Published definitions of probiotics and direct-fed microbials.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10814",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period - Anthropological and Psychological Perspectives",title:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period",subtitle:"Anthropological and Psychological Perspectives",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The COVID-19 pandemic has had adverse effects on many people’s mental and physical health. As such, this book explores research, theories, biopsychosocial perspectives, and intercultural studies about the pandemic with the ultimate goal to promote better quality of life, resilience, and psychological wellbeing of the general population during this period.",isbn:"978-1-83968-126-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-119-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-215-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95017",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"anxiety-uncertainty-and-resilience-during-the-pandemic-period-anthropological-and-psychological-perspectives",numberOfPages:772,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"2db4d2a6638d2c66f7a5741d0f8fe4ae",bookSignature:"Fabio Gabrielli and Floriana Irtelli",publishedDate:"November 3rd 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10814.jpg",numberOfDownloads:17524,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:15,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:24,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:42,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 28th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 18th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 19th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 8th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 6th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"259407",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrielli",slug:"fabio-gabrielli",fullName:"Fabio Gabrielli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259407/images/system/259407.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fabio Gabrielli (2015 Nobel Prize nominee) has been Full\nProfessor of Philosophical Anthropology at Ludes University of\nLugano, Switzerland. Currently, he is also working as Professor\nof Philosophy of the Relationship at the School of Management,\nUniversity Jean Monnet, Bari, Italy. He is also a visiting professor, PWSTE, at the University of Jaroslaw, Poland. Dr. Gabrielli\nis a member of the International Scientific Committee of the\nQuantum Paradigms of Psychopathology (QPP) - European section, and a member\nof the Scientific Board of the Aracne Publishing House in Rome for the Neo-existential Anthropology Series. He is the honorary-national president of CCSVI in\nMultiple Sclerosis – ONLUS. Dr. Gabrielli has participated in numerous conferences, seminars, and congresses and has authored many books and journal papers.",institutionString:"Università Lum Jean Monnet",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Università Lum Jean Monnet",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"174641",title:"Dr.",name:"Floriana",middleName:null,surname:"Irtelli",slug:"floriana-irtelli",fullName:"Floriana Irtelli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/174641/images/system/174641.jpeg",biography:"Floriana Irtelli is a psychoanalyst/psychotherapist and member of the International Association for Relational Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy (IARPP) who has been lecturing for several years at the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy. She has worked at Fatebenefratelli Hospital in Milan performing research and clinical activities. She is among the authors of several books, including A Fresh Look at Anxiety Disorders and Psychopathy - New Updates on an Old Phenomenon, and has published articles for the Journal of Affective Disorders, Research in Psychotherapy, and the Journal for Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. She has participated in numerous conferences, seminars, and congresses. Dr. Irtelli is the sole author of the books Illuminarsi di Ben-essere, Familiar-mente, and Contemporary Perspectives on Relational Wellness.",institutionString:"Catholic University of the Sacred Heart",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Catholic University of the Sacred Heart",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"278",title:"Social Psychology",slug:"social-psychology"}],chapters:[{id:"76565",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Transition from Distress to Acceptance of Human Frailty - Anthropology and Psychology of the Pandemic Era",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97688",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-transition-from-distress-to-acceptance-of-human-frailty-anthropology-and-ps",totalDownloads:398,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Fabio Gabrielli and Floriana Irtelli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76565",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76565",authors:[{id:"259407",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Gabrielli",slug:"fabio-gabrielli",fullName:"Fabio