Open access peer-reviewed chapter

Homotopy Asymptotic Method and Its Application

By Baojian Hong

Submitted: November 10th 2016Reviewed: February 14th 2017Published: June 14th 2017

DOI: 10.5772/67876

Abstract

As we all know, perturbation theory is closely related to methods used in the numerical analysis fields. In this chapter, we focus on introducing two homotopy asymptotic methods and their applications. In order to search for analytical approximate solutions of two types of typical nonlinear partial differential equations by using the famous homotopy analysis method (HAM) and the homotopy perturbation method (HPM), we consider these two systems including the generalized perturbed Kortewerg-de Vries-Burgers equation and the generalized perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger equation (GPNLS). The approximate solution with arbitrary degree of accuracy for these two equations is researched, and the efficiency, accuracy and convergence of the approximate solution are also discussed.

Keywords

• homotopy analysis method
• homotopy perturbation method
• generalized KdV-Burgers equation
• generalized perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger equation
• approximate solutions
• Fourier transformation

1. Introduction

In the past decades, due to the numerous applications of nonlinear partial differential equations (NPDEs) in the areas of nonlinear science [1, 2], many important phenomena can be described successfully using the NPDEs models, such as engineering and physics, dielectric polarization, fluid dynamics, optical fibers and quantitative finance and so on [35]. Searching for analytical exact solutions of these NPDEs plays an important and a significant role in all aspects of this subject. Many authors presented various powerful methods to deal with this problem, such as inverse scattering transformation method, Hirota bilinear method, homogeneous balance method, Bäcklund transformation, Darboux transformation, the generalized Jacobi elliptic function expansion method, the mapping deformation method and so on [610]. But once people noticed the complexity of nonlinear terms of NPDEs, they could not find the exact analytic solutions for many of them, especially with disturbed terms. Researchers had to develop some approximate and numerical methods for nonlinear theory; a great deal of efforts has been proposed for these problems, such as the multiple-scale method, the variational iteration method, the indirect matching method, the renormalization method, the Adomian decomposition method (ADM), the generalized differential transform method and so forth [1113], among them the perturbation method [14], including the regular perturbation method, the singular perturbation method and the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) and so on.

Perturbation theory is widely used in numerical analysis as we all know. The earliest perturbation theory was built to deal with the unsolvable mathematical problems in the calculation of the motions of planets in the solar system [15]. The gradually increasing accuracy of astronomical observations led to incremental demands in the accuracy of solutions to Newton’s gravitational equations, which extended and generalized the methods of perturbation theory. In the nineteenth century, Charles-Eugène Delaunay discovered the problem of small denominators which appeared in the nth term of the perturbative expansion when he was studying the perturbative expansion for the Earth-Moon-Sun system [16]. These well-developed perturbation methods were adopted and adapted to solve new problems arising during the development of Quantum Mechanics in the twentieth century. In the middle of the twentieth century, Richard Feynman realized that the perturbative expansion could be given a dramatic and beautiful graphical representation in terms of what are now called Feynman diagrams [17]. In the late twentieth century, because the broad questions about perturbation theory were found in the quantum physics community, including the difficulty of the nth term of the perturbative expansion and the demonstration of the convergent about the perturbative expansion, people had to pay more attention to the area of non-perturbative analysis, and much of the theoretical work goes under the name of quantum groups and non-commutative geometry [18]. As we all know, the solutions of the famous Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation cannot be reached by perturbation theory, even if the perturbations were carried out. Now, we can divide the perturbation theory to regular and singular perturbation theory; singular perturbation theory concerns those problems which depend on a parameter (here called ε) and whose solutions at a limiting value have a non-uniform behavior when the parameter tends to a pre-specified value. For regular perturbation problems, the solutions converge to the solutions of the limit problem as the parameter tends to the limit value. Both of these two methods are frequently used in physics and engineering today. There is no guarantee that perturbative methods lead to a convergent solution. In fact, the asymptotic series of the solution is the norm. In order to obtain the perturbative solution, we involve two distinct steps in general. The first is to assume that there is a convergent power asymptotic series about the parameter εexpressing the solution; then, the coefficients of the nth power of εexist and can be computed via finite computation. The second step is to prove that the formal asymptotic series converges for εsmall enough or to at least find a summation rule for the formal asymptotic series, thus providing a real solution to the problem.

