Electrical parameters of ITO films deposited by PLD on flat and nanopatterned glass substrates evaluated from Hall investigations.
\r\n\tThere now are many books about seagrass and hundreds of journal papers. The aim of this book is to give an updated background to seagrass uses, distribution, biology and ecology but to venture further into monitoring, and the research questions for seagrass. The goods and services provided by seagrass are of long-term and short-term value. These must be assessed against anthropogenic requirements of the resources on which seagrass relies.
\r\n\tMarine protected areas provide seagrass with protection but their formation does not alone prevent loss and damage. The compromises faced by managers of seagrass MPAs in choosing suitable areas and caring for them will constitute a chapter. Seagrass beds in MPAs are members of the stakeholders of marine spatial planning and it will be discussed how seagrass MPAs can be integrated into marine spatial planning.
\r\n\t
Organic optoelectronic device such as organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) focused over the past few decades the attention of both academia and industries due to the possibility to fabricate flexible, transparent devices on large area using low-cost solution processes, leading to cost-effective production [1, 2]. At this stage, in the OPV field, a major concern regards the fabrication of flexible structures with high efficiencies for various applications [3]. Although, OPV with efficiency over 18% has been reported in 2021 [4], further improvements are still needed for making them a real alternative to other photovoltaic cell (PV) technologies (PV based on silicon, PV based on perovskites, etc.). The improvements can be linked to: (i) the type of the organic materials used in the fabrications of the PV structures; (ii) the deposition techniques used to obtain the organic component as films; and (iii) the different approaches used for enhancing the absorption in the PV structure such as antireflection coatings, back-reflectors, or the surfaces patterning (texturing) [5, 6]. In the PV structures, the thickness of the organic active film is limited by the low carrier mobility and the short exciton diffusion length [7]. An increase in the film thickness leads to a lowering in the device efficiency, while a decrease in the film thickness results in a poor absorption. Lately, some studies reported that the nanopatterning of the transparent electrodes increases the optical path length of light inside the active material improving the performances of the devices [6, 8].
Different optical approaches and structures such as microlens, nanostructured electrodes, scattering layers were used in the field of OLEDs to improve the light extraction efficiency of the devices [9, 10]. The light extraction efficiency is one of the most important parameters of OLED, defined as the ratio of the total number of photons emitted by the OLED and the total number of photons generated within the organic emitter [10, 11]. Thus, the majority of the generated photons in the organic layers are confined inside the device due to the total internal reflection, which takes place at the glass/air and organic/layer substrate interfaces owing to the mismatch of the refractive index [12]. In this way, almost 30% of the emitted photons are trapped in the glass substrate (glass mode), while a 50% are trapped at the organic/anode interface (waveguide mode). Therefore, various methods were used to extract more efficiently the light from the OLEDs [9, 13].
Transparent conductive electrodes (TCE) play a key role in the development of optoelectronic devices such as OPVs, OLEDs, touch screens, electrochromic devices, heat mirrors, smart windows, and so on [14, 15, 16]. Over time, various materials such as metal oxides, ultrathin metals, metal nanowires, graphene, carbon nanotubes, conductive polymers, etc., were deposited and investigated as TCE [1, 14]. However, indium tin oxide (ITO) remains the most commonly used TCE due to its remarkable properties such as high transparency (90% at 550 nm wavelength), adequate sheet resistance (10–30 Ω/□), work function (4.7 eV), and reduced roughness (<1 nm) [17, 18]. Besides that, aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) is a suitable metal oxide for replacing ITO since this material met the necessary criteria regarding the high transparency and the electrical resistivity [19, 20].
Transparent conductive oxide (TCO) films can be deposited by numerous chemical and physical methods such as sol-gel [21], spray pyrolysis [22], magnetron sputtering [23], chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [24], atomic layer deposition [25], pulsed laser deposition (PLD) [20], etc., each of them having both advantages and limitations. PLD is a versatile technique used in the deposition of high-quality films based on ITO, AZO, indium-doped zinc oxide (IZO), Ga-doped ZnO (GZO), indium gallium zinc oxide (GIZO), ZnO-Y2O3 (YZO), the obtained TCO layers having adequate properties for optoelectronic device area [26, 27, 28, 29, 30].
