and adsorption on metal surfaces as a monomolecular passivating layer and control the corrosion attack. In closed vapor spaces, such as shipping containers, volatile solids such as salts of dicyclohexylamine, cyclohexylamine, and hexamethyleneamine are used [4, 5, 6]. When choosing an inhibitor, there are several factors including cost and amount, easy availability and, most importantly, safety to environment need to be considered.
Another newly established method for corrosion control, covered in this chapter, is employing green sol-gel coatings. Sol-gel science, early discovered in the 1800s and studied in detail since the 1930s, has attracted researchers’ interest to a great extent. As inorganic gels can be formed at low temperatures and converted to glasses without the need of melting process.
Sol-gel materials encompass a wide range of inorganic and organic-inorganic hybrid materials which share a common preparation strategy: the sol-gel process. It involves the generation of colloidal suspensions, “sols” [7]. During the process, inorganic networks grow by sol (colloidal suspension) formation then the sol undergoes gelation (gel). Metal alkoxides, mainly alkoxysilane, are most commonly used precursors for the sol synthesis as they react easily with water. Deposition of a protective layer can be a proper way to enhance the corrosion resistance of a substrate. This can be done by a variety of ways such as chemical [8] or physical [9] vapor deposition, laser cladding [10], thermal spraying [11] and sol-gel [12]. Upon comparison, the sol-gel method has advantages of being simple, deposition can be achieved at low temperatures. The low-temperature reaction makes it possible to incorporate organic modifiers into the inorganic network, thus providing new materials which have combined reactants’ properties [13, 14, 15]. In conclusion, types of corrosion inhibitors with their possible mechanisms are summarized in Figure 1.
Types of corrosion inhibitors and their possible mechanisms.
Green corrosion inhibitors or “eco-friendly inhibitors” are biodegradable compounds and do not contain heavy metals or other toxic compounds. They are biocompatible with nature. Similar to the general classification of “inhibitors,” “green inhibitors” can also be grouped into two categories, namely organic green inhibitors and inorganic green inhibitors.
The organic green inhibitors are the quinine, alkaloids, phenol, phenylpropanoid flavonoids, organic acid and other natural products obtained from natural sources like plants. It also includes synthetic compounds with negligible toxicity. Herein, plant extracts, gums, drugs and oils have been considered as green corrosion inhibitors. The use of wastes from plants as corrosion inhibitors can be another way of extending the beneficial use of these plants and so enhance municipal waste management. Some of the notable developments on organic green inhibitors, especially plant extracts, are discussed here.
Aquatic plants contain some organic compounds that provide definite physiological actions on the human body and these bioactive substances include alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, phenolic compounds, tannins and flavonoids and most of them are known to have corrosion inhibition efficiency.
Plant material extracts contain many active principles. They contain polar or hetero atoms such as S, N, O, P and aromatic rings, favoring the adsorption by donor-acceptor interaction between π electrons of donor atoms S, N, O, P and aromatic rings of inhibitors, and the vacant d-orbitals of metal surface atoms [16]. Because of adsorption of inhibitor molecules on the metal surface, protective film is formed that isolates the metal from the aggressive environment. Thus, corrosion is controlled.
Large numbers of organic extracts of plant materials have been used to prevent a variety of metals such as mild steel [17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28], various types of steel [29, 30], cast iron [31] aluminum and its alloys [32, 33, 34], zinc and its alloys [35, 36, 37, 38], copper [39, 40, 41], nickel [42, 43] and tin [44, 45].
According to corrosive medium, extracts of plant materials have been used to prevent corrosion of metals in various medium. Most studies were conducted in acidic medium [31] than in basic [34] and neutral medium [35]. Different parts of plants that include roots, leaves, bark, flowers and fruits (shell, juice and seed) were used to reduce the corrosion. Many methods have been employed such as hydrogen evolution, weight loss method, thermometric methods, electrochemical studies and so on to evaluate corrosion inhibition efficiencies of inhibitors extracted from plants. The protective film has been analyzed by various surface analyses techniques such as fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-rays analysis (EDXA) and atomic force microscope (AFM).
Overtime, plants extracts have been used as corrosion inhibitors, alone or in combination with other inhibitors. The mixture of plants extracts shows better inhibition efficiency than individual members, which is called synergistic effect. Many additives have been used to improve the inhibition efficiency of plant extracts. For example Zn2+, methylene dichloride, n-butanolic extract [46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51], KI [22, 52, 53], KCl, KBr [54, 55, 56, 57, 58], formaldehyde, diethylamine [59], ethyl acetate [60], and dimethyl sulfoxide [61].
Plant extracts are environmental friendly, nontoxic, low cost and easily biodegradable. Despite these features as environmentally acceptable, readily available and renewable source for a wide range of green inhibitors, they have some main drawbacks. The drawback of most reports on plant extracts as corrosion inhibitors is that the active ingredient has not been identified. Also, they are easily biodegradable and contaminated by microorganisms which limit the storage of liquid extract or even the solid extract for a long term. According to a number of research works published in the last two decades on these groups of products, plant extracts occupy the first place by 68% for aluminum and its alloys corrosion inhibition (Figure 1) [16].
It is important to consider the type of plant extract (water, alcohol, acid). The quality of the ingredients present in plant extracts consequently affects the effectiveness of the extracts in inhibiting corrosion.
Many theory mechanisms have been put by several workers. These mechanisms are being summarized in the following points:
Organic substances may form onium ions in acidic solutions and are adsorbed on the cathodic sites of the metal surface.
Organic substances in some plant extracts contain an alkaloid berberine which has a long chain of aromatic rings, an N-atom in the ring, and O atoms as H atoms substitution. The free electrons on the O and N atoms form bonds with the electrons on the metal surface.
Allyl propyl disulfide, which is an S-containing unsaturated compound, exists in many plant extracts and affects the potential cathodic process of metals such as steel.
Pyrrolidine in neutral and alkaline aqueous media ionizes, and the N-atom acquires a negative charge, and the higher charge on free electrons on N results in stronger bond between the pyrrolidine and metals.
The N-atom in alkaloid ricinine is in the ring attachment of the –OCH3 favoring the interaction with the metal surface.
Green inhibitors display substantially improved environmental properties as compared to the existing inhibitors whose toxic level is above 50%. The action of inorganic green inhibitors is to improve the passivity of a metal and alloys. According to that, most inorganic green inhibitors are compounds or metal ions that have more positive redox potential than the metal surface and also improve the passivity of a metal by favoring the electropositive metal to be reduced and deposited on the surface. There are several inorganic salts that are less toxic than chromate inhibitors. Among the metals used for corrosion inhibitor are: mercury (Hg) [62], lanthanide salts (La) [63, 64], samarium (Sm) [63], cerium salts [64, 65, 66, 67, 68] and platinum (Pt) [69] (Table 1).
Inhibitor medium | Metal and medium | Reference |
---|---|---|
La(NO3)3, Sm(NO3)3, LaCl3, SmCl3 | AISI 434 SS in NaCl | [65] |
CeCl3 | Aluminum alloy in NaCl | [66] |
CeCl3 | AA5083 alloy and galvanized steel in NaCl | [67] |
CeCl3 | Sn-Fe alloy in NaCl | [68] |
CeCl3 | AA6964 Al-Zn alloy in NaCl | [69] |
(Ce(NO3)3∙6H2O) | Tinplate in citric-citrate | [70] |
Tryptamine (TA) | ARMCO iron in 0.5 M deaerated H2SO4 | [71] |
Model inorganic green inhibitors.
Moreover, there are inorganic anions providing passivation protection to metal surfaces through their incorporation into the oxide layer; the most widely used of these are: chromate (CrO42−), nitrate (NO2−), molybdate (MoO3−), phosphate (H2PO3−) and silicates [70].
In neutral and alkaline media, the oxygen reduction reaction is more favored as cathodic reaction Eq. (1).
The cathodic reaction in Eq. (1) of oxygen reduction increases local pH by generating a high concentration of OH− ions. These OH− ions formed over the cathodic sites react with metal ions present in the solution according to Eqs. (2) and (3).
These reactions give rise to the precipitation of lanthanide oxides or hydroxides over cathodic sites and block them. Blocking the cathodic active sites by these compounds decreases the available cathodic current and therefore reduces the corrosion process.