The homotopy analysis method (HAM) was firstly proposed in 1992 by Liao [19], which yields a rapid convergence in most of the situations [20]. It also showed a high accuracy to solutions of the nonlinear differential systems. After this, many types of nonlinear problems were solved with HAM by others, such as nonlinear Schrödinger equation, fractional KdV-Burgers-Kuramoto equation, a generalized Hirota-Satsuma coupled KdV equation, discrete KdV equation and so on [2124]. With this basic idea of HAM (as =1and H(x,t)=1), Jihuan He proposed the homotopy perturbation method(HPM) [25] which has been widely used to handle the nonlinear problems arising in the engineering and mathematical physics [26, 27].

In this chapter, we extend the applications of HAM and HPM with the aid of Fourier transformation to solve the generalized perturbed KdV-Burgers equation with power-law nonlinearity and a class of disturbed nonlinear Schrödinger equations in nonlinear optics. Many useful results are researched.

1.1. The homotopy analysis method (HAM)

Let us consider the following nonlinear equation

N[u(x,t)]=0,E1

where Nis a nonlinear operator, u(x,t)is an unknown function and xand tdenote spatial and temporal independent variables, respectively.

With the basic idea of the traditional homotopy method, we construct the following zero-order deformation equation

(1q)L[ϕ(x,t;q)u0(x,t)]=qH(x,t)N[ϕ(x,t;q)]E2

where 0is a non-zero auxiliary parameter, q[0,1]is the embedding parameter, H(x,t)is an auxiliary function, Lis an auxiliary linear operator, u˜0(x,t)is an initial guess of u(x,t)and ϕ(x,t;q)is an unknown function. Obviously, when q=0and q=1, it holds

ϕ(x,t;0)=u0(x,t),ϕ(x,t;1)=u(x,t).E3

Thus, as qincreases from 0 to 1, the solution ϕ(x,t;q)varies from the initial guess u0(x,t)to the solution u(x,t). Expanding ϕ(x,t;q)in Taylor series with respect to q, we have

ϕ(x,t;q)=u0+m=1umqm=u0+qu1+q2u2+;u0=u˜0(x,t),um=um(x,t).E4

where

um(x,t)=1m!mqmϕ(x,t;q)|q=0.E5

If the auxiliary linear operator, the initial guess, the auxiliary parameter and the auxiliary function are so properly chosen such that they are smooth enough, the Taylor’s series (4) with respect to qconverges at q=1, and we have

u=ϕ(x,t;1)=m=0um,E6

which must be one of the solutions of the original nonlinear equation, as proved by Liao. As =1and H(x,t)=1, Eq. (2) becomes

(1q)L[ϕ(x,t;q)u0(x,t)]+qN[ϕ(x,t;q)]=0.E7

Eq. (7) is used mostly in the HPM, whereas the solution is obtained directly, without using Taylor’s series. As H(x,t)=1, Eq. (2) becomes

(1q)L[ϕ(x,t;q)u0(x,t)]=qN[ϕ(x,t;q)],E8

which is used in the HAM when it is not introduced in the set of base functions. According to definition (5), the governing equation can be deduced from Eq. (2). Define the vector

um(x,t)={u0,u1,u2,,um}.E9

Differentiating Eq. (2) mtimes with respect to the embedding parameter qand then setting q=0and finally dividing them by m!, we have the so-called mth-order deformation equation

L[um(x,t)χmum1(x,t)]=H(x,t)Rm1(um1,x,t),E10

where

Rm1(um1,x,t)=1(m1)!m1qm1N[ϕ(x,t;q)]|q=0.E11

And

χm={0,x11,x2.E12

It should be emphasized that um(x,t)for m1is governed by the linear Eq. (10) with the linear boundary conditions that come from the original problem, which can be easily solved by symbolic computation software such as Mathematica and Matlab.