Patterning techniques such as X-ray lithography, electron projection lithography, ion beam projection lithography, multiple e-beam lithography, extreme ultraviolet lithography, or nanoimprint lithography (NIL) are essential in the niche technology that manufactures high-volume and low-cost nanoscale devices [31, 32, 33, 34]. The development and improvement of NIL technique have extended the nanoscale fabrication from standard semiconductor devices for electronics and optoelectronics to complex ones for optics, plasmonics, microfluidics, or biomimetic area [35, 36, 37, 38, 39]. Among NIL technologies, ultraviolet nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL) is an efficient technique because it allows the manufacture of a wide range of pattern sizes and shapes on different rigid or flexible substrates [34, 40].
In this chapter, we present some of our contributions regarding the TCO layers deposited by PLD on flat and UV-NIL nanopatterned glass substrates. Therefore, metal oxides films (ITO and AZO) deposited by PLD were studied for emphasizing their potential applications in the field of optoelectronic devices such as OPVs and OLEDs.
Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) is a well-established method used to grow thin films from a wide range of materials, enabling a stoichiometric transfer of these. Although PLD was introduced in 1965, it was applied intensively in the late 1990s [41, 42]. PLD is a physical vapor deposition technique where an external high-power laser (typically an UV laser source) ablates a target based on a single or a combination of compounds depending on the desired composition of the film [43]. In comparison with other deposition methods such as sputtering, molecular beam epitaxy, chemical vapor deposition, or thermal evaporation, PLD has the following advantages: (i) any type of substrate can be used for depositing thin films; (ii) by using UV laser sources, a wide range of materials can be ablated; (iii) the pressure during the deposition process can be choose from 10−7 mbar up to 1 mbar; (iv) due to progressive growth with each laser pulse, a rigorous control of the thickness is possible; (v) the stoichiometry can be preserved or changed in a controlled manner during the deposition; (vi) the kinetic energy of the evaporated species can be moderated in order to control the film growth properties; (vii) a background gas can be used in order to obtain the adequate reactive atmosphere; (viii) multilayered thin films can be obtained by switching different target materials in the deposition cycle; and (ix) assure the purity of the initial composition because the ablation source is the light [42, 43, 44, 45]. As any deposition technique, the PLD process has also some drawbacks: (i) limited deposition area for standard setups; (ii) the uniformity of the deposition is influenced by energy profile and inhomogeneity of the laser pulse; (iii) macroscopic and microscopic droplets are sometimes ejected from the target [45, 46].
PLD is a versatile method that proved its potential in different research areas considering that a wide class of the materials can be ablated using excimer lasers and deposited as thin films [42, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53]. Thus, metal films, semiconductor films, superconductors, ceramic layers, oxides, insulators can be easily obtained by this laser technique [54, 55]. Moreover, nanostructures with different morphologies such as nanowires, nanoflowers, nanorods, nanotubes, and even quantum dots based on ZnO, ITO, graphene, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), tungsten disulfide (WS2), cadmium selenide (CdSe) can be deposited by PLD [45, 47, 56, 57, 58]. The thin films or nanostructures fabricated by PLD were integrated in various devices: photovoltaics, environmental sensors, actuators, light emitters, ferroelectrics, photocatalysis, biomaterials, medical implants, etc. [45, 47, 59].
A common PLD deposition setup is depicted in Figure 1. Hence, the growth of the thin film is the result of the interaction between the laser beam and the target. When the laser fluence (the energy delivered per unit area at given pulse duration) reaches the ablation threshold, the vaporization of the material from the target surface takes place, process followed by the generation and expansion of the plasma plume. Further, the plasma species (free electrons, ions, neutral atoms, molecules) with appropriate energy nucleates on the deposition support [45, 59, 60]. In PLD, the film growth and the film quality depend generally on various experimental parameters: laser fluence, laser wavelength, pulse duration, repetition rate, target-substrate distance, background gas and its pressure, quality of the target substrate temperature, etc. Because the influence of each deposition parameter on the properties of films deposited by PLD, from specific materials, was extensively discussed and analyzed in literature, in the following we briefly resumed their importance [42, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53].
Schematic representation of PLD deposition chamber.
The laser fluence is one of the principal parameters because it impacts the kinetic energy of the species presented in the plasma plume and their movement toward the deposition substrate [52]. As was discussed by Schou, the chosen laser fluence must be high enough to induce target ablation but not so high to avoid the re-sputtering and possible implantation of some species in the film [53].
