Administrative breakdown [4].
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6015",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Proceedings of the 2nd Czech-China Scientific Conference 2016",title:"Proceedings of the 2nd Czech-China Scientific Conference 2016",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book comprises the proceedings of the 2nd Czech-China Scientific Conference 2016 which was held on 7th June 2016 in Ostrava, Czech Republic. The objective of the conference was to present the latest achievements in the fields of advanced science and technology that stem from research activities of VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava and its Chinese partners. \nThe conference was multi-topical, which allowed also young researchers from different scientific areas to present their findings and to get the feel of an international conference atmosphere. The conference attracted specialists from the areas of economy, safety in civil engineering and industry, material technologies, environment and computational science. The conference structure corresponds with structure of the articles.",isbn:"978-953-51-2858-8",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2857-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6694-8",doi:"10.5772/66773",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"proceedings-of-the-2nd-czech-china-scientific-conference-2016",numberOfPages:434,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"86a180d0c50ce1f279a1b4d6e3cf0e69",bookSignature:"Jaromir Gottvald and Petr Praus",publishedDate:"February 1st 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6015.jpg",numberOfDownloads:49118,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:22,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:40,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:62,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 9th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 30th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 26th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 27th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 26th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",middleName:null,surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/200987/images/5131_n.png",biography:"In 2006 Prof. Gottvald became Vice Rector for Development and Social Affairs at VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava and since 2014 until September 2017 he had been the Vice Rector for International and Social Affairs at VŠB-TUO. Since 2007 Prof. Gottvald has been a Professor in National Economics and his main research interests include Applied Macroeconomics, Labour Market Economics, Wage determinants and Gender wage gap. He has been dealing with applied macroeconomics issues, particularly in the area of labour market economy. His latest research was related to the pay gaps between men and women at the Czech labour market, while the absolute wage difference amounted to one quarter in favour of men.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"46",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"175063",title:"Prof.",name:"Petr",middleName:null,surname:"Praus",slug:"petr-praus",fullName:"Petr Praus",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175063/images/5132_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Praus became university professor in Material Science and Engineering at VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava and since 2014 he has been the Vice Rector for Research and Development at VŠB-TUO. His main area of research interest includes synthesis and applications of nanomaterials including nanocomposites based on clay minerals. His research group has been investigating properties of various nanomaterials and nanoparticles of clay minerals and their possibilities for applications for a long time. Some clay minerals were used as carriers of synthetized nanoparticles forming nanocomposite materials and also were applied as absorbents for various compounds, such as cationic surfactants and heavy metal cations.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Technical University of Ostrava",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"712",title:"Structural Engineering",slug:"engineering-civil-engineering-structural-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"53318",title:"Parallel Iteration Method for Frequency Estimation Using Trigonometric Decomposition",doi:"10.5772/66778",slug:"parallel-iteration-method-for-frequency-estimation-using-trigonometric-decomposition",totalDownloads:1132,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The parallel iteration method for frequency estimation based on trigonometric decomposition is presented. First, the multi-frequency signal can be expressed in a matrix form based on the trigonometric decomposition, which implies a possibility to solve the nonlinear mapping functions of frequency estimation by a parallel iteration procedure. Then, frequency estimation with the minimized square errors is achieved by using the gradient-descent method in the parallel iteration procedure, which can effectively restrain the interferences from harmonics and noise. Finally, the workflow is shown, and the efficiency of the proposed method was demonstrated through computer simulations and experiments.",signatures:"He Wen, Junhao Zhang, Radek Martinek, Petr Bilik and Zidek Jan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53318",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53318",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53319",title:"Use of Regression Analysis to Determine the Model of Lighting Control in Smart Home with Implementation of KNX Technology",doi:"10.5772/66779",slug:"use-of-regression-analysis-to-determine-the-model-of-lighting-control-in-smart-home-with-implementat",totalDownloads:1427,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"To optimize the management of operational and technical functions in the smart home (SH) and for use of effective methods of energy management in SH, it is generally necessary to provide statistics and process relevant data from operational measurement devices. This chapter describes the use of modern methods for statistical data processing using regression analysis techniques. The aim of the analysis is to describe the dependence of single measured values using an appropriate mathematical model that can be efficiently implemented in the control system of SH. This model can be used for the functions of supervision and diagnostics of optimum comfort setting inside the indoor environment of SH. Real experimental measurements of objective parameters of the indoor environment were realized in the selected rooms of unique wooden building in the passive standard. The researched methods were experimentally verified by classifying the behavior of lighting in the SH-selected rooms under specified conditions. The achieved experimental results will be used for the operating and technical functions control in SH for reducing the building operating costs.",signatures:"Jan Vanus, Radek Martinek, Petr Bilik, Jan Zidek and He Wen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53319",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53319",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53394",title:"PFPM: Discovering Periodic Frequent Patterns with Novel Periodicity Measures",doi:"10.5772/66780",slug:"pfpm-discovering-periodic-frequent-patterns-with-novel-periodicity-measures",totalDownloads:1479,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:17,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Periodic pattern mining is the task of discovering patterns that periodically appear in transactions. Typically, periodic pattern mining algorithms will discard a pattern as being nonperiodic if it has a single period greater than a maximal periodicity threshold, defined by the user. A major drawback of this approach is that it is not flexible, as a pattern can be discarded based on only one of its periods. In this chapter, we present a solution to this issue by proposing to discover periodic patterns using three measures: the minimum periodicity, the maximum periodicity, and the average periodicity. The combination of these measures has the advantage of being more flexible. Properties of these measures are studied. Moreover, an efficient algorithm named PFPM (Periodic Frequent Pattern Miner) is proposed to discover all frequent periodic patterns using these measures. An experimental evaluation on real data sets shows that the proposed PFPM algorithm is efficient and can filter a huge number of nonperiodic patterns to reveal only the desired periodic patterns.",signatures:"Philippe Fournier-Viger, Chun-Wei Lin, Quang-Huy Duong, Thu-Lan\nDam, Lukáš Ševčík, Dominik Uhrin and Miroslav Voznak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53394",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53394",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53320",title:"Effective Planning and Analysis of Huawei and Cisco Routers for MPLS Network Design Using Fast Reroute Protection",doi:"10.5772/66781",slug:"effective-planning-and-analysis-of-huawei-and-cisco-routers-for-mpls-network-design-using-fast-rerou",totalDownloads:1755,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter deals with a description of the MPLS traffic engineering technology behavior on two heterogeneous, but nowadays the most commonly used network vendors are Cisco and Huawei. Compatibility and functionality between network devices Huawei and Cisco were verified by testing the appropriate network topology. In this topology, we mainly focused on the useful feature of MPLS TE called Fast Reroute (FRR) protection. It provides link protection, node protection and also bandwidth protection during the failure of the primary link, especially on backbone networks. After successful validation, compatibility and functionality of the network topology between the heterogeneous routers using the Fast Reroute protection will be possible to use this MPLS TE application in the real networks.",signatures:"Martin Hlozak, Dominik Uhrin, Jerry Chun-Wei Lin and Miroslav\nVoznak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53320",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53320",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53395",title:"Design of Emotion Recognition System",doi:"10.5772/66782",slug:"design-of-emotion-recognition-system",totalDownloads:1425,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter deals with a speech emotion recognition system as a complex solution including a Czech speech database of emotion samples in a form of short sound records and the tool evaluating database samples by using subjective methods. The chapter also involves individual components of an emotion recognition system and shortly describes their functions. In order to create the database of emotion samples for learning and training of emotional classifier, it was necessary to extract short sound recordings from radio and TV broadcastings. In the second step, all records in emotion database were evaluated using our designed evaluation tool and results were automatically evaluated how they are credible and reliable and how they represent different states of emotions. As a result, three final databases were formed. The chapter also describes the idea of new potential model of a complex emotion recognition system as a whole unit.",signatures:"Dominik Uhrin, Pavol Partila, Jaroslav Frnda, Lukas Sevcik, Miroslav\nVoznak and Jerry Chun Wei Lin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53395",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53395",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53432",title:"Controllable Subspace as a New Characterization of Influence of Nodes in Complex Networks",doi:"10.5772/66783",slug:"controllable-subspace-as-a-new-characterization-of-influence-of-nodes-in-complex-networks",totalDownloads:1203,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we investigate the influence of a node on a network. By virtue of the classical control theory, the influence of a node is represented by the controllable subspace, which is further transformed into a specified graph named general‐cacti. An algorithm is developed to calculate the influence, which contains the searching of different kinds of circles and the longest path in the directed graph. Moreover, eight real networks are studied and simulations show that (1) a node in dense and homogeneous networks could have more influence comparing with nodes in sparse and heterogeneous networks, (2) any single studied classical centrality measure including output degree, betweenness and PageRank could not rank the influence and (3) a node with high rank in all these three measures could have more influence.",signatures:"Jiuhua Zhao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53432",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53432",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53433",title:"Distributed Consensus‐Based Estimation with Random Delays",doi:"10.5772/66784",slug:"distributed-consensus-based-estimation-with-random-delays",totalDownloads:1060,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter we investigate the distributed estimation of linear‐invariant systems with network‐induced delays and packet dropouts. The methodology is based on local Luenberger‐like observers combined with consensus strategies. Only neighbors are allowed to communicate, and the random network‐induced delays are modeled as Markov chains. Then, the sufficient and necessary conditions for the stochastic stability of the observation error system are established. Furthermore, the design problem is solved via an iterative linear matrix inequality approach. Simulation examples illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.",signatures:"Dou Liya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53433",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53433",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53514",title:"An