1.2. The homotopy perturbation method

To illustrate the basic concept of the homotopy perturbation method, consider the following nonlinear system of differential equations with boundary conditions

{A(u)=f(r),rΩ,(13.1)B(u,un)=0,rΓ=Ω(13.2),E13

where Bis a boundary operator and Γis the boundary of the domain Ω, f(r)is a known analytical function. The differential operator Acan be divided into two parts, Land N, in general, where Lis a linear and Nis a nonlinear operator. Eq. (13) can be rewritten as follows:

L(u)+N(u)=f(r).E14

We construct the following homotopy mapping H(ϕ,q):Ω×[0,1]R, which satisfies

H(ϕ,q)=(1q)[L(v)L(u˜0)]+q[A(v)f(r)]=0,q[0,1],rΩ,E15

where u˜0is an initial approximation of Eq. (13), and is the embedding parameter; we have the following power series presentation for ϕ,

ϕ=i=0ui(x,t)qi=u0+qu1+q2u2+.E16

The approximate solution can be obtained by setting q=1, that is

u=limq1ϕ=u0+u1+u2+.E17

If we let u0(x,t)=u˜0(x,t),notice the analytic properties of f,L,u˜0and mapping (15), we know that the series of (17) is convergence in most cases when q[0,1][28]. We obtain the solution of Eq. (13).

To study the convergence of the method, let us state the following theorem.

Theorem(Sufficient Condition of Convergence).

Suppose that Xand Yare Banach spaces and N:XYis a contract nonlinear mapping that is

u,u*X:N(u)N(u*)γuu*,0<γ<1.E18

Then, according to Banach’s fixed point theorem, Nhas a unique fixed point u, that is N(u)=u. Assume that the sequence generated by homotopy perturbation method can be written as

Un=N(Un1),Un=i=0nui,uiX,n=1,2,3,,E19

and suppose that

U0=u0Br(u),Br(u)={u*X|u*u<γ}E20
then, we have (i) UnBr(u),(ii)limnUn=u.E21

Proof. (i) By inductive approach, for n=1, we have

U1u=N(U0)N(u)γU0uand then

Unu=N(Un1)N(u)γnU0uγnrUnBr(u)E9000

(ii) Because of 0<γ<1, we have limnUnu=0that is limnUn=u.

2. Application to the generalized perturbed KdV-Burgers equation

Consider the following generalized perturbed KdV-Burgers equation

ut+αupux+βu2pux+γuxx+δuxxx=f(t,x,u).E22

where α,β,γ,δ,pare arbitrary constants, and f=f(t,x,u)is a disturbed term, which is a sufficiently smooth function in a corresponding domain.

This equation with p1is a model for long-wave propagation in nonlinear media with dispersion and dissipation. Eq. (22) arises in a variety of physical contexts which include a number of equations, and many valuable results about Eq. (22) have been studied by many authors in [2931]. In fact, if one takes different value of α,β,γ,δ,pand f, Eq.(22) represents a large number of equations, such as KdV equation, MKdV equation, CKdV equation, Burgers equation, KdV-Burgers equation and the equations as the following forms.

Fitzhugh-Nagumo equation [32]:

utuxx=f=u(uα)(1u),E23

Burgers-Huxley equation [33]

ut+αuδuxλuxx=f=βu(1uδ)(ηuδγ)E24

Burgers-Fisher equation [34]

ut+αuδuxuxx=f=βu(1uδ)E25

It’s significant for us to handle Eq. (22).

2.1. The generalized KdV-Burgers equation

If we let f=0in Eq. (22), we can obtain the famous generalized KdV-Burgers equation with nonlinear terms of any order [35, 36].

ut+αupux+βu2pux+γuxx+δuxxx=0.E26

Eq. (26) is solved on the infinite line <x<together with the initial condition u(x,0)=f(x),<x<by using the HAM. We first introduce the traveling wave transform