The laser wavelength is connected with the energy absorbed by the target material [61], thinner films being obtained when the target material is transparent to the laser wavelength used during the deposition. Lower threshold fluences and also low ablation rates are obtained when short laser wavelengths are used [48]. Thus, the laser wavelength must be selected depending on the material type intended to be deposited.
The pulse duration parameter can be controlled to prepare films with expected performances. In general, nanosecond pulse lasers are implied in the PLD deposition [48]. When long laser pulses are implied, the absorbed laser energy firstly heats the target surface to the melting point, and afterward at the vaporization temperature, the thermal wave penetrates the target and produces the melting of the material, evaporation appearing from the liquid phase. In the case of the femtosecond-pulse lasers, the vapor and plasma phases appear quickly, therefore the heat conduction is negligible, and as a consequence, the liquid phase is absent [62].
The pulse repetition rate influences the deposition rate, this being related to the duration necessary to get a specific thickness of the film [63]. The number of the particles, which are found as islands, grown firstly on the deposition substrate, subsequently tend to diffuse and aggregate depending on the pulse repetition rate, a higher density of islands being favored by the increase of this parameter. Moreover, it was emphasized that using higher pulse frequencies, a high density of small-size islands can be obtained facilitating the diffusion of some adatoms from islands top to the substrate, in this way films characterized by a smooth surface being obtained. At lower pulse frequencies, a low density of islands is formed resulting in rougher surfaces [64].
Although some PLD films can be fabricated just in ultrahigh vacuum, most of them required a background gas; this parameter affects the plume dynamics and furthers the growth and properties of the films [52, 65]. The background gas decreases the kinetic energy of the species presented in the plasma plume, a high pressure of this can decrease the sputtering of the film, but at the same time can lead to the preferential diffusion of some species to the deposition support [53, 66]. Argon, helium, or nitrogen is frequently used in the PLD deposition, but the most studied gas is still oxygen, due to the possibility of producing films with controlled oxygen content [50].
The target-substrate distance influences the mass ratio of the species that reach the substrate, thus influencing the thickness of the obtained film. A higher distance is equivalent with a reduction of the deposited material while a lower distance has as effect a rebound of the species due to their high kinetic energies [67]. Thus, it is essential to choose an optimal target-substrate distance. Some studies show that TCO layers on flexible substrate characterized by cracks or peeling off are obtained when the deposition is performed at lower target-substrate distance (4 cm) while cracks-free, smoother films are obtained at higher target-substrate distances (6 or 8 cm) [26].
The substrate temperature can influence the film growth and its surface morphology [67]. Even if the deposition can be carried on at room temperature leading usually to amorphous films, it was highlighted that at higher substrate temperatures, the adatom mobility increased resulting in crystalline films [52, 67]. When the temperature of the deposition substrate is increased, even the low kinetic energy species can be capable of constituting uniform layers [47].
Accordingly, the optimal PLD deposition conditions for developing high-quality complex films from a large number of materials can be found by tuning the experimental parameters involved in this laser process [50, 67].
Nowadays, the transition from millimeter to micro and further to nano dimensions, the tendency to pass from rigid to flexible electronics, and also the continuous need of device enhanced efficiencies based on surface patterning using the principles of the plasmonic and photonic theories have forced the industry to search nanopatterning techniques that can be used in volume manufacturing [68]. In order to gain the industrial attention, these patterning techniques need to fulfill at least some key attributes such as: (i) high resolution; (ii) ability to simultaneously pattern different types of structures; (iii) high throughput and low defectivity; and (iv) reduced costs [69].
Under the name “NIL” can be found the classical thee imprint techniques: micro-contact printing (μ-CP), hot-embossing (also known as thermal NIL), and UV-NIL, but also the newly added roll imprint process, laser-assisted direct imprint, reverse imprint lithography, substrate conformal imprint lithography, ultrasonic NIL [32]. As a general definition, the nanoimprint lithography can be understood as a physical pressing process to replicate the master patterns into a polymer negative resist by thermal or ultraviolet curing [38]. Master is the name of the so called “mother” template that is usually fabricated using electron beam lithography on silicon substrates. From this master, in the case of UV-NIL, rigid or soft stamps (negative copies of the master pattern designs) based on elastomeric materials can be manufactured. Thus, common materials based on silicone polymers (usually modified formulas of polydimethylsiloxane), polyimides, or polyurethanes are applied as free-standing membranes or attached to a flexible or rigid backplane [33, 37, 38, 70]. Actually, these cheaper manufactured stamps are used in the lithography process reducing the production costs and thus prolonging the lifetime of the master, this being fabricated by more time-consuming and expensive methods.