Influence of Relative Income on the Marginal Propensity to Consume: Evidence from Shanghai",doi:"10.5772/66785",slug:"an-influence-of-relative-income-on-the-marginal-propensity-to-consume-evidence-from-shanghai",totalDownloads:1463,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter deals with the question whether there is a relationship between the marginal propensity to consume and the status of the household in income distribution represented by a relative income. If so, then the current assumption of mainstream theory of consumption about the constant marginal propensity to consume could no longer be considered realistic and it will be necessary to take the element of relative income as a new key determinant of general consumption function. The aim of this work is to identify, describe, and prove an influence of relative income on the marginal propensity to consume using data for urban residents of Shanghai and to prove the correctness of Duesenberry’s relative income hypothesis. To achieve this goal, we use a panel regression, through which the results clearly confirm the validity of the initial hypothesis about the existence of functional dependence of the marginal propensity to consume on the relative income and so it fully supports the idea of interdependent concept of utility and consumption.",signatures:"Ondřej Badura, Tomáš Wroblowský and Jin Han",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53514",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53514",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53321",title:"The Quality Perceived by the Young Customer Versus Coca Cola Zero Advertisement",doi:"10.5772/66786",slug:"the-quality-perceived-by-the-young-customer-versus-coca-cola-zero-advertisement",totalDownloads:1402,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nowadays, the advertisement is one of the key activities of sale. An advertisement is not always true and sometimes it could be even misleading or false. This chapter is focused on the exemplary verification of the truth of the concrete advertisement. The verification has been provided based on the data coming from the research being provided among 300 young customers from the Czech Republic. The data have been processed statistically, and based on the hypothesis testing using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), the data are evaluated whether the advertisement is true or misleading. Research findings provide testimony of unfair practice of advertisement.",signatures:"Pavel Blecharz and Hana Stverkova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53321",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53321",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53322",title:"Empirical Study on the Financial Development to Promote the Urbanization Process in China: A Case of Hubei Province",doi:"10.5772/66787",slug:"empirical-study-on-the-financial-development-to-promote-the-urbanization-process-in-china-a-case-of-",totalDownloads:1181,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"As the central province, Hubei is a typical area of urbanization in China. Analysis of Hubei economic development has a certain representation in the process of urbanization. Since 1990s, research on 25 years of data and practices in Hubei shows that three major finance industries in Hubei, including banking, securities, and insurance, have played an important role in the process of urbanization. In the aspects of agricultural industries, urban construction, and industrial structure, the development of finance has promoted the process in agricultural industries, population urbanization, and industrialization.",signatures:"Fangchun Peng and Yu Lu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53322",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53322",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53397",title:"Comparison of the Bilateral Trade Flows of the Visegrad Countries with China",doi:"10.5772/66788",slug:"comparison-of-the-bilateral-trade-flows-of-the-visegrad-countries-with-china",totalDownloads:1323,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"China’s economic miracle resulted in the fact that it is currently one of the largest economy and exporter in the world. Other states try to develop trade and investment relations with China because they see a big potential for their products in the Chinese market with an increasing middle-income group. This chapter is focused on the trade relations that are carried out among some Member States of the European Union and China. The object of the chapter is to show the main facts and trends in the foreign trade of the Visegrad countries with China and to compare their trade structure in the period 1995–2014. The description of the institutional framework of the trade relations among the listed countries and the analysis of the data about their bilateral trade showed that the V4 countries achieved a negative trade balance with China in the previous period, and the possibility to change it is practically very low because of the low level of their trade complementarity. From this aspect, another form of trade relations will apparently have to be developed, although the economic structure and other factors can play an important role in this case.",signatures:"Lenka Fojtíková, Michaela Staníčková and Lukáš Melecký",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53397",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53397",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53515",title:"Sustainable Consumption in the Luxury Industry: Towards a New Paradigm in China’s High-End Demand",doi:"10.5772/66789",slug:"sustainable-consumption-in-the-luxury-industry-towards-a-new-paradigm-in-china-s-high-end-demand",totalDownloads:1613,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the present competitive global environment, many drivers should motivate the growing attention paid to sustainable consumption in the luxury industry. From the demand side, in Western mature markets wealthy consumers show a growing awareness of environmental and social issues and, therefore, seek new forms of luxury which show respect for both natural resources and human beings, yet standing by traditional factors such as quality, rarity, creativity, originality and craftsmanship of goods. On the firm’s side, sustainable consumption offers luxury firms a particularly suitable platform to enrich the value-set of products as brands identity and brand image. Starting from a review of the literature on the concept of sustainable consumption, the paper provides an analysis of the main drivers that are leading to the emergence of “sustainable luxury”. The aim of the paper is to investigate the opportunity for the development of this new competitive paradigm within the Chinese luxury market, by analyzing the distinct feature of Chinese high-end demand. The paper also taking into account the growing role played by the Chinese central government in creating the conditions for sustainable consumption or “circular economy”.",signatures:"Patrizia Gazzola, Enrica Pavione and Roberta Pezzetti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53515",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53515",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53404",title:"Multicriteria Decision Analysis of Health Insurance for Foreigners in the Czech Republic",doi:"10.5772/66790",slug:"multicriteria-decision-analysis-of-health-insurance-for-foreigners-in-the-czech-republic",totalDownloads:1357,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Multicriteria decision making (MCDM) is the superclass of model in most readily understandable branch of basic leadership. It is a branch of a general class of operations research (OR) models which manages choice issues under the nearness of various choice criteria. MCDM techniques have advanced to oblige different sorts of utilizations. Many techniques have been produced, with even small varieties to existing strategies bringing about the production of new branches of examination. The aim of this chapter is to present selected MCDM methods and application in case of health insurance decision problems.",signatures:"Haochen Guo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53404",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53404",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53323",title:"China’s “New Normal” and Its Quality of Development",doi:"10.5772/66791",slug:"china-s-new-normal-and-its-quality-of-development",totalDownloads:1194,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"China’s new normal means a new higher stage of development, when an alternative is to improve the quality of economic development instead of accelerating growth rate by expansion policies. And the quality of development is the quality of living of most people. This study is to examine the current situations of China’s quality of development by comparing China’s human development index, inequality indices (Gini, quintile, and Palma), and development potential (human capital index) with the developed countries in Europe, North America, and Oceania, as well as countries with typical traits, such as the Latin American countries, Japan, and Czech Republic; further to put forward China’s policy focuses in the new normal stage according to the concluded research results.",signatures:"Jin Han, Haochen Guo and Mengnan Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53323",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53323",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53516",title:"Intangible Influences Affecting the Value of Estate",doi:"10.5772/66792",slug:"intangible-influences-affecting-the-value-of-estate",totalDownloads:1303,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The process of valuation of intangible influences was surveyed in China, Hong Kong, the USA, Canada, Japan, Germany, the UK, Poland, Russia, and Western Europe. Situation in mentioned locations is similar; valuation of intangible influences has not been determined by a concrete list of items and there has not been established, concrete clear process.~ This chapter proposes a method of valuation of goodwill (GW)-special effects that will impact assets’ prices. It deals with proposed procedures for valuation of intangible assets and definitions of such property. Special effects are in particular name, historical value, design, quality of layout, security aspects, accessibility, conflict groups of inhabitants in or near the property, location, provenience, and other. The value of goodwill can be calculated as the difference between the market value and the material value. Part of the methodology is a general proposal for a method how to divide the assets into tangible and intangible part and author’s software VALUE-RATUS 2015.",signatures:"Vladimír Kulil",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53516",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53516",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53324",title:"Capital Adequacy Ratio, Bank Credit Channel and Monetary Policy Effect",doi:"10.5772/66793",slug:"capital-adequacy-ratio-bank-credit-channel-and-monetary-policy-effect",totalDownloads:1549,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter, based on the theory model derived from bank credit transmission channel and the balanced panel data of 18 Chinese commercial banks from 2008 to 2012, conducts empirical test and carries out classified study of China’s bank credit transmission channel and the effect of capital adequacy ratio on credit channel. Results show that the bank characteristics have, on a micro level, heterogeneity effects on credit transmission channel of monetary policy. Banks of higher capital adequacy ratio and smaller asset size are more vulnerable to the impacts of monetary policy. Therefore, the author proposes policy suggestions from the perspectives of optimizing the structure of financial markets and improving the monetary policy effect.",signatures:"Li Qiong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53324",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53324",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53398",title:"Innovation Measurement in the Czech Republic and People’s Republic of China",doi:"10.5772/66794",slug:"innovation-measurement-in-the-czech-republic-and-people-s-republic-of-china",totalDownloads:1272,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"For companies innovations are vital to ensure their continued growth and ability to survive in a highly competitive business environment. Realization of successful innovations has positive impact on countries and their economies. At the same time strong economy in a country is an assumption of strong economy of its regions. Interested party receives an information feedback about innovation performance and character of innovation environment and enables to implement measures to eliminate any shortcomings. Innovations can be measured at enterprise, state and global levels. Measurement of innovations in connected with following questions: What is emphasized in measuring innovation at appropriate level? What structure do indicators that are used when measuring have? What types of indicators are used when measuring? What are the differences in innovation measurement at the level of the Czech Republic and People’s Republic of China? These questions are answered in this paper. Aim of the paper is to monitor possible ways of innovation measurement at the enterprise, state and global levels and at the same time to compare differences in innovation measurement in the Czech Republic and People’s Republic of China. For that purpose, analysis, synthesis, description and comparison were used.",signatures:"Jindra Peterková and Zuzana Wozniaková",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53398",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53398",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53325",title:"Comparison