Gabrielli"},{id:"174641",title:"Dr.",name:"Floriana",surname:"Irtelli",slug:"floriana-irtelli",fullName:"Floriana Irtelli"}],corrections:null},{id:"76604",title:"Various Facets of Anxiety during the Pandemic in India - Critical Issues",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97797",slug:"various-facets-of-anxiety-during-the-pandemic-in-india-critical-issues",totalDownloads:345,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The COVID-19 pandemic has brought on a lot of challenges. Among these challenges, the most pressing causes for concern are mental health issues. Anxiety is one such mental health concern that statistics has shown as increasing since the beginning of the pandemic. Numerous causes have contributed to these rising levels of anxiety. Health related concerns, loss of income, are just some of the many reasons that individuals have attributed their anxiety to. The Indian population has especially seen a massive number of jobs that have been lost, and the first lockdown in April 2020 saw a major domestic migrant crisis. In addition, a number of groups, such as the elderly, women, and the youth have faced anxiety provoking situations of their own. While India is currently facing a second wave exactly a year later, the facets of anxiety to take into consideration are numerous. The chapter looks at various facets of anxiety that have been encountered during the pandemic from an Indian context.",signatures:"Riddhi Laijawala, Sushma Sonavane and Avinash De Sousa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76604",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76604",authors:[{id:"346560",title:"Prof.",name:"Avinash",surname:"De Sousa",slug:"avinash-de-sousa",fullName:"Avinash De Sousa"},{id:"415357",title:"Prof.",name:"Sushma",surname:"Sonavane",slug:"sushma-sonavane",fullName:"Sushma Sonavane"},{id:"415358",title:"Ms.",name:"Riddhi",surname:"Laijawala",slug:"riddhi-laijawala",fullName:"Riddhi Laijawala"}],corrections:null},{id:"76489",title:"The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Suicidal Behavior",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97663",slug:"the-impact-of-covid-19-pandemic-on-suicidal-behavior",totalDownloads:484,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The new type of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which has affected the whole world and resulted in many people’s death, has also had negative effects on mental health. The measures, restrictions, and quarantine practices taken to control the pandemic have caused psychological, social, and economic problems. In studies conducted to date, it has been stated that anxiety symptoms, depression, severe adaptation, and sleep disorders are observed in people who have lost their relatives due to COVID-19, who were treated with the diagnosis of COVID-19, or who were exposed to intense information pollution related to the pandemic. It is also known that a large number of people lost their jobs due to the pandemic, and unemployment rates increased in countries. Economies and health systems of many countries are under this significant burden. In addition to the increase in the incidence of mental symptoms and disorders associated with COVID-19, growing socioeconomic problems pose a risk for suicide. In studies on the subject, attention is drawn to the rate of suicide that will increase during and after the pandemic, and warnings are given about taking precautions. In this section, the effects of COVID-19 on suicidal behavior will be discussed in light of findings in the literature.",signatures:"Cicek Hocaoglu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76489",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76489",authors:[{id:"28322",title:"Prof.",name:"Cicek",surname:"Hocaoglu",slug:"cicek-hocaoglu",fullName:"Cicek Hocaoglu"}],corrections:null},{id:"76786",title:"Mental Health Issues during Covid-19 Pandemic in Portuguese Prisons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97798",slug:"mental-health-issues-during-covid-19-pandemic-in-portuguese-prisons",totalDownloads:367,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"During imprisonment, inmates face many difficulties to adapt to prison life well depicted in either classical works or recent research. They usually face many struggles related to the lack of contact with their families. For instance, the less the number of prison visits, the higher levels of aggressiveness and, consequently, the lower levels of adaptation. Additionally, this population is already problematic in “normal conditions” of their imprisonment. When facing crisis – such as the Covid-19 pandemic – their mental and emotional conditions become even worst. Inmates may experience higher levels of anxiety and stress due to the uncertain and high-risk circumstances they are all living. In addition, the deprivations of the support from their families, combined with the higher risk they are exposed due to the danger of Covid-19 virus’ contamination, substantially increase their concerns and could contribute to their lack of adjustment. The present chapter refers to the policies implemented by the Portuguese