The sol-gel process involves several stages as shown in Figure 2 [71]:
Hydrolysis of the precursors with the formation of hydroxide species;
Condensation with the formation of oxide species;
Gelation with the formation of a “spanning cluster” yielding a network which entraps the remaining solution;
Ageing with the formation of further crosslinks which change the structure in pore sizes and pore wall strengths;
Drying with the loss of solvent and the associated development of capillary stress; and
Densification with the collapse of the open structure and formation of a dense material.
Sol-gel process and possible coatings routes [
There are many advantages using sol-gel coatings, and some of the most important features are listed as follows [72]:
Excellent chemical stability.
Enhanced corrosion resistance for metal substrates.
An environmentally friendly technique of surface protection “green coating” (Replacement of toxic pretreatments and coatings which have traditionally been used for increasing corrosion resistance of metals).
Sol-gel process can be achieved at room temperature, thus degradation or thermal volatilization of incorporated organic species can be avoided.
Cast coating is possible without the need for complicated processes. Since used precursors are in the liquid form.
These are economical and fast and can be used for all types of surfaces to control the size and porosity of the resultant thin film.
Precursor such as metal alkoxides and mixed alkyl/alkoxides are frequently volatile and easily purified to very high levels using techniques developed for the microelectronics industry.
Highly porous materials and nanocrystalline materials may be prepared in this way.
Since liquid precursors are used, it is possible to cast ceramic materials in a range of complex shapes and to produce thin films or fibers as well as monoliths, without the need for machining or melting.
Hybrid silica sol-gel coatings are of growing interest as corrosion protection materials for metals as these coatings have good adhesion to metallic substrates and offer good corrosion resistance by combining properties of organic polymers and properties of ceramics [73, 74].
Common sol-gel limitations can be summarized in the following points [7]:
Precursors are sensitive to moisture;
Precursors are expensive, limiting large-scale manufacture;
The process is time-consuming; and
The dimensional change can occur on densification, shrinkage, cracking on drying, require attention.
Spin coating has been used for several decades for the application of thin films. In this process, a small drop of the coating material is loaded onto the center of a substrate, which is then spun at a controlled high speed. In the spin-coating process, the substrates spin around an axis which should be perpendicular to the coating area. As a result, the coating material spreads forming a thin film on the surface. Film properties, such as thickness, will be affected by several factors such as: viscosity, surface tension, drying ease and the rotation speed [75].
This method can be achieved by immersing a metal into a tank containing the coating material then withdrawing it to obtain a homogeneous film. Compared to the spin coating, the film obtained by dip coating is thicker [76].
Spray coating technique is a process in which molten or softened particles are applied by impact onto a substrate to produce a coating. This is done by using a vessel under pressure that pumps loading through a spray gun. The operation occurs in a totally enclosed system to minimize radiation of coating and product wastes [75].
In flow-coating process, the liquid-coating system is more or less poured over the substrate to be coated. The coating thickness depends on the angle of inclination of the substrate, the coating-liquid viscosity and the solvent evaporation rate. Thus, nonplanar large substrates can be readily coated [76].
There are many studies, investigate the ability of the sol-gel method to protect metals from corrosion, will be discussed in the following section.
Sol-gel-coated layers can exhibit good adhesion to the metal substrate due to the formation of chemically adsorbed M─O─Si bonds, as shown in Figure 3, resulting in a good anticorrosion performance. The following section summarizes a brief collection of recent and novel studies concerning the use of sol-gel coatings for corrosion control in metals and metal alloys.
Bonding of silane precursors to the metallic surface [
Al-Cu-Fe alloy powder, a highly effective lubrication-oil additive, was coated by conventional sol-gel method employing tetraethyloxysilane (TEOS) as the precursor for purpose of improving its corrosion resistance [78]. The sol-gel method was modified by employing ultrasound to study the effects of both ultrasonic power and irradiation time on the coating process. The coated powder had a high corrosion resistance in the acid media of pH 1. Vignesh et al. used 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) as the precursor for sol-gel coating on aluminum metal [79]. The results brought to light the potential of MPTMS as a precursor in the development of sol-gel coating over Al metal. The FTIR studies revealed the mechanism of the gelation of MPTMS and the formation of Si─O─Al linkage on the metallic substrate. The formed film was found to be stable up to 350°C as evident from thermogravimetric analysis. The X-rays diffraction (XRD) data also confirmed the formation of sol-gel coating on the metal surface. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis of MPTMS coating on aluminum showed the inhibition of the corrosion by acting as a barrier to the electrolyte by impeding its contact with the metal surface. The polarization studies revealed that MPTMS sol-gel coating on aluminum blocked the anodic sites of the metal and thereby reduced the metal dissolution into the electrolyte solution, while SEM confirmed the protective nature of the MPTMS coating over aluminum substrate.
Seifzadeh et al. have studied the novel and crack-free nanocomposites based on sol-gel process for corrosion protection of copper [80]. The best results have been obtained after addition of sodium montmorillonite nanoclay at 0.01% concentration. Also, the phenyltrimethoxysilane sol-gel coating becomes more hydrophobic after addition of nanoclay at low concentrations (0.01 and 0.1%). Results indicated that phenyltrimethoxysilane coating provided a high protection from corrosion when compared with copper substrate. The addition of nanoclays resulted in a crack-free sol-gel coating and enhanced protective properties of the coating. A conversion coating was formulated and applied on mild steel prior to sol-gel Al2O3 coating to improve the corrosion resistance of mild steel reported by Tiwari et al. [81]. The comparison was made between conversion coated and conversion followed by sol-gel Al2O3-coated mild steel. The modified surfaces, produced by conversion coating and conversion followed by sol-gel Al2O3 coating, were characterized by XRD and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and SEM. The corrosion resistance of the sol-gel coating was evaluated in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution by one-component plasma (OCP), polarization and EIS measurement. By examining the surface morphology of solgel after Al2O3 coating (0.36 ± 0.03 μm thickness), the surface seems smooth with featureless topography. The sol-gel Al2O3 coating is free from any defect and is homogeneous. No change in the coating morphology is seen after long immersion (240 h) in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution and repeated anodic polarization. The conversion coating by using silica sol and aluminum oxyhydroxide followed by heat treatment at 500°C produced mild steel surface suitable for sol-gel Al2O3 coating. The conversion coating formed a composite oxide containing Al2O3, SiO2, α-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 on the surface. The Al2O3 coating is amorphous and stable for 240 h in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The protective nature of a coating composed of a hybrid sol-gel and a phosphate-based conversion layer for magnesium-alloy corrosion was investigated by Li et al. [82]. The sol-gel coating itself has a good anticorrosion performance; however, the presence of an additional conversion layer highly enhanced the protection ability. The corrosion process was examined by EIS which showed that the presence of the conversion layer increases the system resistance upon immersion in a 0.05 M NaCl solution, as compared to the single sol-gel coating. Hassannejad et al. studied the effects of cerium doping on corrosion resistance of amorphous silica-titania coating [83]. Potentiodynamic polarization and EIS spectroscopy have been used to study the corrosion behavior of composite coating in 3.5% NaCl solution. Results showed that ceria doping presented higher corrosion resistance than undoped silica-titanium composite layer and also the passive region of the doped films in potentiodynamic tests expanded with respect to undoped silica-titanium composite layer. The film corrosion resistance is noticed due to the inhibition action of cerium. There is a critical cerium concentration, above it cracking occurs, this can be related to the high expansion coefficient of cerium oxide. Mei et al. examined the effects of cerium salts on corrosion behaviors of Si-Zr hybrid sol-gel coatings [84]. The Si-Zr hybrid sol-gel coatings on aluminum substrate were prepared through hydrolysis and condensation of GPTMS and zirconium(IV) n-propoxide, used as inhibitors for corrosion, three types of cerium salts (Ce(NO3)3, CeCl3 and Ce(CH3COO)3) were doped into the sol-gel coatings. The corrosion process is retarded by the addition of cerium salts due to its self-healing abilities. The sol-gel coating doped with Ce(CH3COO)3 has the highest corrosion resistance due to the utilized hydrolysis and condensation provided by CH3COO−. Ali et al. investigated the corrosion behavior of zinc substrates in 0.5 M HCl solution pretreated with various mono- and bilayered sol-gel films [85]. It was found that the bilayer morphology is similar to that of the outer layer. The protection abilities of mono- and bi-films are discussed in terms of film structure and functionality. The hybrid bifunctional organic coating (i.e. contains two different organic functional groups) is more efficient than monofunctional one. Hybrid monolayer has higher protection ability than its corresponding bilayers. Rahimi et al. reported the corrosion- and wear-resistance characterization of environmentally friendly sol-gel hybrid nanocomposite coating on aluminum. The hybrid nanocomposite coatings have been synthesized from TEOS and GPTMS precursors. The multilayer coatings were prepared by dip-coating technique. Effects of different layers on corrosion and wear resistance were studied. The coatings were found to increase the electrochemical corrosion resistance of aluminum. The maximum corrosion resistance properties, as determined by using electrochemical cyclic polarization testing, were observed for triple sol-gel-coated layer. The results suggested that crack-free plain organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposite coatings with Si-O-Si structure backbone and CH2 group incorporated into a silica network could be obtained on aluminum substrate by sol-gel synthesis. Atomic-force microscopy height images showed smooth nanostructural surface with root mean square less than 4 nm and the existence of organic and inorganic components in coatings could be a result of excellent wear and mechanical properties. Shi et al. studied that the sol-gel coatings were prepared using GPTMS and TEOS as precursors, diethylentriamine as curing agent. Inhibition effect of 2-methyl piperidine on magnesium alloy in 0.005, 0.05 and 0.5 wt.% NaCl solution is investigated.