of Human Resource Management Practices in Czech and Chinese Metallurgical Companies",doi:"10.5772/66795",slug:"comparison-of-human-resource-management-practices-in-czech-and-chinese-metallurgical-companies",totalDownloads:1446,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The objective of this chapter is to analyze and compare various aspects of human resource management (HRM) practices in Chinese and Czech metallurgical companies. A questionnaire consisting of 58 questions devoted to specific aspects of HRM such as recruitment, performance evaluation and remuneration, and training and development was designed to acquire necessary data. Data acquired from 42 Chinese and 36 Czech companies were analyzed in order to yield the most beneficial outcomes. This chapter focuses on recruitment and selection of employees, evaluation, remuneration, and motivation of employees and career management. Results show significant differences in various aspects of HRM between both countries. Differences and some similarities are discussed and managerial implications are presented in the chapter.",signatures:"Martin Čech, Andrea Samolejová, Jun Li, Wenlong Yao and Pavel\nWicher",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53325",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53325",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53326",title:"The Influence of Loading System Stiffness on Empirical Correlations for Determination of Tensile Characteristics from the Results of SP Tests",doi:"10.5772/66796",slug:"the-influence-of-loading-system-stiffness-on-empirical-correlations-for-determination-of-tensile-cha",totalDownloads:1365,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The present chapter describes the influence of the loading system stiffness on empirical correlations for determination of yield and tensile strengths at laboratory temperature from the results of small punch (SP) tests. The results obtained proved that measuring of test specimen deflection during SP test eliminates the significant effect of the loading system stiffness on the above-mentioned correlations.",signatures:"Karel Matocha, Ondřej Dorazil, Miroslav Filip, Jinbin Zhu, Yuan Chen\nand Kaishu Guan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53326",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53326",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53354",title:"Synthesis and Characterization of Gadolinium Oxide Nanocrystallites",doi:"10.5772/66797",slug:"synthesis-and-characterization-of-gadolinium-oxide-nanocrystallites",totalDownloads:1813,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Lanthanide oxide nanocrystallites have gained a lot of attention due to their diverse use for potential applications and for this reason it is very important to find a suitable preparation method that would be economically inexpensive and easy to implement. The chapter describes the preparation of gadolinium oxide nanocrystallites (nano Gd2O3) through thermal decomposition of a complex formed by Gd(NO3)3·6 H2O and glycine. Decomposition of the complex occurs at temperatures about (250 ± 10)°C. An ultrafine white powder of the gadolinium oxide nanocrystallites was obtained. The resulting nanocrystallites were characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction analysis, which revealed the size of the gadolinium oxide nanocrystallites equal to 10 nm. The morphology of the gadolinium oxide nanocrystallites was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The elemental composition of the product was confirmed by EDS analysis.",signatures:"L. Kuzníková, K. Dědková, L. Pavelek, J. Kupková, R. Váňa, M. H.\nRümmeli and J. Kukutschová",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53354",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53354",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53327",title:"Numerical Simulation on Seismic Behavior of UHTCC Beam-Column Joints",doi:"10.5772/66798",slug:"numerical-simulation-on-seismic-behavior-of-uhtcc-beam-column-joints",totalDownloads:1540,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"To study the effects of ultra‐high toughness cementitious composite (UHTCC) on the seismic behaviors of local enhancement beam‐column joints under reversed cyclic loading, three specimens were tested and performed with half‐scale interior joints in the finite element software Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (OpenSees) and ANSYS in this chapter. The element “Concrete02” was used to simulate the material properties of UHTCC. The comparison of simulated results and experimental results indicated that displacement‐beam‐column element could be efficiently used to simulate the hysteresis response and the characteristic of energy dissipation of joints. The cementitious composites with ultra‐high toughness could significantly improve the seismic performance of core area and had better ductility. Compared with ANSYS, the OpenSees finite element model was proved that preferably reflected the UHTCC enhanced nonlinear characteristic of frame nodes and effectively analyzed beam‐column joint bearing capacity and seismic behavior.",signatures:"Wei Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53327",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53327",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53399",title:"Effect of Size of Ignition Energy on the Explosion Behaviour of Selected Flammable Gas Mixtures",doi:"10.5772/66799",slug:"effect-of-size-of-ignition-energy-on-the-explosion-behaviour-of-selected-flammable-gas-mixtures",totalDownloads:1233,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The determination of explosion indices of flammable gases is an important part of explosion prevention. Explosion indices could be influenced by initial temperature, initial pressure, humidity, ignition energy and others. This contribution deals with the effect of ignition energy size on explosion indices of flammable gases. For experimental measurements, three flammable gases were chosen—methane, propane and hydrogen. The paper introduces the measurement results of the gas explosion parameters at various sizes of the ignition energy using explosion autoclave VA-20. Conclusions include the evaluation of influence of the ignition energy size on particular explosion indices.",signatures:"Miroslav Mynarz, Petr Lepík and Jakub Melecha",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53399",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53399",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53396",title:"The Heat Radiation of Wooden Facing on Facades",doi:"10.5772/66800",slug:"the-heat-radiation-of-wooden-facing-on-facades",totalDownloads:1280,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter deals with the heat radiation of wood during fire. The aim is to verify the theoretical assumption about the heat radiation of spruce wood. For the purpose of verification, the temperatures and radiation were measured under laboratory conditions. The results were compared with the theoretical calculation.",signatures:"Dana Chudová, Adam Thomitzek and Martin Trčka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53396",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53396",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53328",title:"The Calculation Method of Safety Degree and Its Application in Coal Mine Enterprises",doi:"10.5772/66801",slug:"the-calculation-method-of-safety-degree-and-its-application-in-coal-mine-enterprises",totalDownloads:1160,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In order to evaluate the situation of safety production of coal mine enterprises effectively, quantitative analysis is necessary and very important. Safety degree of coal mine enterprises based on the concept of safety degree is defined and the method of calculating quantitatively the safety degree is put forward. The validity of this method is verified by empirical research in view of micro‐ and macroanalyses. In view of micro analysis the safety degree is derived with the calculation method based on information of one coal mine. The safety degree of this coal mine went through rapid increase period, stable period, and slow increase period. Macroresearch results show that the situation of safety production of coal mine enterprises in China has significantly been improving and the level of safety degree also has been increasing year by year since 1979, the year when the policy of reform and opening began. The reasons are the advancement of technology, strengthening of safety management and education, increasing of safety investment, and perfection of policies, laws, and regulations. These achievements can provide quantitative method for assessing the status of coal mines.",signatures:"Nie Baisheng, Huang Xin, Wang Longkang, Yu Hongyang and Li\nXiang Chun",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53328",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53328",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53405",title:"The Elastic Deformation of Soil Around Models of Rigid Slab and Raft",doi:"10.5772/66802",slug:"the-elastic-deformation-of-soil-around-models-of-rigid-slab-and-raft",totalDownloads:1246,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Load tests and the results of the numeric modeling represent this chapter. Two kinds of foundation models were tested. Tests started during the year 2014 in the Faculty of Civil Engineering, VŠB–Technical University of Ostrava. Test equipment STAND, located in the campus of the Technical University, is primarily designed to test the interaction of the foundations and the subsoil. Presented are the data processed experimental measurement of the adjacent terrain around the foot and raft. The measured data will be verified by theoretical calculations using the MIDAS GTS based on the method of finite elements. Tests of several foundation constructions were carried out. The aim of this test was to verify the behavior of raft foundation by comparing to equivalent surface foundation and a pilot. Three types of foundation constructions were examined. Reinforced concrete foundation slab, raft foundation (made of reinforced concrete foundation slab supported by drilled reinforced concrete pilot), and a separate reinforced concrete drilled pilot. All these types of foundation constructions were constructed as models, in a reduced scale, approx. 1:10. The size had to be adjusted due to limited capacity of the testing device and financial reasons. The measurements were carried out by the STAND device in the area of VŠB-TU Ostrava. The values of load (vertical point force) and vertical deformations (subsidence) were measured with the individual tested models. Beside the main task, concerning the measuring of the behavior of the foundation constructions, there was also carried out measurement of the behavior of the adjacent terrain. The aim of this chapter is to compare the behavior of adjacent terrain near the model of rigid slab and the model of the raft. The measurement results are compared with the results of numerical modeling.",signatures:"Kamil Burkovic and Martina Janulikova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53405",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53405",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53400",title:"Influence of Contact Stress Model on the Stability of Bridge Abutment",doi:"10.5772/66803",slug:"influence-of-contact-stress-model-on-the-stability-of-bridge-abutment",totalDownloads:1311,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter deals with the behaviour of an abutment pier on subsoil subjected to flood changes. The floods increase the cross-section of the river bed and change the properties of the foundation soil under the foundation. First, the soil saturates with water. Then, fine-grained particles will wash away and finally parts of the basement rock will be washed off. Finite element method has been used for the calculation of the interaction between the foundation and the subsoil. The foundation has been modelled in a 2D environment using spatial components. For the subsoil, an element with effects of an elastic foundation has been used. The stiffness of the bedrock has been characterized by the C parameter. The chapter describes situations related to the collapse of the structure.",signatures:"Radim Cajka, David Pustka and David Sekanina",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53400",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53400",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53434",title:"Comparison of Properties of Concretes with Different Types and Dosages of Fibers",doi:"10.5772/66804",slug:"comparison-of-properties-of-concretes-with-different-types-and-dosages-of-fibers",totalDownloads:1184,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Concretes with PP fibers 12 mm, construction polymer fibers 25 mm, 3D steel fibers 25 mm, and steel microfibers 12 mm were prepared in dosages 0.5 and 1%. The mechanical properties (compressive strength, bending strength, fracture properties, and modulus elasticity) and the frost resistance of these concretes were tested and they are discussed. The behavior of these concretes is also discussed using graphs load vs. deflection. As bad results of frost resistance are sometimes recorded for concrete with fibers, this property is also evaluated. As was expected, mechanical properties are enhanced with the addition of suitable fibers. Frost resistance is usually comparative with concrete without fibers, but in the case of concrete with 1% of steel fibers, it is reduced.",signatures:"Vlastimil Bilek, Jan Hurta, Petra Done and Libor Zidek",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53434",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53434",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53517",title:"Aseismic Study on Mountain Tunnels in High-Intensity Seismic Area",doi:"10.5772/66805",slug:"aseismic-study-on-mountain-tunnels-in-high-intensity-seismic-area",totalDownloads:1425,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter discusses the antiseismic and shock absorption study on the mountain tunnels in high-seismic intensity areas using numerical analysis and shaking table test for recent years and proposes the seismic challenges of tunnel design in Sichuan-Tibet Railway. The aseismic design of the tunnel entrance and the inner part in the fracture zone are presented according to the previous research results.",signatures:"Gao Bo, Wang Shuai-shuai, Wang Ying-xue and Shen Yu-sheng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53517",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53517",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53451",title:"The Stability Analysis of Foundation Pit Under Seepage State Based on Plaxis Software",doi:"10.5772/66806",slug:"the-stability-analysis-of-foundation-pit-under-seepage-state-based-on-plaxis-software",totalDownloads:1867,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The stability of excavation engineering is closely related to groundwater, so it is important to study the impact of seepage flow on the stability of foundation pit. The work is based on the percolation theory and principles of strength reduction. The computation were done with use of the Plaxis software. There were studied simulations which included the seepage state and simulations which didn't include this effect. In order to studythe influence of seepage on the stability of foundation pit, there was computed the stability coefficient by using the strength. The results show that, when the seepage stability was not considered, the coefficient is 30% larger than when considering the seepage. Therefore, when designing and calculating the excavation, the seepage should be considered when checking stability if there is groundwater.",signatures:"Hu Qizhi, Liu Zhou, Song Guihong and Zhuang Xinshan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53451",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53451",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53403",title:"Experimental Testing of Punching Shear Resistance of Concrete Foundations",doi:"10.5772/66807",slug:"experimental-testing-of-punching-shear-resistance-of-concrete-foundations",totalDownloads:1272,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Foundation structures, their testing, and modeling are a wide area to research. A lot of different concrete elements are tested and modeled in the world. Analysis of interaction between the foundation structures and the subsoil has been developed for many years. For the determination of stress in foundation structure, it is needed to determine the influence of the stiffness, respectively, the pliability of subsoil to structural internal forces, and vice versa, how the stiffness of the foundation structure affects the resulting subsidence. This chapter deals with experimental tests of concrete foundation slabs. Tests are carried out at the steel test frame structure by dimension 2 × 2.5 × 5 m, which is placed open air at the Faculty of Civil Engineering in Ostrava. Tested slabs are by dimension 2 × 2 m and have different thickness between 100 and 200 mm. A lot of physical quantities are tested in those experiments and experiments are then multidisciplinary because geotechnical, acoustic, strain gauges, and deformation measurements are conducted. This chapter addresses especially with punching shear analysis and maximum punching resistance. A number of experimental tests of concrete foundation slabs were carried out. Slabs classically reinforced, prestressed, or FRC were tested, but slabs were not reinforced with shear reinforcement. During the experiment, the interaction between the concrete foundation and the subsoil was monitored. Most of the slabs were disrupted by punching shear. If the slab was disrupted by punching shear, dimension and shape of the punching failure were monitored and measured, and results were compared between them. Last but not the least, results from the experiment and results according to design methods used in EC2 are compared in this chapter. The maximum shear design force according to EC2 was lower than the one from the experiment.",signatures:"Martina Janulikova and Pavlina Mateckova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53403",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53403",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53452",title:"Finite Element Analysis on Seismic Behavior of Ultra-High Toughness Cementitious Composites Reinforced Concrete Column",doi:"10.5772/66808",slug:"finite-element-analysis-on-seismic-behavior-of-ultra-high-toughness-cementitious-composites-reinforc",totalDownloads:1308,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In order to study the seismic behavior of ultra‐high toughness cementitious composites reinforced concrete column, the concrete columns were simulated based on the finite element program OpenSees. The simulated hysteresis curves and skeleton curves were in good agreement with the test curves. The results well reflected the seismic performance of ultra‐high toughness cementitious composite (UHTCC) reinforced concrete columns under earthquake and showed that the constitutive relation and the related parameters had good applicability for the simulation of fiber concrete columns. The UHTCC reinforced concrete column had higher bearing capacity and energy dissipation capacity.",signatures:"Jun Su and Jun Cai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53452",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53452",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53401",title:"Load Transfer Coefficient of Transverse Cracks in Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements Using FRP Bars",doi:"10.5772/66809",slug:"load-transfer-coefficient-of-transverse-cracks-in-continuously-reinforced-concrete-pavements-using-f",totalDownloads:1420,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) with fiber reinforced polymer bars (FRP) shows several advantages over the conventional CRCP, such as no erosion, lightweight, and low modulus. And the load transfer performance of the transverse cracks affects its service life. As the traditional evaluation system of crack load transfer failed to eliminate the influence of pavement deflection, the simple deflection value ratios for the cracks of the load transfer coefficient are not accurate enough to evaluate the load transfer performance of transverse crack in FRP-CRCP. In order to further understand the effects and improve the current load transfer coefficient of transverse cracks in FRP-CRCP, the relationship between the deflection value and load transfer coefficient in FRP-CRCP was analyzed. Using this approach, a more accurate prediction equation has been put forward to express the load transfer capacity.",signatures:"Chunhua Hu and Liang Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53401",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53401",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53355",title:"Protection of Buildings at Areas Affected by Mining Activities",doi:"10.5772/66810",slug:"protection-of-buildings-at-areas-affected-by-mining-activities",totalDownloads:1176,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Building structures in areas affected by underground mining demand specific treatment due to expected terrain deformation. In this chapter, expected horizontal terrain deformation and its effect especially on foundations structure is analyzed. Through the friction between subsoil and foundations, the foundation structure must resist significant normal forces. The idea of sliding joints between subsoil and foundation structure, which eliminates the friction in footing bottom, comes from the 1970s. The bitumen asphalt belt given rheological properties has been proven as an effective material for sliding joints. In the chapter, there are test results of shear resistance of currently used asphalt belts and example of sliding joint application in real structure.",signatures:"Pavlina Mateckova, Martina Janulikova and David Litvan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53355",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53355",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53356",title:"High-Speed Railway Tunnel Hood: Seismic Dynamic Characteristic Analysis",doi:"10.5772/66811",slug:"high-speed-railway-tunnel-hood-seismic-dynamic-characteristic-analysis",totalDownloads:1334,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"When a high‐speed train is passing through a tunnel, micro‐compression wave may be created at the tunnel exit, which will affect the environment around the railway line. Setting hood at tunnel entrance is one of the efficacious ways for solving this problem. While in an earthquake region, in addition to consideration of controlling micro‐compression wave, the seismic safety of hood structure must not overlook the factor. In this chapter, using finite difference method, several types of hood seismic dynamic characteristic were analyzed, and their seismic dynamic respond stress curves were drawn out. As a result, the recommended hood type was determined, which is helpful for hood design in high intensity earthquake zone.",signatures:"Wang Ying-xue, He Jun, Jian Ming, Chang Qiao-lei and Ren Wenqiang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53356",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53356",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53357",title:"Theoretical Solution for Tunneling‐Induced Stress Field of Subdeep Buried Tunnel",doi:"10.5772/66812",slug:"theoretical-solution-for-tunneling-induced-stress-field-of-subdeep-buried-tunnel",totalDownloads:1339,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the traditional Kirsch solution of stress field induced by tunneling in rock mass, the body force was not taken into consideration, and therefore the Kirsch solution is limited to demonstrate stress redistribution of deep‐buried tunnel. In order to consider the effect of body force on the stress redistribution induced by tunneling, a new secondary stress field solution for tunnel between shallow and deep tunnel (called subdeep tunnel) is developed with elastic mechanics and complex function employed. The stress field from theoretical solution is verified by numerical models, and the results showed good agreements with each other. This solution can be the basic theory in the analysis of the stress and field of subdeep tunnel, which have not been valuated through theoretical study yet.",signatures:"Qinghua Xiao, Jianguo Liu, Shenxiang Lei, Yu Mao, Bo Gao, Meng\nWang and Xiangyu Han",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53357",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53357",authors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],corrections:null},{id:"53358",title:"Rate Assessment of Slope Soil Movement from Tree Trunk Distortion",doi:"10.5772/66813",slug:"rate-assessment-of-slope-soil-movement-from-tree-trunk-distortion",totalDownloads:1261,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter presents the methods for determining the rate movement of the slope, which is based on an evaluation of a distortion of the tree trunk. The distortion develops during the growth period of the tree, and its conditions are trajectory and speed of material movement, which takes away the root system of a tree. The distortion of the tree trunk explains kinematics of the root system movement. The distortion curve is constructed from the results of measurements carried out on several horizontal levels of the tree trunk. The speed of movement of the slope is calculated from the age of the tree and the length of the path of movement of the tree, which is derived from the distortion curve of the tree trunk. The length of the track of tree movement is drawn from horizontal position of the gravity point of the curve corresponding with the longitudinal axis of the tree trunk. This method is documented in one example. 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\r\n\tA quantum dot is a very small structure (2 to 10 nm), e.g. a semiconductor nanocrystal embedded in another semiconductor material, which can confine electrons or other carriers in all three dimensions and with their electronic characteristics depending on their size and shape. The particles differ in colour depending on the size of different nanocrystals. Quantum dots emit light when excited, smaller dots emit higher energy light. Manufacturers can accurately control the size of a quantum dot and as a result, they are able ‘tune’ the wavelength of the emitted light to a specific colour. Quantum dots find applications in several areas such as solar cells, transistors, LEDs, medical imaging, and quantum computing, thanks to their unique electronic properties. The properties of quantum dots have caused researchers and companies to consider using them in several fields like Optical Applications, Quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QD-LED) and ‘QD-White LED’, Quantum dot photodetectors (QDPs), Quantum dot solar cells (Photovoltaics), Biological Applications (to study intracellular processes, tumor targeting, in vivo observation of cell trafficking, diagnostics and cellular imaging at high resolutions), Quantum Computing (quantum bits or ‘qubits’), The Future of Quantum Dots (broad range of real-time applications), etc... The following survey of quantum dot applications introduces many of these uses. They have characteristically low energy consumption, small size, longer lifetime, and faster switching and because of that, they have a wide palette of applicability. Over the years semiconductor technology has advanced to bigger heights. The result is what we see around us in the form of smart gadgets. This book would form the basis for a better widespread understanding of the capabilities and limitations of each category of the quantum dots, and may also suggest better, cheaper, or alternative lithography technologies are considered for their applications.