The steps involved usually in the UV-NIL process are presented in Figure 2. Relatively simple, they can be described as follows: (i) spin-coating deposition of both primer and photoresist on the desired substrate, each followed by a heat treatment; (ii) alignment of the stamp with the coated substrate; (iii) adding them in contact, pressing and irradiating them with UV radiation; and (iv) detaching the mask after UV curing.
Schematic representation of UV-NIL process.
The advantages of using NIL in comparison to other photolithography techniques are arising from the fact that using a direct contact between the stamp and the coated substrate, the resolution is given by the resolution of the patterns existing on the surface of stamp, which can be beyond the diffraction limits or beam scattering. However, exactly this advantage can easily become the disadvantage of the technique due to the resist filling rheology behavior and demolding capabilities [32, 33]. Therefore, one of the common defect mechanisms that appear in the NIL processes is connected with the detachment of the stamp after resist curing, when the polymer may stick on the stamp surface due to the interfacial forces (adhesion and friction forces) that appear between the resist and the stamp material. Interfacial forces are strongly linked to the quality of the stamp (design, roughness, antisticking layer, and material type), to the resist material and to the residual stress that appears during the UV irradiation due to the shrinkage of the resist that makes the stamp to adhere more to the resist surface. Taking into account all these aspects, a special attention must be paid to the selection of the materials and the process parameters that must be optimized in function of the stamp characteristics and pattern design [71, 72].
ITO is the most widely used TCO due to its exceptional properties, a large number of papers being focused on it [73, 74, 75, 76]. Several works reported on the PLD deposition of ITO films and on the correlation between the experimental parameters and their optical, structural, morphological, and electrical properties, some results being well summarized by Yap and Kim [47, 77, 78]. The best properties achieved for the ITO films deposited by PLD had over 90% transparency and 7.2 × 10−5 Ωcm electrical resistivity [18].
In the last decade, many attempts were made to replace ITO due to the indium sources depletion [79]. An adequate alternative for ITO seems to be AZO, a nontoxic material that can be found at low cost—its precursors being abundant compounds, and already successfully applied in the OPV and OLED areas [80]. AZO transparent films characterized by an adequate electrical resistivity were deposited by different methods on both rigid and flexible substrates, proving its compatibility for wearable electronics [20, 81, 82, 83]. PLD technique was also used in the deposition of AZO layers on either rigid glass or plastic substrates with suitable optical and electrical properties [20, 26, 84].
In the following part, the preparation steps implied in the fabrication of ITO and AZO films by PLD on flat and UV-NIL nanopatterned substrates will be described [85, 86]. The patterns were fabricated on glass by UV-NIL (EVG 620 mask aligner) using the following procedure: (i) preheating of the glass substrate for 2 min at 150°C; (ii) spin coating of a primer to enhance the adherence of the polymeric photoresist film; (iii) deposition by spin coating of the UV-resist film that further is thermally treated for 30 s at 120°C; (iv) pressing the soft stamp (mold) with the pattern model over the photoresist film with an uniform contact pressure (100 mbar); (v) exposure of the photoresist layer at UV light for 90 s; and (vi) removal of the soft mold [87]. As can be seen in the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images from Figure 3, a periodic array of pillars having ~350 nm in diameter and ~ 1100 nm distance between pillars were fabricated on glass substrate by this procedure. The height of the pillars was estimated at ~250 nm from the cross-sectional FESEM images given in Figure 4. The quality of the patterns (height, diameter, distance between pillars) imprinted onto photoresist depends on the experimental conditions mentioned above in the UV-NIL process.
FESEM images (at different magnifications) of the periodic pillars array obtained by UV-NIL method on glass substrates.
Cross-sectional FESEM images (at two magnifications) of nanopatterned glass substrates.