The protection abilities of unmodified and modified GPTMS-VTMS sol-gel films with different Ti- and Al-alkoxides concentrations against zinc corrosion in 0.5 M HCl solution are reported by Ali et al. [85]. It was shown that the presence of the modifiers, either Ti or Al, facilitates the formation of the network structure and increases slightly the thermal stability of sol-gel materials. Weight-loss and electrochemical measurements proved that the highest protection ability of sol-gel coatings is assigned with low modifiers concentrations. The protection efficiency is increased from 69.2 to 96.2% and 95.8% upon modification with 0.005 M of Ti and Al modifiers, respectively. On the other hand, higher modifier concentrations may cause a galvanic corrosion which results in lower protection efficiency values. Corrosion inhibitors and nanoparticles can be added in the silane sol-gel network to improve corrosion resistance [86]. Balan et al. examined the effect of adding activated cerium nitrate nanoparticles into a coated sol-gel matrix on low-carbon steel substrates. Hybrid sol-gel films have been prepared from mixture of TEOS and GPTMS. Silica, alumina and their equimolar mixtures are used as nanoparticles with a concentration of 250 ppm. The SEM confirmed crack-free surface for prepared substrates with different pretreatments. Inorganic corrosion inhibitor was introduced into the coating via encapsulation in the nanoparticles reported by Tavandashti et al. [87]. Organosiloxane sol was prepared by mixing GPTMS, TEOS and isopropanol to obtain a sol with 75 mol.% organic content. The high corrosion-resistance performance of such coatings is due to the presence of encapsulated cerium nitrate corrosion inhibitor that can be released at the defects within the coating, hindering the corrosion reactions at defective sites. Asadi et al. investigated the cloisite concentration effect on the protective performance of sol-gel coating, prepared from GPTMS, TEOS and methyltriethoxysilane on mild steel substrate [88]. The optimum concentration of nanoparticles was determined. The data indicated superiority of the hybrid film embedded with 1000 ppm of cloisite nanoparticles. Confirming the electrochemical data, FTIR spectra and water contact angles showed that the nanoparticles well dispersed in the silane film might improve barrier properties moreover, a good trend correlation was observed between the noise resistance and low-frequency
Generally, there is a strong demand for citrus varieties of superior eating and processing quality. A shortage of supply of consumer-preferred varieties and high prices are the dominant market forces responsible for the revitalisation of the fresh citrus sector. The general demand is for sweet, low acid fruit, with an aromatic flavor. The shortage of supply has meant the acceptance of a range of varieties, some with marginal quality, which it is expected will have a limited commercial potential. Growing citrus in your own backyard and field can be both enjoyable and rewarding! Beautiful green foliage, fragrant blossoms, and delicious, healthful fresh fruit readily available at your doorstep make citrus excellent garden trees. You can choose a citrus variety according to the climate in your area. While this chapter provides ripening season information for worldwide, farmers/gardeners have had success with citrus in many different regions of world where tropical/subtropical climatic conditions occur. In general appearance and other respects, the citrus fruits of principal commercial importance fall into four, reasonably-well-defined horticultural groups: the Sweet oranges, the mandarins, the grapefruits and the pummelos and the common acid members. The true
Fortunella and Eremocitrus have ovaries with three to five locules, each of which has only two ovules, whereas Citrus, Microcitrus, and Poncirus have ovaries with six to eight locules, each of which contains many ovules. Members of the true citrus fruit trees are generally cross and graft compatible with other members of the group [3, 4, 5]. Fortunella (Kumquat) trees, leaves, flowers, and fruits are generally smaller than those of Citrus. Kumquats are adapted to climates that are marginally cool for most of the other members of the subfamily Aurantioideae, they require less heat to achieve fruit maturity and have a certain level of winter dormancy [1]. Eremocitrus and Microcitrus are both endemic to the Oceania region. Both differ from Citrus in having dimorphic foliage and free stamens; however, Microcitrus has an ovary with four to eight locules, whereas Eremocitrus has an ovary with three to five locules. The cold hardiness of Eremocitrus stated in Swingle [1] and Swingle and Reece [6] is in error; Eremocitrus can probably tolerate temperatures as low as −5.5 °C, consistent with the original description of the genus in 1914 [3, 7, 8]. Microcitrus, on the other hand, is considered semixerophytic and able to withstand prolonged periods of drought [1, 6]. Trifoliate orange was considered as a mono-typic genus for many years, represented by
Phylogenomic classification | Tanaka (1961) [13] | Swingle and Reece (1967) [6] | Zhang and Mabberley (2008) [14] | Common names (examples) | Phylo-genomic references |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Swingle | Adsae | [2] | |||
Pummelos (Pink, Deep Red, Timor, …) | [2, 15] | ||||
Etrog citron | [2, 15, 16] | ||||
Citrons (Corsican, Diamante, Buddha’s hand, Humpang) | [2, 15, 16] | ||||
Small-flowered papeda, small-fruited papeda | [2, 15, 16] | ||||
Sun-Chu-Sha-Kat mandarin | [2] | ||||
Tachibana mandarin | [2] | ||||
Nasnaran mandarin | [15] | ||||
Mexican, Key, West Indies limes… | [2, 16, 17] | ||||
Alemow | [16] | ||||
Adam’s apple | [16] | ||||
Excelsa and Nestour lime | [16] | ||||
Sour orange, Bouquetier | [2, 15, 16, 18, 19] | ||||
Myrtle-leaf orange, Chinoto | [15] | ||||
Clementine | [2, 15, 18, 19] | ||||
Willowleaf, Chios mandarins | [2, 15, 18, 19] | ||||
Fuzhu and San huhongchu mandarins | [19] | ||||
Kinokuni, Kishu, Huanglingmiao mandarins | [2, 19] | ||||
King mandarin | [2, 15, 19] | ||||
Star Ruby, Marsh, Duncan, etc. | [2, 15, 17, 19] | ||||
Ladu Mandarin | [19] | ||||
Sweet oranges (Valencia, Washington Navel, Tarroco, etc.) | [2, 15, 18, 19] | ||||
Szibat and Se Hui Gan mandarins | [19] | ||||
Dancy, Beauty mandarins | [2, 15, 19] | ||||
Temple tangor | [19] | ||||
Satsuma mandarins | [2, 15, 17, 19] | ||||
India lime | [16] | ||||
Kirk lime | [16] | ||||
Bears, Tahiti, Persian limes | [16] | ||||
C. × limon var. bergamiained. | Fantastico, Femminello, Castagnaro bergamots | [16, 17] | |||
Meyer lemon | [16] | ||||
Palestinian and Brazil sweet limes and Butnal sweet lemon | [16, 17] | ||||
Marrakech limonette | [16] | ||||
Lemons (Lisbon, Eureka, Verna, Luminciana, Interdonato, etc.) | [2, 16] | ||||
India sweet lime, Indian lemon | [16] | ||||
Rough lemon | [2, 16, 17] | ||||
Rangpur lime | [2, 16] | ||||
KhattaKharna lime | [16] | ||||
Voangiala | [16] | ||||
Volkamer lemon | [16] | ||||
Bitrouni lime | [16] | ||||
Fourny hybrid | [16] | ||||
Jaffa lemon | [16] | ||||
Ponderosa lemon | [16] | ||||
Calamondin, Calamansi | [16] | ||||
Borneo, Barum, Baboon lemons | [16] |
Four main varietal groups are distinguished in the international market:
Sweet orange is the main group which is used both for fresh fruit and processing. It probably originated in China but its major center of diversification is the Mediterranean Basin (Figure 1). Major cultivars in this group are classified as navel oranges (Washington Navel, Navelina, Navelate, Powell, Rhode Navel, Cara Cara), blonde oranges (Shamouti, Valencia Late, Hamlin, Pineapple, Trovita, Salustiana, Delta Valencia, Pera), and blood oranges (Tarocco, Moro, Sanguinelli, Maltese).