\r\n\r\n\tThe area of interest and scope of the project can be described with (but are not limited to) the following keywords: The Quantum dots can be lingering further into seven major categories:
\r\n\t(i) Quantum dots of very high-quality optical applications, Quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QD-LED) and ‘QD-White LED’, Quantum dot photodetectors (QDPs), Quantum dot solar cells (Photovoltaics).
\r\n\t(ii) Quantum Computing (quantum bits or ‘qubits’), (vii) The Future of Quantum Dots (broad range of real-time applications, magnetic quantum dots & graphene quantum dots), Superconducting Loop, Quantum Entanglement, Quantum Fingerprints.
\r\n\r\n\t(iii) Biomedical and Environmental Applications (to study intracellular processes, tumor targeting, in vivo observation of cell trafficking, diagnostics and cellular imaging at high resolutions), Bioconjugation, Cell Imaging, Photoelectrochemical Immunosensor, Membranes and Bacterial Cells, Resonance Energy-Transfer Processes, Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality, Water and Wastewater Treatment, Pollutant Control.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-594-1",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-593-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-595-8",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"0dd5611c62c91569bd2819e68852002a",bookSignature:"Prof. Jagannathan Thirumalai",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11756.jpg",keywords:"LED, Organic LEDs, Dyes & Pigments, Solar Cells, Laser Photonics, Electronic Switching Devices, Qubits, Josephson Junction, Bioconjugation, Cell Imaging, Photoelectrochemical Immunosensor, Membranes, and Bacterial Cells",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 16th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 27th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 26th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 14th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 13th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"7 days",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. J. 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Sarria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5884.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"146466",title:"Prof.",name:"Andreia",surname:"Ferreira de Castro Gomes",slug:"andreia-ferreira-de-castro-gomes",fullName:"Andreia Ferreira de Castro Gomes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7325",title:"Nanostructures in Energy Generation, Transmission and Storage",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e49924dd2c3e28c82fdc115ce04f925",slug:"nanostructures-in-energy-generation-transmission-and-storage",bookSignature:"Yanina Fedorenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7325.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199149",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanina",surname:"Fedorenko",slug:"yanina-fedorenko",fullName:"Yanina Fedorenko"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9230",title:"Smart Nanosystems for Biomedicine, Optoelectronics and Catalysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1d1af591d87490c9ad728a1352e62d96",slug:"smart-nanosystems-for-biomedicine-optoelectronics-and-catalysis",bookSignature:"Tatyana Shabatina and Vladimir Bochenkov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9230.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"237988",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatyana",surname:"Shabatina",slug:"tatyana-shabatina",fullName:"Tatyana Shabatina"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9322",title:"Hybrid Nanomaterials",subtitle:"Flexible Electronics Materials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"beff6cce44f54582ee8a828759d24f19",slug:"hybrid-nanomaterials-flexible-electronics-materials",bookSignature:"Rafael Vargas-Bernal, Peng He and Shuye Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9322.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"182114",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Vargas-Bernal",slug:"rafael-vargas-bernal",fullName:"Rafael Vargas-Bernal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"56096",title:"Simulating Memristive Networks in SystemC-AMS",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69662",slug:"simulating-memristive-networks-in-systemc-ams",body:'One of the missing things in the research on modelling and simulation of large memristor networks is the availability of an adequate simulation system, which is both fast and flexible. Available SPICE models offer for commercial products, for example, Spectre Circuit Simulator, fast simulation times but don’t offer flexibility. To establish links to higher abstraction levels, for example, to the system level, in order to combine memristive circuits with extensive digital circuits, or even the integration in processor architecture descriptions to execute software in virtual environments is very cumbersome.
Therefore, we established a model for memristors in SystemC-AMS. A SystemC simulation can be carried as fast as SPICE simulations but allows a better linking to higher system levels as it is possible, for example, with Verilog-A, for which already memristor models exist [1]. SystemC-AMS allows also a detailed investigation of the analogue behaviour in the same way as one it is used it in SPICE.
For the modelling of single memristor behaviour in SystemC-AMS, we used the possibility to model variable resistors in SystemC-AMS with electrical linear networks (ELNs) as starting point. The resistance values of such elements can be controlled and modified by a discrete event input signal. We start to demonstrate this possibility with the well-known SPICE memristor model from Biolek et al. [2], which is based on an electronic equivalent circuit of the simple memristor behaviour description from Hewlett-Packard.
However, we do not mimic the electronic equivalent circuit in SystemC-AMS. The memristor model is realized in SystemC-AMS as an own object-orientated class. Using object-orientated programming principles allows simply exchanging the model for the memristive behaviour by another one. In principle, it is possible to use any other model as long as it is specified by a C/C++ code snippet. We have implemented in SystemC-AMS two memristor models, the HP model that is also used in Biolek’s SPICE model [2] and a statistic description for a commercial memristor coming from Knowm Inc. [3].
We demonstrate the usefulness and the strength of a SystemC-AMS-based simulation system for a three-dimensional (3D) memristive circuit that implements a detection based on an optical flow. For this application, a memristive network was proposed in Ref. [4]. We adapt this solution and modelled the complete network in SystemC-AMS. We compare the achieved results with an implementation on a GPU to evaluate possibilities and limits of the compute capability of memristive circuits. The chapter is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present our solution for the modelling of memristors in SystemC-AMS. Section 3 gives a brief insight in the optical flow algorithm we used for an implementation on a GPU and a multi-core CPU serving as reference architecture for the simulated memristive network. The corresponding memristor network calculates optical flow gradients as moving edges with a memristive network. We selected exactly this network as a representative complex example for a SystemC-AMS specification of memristive networks. Section 4 specifies the achieved results for the simulation and compares it with a GPU/CPU implementation concerning the run time. Furthermore, the simulation time of a SystemC-AMS specification and a SPICE simulation of the specific memristive network are compared. Finally, the chapter ends with a conclusion.
SystemC-AMS is an extension of the modelling language SystemC about analogue-mixed signals. It allows not only the modelling of digital hardware and corresponding software in one homogeneous environment but also the combination of discrete and continuous analogue systems. SystemC-AMS contains a solver for the Kirchhoff equations which are used for the computation of the behaviour of electrical networks. SystemC as well SystemC-AMS is not a new language but an extension of C++ about a corresponding library. Therefore, it allows the modelling of analogue and digital systems using a class-orientated structure. This feature is very beneficial for designing complex memristor networks using different models. Just by instantiating another memristor model in the SystemC-AMS program, a whole network can be simulated with another memristor model in a very convenient way. A modification of the electronic network is not necessary.
SystemC-AMS offers three main options for the modelling of discrete and continuous systems on different abstraction levels. Furthermore, these models can also be coupled via matched interfaces. An example scenario for such a coupling of components modelled in different domains consists of, for example, a binary module that is connected to a linear electronic circuit. In this case, the binary module could differ between two states which are used to control a voltage source. According to a state transfer of the binary output, the polarization of the continuous output voltage signal is reversed. For the work presented in this chapter, we used a proof-of-concept implementation of SystemC-AMS from Accellera and Coseda Technologies [5], which is freely available under an Apache 2.0 licence. Since this implementation was developed primarily with respect to its correct implementation of the IEEE standard 1666.1, the main focus was not laid on the simulation speed. Therefore, it is to investigate how other possible SystemC-AMS simulators could offer an alternative in future, resp. a re-evaluation has to be done when the current version of Coseda leaves its current proof-of-concept state.
In the following, we briefly present the above-mentioned three modelling options offered by SystemC-AMS and evaluate them for their appropriateness to model memristors.
The
In the following, we describe in detail the SystemC-AMS specification we selected for the memristor modelling. Figure 1 shows a block diagram of the corresponding model. The basic idea is to model the memristor with a SystemC-AMS built-in data type
Block diagram for the selected SystemC-AMS model for a memristor.
The code fragment shown below is the corresponding SystemC-AMS specification:
The memristor is modelled as an object-orientated
The memristor has two ports
The memristor device, denoted as
The voltage drop at the memristor can be measured by a kind of display variable
SystemC uses a discrete-event simulation, for that it is necessary to define a so-called control port parameter that checks if a signal change occurs at its input. This is the variable
The functional behaviour of a memristor, defined by its specific model, is specified by a later instanced virtual function
sca_eln::sca_terminal p,n;
sca_eln::sca_de::sca_r memristor_resistor;
sca_tdf::sca_out<
sca_eln::sca_tdf::sca_vsink vout;
sca_tdf::sca_signal<
sc_core::sc_in<
sc_core::sc_signal<
};
A specific memristor is modelled by an inheritance from the
The following SystemC-AMS code sequence shows the specification of a class that models a memristor’s behaviour specification according to the Biolek model
MemristorBiolek(
{
}
);
std::string name()
};
The following code snippet specifies the constructor for the inherited class
Memristor::Memristor(
MemristorBiolek::MemristorBiolek(
{
w = x * LENGTH;
}
The next code sections show the implementation of the method
{
}
R = R_ON * (w/LENGTH) + R_OFF * (1 − w/LENGTH);
I * windowBiolek(w/LENGTH, I, 7.0);
w += vD * dt;
write_resistance();
}
} ;//end of definition of class Memristor
Figure 2 shows multiple overlaid hysteresis curves for the I-U relation at the memristor’s poles. Throughout, the memristor was simulated with a minimum resistance
Result of SystemC-AMS simulation of a memristor excited by a sinusoidal voltage signal.