Prison Administration to deal with the Covid-19 pandemic and a provisional balance of its effects after one year of implementation. Besides information regarding inmate’s mental health conditions during pandemic, data on recidivism rates and criminal activity will also be discussed concerning their implication for future penitentiary policies.",signatures:"Rui Abrunhosa Gonçalves and Joana Andrade",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76786",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76786",authors:[{id:"198691",title:"Prof.",name:"Rui",surname:"Abrunhosa Gonçalves",slug:"rui-abrunhosa-goncalves",fullName:"Rui Abrunhosa Gonçalves"},{id:"346577",title:"Dr.",name:"Joana",surname:"Andrade",slug:"joana-andrade",fullName:"Joana Andrade"}],corrections:null},{id:"76734",title:"Athlete Psychological Resilience and Integration with Digital Mental Health Implementation Amid Covid-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97799",slug:"athlete-psychological-resilience-and-integration-with-digital-mental-health-implementation-amid-covi",totalDownloads:363,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The current pandemic’s effect on mental health is uncertain with reports of it being largely negative related to loneliness and unemployment. There are different responses to pandemic stress with regards to cultural differences and social environment. Athletes are special in their experience of psychological resilience – there is a trend of positive adjustment to adversity and stress. However, further systematic review is required to confirm these findings along with an athlete-specific psychological resilience instrument. Key themes in relationships include a dichotomous mental health state marked by maladjustment and subsequent resilience, biopsychosocial factors as well as an array of cultural, social and environmental support and demands marked by stressors within and outside of sport. Digital mental health implementation is a logical next step for advancing the construct of athlete psychological resilience towards complementing an effective prevention and early intervention. However, mental health practitioners are grappling with digital mental health in a hybrid model of care. There is a need for converging on methodologies due to the rapid development of digital technologies which have outpaced evaluation of rigorous digital mental health interventions. The functions and implications of human and machine interactions require explainable and responsible implementation for more certain and positive outcomes to arise.",signatures:"Luke Balcombe and Diego De Leo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76734",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76734",authors:[{id:"38059",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",surname:"De Leo",slug:"diego-de-leo",fullName:"Diego De Leo"},{id:"346588",title:"Dr.",name:"Luke",surname:"Balcombe",slug:"luke-balcombe",fullName:"Luke Balcombe"}],corrections:null},{id:"77214",title:"The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Dentists",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98591",slug:"the-impact-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-the-mental-health-of-dentists",totalDownloads:394,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Since March 2020, the COVID-19 disease has declared a pandemic producing a worldwide containment. For months, many people were subjected to strict social isolation away from family and loved ones to prevent disease transmission, leading to anxiety, fear, and depression. On the other hand, many had to close down their businesses and stop working, resulting in financial issues. Previous studies have reported that pandemics, epidemics, and some diseases can lead to mental disorders such as fear, anxiety, stress, and depression. Among those most affected, healthcare workers (HCWs), especially those on the front line, often develop mental health problems. Although there is data available on the management and care of HCWs, little attention has been paid to the mental health and well-being of dentists during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this chapter aims to review the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on dentists’ mental health and mental health-related symptoms. Finally, to recommend specific measures to avoid consequent potential implications for dentists, dental students, and dental patients.",signatures:"Andrea Vergara-Buenaventura and Carmen Castro-Ruiz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77214",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77214",authors:[{id:"346660",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Vergara-Buenaventura",slug:"andrea-vergara-buenaventura",fullName:"Andrea Vergara-Buenaventura"},{id:"419814",title:"MSc.",name:"Carmen",surname:"Castro-Ruiz",slug:"carmen-castro-ruiz",fullName:"Carmen Castro-Ruiz"}],corrections:null},{id:"76699",title:"Evaluation of Anxiety Disorders and Protective-Risk Factors in Children during Pandemic Process",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97863",slug:"evaluation-of-anxiety-disorders-and-protective-risk-factors-in-children-during-pandemic-process",totalDownloads:301,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this