Sweet orange varieties.
This group of oranges differ from the common sweet orange in that the fruit generally has pink or red coloration on the rind, in the flesh and juice and also has distinct flavor.
In India, Mosambi and Sathgudi are invariably placed under sweet oranges as the acid content is very low.
Wu et al. [2] reserved the name “sour orange” (
Lemon and limes are included in the second group. Two main types of limes are distinguished: the small diploid and seedy lime (Mexican) and the big seedless triploid lime (Tahiti, Bears). Several lemon cultivars having major contribution in the world production include Lisbon, Verna, Eureka, Feminello, Fino and Primofiori.
There are some distinct fruits in which lemon characteristics are evident, however the differences are to such a magnitude which warrants their separate characterization and classification. In this group, the most important are the karna, the galgal or hill lemon and jambhiri or rough lemon and all of them are widely grown in India. Meyor lemon and the limettas are also lemon like fruits, described below.
Like the citron and lemon, the limes likely have originated in north eastern India. Limes are generally of two forms- Small fruited acid limes (
Cold resistant, same as that of lemons. It is large fruited acid lime. Flowers throughout the year more in spring. Purple pigmentation present on shoot and flowers. The plants are large, spreading, cold resistant, thornless, fruit large, seedless, triploid and produce non-viable pollen. It is considered as hybrid between lime and lemon. Fruit color orange yellow, smooth surface and 8–10 segments. It is late variety. Rind thin lemon yellow, adherence tight, flesh greenish yellow, tender juicy acidic. Usually 10 segments.
Rangpur lime (
In north-eastern India to which it is native it is said that sohsynteng of Assam is the acid form of this fruit. Like acid limes, the Indian sweet lime is the mithanimbu and number of its forms differing in fruitfulness, fruit shape, size and with or without nipple etc. are easily recognized. Generally, sweet lime is grown as a rootstock and for its non-acidic fruits.
The easy peeling mandarins are becoming more important in the fresh fruit market. Principal in importance in the Orient are the Mandarins, a large, distinctive, and highly varied group that includes some of the finest and most highly reputed citrus fruits. These fruits are commonly referred to as loose-skin oranges. Clementines are the most important mandarins in the Mediterranean Basin, while Satsumas predominate in Japan. Other commercial mandarins include intraspecific or interspecific hybrids such as Fortune, Kinnow, Minneola and several chance seedlings such as Ponkan, Ellendale, Ortanique, Murcott, and Nadorcott (Figure 2). In the United States, where the name tangerine first came into common usage, mandarin and tangerine are used interchangeably to designate the whole group. Since mandarin is the older and much more widely employed name, its use is clearly preferable. Presumably because of the orange-red color of the Dancy variety, which originated in Florida and was introduced in the markets as the Dancy tangerine, horticulturists have tended to restrict the use of term tangerine to the mandarins of similar deep color. Tangerine is applied more strictly to those varieties which produce deep orange or scarlet fruits. Mandarin is known as the mikan of Japan, the suntara or sangtra (numerous modifications) of India, mandarino of Italy and Spain and the mandarine of French-speaking countries.
Mandarins varieties.
Due to remarkable diversity of mandarins and the writer’s lack of firsthand knowledge of many of the Oriential members, considerable difficulty was experienced in developing a satisfactory horticultural classification for this group. Webber (1948) has separated the mandarin oranges into (a) King group (b) Satsuma group (c) Mandarin group (d) Tangerine group (e) Mandarin-Lime group (f) Mitis group. In this treatment, therefore, the mandarins are presented as the following classes.
The Satsuma mandarins (unshiu) mandarin, cv. Owari (UNS) (
The King mandarins (
Tachibana mandarin (
Sunki mandarin (sour mandarin, suanju) (
Cleopatra mandarin (
The Mediterranean mandarins (
The common mandarins (
The small-fruited mandarins, which are of considerable importance in the Orient and consist of many varieties.
Kishu mandarin (Kinokuni mandarin) (
Dancy mandarin, Dancy tangerine (
The last group is grapefruit which is divided into the yellow flesh cultivars (Marsh, Duncan) and the red flesh cultivars (‘Hudson’, ‘Star Ruby’, ‘Ray Ruby’ ‘Rio Red’). In the Southeast Asia and the Pacific, pummelo (
It is closely related to pummelo, originated in Barbados (West Indies), as old records refer to ‘forbidden fruit’ (Figure 3). It has become popular as a breakfast fruit because of its typical flavor and mild bitterness of the juice. Grapefruit is regarded to be either an interspecific hybrid of pummelo and sweet orange or a hybrid or a mutant of pummel Wu et al. [2]. Seeds are polyembryonic. The fruit is also called as small shaddock, obtained from pummelo, and the name has been derived from the fact that it bears in clusters, and flower resemble that of grape. Like pummelo, grapefruit is also of two types- the common and pigmented grapefruits. The varieties obviously differ in a number of characters i.e., maturity time, seedless or seedy and flavor etc. Important cultivars grown worldwide are described briefly. It is a hybrid between a pummelo and sweet orange. The Cocktail grapefruit is not a true grapefruit.
Grapefruit varieties.
Seeds are large yellowish and ridged, monoembryonic. It is native of Polinasia and Malaysia and commonly grown in South China. Fruit is pyriform, largest fruit size among citrus fruits, rind thick, juice is acid bitter, juice sacs easily separable. Seeds are monoembryonic. Fruits are of two types (a) elongated pear shaped with neck (b) Oblate or globose, flattened and neckless. In India there is no improved cultivar except Nagpur chakotra.
In all likelihood is indigenous to the Malayan and East Indian archipelago. In respect of fruit characters, the pummelos fall into two major groups the pigmented and the non-pigmented types. The pigmentation in the former types is caused by carotenoid lycopene and varies from pink to deep red some of which are very attractive with very high in flavor. The non-pigmented (common pummelo) are very variable in number of characters, have moderate to high acid contents and mostly seedy. Description of some known pummelo cultivars is described briefly.
In its place of origin-Orient a number of pink and red fleshed types are present some of which are pomologically described below.
As north eastern region of India has been recognized as one of the major centre of citrus origin, a number of species are said to be native to this place Table 1.
The other species
Citron is considered as native of India having probable region of origin in South Western Asia. Citron is often ranked as the first specie to be cultivated in the western world and in China.
Major citron cultivars are divided into two groups:
Acid cultivars: Diamante is commercially grown in Italy and Etrog is the main cultivar of Israel.
Nonacid cultivars: Corsican-well established in California. Sarcodactylis is well known in Japan and China, often referred as fingered citron, because fruit split into number of segments (like finger) with very less pulp.
This citrus fruit is most likely to have originated in the north eastern India and the areas nearby. As the fruit is inedible and tree lacks ornamental value, one ponders why the Romans and Greeks liked it so much. This was the first citrus fruit which was known to the Romans, further the fruit fragrance is soft, penetrating and lasting. Features of some citron cultivars grown extensively are described.
Kumquats are part of genus
Other species of
Pomological description of important Kumquats is briefly summarized below:
Trifoliate orange, Poncirus Pomeroy (
Varieties: Coleman, Etonia, Mortan, Rusk, Cunnigham, Rustic, Sanford, Savage, Troyer.