In the last chapter, we have shown how to simulate the analogue behaviour of a single memristor element. The next step is to demonstrate the possibility to simulate a much more complex example, namely the simulation of optical flow as detection of moving edges in a grid of memristors. The network mimics the functional behaviour of an artificial retina with a network consisting of resistors and memristors. The network was presented in Ref. [4]. In the following, we describe the set-up of the memristive network and the necessary functions to realize the detection of moving edges. We compare in the following the solution with an optical flow implementation on classical hardware. The optical flow follows the procedure according to Horn and Schunk [6]. For reasons of completeness, we briefly describe this algorithm first and the corresponding memristive network later as well as its SystemC-AMS specification developed by us.
The procedure of Horn and Schunk was one of the first optical flow methods. It provides a dense and smooth global result. Global in this sense means that the whole image is considered and not only a local region around a pixel in order to solve the equation motion for pixels in two subsequent images. In an optical flow procedure, a vector field
For the calculation of translating pixels, it is assumed that their intensities remain constant after the translation. That means, a pixel, which is moved between two images
As a consequence, each algorithm, which is based on this equation, has to calculate with scalar, that is, grey values, and not with colour values. This has to occur also later in the memristive network. Finally, after applying the chain rule, Eq. (2) can be transformed to the central Eq. (3) that is solved in a similar way by detecting moving edges by the corresponding memristive network presented in Ref. [3]. This network is simulated here with SystemC-AMS to demonstrate that complex memristive networks can be simulated with our approach of modelling the dynamic of memristors with variable resistors
In the following, we exemplarily consider the details only for the derivatives in the space to
This scaling has to be carried out for each pixel in the image. In our SystemC-AMS specification, this is done per instruction code, which calculates Eq. (4) and uses the result to instantiate a DC voltage source. Figure 3 shows a scheme for a memristive circuit that handles each pixel in the image.
Electrical network for one pixel. The memristive fuse OPL realizes the connection to the neighbour pixel. All pixels correspond to the mid-layer. The resistance RC controls the speed of the adaption of the memristive network, the voltage over resistance RM corresponds to the result, that is, if a moving pixel was detected according to a detected optical flow.
The voltage
A corresponding description of the header file for the pixel (without the OPL) in SystemC-AMS is shown below. Firstly, the parameters are specified for the constructor of a pixel class called
R_CONST(R_CONST),
initial_pixel_value(initial_pixel_value),
vsource(vsource),
A(R_ON,R_OFF,R_INIT),
eln_pixel(("eln_pixel_"+std::to_string(image_id)+"_"
+std::to_string(idx)).c_str(,vsource,R_CONST),
neighbours(("eln_pixel_neighbour_node_"+std::to_string(image_id)+"_"
+std::to_string(idx).c_str()),
gnd(new sca_eln::sca_node_ref(std::string("gnd"+std::to_string(image_id)+"_"
+std::to_string(idx).c_str())) {
eln_pixel.memristor_controll(A.get_control_port());
eln_pixel.out(A.get_voltage_port());
eln_pixel.neighbours(neighbours);
A.write_resistance();
}
((R_CONST+A.resistance())/A.resistance());
}
If a low-resistance value is assigned to
The following specification in SystemC-AMS shows the code for a memristive fuse. Such a fuse has also a positive and a negative port like a single memristor. Therefore, it can be attached to an electrical network. Furthermore, as already shown in the example for a memristor, we need control signals,
{
//negative and positive terminal
sc_core::sc_in<
sca_tdf::sca_out<
sca_tdf::sca_out<
sca_eln::sca_node node;
sca_eln::sca_tdf::sca_vsink memristor_resistor_vout_one;
sca_eln::sca_tdf::sca_vsink memristor_resistor_vout_two;
//two memristors
sca_eln::sca_de::sca_r memristor_resistor_one;
sca_eln::sca_de::sca_r memristor_resistor_two;
memristor_resistor_one("memristor_resistor_one",1.0),
memristor_resistor_two("memristor_resistor_two",1.0),
node("node"),
memristor_resistor_voltage_one("memristor_resistor_voltage_one"),
memristor_resistor_voltage_two("memristor_resistor_voltage_two"),
memristor_resistor_vout_one("memristor_resistor_vout_one")
memristor_resistor_vout_two("memristor_resistor_vout_two")
{
//setup memristors
memristor_resistor_one.n(node);
memristor_resistor_one.p(p);
memristor_resistor_one.inp(memristor_control_one);
memristor_resistor_two.n(node);
memristor_resistor_two.p(p);
memristor_resistor_two.inp(memristor_control_two);
//setup voltage measurements for memristor one and two
memristor_resistor_vout_one.p(n);
memristor_resistor_vout_one.n(p);
memristor_resistor_vout_one.outp(memristor_resistor_voltage_one);
memristor_resistor_vout_two.n(node);
memristor_resistor_vout_two.p(p);
memristor_resistor_vout_two.outp(memristor_resistor_voltage_two);
}
};
After the definition for a pixel and a memristive_fuse, both these devices can be connected to construct the circuit shown in Figure 3 by attaching one of the ports
Scheme for the 2D memristive grid with X connection, that is, each pixel has eight connections to four neighbours in rectangular direction (left, right, top, bottom) and to the four diagonals.
This can also be specified in SystemC-AMS which we are unable to present in this paper due to reasons of clarity since the corresponding code is larger. Before we can move to the achieved simulation results, some things concerning the functionality of the network have to be explained before.
The electrical network constructed in this way fulfils several tasks. For example, before the optical flow processing takes place, a Gaussian filtering is carried out on the pixels, which is done by the OPL imitating memristive fuses, too.
An important thing that has to be avoided is that both memristors of a fuse have the same initial mid
The result voltage
Both things, initializing the memristors as described earlier and the grey scale conversion, are performed in our SystemC-AMS specification by appropriate instruction codes, for example, the calculation of the result voltage is carried out with the method
SystemC-AMS network for a detection of a moving edge pixel. The edge pixel disappears on the left (two short arrows) side and moves to the right (long arrow).
So far, we have described a solution for determining the derivatives
3D connection of a pixel between two pixels neighboured in subsequent images.
That means we connected together in SystemC-AMS two grids of the size 16 × 12 as shown for one pixel in Figure 4. The first gird hosted an image
Figure 7 shows the achieved functional results of the SystemC-AMS simulation for a traffic scene with the memristive network that works on the detection of moving edges with the memristive 2D network compared to a classical solution calculated according to Horn and Schunk on an Inteli5-6600 CPU. It is to recognize that the Horn and Schunk procedure algorithm works much better on a higher resolution, (a) versus (b), whereas the lower resolution is sufficient for the SystemC-AMS detection of moving edges (c). The low resolution was selected since this was the limit for the SystemC-AMS simulation with the proof-of-concept software solution. These moving edges are combined in one object. The grey edges are the disappearing edges, whereas the dark square corresponds to an appearing edge. The assignment between the two edges (see arrows in Figure 7(d)) can be identified and by this also the moving of the cars shown in front and of the smaller one shown behind in the image.
Used test input images (top), the two scenes are slightly displaced. On the bottom left side, (a) solution based on Horn and Schunck procedure calculated on CPU with 32 × 24 image size; (b) solution for 16 × 24 image size. On the bottom right side, the solution for the same scenes determined with the simulated memristive network in SystemC-AMS. Firstly, the detected edges (c), afterwards the detected directions of the moving edges (d).
The results of Figure 7 demonstrate that it is possible to detect moving objects with the memristive network and its SystemC-AMS model. We are now interested on how fast the network and the SystemC-AMS simulation work. The simulation of the detected moving edges in Figure 7(c) shows simulation results for a simulated memristive network for a time interval of 3000 ms. In this case, Biolek model was not used for the memristors but the model from Knowm which produced a significantly higher contrast. At the beginning, only a wave can be observed. After a simulated real time of 3000 ms, a higher contrast is given with that model compared to the input image and the moving objects can be detected. As comparison with existing hardware, we have determined the run times of the detection with the optical flow based on Horn and Schunk on a CPU (corei5-6600 corresponds to Intel’s Skylake microarchitecture) and a Jetson TX1-embedded GPU board from Nvidia. The CPU could compute in 3000-ms image sizes of 160×120. It is to expect that the memristive network works also on higher resolution since it is a highly local parallel-processing scheme.
Therefore, the memristive network lies in the same range as the CPU concerning the compute performance. The situation is different compared to the GPU. We measured a time of about 100 ms for an image size of 640 × 480. Hence, the GPU has clear advantages versus the memristive network concerning the run time.
However, the actual interesting point in this paper is the simulation time of the SystemC-AMS specification. In order to get significant values we have carried out a series of possible optimization measures concerning the network topology and the monitoring, resp., the virtual voltage measuring during the simulation. Figure 8 shows the simulation time for filtering and edge detection in one image for the following different sizes 16 × 12, 32 × 24 and 35 × 26 for a not optimized version (most-left bars—non-optimized), a version, which uses only one memristor in the fuses which is sufficient for edge detection as we found out (second left bar—optimized memristive fuses), using a hexagonal grid instead a 3 × 3 grid as local neighbourhood for a pixel (second right bar—hexagonal grid), and removing the voltage potentiometers for each memristor in the SystemC-AMS code (most right bar—removed not required potentiometers). It is to detect that simulation time can be drastically reduced, for example, for a 35 × 26 image from 4500 ms down to about 750 ms for the largest resolution of 35 × 26 if all optimization steps are applied subsequently.