Further, TCO layers were deposited on both flat and UV-NIL patterned glass substrates by a PLD system using an excimer laser with KrF (248 nm wavelength, 25 nm pulse duration, COMPex-Pro 205, Coherent Inc.) [85, 86]. The TCO solid targets (SCI Engineered Materials) were formed by In2O3:SnO2 = 90%:10% weight (ITO) and ZnO doped with 2% Al (AZO), the laser beam being directed on the target surface with a MgF2 lens having 300 mm focal length placed outside of the deposition chamber. During the deposition, the solid targets were rotated to avoid their local damage. For comparison, both types of substrates were coated with TCO layers in the same deposition cycle.
The ITO solid target placed at 5 cm distance toward substrate holder was irradiated with 7000 pulses under 45° incidence angle, the laser working at 10 Hz repetition rate into a deposition chamber filled with oxygen 6.0 at 1.5 Pa pressure and working with a low laser fluence of 1.2 J/cm2 [85]. The oxygen pressure was selected in order to obtain a low electrical resistivity, at room temperature (RT), as was mentioned in the reference [78]. The ITO layer thickness was estimated at ~340 nm as average media between the measurements made (with a profilometer) in three different points on the film deposited on flat glass substrate.
The AZO solid target placed at 8 cm distance toward substrate holder was ablated with 8000 laser pulse, a laser fluence of 2 J/cm2, and an oxygen pressure of 1 Pa [86], the values being selected based on other preliminary results where films characterized by a high transmittance were fabricated using these experimental conditions [84]. The AZO layer thickness was estimated at ~300 nm from the interference fringes observed in the UV-VIS spectra considering two consecutive maxima and minima and the refractive index = 1.8 for AZO film with 2% Al content [88].
The TCO layers deposited by PLD were labeled taking into account the substrates type, flat (glass) or nanopatterned (NP-glass), as follows: ITO/glass, AZO/glass and ITO/NP-glass and AZO/NP-glass. The morphology and optical properties of the samples were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, Zeiss Merlin Compact field emission scanning electron microscope), atomic force microscopy (AFM, Nanonics Multiview 4000), and UV-VIS spectroscopy (Carry 5000 Spectrophotometer).
The FESEM images from Figure 5 disclose that the ITO/glass (Figure 5
FESEM images of ITO (left) and AZO (right) films deposited by PLD on flat glass substrates.
The AFM topographic images from Figure 6 were collected on ITO/glass (Figure 6
AFM topographic images of ITO (left) and AZO (right) films deposited by PLD on flat glass substrates.
Analyzing the FESEM images of the ITO/NP-glass and AZO/NP-glass from Figures 7 and 8, respectively, it can be clearly seen that the patterns imprinted onto glass substrate are preserved during the TCO deposition by PLD. Considering that the TCO films are relatively thin (ITO ~ 340 nm and AZO ~300 nm), they tend to copy the topography of the substrate.
FESEM images (at different magnifications) of ITO films deposited by PLD on nanopatterned glass substrates.
FESEM images (at different magnifications) of AZO films deposited by PLD on nanopatterned glass substrates.
However, attention must be paid when the TCO layers are deposited on a patterned surface by PLD because the interaction between the ablated species, presented in the plasma plume, characterized by high kinetic energy and the deposition substrate can affect the growth of the film during the laser deposition [35, 92]. Thus, point defects can be formed due to species kinetic energy transfer toward the surface atoms [92]. In the PLD deposition on nanopatterned substrates, the first encountered layer is that based on photoresist (polymer) nanopillars. Nevertheless, the pillars are clearly observed in the FESEM images of the TCO deposited of nanopatterned glass substrates, only a small change in their shape being noted (in the case of ITO/NP-glass from cylindrical into a pyramid trunk-like one). Both TCO films seem similar at lower magnification, some differences due to the film thickness and the specific morphology being visible only at higher magnification. Thus, in comparison to the nanopatterned glass substrates, an enlargement in the pillars width and a narrowing in the distance between pillars are remarked, the TCO films tending to fill the space between pillars. Although the TCO films have thickness appropriate to the pillars’ height, these are not hidden by the deposited layers.
The optical transmittance is an essential criterion for the selection of the TCO films for their use in the field of OPV and OLED. Hence, the UV-VIS spectra of the prepared samples were presented in Figure 9. The TCO layers deposited on flat glass substrates are characterized by a transmittance over 80% for ITO and 75% for AZO in the visible part of the solar spectrum. Interference maxima are visible for both analyzed materials, their presence being associated with the uniformity of the deposited films [23]. This is not surprising, as it is known that high-quality layers can be obtained by PLD [93]. The refractive index (
UV-VIS spectra of TCO layers (ITO or AZO) deposited by PLD on flat (left) and nanopatterned (right) glass substrates.