Xu et al. [27] reported Valencia sweet orange (
Classification of the Citrus varieties has long been debated by taxonomists and botanists. The reticulate evolution combined with partial apomixis has led to very different classification systems. Earlier classification was very difficult due to lacking of genomic study but recently, phylogenomic data revealed the origins and admixtures of modern cultivars and wild types. Coupled with reproductive biology, phylogenomy supports the inclusion of all true citrus of the Swingle system plus Oxanthera in the genus Citrus. The variety rank is defined by the old independent reticulation events from which groups of cultivars were differentiated by asexual mechanisms. It provides an unambiguous conceptual framework for Citrus classification based on the phylogenomic and genetic data. However, today, the available genomic data remain available for further study and further WGS studies are needed to establish a definitive classification of the Citrus varieties. Commercially grown citrus varieties discussed in this text, are not grown from seed but are grafted and budded onto a seedling of a rootstock.
The author wishes to thank Professor Muhammad Sarwan Khan for critical reading of the manuscript.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\\n\\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nOAI-PMH
\\n\\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\\n\\nLicense
\\n\\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\\n\\nPeer Review Policies
\\n\\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\\n\\nOA Publishing Fees
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n\\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\\n\\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\\n\\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\\n\\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\n\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
\n\n\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6581},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5888},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2381},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12507},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1006},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17528}],offset:12,limit:12,total:132501},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"10"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11490",title:"Advances in Plate Tectonics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"412f2e209ff259650a5a1c7df151e3a7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gaurav D. Chauhan, Dr. Subhash Bhandari and Dr. M. G. Thakkar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11490.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"239938",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaurav",surname:"Chauhan",slug:"gaurav-chauhan",fullName:"Gaurav Chauhan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11487",title:"Floods - Understanding Existing and Emerging Risk Drivers in a Climate Change Context",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c829bdd1a2a84b4b2c31ce5eaab865e2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Tiago Miguel Ferreira and Associate Prof. Haiyun Shi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11487.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"450075",title:"Dr.",name:"Tiago Miguel",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"tiago-miguel-ferreira",fullName:"Tiago Miguel Ferreira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11488",title:"GIS and Spatial Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fbb625cf1556787cd00be17e7137a5dc",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Jorge Rocha, MSc. Eduardo Gomes, Dr. Inês Boavida-Portugal and Dr. Cláudia M. Viana",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11488.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"145918",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Rocha",slug:"jorge-rocha",fullName:"Jorge Rocha"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11491",title:"Current Perspectives on Applied Geomorphology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f9f0fe8910dc02818cad71316650d297",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. António Vieira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11491.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"103627",title:"Prof.",name:"António",surname:"Vieira",slug:"antonio-vieira",fullName:"António Vieira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11833",title:"Ozone Research - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1e789b57319be85ed0a32e569967d822",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Taner Yonar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11833.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"190012",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Taner",surname:"Yonar",slug:"taner-yonar",fullName:"Taner Yonar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11486",title:"Climate Change - Recent Observations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"741543ff220f5cf688efbf12d3e2f536",slug:null,bookSignature:"Assistant Prof. Terence Epule Epule",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11486.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"348146",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Terence Epule",surname:"Epule",slug:"terence-epule-epule",fullName:"Terence Epule Epule"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11662",title:"Limnology - The Importance of Monitoring and Correlations of Lentic and Lotic Waters",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f1043cf6b1daae7a7b527e1d162ca4a8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Carmine Massarelli and Dr. Claudia Campanale",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"315689",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmine",surname:"Massarelli",slug:"carmine-massarelli",fullName:"Carmine Massarelli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11840",title:"Arid Environment - Perspectives, Challenges and Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4c2e03f295fbc697350f0bf3bf89a14f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Murat Eyvaz, Dr. Ahmed Albahnasawi, M.Sc. Ercan Gürbulak and MSc. Mesut Tekbaş",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11840.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"170083",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Murat",surname:"Eyvaz",slug:"murat-eyvaz",fullName:"Murat Eyvaz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11847",title:"Gas Reservoirs",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c1265f50efcf19c17e039c277f57e1a7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ali Ismet Kanlı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11847.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"243975",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali Ismet",surname:"Kanlı",slug:"ali-ismet-kanli",fullName:"Ali Ismet Kanlı"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11489",title:"Satellite Systems - Applied Geodesy and Earth Observation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7c21d1a8ed9ad6be081d2e74d977d2bc",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Bihter Erol",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11489.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"75478",title:"Dr.",name:"Bihter",surname:"Erol",slug:"bihter-erol",fullName:"Bihter Erol"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11492",title:"Space Exploration - Advances in Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2204ff2e64bffb84a4bf1b74bb38bfa1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hector Pérez-de-Tejada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11492.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"345070",title:"Dr.",name:"Hector",surname:"Pérez-de-Tejada",slug:"hector-perez-de-tejada",fullName:"Hector Pérez-de-Tejada"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11844",title:"Quartz - From Mineral Deposits to Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"02ae4594c55841890c13fee4aea6574c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Carlos Leal Gomes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11844.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"461236",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Leal Gomes",slug:"carlos-leal-gomes",fullName:"Carlos Leal Gomes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:60},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:15},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10351",title:"Enhanced Liposuction",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f08ed6de16da357614586c5b58ed4dfa",slug:"enhanced-liposuction-new-perspectives-and-techniques",bookSignature:"Diane Irvine Duncan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10351.jpg",editors:[{id:"279869",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane Irvine",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"diane-irvine-duncan",fullName:"Diane Irvine Duncan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10779",title:"21st Century Nanostructured Materials",subtitle:"Physics, Chemistry, Classification, and Emerging Applications in Industry, Biomedicine, and Agriculture",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72c67f97f9bef68200df115b5fd79884",slug:"21st-century-nanostructured-materials-physics-chemistry-classification-and-emerging-applications-in-industry-biomedicine-and-agriculture",bookSignature:"Phuong V. Pham",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10779.jpg",editors:[{id:"236073",title:"Dr.",name:"Phuong",middleName:"Viet",surname:"Pham",slug:"phuong-pham",fullName:"Phuong Pham"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4386},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3665,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1713,editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2481,editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1107,editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3307,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3266,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1868,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:856,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1704,editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7489,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10861",title:"Furan Derivatives",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fdfc39cecd82f91b0effac994f75c877",slug:"furan-derivatives-recent-advances-and-applications",bookSignature:"Anish Khan, Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, M. Ramesh, Salman Ahmad Khan and Abdullah Mohammed Ahmed Asiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10861.