ξ=x+ct+ξ0.E27

where care constants to be determined later and ξ0Care arbitrary constants. Secondly, we make the following transformation:

u(ξ)=v1/p(ξ).E28

Eq. (26) is reduced to the following form:

p(p+1)(2p+1)δv(ξ)v''(ξ)+(p+1)(2p+1)δ(1p)v'2(ξ)+p(p+1)(2p+1)γv(ξ)v'(ξ)+cp2(p+1)(2p+1)v2(ξ)+p2(2p+1)αv3(ξ)+p2(p+1)βv4(ξ)=0E29

where the derivatives are performed with respect to the coordinate ξ. We can conclude that Eq. (26) has the following solution, by using the deformation mapping method:

u˜0={c(1+p)2α+d(1+p)γpαc2p24d2γ2tanh(dc2p24d2γ2(x+ct+ξ0))}1p.E30

2.2. The approximate solutions by using HAM

To solve Eq. (22) by means of HAM, we choose the initial approximation

u0(x,t)=u˜0(x,t)|t=0=g(x),E31

where u˜0(x,t)is an arbitrary exact solution of Eq. (23).

According to Eq. (1), we define the nonlinear operator

N[ϕ]=ϕt+αϕpϕx+βϕ2pϕx+γϕxx+δϕxxxf(ϕ),ϕ=ϕ(x,t;q).E32

It is reasonable to express the solution u(x,t)by set of base functions gn(x)tn,n0, under the rule of solution expression; it is straightforward to choose H(x,t)=1and the linear operator

L[ϕ(x,t;q)]=ϕ(x,t;q)tE33

with the property

L[c(x)]=0.E34

From Eqs. (10, 11 and 32), we have

Rm1(um1,x,t)=um1,t+γum1,xx+δum1,xxx+αDm1(ϕpϕx)+βDm1(ϕ2pϕx)F(u0,u1,,um1),E35

where

Dm1(ϕnϕx)=k1=0nk2=0k1k3=0k2km1=0km2i=0m1Cnk1Ck1k2Ck2k3Ckm2km1u0nk1u1k1k2um1km1uiξE36

and nk1k2km10N, with

j=1m1kj+i=m1,i=0,,m1F(u0,u1,,um1)=1(n1)!(m1)qm1f(x,t,u)|q=0.E37

Now, the solution of the mth-order deformation in Eq. (10) with initial condition um(x,t)=0for m1becomes

um=χmum1+L1[Rm1(um1,x,t)],E38

Thus, from Eqs. (31, 35 and 38), we can successively obtain

u0=u˜0(x,0)=g(x),E39
u1=t[u˜0t+f(u0)],u˜0t=tu˜0(x,t)|t=0,E40
u2=(1+)u1+(αu0pu1,x+βu02pu1,x+γu1,xx+δu1,xxxfu(u0)u1)tE41
E9007
um=(1+)um1+[γu1,xx+δu1,xxx+αDm1(ϕpϕx)+βDm1(ϕ2pϕx)F(u0,u1,,um1)]tE42
E9008

We obtain the mth-order approximate solution and exact solution of Eq. (22) as follows

um,appr=k=0muk,uexact=ϕ(x,t;1)=limmk=0mukE43

if we choose

u˜0(x,0)={c(1+p)2α+d(1+p)γpαc2p24d2γ2tanh(dc2p24d2γ2x)}1p.E44

From Eqs. (39–44), we can obtain the corresponding approximate solution of Eq. (22).

2.3. Example

In the following, three examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the HAM. We first plot the so-called curves of uappr''(0,0)and uappr'''(0,0)to discover the valid region of , which corresponds to the line segment nearly parallel to the horizontal axis. The simulate comparison between the initial exact solution, exact solution and the fourth order of approximation solution is given.

Now, we consider the small perturbation term f=εf˜in Eq. (22).

Example 1. Consider the CKdV equation with small disturbed term

ut+6uux6u2ux+uxxx=εu2,0<ε1E45

with the initial exact solution

u˜0(x,t)=1212tanh[12(xt)].E46

From Section 2.2, we have

u0=1212tanh(12x),u˜0t=14sech2(12x),E47
u1={14sech2(12x)+ε[1212tanh(12x)]2}tE48
u2=(1+)t{14sech2(12x)+ε[1212tanh(12x)]2}2t2{6[1212tanh(12x)]{14sech2(12x)+ε[1212tanh(12x)]2}x+62t2[1212tanh(12x)]2{14sech2(12x)+ε[1212tanh(12x)]2}x2t2{14sech2(12x)+ε[1212tanh(12x)]2}xxx+2ε2t2[1212tanh(12x)]{14sech2(12x)+ε[1212tanh(12x)]2}=t32[cosh(x2)sinh(x2)]sech5(x2){(5t33ε)33ε+2tε(1+ε)+2cosh(x)[2ε22(1+ε)+t(2ε2+7ε3)]+[(tε1+2tε2)ε1]cosh(2x)2sinh(x2)[1ε+ε+t(23ε+2ε2)+(1ε)coshx+(1tε+2tε2)coshx)]}E49