Compared with the ZnO band gap value (3.3 eV [96]), the AZO/glass band gap was estimated at ~3.7 eV, similar to the value reported for AZO grown by PLD at room temperature and 1 Pa oxygen pressure [97]. Depending on the experimental conditions, especially by the oxygen pressure and the substrate temperature, the band gap of the AZO films deposited by PLD can take value between 3.32 and 3.77 eV [98].
In the case of the TCO layers deposited on nanopatterned glass substrate, a lowering in the transmittance is noticed in the UV-VIS spectra compared with the ones deposited on flat glass substrates. Moreover, the pillars introduced additional absorptions and reflections at interfaces [35]. The light couples to waveguide modes via diffraction and thus is trapped in the nanostructures, the pattern characteristics (mainly the period) affecting the optical properties of the films deposited on it [99]. Also, a shift of the absorption edge is visible for both transparent electrodes. A possible explanation for the peculiar behavior observed in the absorption edge shift of nanopatterned TCO (ITO/NP-glass to long wavelength region and AZO/NP-glass to short wavelength region) can be linked to the arrangement of the molecules inside the cavities determined by the nanostructuration. Thus, the interaction between the neighboring molecules can modify differently the energy levels of nanopatterned TCO with effect on their band gap.
Electrical properties of the prepared TCO layers are considered key features since, in the field of optoelectronic applications, conductive films are required. Hall measurements were performed on ITO/glass and ITO/NP-glass samples in order to analyze their electrical parameters, the obtained values being presented in Table 1.
Sample | ITO/glass | ITO/NP-glass |
---|---|---|
Resistivity (Ωcm) | 1.8 × 10−4 | 2.8 × 10−4 |
Mobility (cm2/Vs) | 10.6 | 15.1 |
Carrier concentration (cm−3) | 3.3 × 1021 | 1.5 × 1021 |
Sheet resistance (Ω/sq) | 5.3 | 8 |
Electrical parameters of ITO films deposited by PLD on flat and nanopatterned glass substrates evaluated from Hall investigations.
In principle, the electrical resistivity values of ITO films deposited on flat and nanopatterned glass substrates are lower than ~4 × 10−4 Ωcm reported for ITO films deposited at room temperature by PLD [100] in the same conditions (laser wavelength, target composition, and repetition rate) with those used in our study. Interesting, the electrical resistivity value of ITO film deposited on flat glass substrate is nearly to that of ITO films deposited by PLD from targets with different SnO2 content (5 or 10%) but with a heated substrate [18, 91, 101]. Kim carried on a comprehensive study regarding the influence of various experimental parameters such as oxygen pressure, SnO2 content, and deposition temperature on the resistivity of ITO films deposited by PLD [78]. Hence, this work shows that the resistivity of ITO film is influenced by the oxygen pressure through the number of the oxygen vacancies presented in the TCO layer. Also, the resistivity of ITO films is sensitive to the SnO2 content, an increase up to 5% leads to the resistivity decrease while an increase above this percent results in the increase of resistivity because the concentration of the electron traps expands due to Sn excess [91].
The carrier concentration values of ITO films deposited on flat and nanopatterned glass substrates are in concordance with those reported usually on ITO films deposited by PLD [78]. The refractive index of ITO films is influenced by the carrier density, a reduction of this parameter being possible by increasing the electron density, which can be achieved by enlarging the Sn content from the deposition target up to a certain value [78].
The extracted Hall mobility values of ITO films deposited on flat and nanopatterned glass substrates are just a little smaller than other value reported for ITO films deposited by PLD [91] utilizing the same deposition target with that implied in our work. The low Hall mobility values of ITO films can be related to the carrier-carrier scattering [44].
In the case of AZO film deposited on flat glass substrates, the resistivity was evaluated to be 2.4 × E−4 Ωcm using a Jandel four-point probe, the value being in the same range with others obtained for the AZO layers deposited by PLD on glass substrates [20, 102] using the same oxygen pressure with that applied in our study. A thoroughgoing study regarding the influence of the oxygen pressure on the optical and electrical properties of some AZO layers deposited by PLD was carried on in Ref. [102] pointing out that the films grown at a low oxygen pressure (under 3 Pa) have a compact structure characterized by a low resistivity.