Measuring the simulation time in SystemC-AMS for different options.
Our efforts to carry out an equivalent SPICE simulation with LT Spice have been in vain. The LT Spice simulator ended in an endless loop by the trial to simulate this large memristive network. With the PSpice A/D Lite version, the simulation aborted orderly with the message that the symbol table entry is out of bounds. May be the commercial version of Pspice allows to simulate such a large amount of devices. In all, in the 32 × 24-sized grid 768 voltage sources, 1536 resistors and 5461 memristor subcircuits have to be simulated. Further work has been done using Cadence Virtuoso. While Virtuoso was able to read the network and create a schematic view, it was not possible to start the Spectre simulation due to incompatibilities using the memristor Spice description.
In an older work [7], a similar 32 × 32 array of memristors was simulated in SPICE. Recently, Biolek et al. published a work [8] in which they used a parallel version of a commercial HSPICE simulator which allowed them to simulate extremely large memristor networks. They managed it to simulate a 100 × 100 memristive grid network containing 20,200 memristors in 5.5 s and a 1500 × 1500-sized memristive network containing 4.5 million memristors in 76 min by applying a modified version of the so-called S-model for memristors on a current Intel core i7 architecture.
Exploiting the flexibility of a high-level language like SystemC-AMS, the presented simulation environment enables designers to carry out extensive investigations on large memristive circuits to estimate latency and energy consumption just by simple C++ code modifications. Furthermore, such a system allows the simulation of thousands of connected memristors at acceptable simulation times, which is shown by a direct comparison to an equivalent SPICE simulation. A SystemC-AMS description allows faster simulation, but currently the investigated SystemC-AMS implementations do not allow the simulation for networks concerning more than 10 k memristors. Therefore, there seems to be a need for action concerning an extension of SystemC-AMS environments in the future. On the other side, free available SPICE versions failed to simulate memristor networks in the size of 1000 s, whereas the presented SPICE-AMS implementation could handle it in acceptable simulation time of 4–5 s and around 1 s for an optimized version. However, compared to commercial HSPICE simulators only smaller-sized networks of memristors can be investigated. On the other side, a SystemC-AMS solution simplifies a coupling to digital system layers to realize mixed-signal simulations. We demonstrated this flexibility in principle in this paper for the optical flow algorithm.
For the optical flow example, a comparison of a memristive network with real processor architecture like a GPU was carried out. It could be shown by simulations that using a GPU architecture is more efficient for the optical flow problem than a 2D grid memristive network solving the problem by detecting moving edges. The performance of a current CPU solution on the other side offers not more compute power than the memristive network which probably requires less energy consumption than the CPU. At all, we think that mixed-signal solutions are to favour, which combine analogue memristive circuits with digital processors, to unite computational flexibility and the benefits of energy-saving neuromorphic analogue memristor networks. A SystemC-AMS-based simulation environment is generally well suited for the design of such architectures and to estimate the required power and processing time. Our solution laid the foundation for such work in the future.
In recent decades, humanity has become more and more aware of the danger threatening the planet as a result of the great demographic growth and the enormous technological advances which generate unsanitary conditions of the environment. Water is a big problem today affecting the whole of the earth. To do this, it must then be preserved by all possible means: reduction of waste; reuse of wastewater and its introduction into special recycling techniques. The reuse of wastewater is a widely used practice in regions of the world affected by water resource shortages. The Mediterranean Basin is one of the regions of the world where the reuse of urban effluents is practiced at a low rate.
In Algeria, this area is not very developed, and the system put in place does not allow the desired prospects to be achieved to deal with the problems emanating from wastewater. Several regions of the Algerian Sahara where wastewater discharged into nature without prior treatment with large and increasing volumes which are sources of pollution. They generate many water-borne diseases and the spread of epidemics [1]. The Algerian authorities have agreed to plan several purification stations, with a view to eliminating pollution and the risks of contamination in urban areas. Protecting the receiving ecosystem and the water supplies of these regions of the Algerian Sahara, in particular the water table, the possibility of reusing filtered effluent for irrigation, becoming an important biodiversity area and a breeding ground [2].
This chapter, aiming to shed light on the wastewater treatment component in the Algerian Sahara, through a description of the different systems used and to discuss their reliability and constraints.
The Sahara covers nearly 90% of Algerian territory, it is crossed ergs by sand dunes, regs of stony land, as well as volcanic massifs in the far south.
In the north, the grass of the steppe slowly becomes scarce as the species change to make way for the reg. The erg, the sand desert covers only a fifth of the Sahara. The great eastern erg borders the Wadi Righ, a succession of oases, stretches along the underground wadi. The Saoura valley limits the great western erg to the west. Between these two great ergs, is the M’Zab valley carved into a plateau.
This northern Sahara, still dotted with oases, is opposed to that of the South, dominated by the Hoggar massif at an altitude of more than three thousand meters. Vast monotonous hamadas like the Tademaït plateau between El Goléa and In Salah connect the large geographical areas of the Sahara [3]. Figure 1 present the localizations of deferent WWTP concerning in this chapter.
Situation of the study area. (a) International location map of the study area. (b) Algerian location map of the study area. (c) Regional location map of the study area.
The Sahara is characterized by low rainfall, recording less than 100 mm per year. It does happen, however, that it snows and floods sometimes revive the wadis that have dried up since prehistoric times. High temperatures can exceed 45 ° C especially in summer, winter is generally mild with average temperatures ranging from 8 to 12 ° C. The subsoil is full of water in the Albian tablecloth which extends under a large part of the Algerian Sahara, a vestige of the steppe climate that the region experienced 10,000 years ago. In 2018, it is home to a population of 3,600,000 inhabitants, or 10.5% of the Algerian population. Our investigation in this document concerns 10 wastewater treatment plants in 5 provinces in southern Algeria (Table 1).
N° | Province | Number municipalities | Area Km2 | Population 2008 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ouargla | 21 | 211 980 | 558 558 | |
Ghardaia | 13 | 86 105 | 363 598 | |
El-Oued | 25 | 54 573 | 647 548 | |
Illizi | 06 | 284 618 | 52 333 | |
Tamanrasset | 10 | 557 906 | 92 635 | |
Total | 75 | 983 202 | 1 714 672 |
Administrative breakdown [4].
Groundwater is the main source of water in the Algerian Sahara; the preservation of this precious resource from all types of pollution is essential; to this end, the treatment of wastewater in the Algerian Sahara is a requirement and an inescapable social and environmental issue. The extensive process is used in most of the Saharan areas, it is ecological insofar as it does not use any chemical product to treat wastewater and evacuate it safely to the receiving natural environment [5].
We noted more than 90% of the planned purification stations in the Algerian Sahara have extensive processes, the extensive solutions characterized with a large area and totally or partially dependence on natural purification processes in which the concentration of purifying organisms is low [6]. They do not involve recycling of bacterial liquor. Among these processes we note: lagooning and spreading. They bring into play complex natural self-purification phenomena dependent on climatic conditions. These extensive solutions require large footprint areas, implementation is essential and the quality of construction depends in part on the purification performance. They generally require little electromechanical equipment and are known for their hardiness and ability to adapt to variations in organic and hydraulic loads [7].
Natural lagooning is an interesting wastewater treatment process, particularly for small communities, and has been relatively developed since the 1970s [8].
Among the ten stations observed 3 stations (Table 2). planned using the natural lagooning process, we are talking about the stations of Djanet, M’Zab, and Illizi (Figures 2–4), these stations were abused in 2011; 2012 and 2019 respectively. The largest is that of Ghardaïa, which was built during the period 2008–2012 by the companies AMENHYD SPA as a production company and AQUATECH-AXOR (Canada): a control and monitoring design office; it was commissioned in November 2012 for a maximum capacity of 46,400 m3/d, corresponding to 331,700 eq/inhab. by 2030. The station spread over 79 ha, has 16 basins divided into 02 floors finalized by 10 drying beds [9].
N° | Province | Station | Zone | UTM coordinates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X | Y | Z | ||||
Ghardaïa | Al-Attuef | 31S | 575518.34 m E | 3589342.52 m N | 435 | |
Illizi | Illizi | 32R | 441295.27 m E | 2930379.60 m N | 554 | |
Djanet | 32R | 546961.85 m E | 2703766.31 m N | 995 |
Coordinates of natural lagoon stations.
Ghardaia wastewater treatment plant.
Illizi wastewater treatment plant.
Djanet wastewater treatment plant.
The purification is ensured through to a long residence time, in several watertight basins arranged in series. The most commonly encountered number of basins is 3. However, using a configuration with 4 or even 6 basins allows more thorough disinfection. The basic mechanism on which natural lagooning is based is photosynthesis. The upper water section of the basins is exposed to light. This allows the existence of algae which produce the oxygen necessary for the development and maintenance of aerobic bacteria (Figure 5). These bacteria are responsible for the degradation of organic matter [10].
Mechanisms involved in natural lagoon basins [
The carbon dioxide formed by bacteria, as well as the mineral salts contained in wastewater, allow algae to multiply. There is thus a proliferation of two interdependent populations: bacteria and planktonic algae, also called “microphytes”. This cycle is self-sustaining as long as the system receives solar energy and organic matter.
At the bottom of the pool, where light does not penetrate, it is anaerobic bacteria which degrade the sediments resulting from the settling of organic matter. A release of carbon dioxide and methane occurs at this level [10].