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"293058",title:"Dr.",name:"Anish",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"anish-khan",fullName:"Anish Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10870",title:"Ultrasound Imaging",subtitle:"Current Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f0bc3733ab226d67fa73759ef0e12ad",slug:"ultrasound-imaging-current-topics",bookSignature:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10870.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"68312",title:"Prof.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Okechukwu Erondu",slug:"felix-okechukwu-erondu",fullName:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10400",title:"The Application of Ant Colony Optimization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f4fdfd07ee1ab99fb7c740d6d0c144c6",slug:"the-application-of-ant-colony-optimization",bookSignature:"Ali Soofastaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10400.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10915",title:"Leadership",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d72e79892f2a020cee66a52d09de5a4",slug:"leadership-new-insights",bookSignature:"Mário Franco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10915.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"105529",title:"Dr.",name:"Mário",middleName:null,surname:"Franco",slug:"mario-franco",fullName:"Mário Franco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10683",title:"Technological Innovations and Advances in Hydropower Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ce7ad8768bd2cad155470fe1fd883f4",slug:"technological-innovations-and-advances-in-hydropower-engineering",bookSignature:"Yizi Shang, Ling Shang and Xiaofei Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10683.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",slug:"pneumonia",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"138",title:"Forestry Science",slug:"environmental-sciences-forestry-science",parent:{id:"12",title:"Environmental Sciences",slug:"environmental-sciences"},numberOfBooks:8,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:191,numberOfWosCitations:214,numberOfCrossrefCitations:127,numberOfDimensionsCitations:324,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"138",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8050",title:"Mangrove Ecosystem Restoration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5eb1a688ad6c609b4092ff28eef68b2d",slug:"mangrove-ecosystem-restoration",bookSignature:"Sahadev Sharma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8050.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"227169",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sahadev",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"sahadev-sharma",fullName:"Sahadev Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9841",title:"Agroforestry",subtitle:"Small Landholder’s Tool for Climate Change Resiliency and Mitigation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec5444e2a12dcd63ab9e7246d93a63ab",slug:"agroforestry-small-landholder-s-tool-for-climate-change-resiliency-and-mitigation",bookSignature:"Gopal Shukla, Sumit Chakravarty, Pankaj Panwar and Jahangeer A. Bhat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9841.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101105",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"gopal-shukla",fullName:"Gopal Shukla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7629",title:"Forest Degradation Around the World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"29f17114445c20431aaaa24f31c2ef99",slug:"forest-degradation-around-the-world",bookSignature:"Mohd Nazip Suratman, Zulkiflee Abd Latif, Gabriel De Oliveira, Nathaniel Brunsell, Yosio Shimabukuro and Carlos Antonio Costa Dos Santos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7629.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144417",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Nazip",middleName:null,surname:"Suratman",slug:"mohd-nazip-suratman",fullName:"Mohd Nazip Suratman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6894",title:"Conifers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"08346de6b4e92146db7819ccbefd4130",slug:"conifers",bookSignature:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6894.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"194484",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-cristina-goncalves",fullName:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6370",title:"Tropical Forests",subtitle:"New Edition",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ddbf46d32dfc9541f9cc624c69b121b4",slug:"tropical-forests-new-edition",bookSignature:"Padmini Sudarshana, Madhugiri Nageswara-Rao and Jaya R. Soneji",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6370.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"79318",title:"Dr.",name:"Padmini",middleName:null,surname:"Sudarshana",slug:"padmini-sudarshana",fullName:"Padmini Sudarshana"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5539",title:"Forest Ecology and Conservation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6bd160f6d1da73fc253dfe6c4df7c095",slug:"forest-ecology-and-conservation",bookSignature:"Sumit Chakravarty and Gopal Shukla",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5539.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101105",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"gopal-shukla",fullName:"Gopal Shukla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3403",title:"Management Strategies to Adapt Alpine Space Forests to Climate Change Risks",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b560c2950b8adbadfb2cfa9de3958030",slug:"management-strategies-to-adapt-alpine-space-forests-to-climate-change-risks",bookSignature:"Gillian Ann Cerbu, Marc Hanewinkel, Giacomo Gerosa and Robert Jandl",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3403.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"157359",title:"Dr.",name:"Gillian",middleName:null,surname:"Cerbu",slug:"gillian-cerbu",fullName:"Gillian Cerbu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"902",title:"Tropical Forests",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55286837c680e9be2bc357abf678212e",slug:"tropical-forests",bookSignature:"Padmini Sudarshana, Madhugiri Nageswara-Rao and Jaya R. Soneji",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/902.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"79318",title:"Dr.",name:"Padmini",middleName:null,surname:"Sudarshana",slug:"padmini-sudarshana",fullName:"Padmini Sudarshana"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:8,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"31970",doi:"10.5772/33085",title:"A Review of Above Ground Necromass in Tropical Forests",slug:"a-review-of-above-ground-necromass-in-tropical-forests",totalDownloads:3290,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:34,abstract:null,book:{id:"902",slug:"tropical-forests",title:"Tropical Forests",fullTitle:"Tropical Forests"},signatures:"Michael Palace, Michael Keller, George Hurtt and Steve Frolking",authors:[{id:"93962",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Palace",slug:"michael-palace",fullName:"Michael Palace"},{id:"93987",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Keller",slug:"michael-keller",fullName:"Michael Keller"},{id:"93989",title:"Dr.",name:"Steve",middleName:null,surname:"Frolking",slug:"steve-frolking",fullName:"Steve Frolking"},{id:"93992",title:"Dr.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Hurtt",slug:"george-hurtt",fullName:"George Hurtt"}]},{id:"31972",doi:"10.5772/31523",title:"Measuring Tropical Deforestation with Error Margins: A Method for REDD Monitoring in South-Eastern Mexico",slug:"measuring-tropical-deforestation-with-error-margins-a-method-for-redd-monitoring-in-south-eastern-me",totalDownloads:3168,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:null,book:{id:"902",slug:"tropical-forests",title:"Tropical Forests",fullTitle:"Tropical Forests"},signatures:"Stéphane Couturier, Juan Manuel Núñez and Melanie Kolb",authors:[{id:"87605",title:"Dr.",name:"Stéphane",middleName:null,surname:"Couturier",slug:"stephane-couturier",fullName:"Stéphane Couturier"},{id:"93234",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Nunez",slug:"juan-nunez",fullName:"Juan Nunez"},{id:"145885",title:"MSc.",name:"Melanie",middleName:null,surname:"Kolb",slug:"melanie-kolb",fullName:"Melanie Kolb"}]},{id:"61747",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77380",title:"Physicochemistry and Utilization of Wood Vinegar from Carbonization of Tropical Biomass Waste",slug:"physicochemistry-and-utilization-of-wood-vinegar-from-carbonization-of-tropical-biomass-waste",totalDownloads:2149,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Pyroligneous acid also called wood vinegar is an aqueous liquid produced from pyrolysis of lignocellulose waste and biomass. In general, the pyrolysis types are classified base on heating rate mainly either fast or slow pyrolysis. The characteristic and properties of wood vinegar are primarily influenced by the type of carbonaceous feedstocks as well as the production techniques. Wood vinegar is a complex mixture of polar and non-polar chemicals with various molecular weights and compositions. Its major constituent is water (80–90%). Some physical properties; such as pH, specific gravity, dissolved tar content are, respectively, within the range of 2–4, 1.005–1.016 g/mL, 0.23–0.89% wt, and color, odor and transparency have been reported. In addition, the degree of oBrix was ranged between 1.7 and 6.6. Besides water, the chemical compositions of wood vinegars consisted of acetic acid with the largest component (30.45–70.60 mg.mL−1). A high number of phenol derivatives have been found and those in higher concentrations were 4-propyl-2-methoxyphenol (5–11 mg.mL−1) followed by 2-methylphenol (2–4 mg.mL−1). Wood vinegar has been regarded as a natural product, which claimed to be capable in several fields of application. In agriculture, wood vinegar has been used in vegetable cropping in order to combat disease, pest control, improve growth and fruit quality, seed germination accelerator as well as herbicide. In pharmaceutical and medical applications, it is used for the preparation of detoxification pad while in veterinary and animal production, incorporation of the wood vinegar in feed could promote acidity in large intestine to inhibit growth of enteropathogenic microbes. In food processing, wood vinegar has a characteristic smoke flavor, and also exhibits microbial growth inhibition. In addition, several investigators reported that bio-oil and wood vinegar obtained from fast pyrolysis and carbonization showed a high potential on organic wood preservative. In summary, the wood vinegar prepared from the tropical wood and/or biomass waste is widely