The TCO films (ITO and AZO) deposited by PLD on flat and nanopatterned glass substrates were used for developing organic heterostructures for optoelectronic applications. Schematic representation of two organic heterostructures and their I-V characteristics are given in Figure 10: one based on adenine (Ade), the nucleic acid base film being deposited on ITO by vacuum thermal evaporation [103], and another based on N,N′-di(1-naftalenil)-N,N′-diafenil-(1,1′-bifenil)-4,4′-diamina (α-NPD), 1,4-bis [4-(N,N-diphenylamino)phenylvinyl] benzene (P78) and 4,7 diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BPhen), the three stacked organic films being deposited on AZO by matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) [86]. For both organic structures, aluminum electrode (100 nm) was deposited by vacuum thermal evaporation.
Schematic representation of the organic structures using TCE deposited by PLD on flat and nanopaterned glass substrates and I-V characteristics recorded on representative organic structures (single organic film – blue curve and three stacked organic films – green curve).
Hence, in the case of adenine deposited on ITO/glass substrate, the I-V characteristic (recorded in dark between −1 V and 1 V applied voltage) is changed from linear (at small voltage) to nonlinear at higher voltage (>0.5 V) probably due to the different properties shown by the contacts ITO/adenine and adenine/Al [103]. Regarding the electrode patterning, it is expected that this effect induces some changes in the electrical properties of the investigated structures by modifying the electrical field, which in turn can affect the charge carrier transport and their collection [104]. The scattering/recombination processes can be influenced by (i) the enlargement of the contact area between the nanopatterned TCO and the organic film, (ii) the change in the pathway of the charge carriers to the electrodes due to the presence of pillars; and (iii) the morphology of films characterized by grain boundaries. Compared with the structure prepared on ITO/glass electrode, the shape of the I-V characteristic of the structure deposited on ITO/NP-glass electrode was changed into a very close rectifying diode behavior. At small voltage, a slow increase in the current value is noted at the same time with the voltage increase, while a faster increase in the current is obtained after 0.5 V probably due to the growth of the number of electrons that cross the barrier and are more easily collected to the patterned electrode [103].
Concerning N,N′-di(1-naftalenil)-N,N′-diafenil-(1,1′-bifenil)-4,4′-diamina, 1,4-bis [4-(N,N-diphenylamino)phenylvinyl] benzene and 4,7 diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, an OLED-type structure was practically obtained using a hole transport layer (α-NPD), an emissive film (P78), and an electron transport layer (BPhen), respectively. Hence, the I-V characteristic plotted for the structure prepared on AZO/glass electrode presents a diode behavior. The structure fabricated on AZO/NP-glass electrode evidenced an improvement in the current value (at 1 V), meaning that the electrode patterning influences positively the electrical properties of the organic structures obtained on it [86], the charge transport being favored by the enlargement of the contact area between the nanopatterned AZO and the organic films [35]. This improvement recorded in the current value could be reflected in the final performances of the organic device fabricated on this type of nanostructured TCO.
Consequently, the optical and electrical properties of the organic structures fabricated on nanopatterned transparent electrodes can be enhanced due to the nanopatternation process. Taking into consideration that the organic heterostructures developed on TCO substrates are already part of our daily life (Heliatek company develops projects based on OPV solar films that can be attached in different locations or building facades or roofs [105], and LG Display produces OLED TV panels offering its OLED panels to other companies such as LG Electronics, Sony, Vizio, and Panasonic [106]), the organic layers deposited on patterned TCO can be also applied in the field of the organic optoelectronic devices.
TCO films (ITO and AZO) were deposited by PLD on flat and UV-NIL nanopatterned glass substrates, further these being used for developing organic heterostructures, which can find applications in optoelectronic device area. Thus, the glass substrates were patterned by UV-NIL technique, nanopillars arrays with suitable dimensions (width ~350 nm, height ~250 nm, and separation step(pitch) ~1100 nm) being fabricated. Although, the magnetron sputtering is preferred as deposition technique on large substrates, PLD is a viable alternative for fabricating high-quality TCO films with reduced roughness and appropriate optical and electrical properties by tuning the experimental deposition parameters such as: substrate temperature, oxygen pressure, target content, and laser fluence. Moreover, because the deposition of TCO films was carried at room temperature and the obtained TCO layers are characterized by low electrical resistivity, this laser technique can be also applied in the TCO deposition on plastic substrates for developing flexible devices.