study, the possible negative effects of the pandemic process on children with anxiety disorders or anxiety sensitivity, risk factors and protective factors are discussed from a psychological point of view. In this context, were tried to review risk factors and protective factors by compiling the studies published in the literature on behavioral and emotional disorders observed in children, especially during the pandemic period. As risk factors are discussed mainly personal psychological characteristics such as traumatic experiences etc. As protective factors, personal qualities such as psychological resilience are discussed from a broad perspective. The aim of the chapter is to draw attention to the possible risk factors of children with anxiety disorders during pandemic process and their disadvantageous position resulting from this. At the same time, it is to contribute to the awareness of protective factors and measures that can be taken to strengthen children against this disadvantageous position.",signatures:"İsmail Seçer and Sümeyye Ulaş",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76699",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76699",authors:[{id:"346671",title:"Prof.",name:"İsmail",surname:"Seçer",slug:"ismail-secer",fullName:"İsmail Seçer"},{id:"347163",title:"Mrs.",name:"Sümeyye",surname:"Ulaş",slug:"sumeyye-ulas",fullName:"Sümeyye Ulaş"}],corrections:null},{id:"76902",title:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience during the Pandemic: “Re-Directing the Gaze of the Therapeutic Couple”",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98234",slug:"anxiety-uncertainty-and-resilience-during-the-pandemic-re-directing-the-gaze-of-the-therapeutic-coup",totalDownloads:278,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The present global pandemic of covid 19 requires many psychotherapists to work at a distance via telephone or the internet. At the same time a considerable number of psychotherapists work with masks while maintaining social distance. This pandemic impact draws our attention to two questions: One is the difference of working within the office vs. working online. Two is how external events impact the individuals socially as well as personally. This chapter explores clinical cases where, even though Covid and its implications imposed a horrible loss and increasing day to day unpredictability on the therapeutic space, the focus of therapy was readjusted thus igniting a process of deeper self-understanding.",signatures:"Eda Arduman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76902",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76902",authors:[{id:"280312",title:"M.A.",name:"Eda",surname:"Arduman",slug:"eda-arduman",fullName:"Eda Arduman"}],corrections:null},{id:"76845",title:"Psychological Factors Influencing Protective Behaviours during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Capability, Opportunity and Motivation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98237",slug:"psychological-factors-influencing-protective-behaviours-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-capability-oppo",totalDownloads:348,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter will explore psychological and demographic influences on citizens’ ability to enact protective health behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic. Such behaviours include social distancing and hygienic practices that have been recommended across the globe to reduce the spread of infection from the coronavirus. Such behaviours represent a seismic change in usual social behaviour and have been particularly difficult to adopt under urgent circumstances. However, human behaviour is the essential driver of the rate and spread of infection. Using evidence from a large-scale longitudinal survey conducted throughout the pandemic in the UK, this chapter explores protective behaviours in relation to the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation-Behaviour (COM-B) model of behaviour change, which presents a framework for understanding the influences on behaviour. We will illustrate how the components of the COM-B model can inform behaviour change interventions and the importance of the role of anxiety in shaping behavioural responses to the pandemic.",signatures:"Jilly Gibson-Miller, Orestis Zavlis, Todd Hartman, Orla McBride, Kate Bennett, Sarah Butter, Liat Levita, Liam Mason, Anton P. Martinez, Ryan McKay, Jamie Murphy, Mark Shevlin, Thomas V.A. Stocks and Richard P. Bentall",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76845",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76845",authors:[{id:"346855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jilly",surname:"Gibson-Miller",slug:"jilly-gibson-miller",fullName:"Jilly Gibson-Miller"},{id:"417299",title:"Mr.",name:"Orestis",surname:"Zavlis",slug:"orestis-zavlis",fullName:"Orestis Zavlis"},{id:"417300",title:"Dr.",name:"Todd",surname:"Hartman",slug:"todd-hartman",fullName:"Todd Hartman"},{id:"417301",title:"Prof.",name:"Kate",surname:"Bennett",slug:"kate-bennett",fullName:"Kate