uappr=1212tanh(12x){14sech2(12x)+ε[1212tanh(12x)]2}t+t32[cosh(x2)sinh(x2)]sech5(x2){(5t33ε)33ε+2tε(1+ε)+2cosh(x)[2ε22(1+ε)+t(2ε2+7ε3)]+[(tε1+2tε2)ε1]cosh(2x)2sinh(x2)[1ε+ε+t(23ε+2ε2)+(1ε)coshx+(1tε+2tε2)coshx)]}+E50

The curves of uappr''(0,0)and uappr'''(0,0)in Eq. (45) are shown in Figure 1(a), and the comparison between the initial exact solution and the fourth order of approximation solution is shown in Figure 1(b).

Example 2. Consider the KdV-Burgers equation with small disturbed term

ut+6uux+uxxuxxx=εsinuE51

with the initial exact solution

u˜0(x,t)=150{1coth[110(x625t)]}2E52

From Section 2.2, we have

u0=150[1coth(110x)]2,u˜0t=33125csch2(110x)[1+coth(110x)]E53
u1=εsin{150[1coth(110x)]2}t3t3125csch2(110x)[1+coth(110x)]E54
u2=(1+)u1+t(6u0u1,x+u1,xxu1,xxxεu1cosu0)E55
uappr=150[1coth(110x)]2εsin{150[1coth(110x)]2}t33125tcsch2(110x)[1+coth(110x)]+u2+E56

The curves of uappr''(0,0)and uappr'''(0,0)in Eq. (51) are shown in Figure 2(a); the comparison between the initial exact solution and the fourth order of approximation solution is shown in Figure 2(b).

Example 3. Consider the Burgers-Fisher equation

ut+u2uxuxx=εu(1u2)E57

with the exact solution and the initial exact solution

u1exact=1212tanh[13x1+9ε9t+ξ0]E58
u2exact=1212coth[13x1+9ε9t+ξ0]E59
u˜0(x,t)=1212tanh[13x19t+ξ0]E60

From Section 2.2, we have

u0=1212tanh(13x),u˜0t=sech2(13x)/1822tanh(13x)E61
u1=tsech2(13x)1822tanh(13x)tε1212tanh(13x)(12+12tanh(13x))E62
u2=(1+)u1+t(αu0u1,xu1,xxεu1+3εu02u1)E63
uappr=1212tanh(13x)tsech2(13x)1822tanh(13x)tε1212tanh(13x)(12+12tanh(13x))+u2+E64

The curves of uappr''(0,0)and uappr'''(0,0)in Eq. (57) are shown in Figure 3(a), the comparison between the initial exact solution and the fourth order of approximation solution is shown in Figure 3(b).

3. Application to the generalized perturbed NLS equation

In this section, we will use the HPM and Fourier’s transformation to search for the solution of the generalized perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger equation (GPNLS)

iuz+12β(z)2ut2+δ(z)u|u|2iα(z)u=β(z)f(u,z,t).E65

If we let tx,zt,Eq. (65) turns to the following form

iut+12β(t)2ux2+δ(t)u|u|2iα(t)u=β(t)f(u,t,x).E66

where disturbed term fis a sufficiently smooth function in a corresponding domain. α(t)represents the heat-insulating amplification or loss. β(t)and δ(t)are the slowly increasing dispersion coefficient and nonlinear coefficient, respectively. The transmission of soliton in the real communication system of optical soliton is described by Eq. (66) with f=0[3739].

iut+12β(t)2ux2+δ(t)u|u|2iα(t)u=0.E67

We make the transformation

u=A(t)φ(ξ)eiη,ξ=k1x+c1(t),η=k2x+c2(t)E68

With the following consistency conditions,

A(t)=ce0tα(τ)dτ,c1(t)=k1k20tβ(τ)dτ,c2(t)=12(a2k12k22)0tβ(τ)dτ,δ(t)=a4k12c2β(t)e20tα(τ)dτE69

where k1,k2,a2,a4,care arbitrary non-zero constants.