beneficial. The chapter attempts to provide essential knowledge relevant to physicochemical characteristics of wood vinegar and its applications.",book:{id:"6370",slug:"tropical-forests-new-edition",title:"Tropical Forests",fullTitle:"Tropical Forests - New Edition"},signatures:"Yongyuth Theapparat, Ausa Chandumpai and Damrongsak\nFaroongsarng",authors:[{id:"219997",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongyuth",middleName:null,surname:"Theapparat",slug:"yongyuth-theapparat",fullName:"Yongyuth Theapparat"},{id:"226821",title:"Dr.",name:"Ausa",middleName:null,surname:"Chandumpai",slug:"ausa-chandumpai",fullName:"Ausa Chandumpai"},{id:"398427",title:"Dr.",name:"Damrongsak",middleName:null,surname:"Faroongsarng",slug:"damrongsak-faroongsarng",fullName:"Damrongsak Faroongsarng"}]},{id:"66710",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85804",title:"Deforestation in India: Consequences and Sustainable Solutions",slug:"deforestation-in-india-consequences-and-sustainable-solutions",totalDownloads:2007,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"Deforestation is one of the most pressing environmental issues that the world is facing currently. It is the conversion of forested land to non-forested land by humans. Deforestation occurs when a land dominated by naturally occurring trees is converted to provide certain services in response to the human demand. The indiscriminate felling of trees has resulted in a reduction of 3.16% in the global forest cover from 1990 to 2015. Although India has seen an increment in the total forest cover of ca. 1%, still there are certain regions in the country that have sought a decrease in the forest cover. The main reasons attributed to the reduction in forest cover are shifting cultivation, rotational felling, other biotic pressures, diversion of forest lands for developmental activities, etc. Continuous illicit cutting of trees has impacted the microclimatic conditions, hydrological cycle, soil quality, biodiversity, etc. of the country, thereby making the country more vulnerable for any uneventful happening. Sustainable forest management practices, alternatives for shifting cultivation, promotion of plantation outside the forest and the usage of certified forest products, etc. are some of the measures that can be adopted to curb the rate of deforestation.",book:{id:"7629",slug:"forest-degradation-around-the-world",title:"Forest Degradation Around the World",fullTitle:"Forest Degradation Around the World"},signatures:"Rima Kumari, Ayan Banerjee, Rahul Kumar, Amit Kumar, Purabi Saikia and Mohammed Latif Khan",authors:[{id:"276688",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"mohammed-latif-khan",fullName:"Mohammed Latif Khan"},{id:"279797",title:"Dr.",name:"Purabi",middleName:null,surname:"Saikia",slug:"purabi-saikia",fullName:"Purabi Saikia"},{id:"279806",title:"MSc.",name:"Rima",middleName:null,surname:"Kumari",slug:"rima-kumari",fullName:"Rima Kumari"},{id:"279807",title:"BSc.",name:"Ayan",middleName:null,surname:"Banerjee",slug:"ayan-banerjee",fullName:"Ayan Banerjee"},{id:"285660",title:"Dr.",name:"Amit",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"amit-kumar",fullName:"Amit Kumar"},{id:"285661",title:"MSc.",name:"Rahul",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"rahul-kumar",fullName:"Rahul Kumar"}]},{id:"45219",doi:"10.5772/56279",title:"Potential Future Ranges of Tree Species in the Alps",slug:"potential-future-ranges-of-tree-species-in-the-alps",totalDownloads:4893,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:null,book:{id:"3403",slug:"management-strategies-to-adapt-alpine-space-forests-to-climate-change-risks",title:"Management Strategies to Adapt Alpine Space Forests to Climate Change Risks",fullTitle:"Management Strategies to Adapt Alpine Space Forests to Climate Change Risks"},signatures:"Niklaus E. Zimmermann, Robert Jandl, Marc Hanewinkel, Georges\nKunstler, Christian Kölling, Patrizia Gasparini, Andrej Breznikar,\nEliane S. Meier, Signe Normand, Ulrich Ulmer, Thomas\nGschwandtner, Holger Veit, Maria Naumann, Wolfgang Falk, Karl\nMellert, Maria Rizzo, Mitja Skudnik and Achilleas Psomas",authors:[{id:"165202",title:"Prof.",name:"Niklaus",middleName:"E.",surname:"Zimmermann",slug:"niklaus-zimmermann",fullName:"Niklaus Zimmermann"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"31959",title:"Structure, Diversity, Threats and Conservation of Tropical Forests",slug:"structure-diversity-threats-and-conservation-of-tropical-forests",totalDownloads:8024,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"902",slug:"tropical-forests",title:"Tropical Forests",fullTitle:"Tropical Forests"},signatures:"Madhugiri Nageswara-Rao, Jaya R. Soneji and Padmini Sudarshana",authors:[{id:"79318",title:"Dr.",name:"Padmini",middleName:null,surname:"Sudarshana",slug:"padmini-sudarshana",fullName:"Padmini Sudarshana"},{id:"120847",title:"Dr.",name:"Madhugiri",middleName:null,surname:"Nageswara-Rao",slug:"madhugiri-nageswara-rao",fullName:"Madhugiri Nageswara-Rao"},{id:"120848",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya",middleName:null,surname:"Soneji",slug:"jaya-soneji",fullName:"Jaya Soneji"}]},{id:"66710",title:"Deforestation in India: Consequences and Sustainable Solutions",slug:"deforestation-in-india-consequences-and-sustainable-solutions",totalDownloads:2012,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"Deforestation is one of the most pressing environmental issues that the world is facing currently. It is the conversion of forested land to non-forested land by humans. Deforestation occurs when a land dominated by naturally occurring trees is converted to provide certain services in response to the human demand. The indiscriminate felling of trees has resulted in a reduction of 3.16% in the global forest cover from 1990 to 2015. Although India has seen an increment in the total forest cover of ca. 1%, still there are certain regions in the country that have sought a decrease in the forest cover. The main reasons attributed to the reduction in forest cover are shifting cultivation, rotational felling, other biotic pressures, diversion of forest lands for developmental activities, etc. Continuous illicit cutting of trees has impacted the microclimatic conditions, hydrological cycle, soil quality, biodiversity, etc. of the country, thereby making the country more vulnerable for any uneventful happening. Sustainable forest management practices, alternatives for shifting cultivation, promotion of plantation outside the forest and the usage of certified forest products, etc. are some of the measures that can be adopted to curb the rate of deforestation.",book:{id:"7629",slug:"forest-degradation-around-the-world",title:"Forest Degradation Around the World",fullTitle:"Forest Degradation Around the World"},signatures:"Rima Kumari, Ayan Banerjee, Rahul Kumar, Amit Kumar, Purabi Saikia and Mohammed Latif Khan",authors:[{id:"276688",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"mohammed-latif-khan",fullName:"Mohammed Latif Khan"},{id:"279797",title:"Dr.",name:"Purabi",middleName:null,surname:"Saikia",slug:"purabi-saikia",fullName:"Purabi Saikia"},{id:"279806",title:"MSc.",name:"Rima",middleName:null,surname:"Kumari",slug:"rima-kumari",fullName:"Rima Kumari"},{id:"279807",title:"BSc.",name:"Ayan",middleName:null,surname:"Banerjee",slug:"ayan-banerjee",fullName:"Ayan Banerjee"},{id:"285660",title:"Dr.",name:"Amit",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"amit-kumar",fullName:"Amit Kumar"},{id:"285661",title:"MSc.",name:"Rahul",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"rahul-kumar",fullName:"Rahul Kumar"}]},{id:"68528",title:"Forest Biodiversity and Deforestation in Bangladesh: The Latest Update",slug:"forest-biodiversity-and-deforestation-in-bangladesh-the-latest-update",totalDownloads:1507,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Located in the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot, Bangladesh is a tropical country in Southeast Asia and a transitional point for flora and fauna between the Indo-Himalayan and Indo-Chinese subregions. About 11% land area (1,429,000 hectares) of the country is covered with four major forest types: mixed-evergreen forests, deciduous forests, mangrove forests, and freshwater swamp forests. Though Bangladesh is a small and densely populated country, it is the home of 1952 species of invertebrates, 653 fish, 50 amphibians, 147 reptiles, 566 birds, and 127 mammalian species of which many of them are globally threatened. We have discussed the latest status of all the major vertebrate groups in this chapter. Thirty-one species of vertebrates have gone extinct from Bangladesh over the last century. Many of the species are facing continuous threat of extinction due to deforestation and degradation of habitat caused by various anthropogenic activities. In this chapter, we are going to discuss about the current management and conservation practices and issues related to the forests and wildlife of Bangladesh.",book:{id:"7629",slug:"forest-degradation-around-the-world",title:"Forest Degradation Around the World",fullTitle:"Forest Degradation Around the World"},signatures:"Ahm Ali Reza and Md. Kamrul Hasan",authors:[{id:"281012",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Kamrul",middleName:null,surname:"Hasan",slug:"md.