This type of process was chosen in these regions for various reasons, such as the low energy use or almost non-existent, especially if the difference in level is favorable; good elimination of nutrients phosphorus, nitrogen and pathogenic germs especially in summer when the high temperature. It adapts well to strong variations in hydraulic head which can favor the presence of the water table close to the surface. We also noted in these stations an absence of noise pollution with stable sludge and good integration into the landscape.
On the other hand; these stations encountered several obstacles during the design and operation, such as the large footprint (10 to 15 m2/pe); investment cost very dependent on the nature of the subsoil. In the Saharan regions, where the terrain is sandy and unstable, this type of process is not recommended; which remains a contradiction with the location of these stations.
For the technical aspect, we noted that the purification performance is lower than intensive processes on organic matter. However, the release of organic matter takes place in the form of algae, which is less harmful than dissolved organic matter for the oxygenation of the environment downstream; and the control of the biological balance and the purification process remains limited. With a variable quality of discharge depending on the season, especially in summer when the temperature is very high, which causes very strong evaporation, which influences the concentration of water in the lagoons and the formation of algae due to the long insolation period.
In the Algerian Sahara, the aerated lagoon system is used frequently; we have identified four stations (Figures 6–9) among ten (Ouargla, Sidi Khouiled, Kouinin, Tamanrasset), where the largest nominal capacity is that of Kouinin with a flow of 33,251 m3/d (Tables 3 and 4).
Ouargla wastewater treatment plant.
Tamanrasset wastewater treatment plant.
Sidi khouild wastewater treatment plant.
Kouinin wastewater treatment plant.
N° | Province | Station | Zone | UTM coordinates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X | Y | Z | ||||
Ouargla | Ouargla | 31R | 723557.44 m E | 3542455.78 m N | 129 | |
Sidi Khouiled | 31R | 729649.40 m E | 3542586.63 m N | 135 | ||
El-Oued | Kouinine | 32S | 300095.71 m E | 3699943.49 m N | 69 | |
Tamanrasset | Tamanrasset | 31Q | 756780.31 m E | 2519993.29 m N | 1360 |
Coordinates of aerated lagoon stations.
Station | Year | Capacity Eq/inhab | Treated flow (m3/d) | Receiving medium |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ouargla | 2008 | 260.000 | 13986 | Sebkhat Sefioune |
Sidi khouiled | 2010 | 7.156 | 995 | Oum Raneb |
Kouinine | 2009 | 246.300 | 33251 | Chott Haloufa |
Tamanrasset | 2011 | 228667 | 18000 | Oued Tagrambait |
Characteristics of aerated lagoon stations.
In this type of process, oxygenation is provided mechanically by a surface aerator or air blowing (Figure 10). This principle differs from activated sludge only by the absence of a sludge recycling system or continuous sludge extraction. The energy consumption of the two sectors is, at equivalent capacity, comparable (1.8 to 2 kW/kg BOD5 eliminated) [11].
Principle of aerated lagooning [
The Algerian authorities often orient themselves towards this system since this system is very tolerant to variations in significant hydraulic and organic load as in the case of the regions mentioned above as well as their tolerance to effluents imbalanced in nutrients.
According to our investigations, in addition to the average quality of rejection on all parameters and noise pollution, the station managers have some problems such as high energy consumption, and the presence of electromechanical equipment requiring maintenance by a specialized agent; which sometimes takes a considerable amount of time with a non-operating station.
Among the most apparent problems in the region is the inflow of water from the water table and the excess parasitic irrigation in the sewerage network which can influence the performance of the station in two due to the high salinity of the water who can wait 13000 μ/cm, and the rapid change in raw sewage concentration.
The Wastewater Gardens unit is an eco-technology that uses ecologically based wastewater treatment principles [11].
Is a waterproofed basin, filled with gravel and plants whose roots are tolerant of water saturated conditions (Figure 11). There may be one or more compartments, depending on the size of the system and the area available for construction. The efficiency of a Waste Water Gardens pond is based on the time the wastewater residences within it before they flow into the drain area.
Principle of wastewater gardens system [
We have identified two stations in our region using this system.
The Temacine pilot station (Figure 12) is located in the city of Temacine next to old Ksar (Table 5), it was mainly created with the aim of treating 15 m3/d of wastewater by the production of 100 people and at a reasonable rate. of 150 l/inhabitant/day. The surface of the WWG basin is 400 m2, and the total volume is 260 m3. The water level in the basin is 0.5 m, covered by a layer of gravel ranging from 10 to 15 cm (gravel is a physical filter). The WWG basin is also filled with plants that can live in an environment saturated with wastewater (plants collect their nutrients and water through their roots).
Temacine wastewater treatment plant.
N° | Province | Station | Zone | UTM coordinates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X | Y | Z | ||||
1 | Ouargla | Temacine | 32S | 221565.67 m E | 3657276.93 m N | 80 |
Coordinates of horizontal flow planted filters stations.
This system offers low energy consumption; no need for advanced qualification for maintenance; and good reaction to load variations. On the other hand; this system has not been developed in the region because of their strong footprint, including the surrounding area, this is of the order of 10 m2/pe (equivalent to the footprint of a natural lagoon).
The wastewater treatment plant by vegetation located in the commune of N’goussa (Figure 13). The station is located at the lowest point of the sewage network (Table 6). Installed in 2010 and has been in operation since 2011. Use of solar energy pilot project of the WWTP. The characteristics of the releases are typically those of a domestic release. The treatment plant with filters planted with vertical flow reeds is made up of four parallel basins planted with reeds, each basin is divided into three equal parts operating alternately. Each basin is made up of three main inlets evenly distributed along the basin (one entry to each part), where each inlet fork tubes intended for supply by tarpaulins. The treated water collects in front of the second basin for reuse in watering the trees of the station and the rest is thrown towards the Sebkha of N’Goussa. The station has a capacity of 11000 Eq/hab and a nominal flow of 1743 m3/d for a residence time of 3 days for each basin.
N’Goussa wastewater treatment plant.
N° | Province | Station | Zone | UTM coordinates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X | Y | Z | ||||
1 | Ouargla | N’Goussa | 31R | 715432.22 m E | 3558668.84 m N | 118 |
Coordinates of vertical flow planted filters stations.
This system offers ease and low operating cost with reduced management to a minimum of organic deposits retained on the filters of the 1st stage; and good adaptation to seasonal population variations [13].
Besides the risk of the presence of insects or rodents, managers talk about the constraints of regular exploitation, annual mowing of the aerial part of the reeds, manual weeding before the predominance of reeds.
Using this sector for capacities greater than 2000 pe remains very delicate for questions of control of hydraulics and cost compared to conventional sectors.
The Touggourt wastewater treatment plant (Figure 14) is located in Ben Yassoued (Table 7), in the municipality of Tebesbest. It covers an area of 5 hectares. It was commissioned on 20/11/1993 and rehabilitated in 2004 currently managed by the national sanitation office (ONA), planned for 62,500 population equivalents and a daily flow of 9360 m3/d.
Touggourt wastewater treatment plant.
N° | Province | Station | Zone | UTM coordinates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X | Y | Z | ||||
Ouargla | Ben Yassoud | 32S | 228323.38 m E | 3666543.82 m N | 64 |
Coordinates of activated sludge station.
Among the ten stations treated in this document, we noted that the only station with an intensive process is that of Touggourt by activated sludge, its principle resides in an intensification of the self-purification processes that are encountered in natural environments [14]. The bacteria float in flakes in the wastewater and the purification process takes place under intense aeration (Figure 15). Aerobic and anaerobic (oxygen poor) conditions can be altered in space and time so that nutrients too (such as nitrogen and phosphorus) can be removed [15].
Basic diagram of the activated sludge process [
We have noted that this system offers good elimination of all the pollution parameters (COD, BOD5, MES, N) by nitrification and denitrification; plus an easier implementation of dephosphorization. It is a system suitable for the protection of sensitive receiving environments such as that of Oued Righ.
On the other hand, in addition to the investment cost and energy consumption of this type of stations are quite high, the station encountered several technical and managerial problems such as the need for qualified personnel and regular monitoring; sensitivity to hydraulic overload and difficulty in controlling sludge production.
As the situation of the station in the middle of an area of palm groves, among the most apparent problems in the region is the inflow of water from the water table and the surplus of parasitic irrigation in the sanitation network which can affect the performance of the two stations by the high salinity of the water that can be expected, and the rapid variation in the concentration of raw sewage.
Through this chapter, we tried to shed light on the wastewater treatment component in the Algerian Sahara through a description of the different systems used and to discuss their reliability and constraints.
The purification techniques adopted in the Algerian Sahara are limited to three processes: lagooning process, plant filter and activated sludge. Furthermore, the cost of installing and maintaining these sectors requires significant human and financial resources which are difficult to bear in our region.
We noted that the main objective of these stations in the Sahara is the protection of the environment and the almost non-existent tertiary treatment, for this the practice of reuse of purified wastewater remains very limited to the time that these regions have a subsoil. of the largest freshwater table in the world (Intercalary Continental).
The document clearly explained that 70% of stations in the Algerian Sahara using lagooning where 40% are stations by aerated lagooning, which remains a choice which has been subject to constraints such as high energy consumption, and the presence of electromechanical equipment. Requiring periodic maintenance by specialists. Only two pilot stations using plant purification; this system has not been developed in the region because of their strong footprint, the use of this system remains very delicate for issues of hydraulic control and cost compared to conventional channels.
Due to investment costs there are almost no active mud stations and the energy consumption of this type of station is quite high.
The improvement of these wastewater treatment techniques has resulted in an increase in by-products, these by-products, and particularly the sludge which represents the largest volumes, must be conditioned and disposed of in the most appropriate way, this which adds additional equipment to the wastewater treatment plants.
Therefore, it is necessary to explore new wastewater treatment technologies, reliable loads and adapted to the realities of our country Algeria.
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