If we let f(u,t,x)=12k12f(φ)eiη, substituting Eq. (68) into Eq. (67), we have

φξξ''a2φ2a4φ3=f(φ).E70

By using the general mapping deformation method [10, 40], we can obtain the following solutions of the corresponding undisturbed Eq. (70) when f=0.

φ˜0=cn[k1xk1k20tβ(τ)dτ].E71

In order to obtain the solution of Eq. (70), we introduce the following homotopic mapping H(φ,p): R×IR,

H(φ,p)=LφLφ˜0+q(Lφ˜02a4φ3f(φ)).E72

where R=(,+),I=[0,1],φ˜0is an initial approximate solution to Eq. (70), and the linear operator Lis expressed as

L(u)=φξξ''a2φ.E73

Obviously, from mapping Eq. (72), H(φ,1)=0is the same as Eq. (70). Thus, the solution of Eq. (70) is the same as the solution of H(φ,q)as q1.

3.1. Approximate solution

In order to obtain the solution of Eq. (70), set

φ=i=0φi(ξ)qi=φ0+qφ1+q2φ2+E74

If we let φ0=φ˜0,notice the analytical properties of f,φ˜0, and mapping Eq. (72), we can deduce that the series of Eq. (74) are uniform convergence when q[0,1]. Substituting expression (74) into H(u,q)=0and expanding nonlinear terms into the power series in powers of q, we compare the coefficients of the same power of qon both sides of the equation and we have

q0:Lφ0=Lφ˜0,E75
q1:Lφ1=f(φ0),E76
q2:Lφ2=6a4φ02φ1+fφ(φ0)φ1,E77
E9010
qn:Lφn=F(φ0,φ1,,φn1)+2a4k1=03k2=0k1k3=0k2kn1=0kn2C3k1Ck1k2Ck2k3Ckn2kn1φ03k1φ1k1k2φ2k2k3φn2kn2kn1φn1kn1.E78
E9011

where 3k1k2kn10N, j=1n1kj=n1,nN+and F(φ0,φ1,,φn1)=1(n1)!(n1)pn1f(φ0,φ1,,φn1)|p=0.

From Eq. (75) we have φ0(ξ)=φ˜0(ξ). If we select φ1|ξ=0=0, by using Fourier transformation and from Eq. (76), we have

φ1=1a20ξf(φ0)(ea2(ξτ)ea2(ξτ))dτ,a20,f(φ0)=f(φ0(τ)).E79

If we select φ2|ξ=0=0, from Eq. (77) we have

φ2=1a20ξ[6a4φ02φ1+fφ(φ0)φ1](ea2(ξτ)ea2(ξτ))dτ.E80

where a20,φ0=φ0(τ),φ1=φ1(τ).

We obtain the first- and second-order approximate solutions u1hom(x,t)and u2hom(x,t)of the Eq. (70) as follows:

φ1hom(x,t)=φ˜0+12m210ξf(φ0)(e2m21(ξτ)e2m21(ξτ))dτE81
u1hom(x,t)=ce0tα(τ)dτ+i[k2x+120t((2m21)k12k22)β(τ)dτ]φ1hom(x,t)E82
φ2hom(x,t)=φ˜0+12m210ξf(φ0)(e2m21(ξτ)e2m21(ξτ))dτ+12m210ξ[6m2φ02φ1+fφ(φ0)φ1](e2m21(ξτ)e2m21(ξτ))dτE83
u2hom(x,t)=ce0tα(τ)dτ+i[k2x+120t((2m21)k12k22)β(τ)dτ]φ2hom(x,t)E84