-kamrul-hasan",fullName:"Md. Kamrul Hasan"},{id:"302258",title:"Dr.",name:"AHM Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Reza",slug:"ahm-ali-reza",fullName:"AHM Ali Reza"}]},{id:"61747",title:"Physicochemistry and Utilization of Wood Vinegar from Carbonization of Tropical Biomass Waste",slug:"physicochemistry-and-utilization-of-wood-vinegar-from-carbonization-of-tropical-biomass-waste",totalDownloads:2156,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Pyroligneous acid also called wood vinegar is an aqueous liquid produced from pyrolysis of lignocellulose waste and biomass. In general, the pyrolysis types are classified base on heating rate mainly either fast or slow pyrolysis. The characteristic and properties of wood vinegar are primarily influenced by the type of carbonaceous feedstocks as well as the production techniques. Wood vinegar is a complex mixture of polar and non-polar chemicals with various molecular weights and compositions. Its major constituent is water (80–90%). Some physical properties; such as pH, specific gravity, dissolved tar content are, respectively, within the range of 2–4, 1.005–1.016 g/mL, 0.23–0.89% wt, and color, odor and transparency have been reported. In addition, the degree of oBrix was ranged between 1.7 and 6.6. Besides water, the chemical compositions of wood vinegars consisted of acetic acid with the largest component (30.45–70.60 mg.mL−1). A high number of phenol derivatives have been found and those in higher concentrations were 4-propyl-2-methoxyphenol (5–11 mg.mL−1) followed by 2-methylphenol (2–4 mg.mL−1). Wood vinegar has been regarded as a natural product, which claimed to be capable in several fields of application. In agriculture, wood vinegar has been used in vegetable cropping in order to combat disease, pest control, improve growth and fruit quality, seed germination accelerator as well as herbicide. In pharmaceutical and medical applications, it is used for the preparation of detoxification pad while in veterinary and animal production, incorporation of the wood vinegar in feed could promote acidity in large intestine to inhibit growth of enteropathogenic microbes. In food processing, wood vinegar has a characteristic smoke flavor, and also exhibits microbial growth inhibition. In addition, several investigators reported that bio-oil and wood vinegar obtained from fast pyrolysis and carbonization showed a high potential on organic wood preservative. In summary, the wood vinegar prepared from the tropical wood and/or biomass waste is widely beneficial. The chapter attempts to provide essential knowledge relevant to physicochemical characteristics of wood vinegar and its applications.",book:{id:"6370",slug:"tropical-forests-new-edition",title:"Tropical Forests",fullTitle:"Tropical Forests - New Edition"},signatures:"Yongyuth Theapparat, Ausa Chandumpai and Damrongsak\nFaroongsarng",authors:[{id:"219997",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongyuth",middleName:null,surname:"Theapparat",slug:"yongyuth-theapparat",fullName:"Yongyuth Theapparat"},{id:"226821",title:"Dr.",name:"Ausa",middleName:null,surname:"Chandumpai",slug:"ausa-chandumpai",fullName:"Ausa Chandumpai"},{id:"398427",title:"Dr.",name:"Damrongsak",middleName:null,surname:"Faroongsarng",slug:"damrongsak-faroongsarng",fullName:"Damrongsak Faroongsarng"}]},{id:"54603",title:"Methodological Considerations in the Study of Earthworms in Forest Ecosystems",slug:"methodological-considerations-in-the-study-of-earthworms-in-forest-ecosystems",totalDownloads:1792,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Decades of studies have shown that soil macrofauna, especially earthworms, play dominant engineering roles in soils, affecting physical, chemical, and biological components of ecosystems. Quantifying these effects would allow crucial improvement in biogeochemical budgets and modeling, predicting response of land use and disturbance, and could be applied to bioremediation efforts. Effective methods of manipulating earthworm communities in the field are needed to accompany laboratory microcosm studies to calculate their net function in natural systems and to isolate specific mechanisms. This chapter reviews laboratory and field methods for enumerating and manipulating earthworm populations, as well as approaches toward quantifying their influences on soil processes and biogeochemical cycling.",book:{id:"5539",slug:"forest-ecology-and-conservation",title:"Forest Ecology and Conservation",fullTitle:"Forest Ecology and Conservation"},signatures:"Dylan Rhea-Fournier and Grizelle González",authors:[{id:"82355",title:"Dr.",name:"Grizelle",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez",slug:"grizelle-gonzalez",fullName:"Grizelle Gonzalez"},{id:"194800",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Dylan",middleName:null,surname:"Rhea-Fournier",slug:"dylan-rhea-fournier",fullName:"Dylan Rhea-Fournier"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"138",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. By addressing hot topics in veterinary sciences, we aim to gather authoritative texts within each issue of this series, providing in-depth overviews and analysis for graduates, academics, and practitioners and foreseeing a deeper understanding of the subject. Forthcoming texts, written and edited by experienced researchers from both industry and academia, will also discuss scientific challenges faced today in Veterinary Medicine and Science. In brief, we hope that books in this series will provide accessible references for those interested or working in this field and encourage learning in a range of different topics.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/13.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/28.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"177225",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"rosa-maria-lino-neto-pereira",fullName:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9wkQAC/Profile_Picture_1624519982291",biography:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira (DVM, MsC, PhD and) is currently a researcher at the Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Unit of the National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV, Portugal). She is the head of the Reproduction and Embryology Laboratories and was lecturer of Reproduction and Reproductive Biotechnologies at Veterinary Medicine Faculty. She has over 25 years of experience working in reproductive biology and biotechnology areas with a special emphasis on embryo and gamete cryopreservation, for research and animal genetic resources conservation, leading research projects with several peer-reviewed papers. Rosa Pereira is member of the ERFP-FAO Ex situ Working Group and of the Management Commission of the Portuguese Animal Germplasm Bank.",institutionString:"The National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research. Portugal",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"80187",title:"Potential Utilization of Insect Meal as Livestock Feed",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101766",signatures:"Sipho Moyo and Busani Moyo",slug:"potential-utilization-of-insect-meal-as-livestock-feed",totalDownloads:101,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"79909",title:"Cryopreservation Methods and Frontiers in the Art of Freezing Life in Animal Models",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101750",signatures:"Feda S. Aljaser",slug:"cryopreservation-methods-and-frontiers-in-the-art-of-freezing-life-in-animal-models",totalDownloads:160,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",biography:"Naceur M’HAMDI is Associate Professor at the National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage. He is also Member of the Laboratory of genetic, animal and feed resource and member of Animal science Department of INAT. He graduated from Higher School of Agriculture of Mateur, University of Carthage, in 2002 and completed his masters in 2006. Dr. M’HAMDI completed his PhD thesis in Genetic welfare indicators of dairy cattle at Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, in 2011. He worked as assistant Professor of Genetic, biostatistics and animal biotechnology at INAT since 2013.",institutionString:null,institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"11445",title:"Multi-Agent Technologies and Machine Learning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11445.jpg",hash:"d980826615baa6e33456e2a79064c5e8",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"March 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"265237",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",surname:"Sheremet",slug:"igor-sheremet",fullName:"Igor Sheremet"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11446",title:"Industry 4.0 - Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11446.jpg",hash:"be984f45b90c1003798661ef885d8a34",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 12th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"303193",title:"Dr.",name:"Meisam",surname:"Gordan",slug:"meisam-gordan",fullName:"Meisam Gordan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11448",title:"Artificial Neural Networks - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11448.jpg",hash:"e57ff97a39cfc6fe68a1ac62b503dbe9",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 3rd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"22866",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi Leung Patrick",surname:"Hui",slug:"chi-leung-patrick-hui",fullName:"Chi Leung Patrick Hui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 14th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:48,paginationItems:[{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"81681",title:"Immunomodulatory Effects of a M2-Conditioned Medium (PRS® CK STORM): Theory on the Possible Complex Mechanism of Action through Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of the TLR System and the Purinergic System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104486",signatures:"Juan Pedro Lapuente",slug:"immunomodulatory-effects-of-a-m2-conditioned-medium-prs-ck-storm-theory-on-the-possible-complex-mech",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. Alhazzaa, Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",slug:"diabetes-and-epigenetics",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81580",title:"Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104450",signatures:"Shin Mukai",slug:"graft-versus-host-disease-pathogenesis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81533",title:"Prenylation of Natural Products: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104636",signatures:"Kantharaju Kamanna and Aravind Kamath",slug:"prenylation-of-natural-products-an-overview",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Kantharaju",surname:"Kamanna"}],book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81067",title:"Encapsulation of Essential Oils and Their Use in Food Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103147",signatures:"Hamdy A. Shaaban and Amr Farouk",slug:"encapsulation-of-essential-oils-and-their-use-in-food-applications",totalDownloads:46,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"81099",title:"SK Channels and Heart Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104115",signatures:"Katherine Zhong, Shawn Kant, Frank Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"sk-channels-and-heart-disease",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81188",title:"Structure- and Design-Based Difficulties in Recombinant Protein Purification in Bacterial Expression",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103958",signatures:"Kubra Acikalin Coskun, Nazlıcan Yurekli, Elif Cansu Abay, Merve Tutar, Mervenur Al and Yusuf Tutar",slug:"structure-and-design-based-difficulties-in-recombinant-protein-purification-in-bacterial-expression",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Yusuf",surname:"Tutar"},{name:"Nazlican",surname:"Yurekli"},{name:"Merve",surname:"Tutar"},{name:"Mervenur",surname:"Al"},{name:"Elif Cansu",surname:"Abay"},{name:"Kubra",surname:"Acikalin Coskun"}],book:{title:"Protein Detection",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:8,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:17,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:19,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{paginationCount:249,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the