The investigations prove that AZO is suitable for replacing ITO in TCO domain considering that the deposited AZO layers are featured by similar optical and electrical properties to those revealed by ITO layers.
Organic heterostructures were deposited on the fabricated TCO films (ITO and AZO) by vacuum thermal evaporation or matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation. The electrical measurements show that the patterning effect improves the optical and electrical properties of the organic heterostructures obtained on the TCO layers. Consequently, compared with an organic structure developed on a flat TCO electrode, an organic structure fabricated on a nanopatterned TCO electrode can be more efficient in the optoelectronic device area.
This research was funded by the Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization through the National Core Program PN19-03 (contract no. 21 N/2019) and PN-III-P4-IDPCE-2020-1691 (contract no. 66/2021).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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\\n\\nThe HTML version, as well as the PDF version of publications dated before 2012 that are accessible through a reader, are available to readers with no restriction.
\\n\\nThe full content of chapters and articles can be read, copied and printed from the link location of the chapter/article and these actions are not limited or restricted in any way.
\\n\\nRegistration is requested only to download the PDF of the chapter/article. There are no subscription fees and there is no charge to user groups.
\\n\\nIntechOpen chapters and articles are distributed under CC BY 3.0 licences allowing users to “copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship...” and there is no non-commercial restriction.
\\n\\nAuthors may post published works to any repository or website with no delay, and Authors and Editors of IntechOpen books have direct access to the PDF of the full book.
\\n\\nAll published content can be crawled for indexing. Full text and metadata may be accessed with instructions publicly posted.
\\n\\nAll IntechOpen books and Journal articles are indexed in CLOCKSS and preservation of access to published content is clearly indicated.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2022-04-14
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"All IntechOpen published chapters and articles are available OPEN ACCESS and can be read without the requirement for registration of any kind, immediately upon publication, without any barrier.
\n\nThe HTML version, as well as the PDF version of publications dated before 2012 that are accessible through a reader, are available to readers with no restriction.
\n\nThe full content of chapters and articles can be read, copied and printed from the link location of the chapter/article and these actions are not limited or restricted in any way.
\n\nRegistration is requested only to download the PDF of the chapter/article. There are no subscription fees and there is no charge to user groups.
\n\nIntechOpen chapters and articles are distributed under CC BY 3.0 licences allowing users to “copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship...” and there is no non-commercial restriction.
\n\nAuthors may post published works to any repository or website with no delay, and Authors and Editors of IntechOpen books have direct access to the PDF of the full book.
\n\nAll published content can be crawled for indexing. Full text and metadata may be accessed with instructions publicly posted.
\n\nAll IntechOpen books and Journal articles are indexed in CLOCKSS and preservation of access to published content is clearly indicated.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2022-04-14
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From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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Heshmati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313921/images/system/313921.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hassan Massoud Heshmati is an endocrinologist with 46 years of experience in clinical research in academia (university-affiliated hospitals, Paris, France; Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA) and pharmaceutical companies (Sanofi, Malvern, PA, USA; Essentialis, Carlsbad, CA, USA; Gelesis, Boston, MA, USA). His research activity focuses on pituitary tumors, hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancers, osteoporosis, diabetes, and obesity. He has extensive knowledge in the development of anti-obesity products. Dr. Heshmati is the author of 299 abstracts, chapters, and articles related to endocrinology and metabolism. He is currently a consultant at Endocrinology Metabolism Consulting, LLC, Anthem, AZ, USA.",institutionString:"Endocrinology Metabolism Consulting, LLC",institution:null},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. in Chemistry in July 2000, and his Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. In 2009 he joined the Dr. Ron Clarke research group at the School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the Interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+, K+-ATPase, and Dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+, K+-ATPase by ATP. He then worked as Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum, and in 2014 was promoted to Associate Professor ranking. In 2011 he joined the staff of the Chemistry Department at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently active as an Assistant Professor. His research interests include:\r\n(1) P-type ATPase Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanisms; (2) Kinetics and Mechanism of Redox Reactions; (3) Autocatalytic reactions; (4) Computational enzyme kinetics; (5) Allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP; (6) Exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in the cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. 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