With the same process, we can also obtain the N-order approximate solution

φnhom(x,t)=φ˜0+12m210ξf(φ0)(ea2(ξτ)ea2(ξτ))dτ+12m210ξ[6m2φ02φ1+fφ(φ0)φ1](e2m21(ξτ)e2m21(ξτ))dτ++12m210ξ(e2m21(ξτ)e2m21(ξτ))[F(φ0,φ1,,φn1)2m2k1=03k2=0k1k3=0k2kn1=0kn2C3k1Ck1k2Ck2k3Ckn2kn1φ03k1φ1k1k2φ2k2k3φn2kn2kn1φn1kn1]dτE85
unhom(x,t)=ce0tα(τ)dτ+i[k2x+120t((2m21)k12k22)β(τ)dτ]φnhom(x,t)E86

where 3k1k2kn10N, j=1n1kj=n1,nN+and

F(φ0,φ1,,φn1)=1(n1)!(n1)pn1f(φ0,φ1,,φn1)|p=0E87

3.2. Comparison of accuracy

In order to explain the accuracy of the expressions of the approximate solution represented by Eq. (86), we consider the small perturbation term

iut+12β(t)2ux2+δ(t)u|u|2iα(t)u=12εk12β(t)eiηsinnφ,E88

where nN+,φ=e0tα(τ)dτi(k2x+12(a2k12k22)0tβ(τ)dτ)u/c,0<ε1.

From the discussion of Section 3.1, we obtain the second-order approximate Jacobi-like elliptic function solution of Eq. (88) as follows

φ2hom(x,t)=cn[k1xk1k20tβ(τ)dτ]+ε2m210ξsinn(φ0)(e2m21(ξτ)e2m21(ξτ))dτ+12m210ξ[6m2φ02φ1+εnsinn1(φ0)cos(φ0)φ1](e2m21(ξτ)e2m21(ξτ))dτE89
u2hom(x,t)=ce0tα(τ)dτ+i[k2x+120t((2m21)k12k22)β(τ)dτ]φ2hom(x,t).E90

Set φexa(x,t)=i=0φi(x,t)to be an exact solution of Eq. (88), notice that

L(φexaφ2hom)=f(φ)+2a4φexa3[2a4φ03+f(φ0)+6a4φ02φ1+fφ(φ0)φ1]=εsinn(i=0φi)+2a4(i=0φi)3[2a4φ03+εsinn(φ0)+6a4φ02φ1+εnsinn1(φ0)cos(φ0)φ1]=O(ε2),E91

where 0<ε1, selecting arbitrary constants such that φexa(0)=φ2hom(0), from the fixed point theorem [41], we have φexaφ2hom=O(ε2), then

|uexau2hom|=|A(t)eiη[φexaφ2hom]|=|ε2Ansinn1(φ0)cos(φ0)2m210ξsinn(φ0)(ea2(ξτ)ea2(ξτ))dτ|=O(ε2).E92

Therefore, from the above result, we know that the approximate solution,u2hom, obtained by asymptotic method and possesses better accuracy.

Set A(t)=1,k1=k2=1,β(t)=1,m1,n=1,ξ[0,3]and ε=0.01,0.001for Eq. (90), and then, we will have the curves of solutions |u1hom(ξ)|and |u0(ξ)|and be able to compare them; see Figures 4 and 5. From Figures 4 and 5, it is easy to see that as 0<ε1is a small parameter, and the solutions |u1hom(ξ)|and |u0(ξ)|are very close to each other. This behavior is coincident with that of the approximate solution of the weakly disturbed evolution in Eq. (88).

4. Conclusions

We research the generalized perturbed KdV-Burgers equation and GPNLS equation by using the HAM and HPM; these two powerful straightforward methods are much more simple and efficient than some other asymptotic methods such as perturbation method and Adomian decomposition method and so on. The Jacobi elliptic function and solitary wave approximate solution with arbitrary degree of accuracy for the disturbed equation are researched, which shows that these two methods have wide applications in science and engineering and also can be used in the soliton equation with complex variables, but it is still worth to research whether or not these two methods can be used in the system with high dimension and high order.

Acknowledgments

The work is supported by the Scientific Research Foundation of Nanjing Institute of Technology (Grant No. ZKJ201513,2016YB22).

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Baojian Hong (June 14th 2017). Homotopy Asymptotic Method and Its Application, Recent Studies in Perturbation Theory, Dimo I. Uzunov, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/67876. Available from:

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