Bennett"},{id:"417302",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarah",surname:"Butter",slug:"sarah-butter",fullName:"Sarah Butter"},{id:"417303",title:"Dr.",name:"Liat",surname:"Levita",slug:"liat-levita",fullName:"Liat Levita"},{id:"417304",title:"Dr.",name:"Liam",surname:"Mason",slug:"liam-mason",fullName:"Liam Mason"},{id:"417305",title:"Mr.",name:"Anton",surname:"Martinez",slug:"anton-martinez",fullName:"Anton Martinez"},{id:"417306",title:"Dr.",name:"Orla",surname:"McBride",slug:"orla-mcbride",fullName:"Orla McBride"},{id:"417307",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryan",surname:"McKay",slug:"ryan-mckay",fullName:"Ryan McKay"},{id:"417308",title:"Prof.",name:"Jamie",surname:"Murphy",slug:"jamie-murphy",fullName:"Jamie Murphy"},{id:"417309",title:"Prof.",name:"Mark",surname:"Shevlin",slug:"mark-shevlin",fullName:"Mark Shevlin"},{id:"417310",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas V.A.",surname:"Stocks",slug:"thomas-v.a.-stocks",fullName:"Thomas V.A. Stocks"},{id:"417311",title:"Prof.",name:"Richard",surname:"Bentall",slug:"richard-bentall",fullName:"Richard Bentall"}],corrections:null},{id:"77759",title:"A Ray of Hope: Resilience Amidst Uncertainty and Other Psycho-Social Issues during COVID-19 Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99154",slug:"a-ray-of-hope-resilience-amidst-uncertainty-and-other-psycho-social-issues-during-covid-19-pandemic",totalDownloads:249,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter explored the various psycho-social issues that the general masses are still suffering from due to the sudden arrival of COVID-19 pandemic and how the impending uncertainties, regarding almost every aspect of routine life and their own existence, played a major role in moderating the effects of these psycho-social issues. Additionally, amidst all of these uncertainties, how resilience of people whether social, mental or religious helped people in overcoming their different fears and psycho-social issues. The chapter incorporated findings achieved from different samples such as that of students, employees, health workers etc. And the role of resilience throughout the history in helping humankind overcoming such disastrous situations. Moreover, the chapter also tried to incorporate the protective strategies which can be useful in overcoming the prevalent uncertainties that still remain.",signatures:"Kanwar Hamza Shuja, Arfa Mubeen and Shazia Tariq",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77759",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77759",authors:[{id:"286219",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Kanwar",surname:"Hamza Shuja",slug:"kanwar-hamza-shuja",fullName:"Kanwar Hamza Shuja"},{id:"424971",title:"Ms.",name:"Arfa",surname:"Mubeen",slug:"arfa-mubeen",fullName:"Arfa Mubeen"},{id:"424972",title:null,name:"Shazia",surname:"Tariq",slug:"shazia-tariq",fullName:"Shazia Tariq"}],corrections:null},{id:"76605",title:"Promoting Resilience in the Face of Fundamental Uncertainty",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97816",slug:"promoting-resilience-in-the-face-of-fundamental-uncertainty",totalDownloads:331,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Complex systems at different levels (states, organisations, individuals) undergo phase transitions when faced with a sudden shock. The phase transitions are unpredictable and can lead to unstable states and also introduce a source of fundamental uncertainty about the future. In the face of this type of fundamental uncertainty, we know from pioneering work on population health that social determinants (e.g. education, employment, housing, etc.) will have a substantial influence on the ability of individuals and society to be resilient and recover from these shocks. This chapter will start with an overview of complex systems, phase transitions and the nature of fundamental uncertainty. These concepts will then be discussed in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. The importance of social determinants in promoting both mental and physical health, and thus resilience at individual and population levels, will be described and the chapter will finish with an exploration of historical and contemporary examples of means that can be used to support individual and collective resilience in the face of fundamental uncertainty.",signatures:"Anant Jani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76605",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76605",authors:[{id:"347169",title:"Dr.",name:"Anant",surname:"Jani",slug:"anant-jani",fullName:"Anant Jani"}],corrections:null},{id:"76705",title:"Impact of COVID-19 on Psychological Status of General Population",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97866",slug:"impact-of-covid-19-on-psychological-status-of-general-population",totalDownloads:441,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"WHO has declared COVID-19 as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Like the virus affects the entire body, the pandemic affected the entire global trade and economy, leading to the loss of jobs and businesses. Thus, it would be appropriate to quote COVID-19 as a social disease rather than treating only as a medical condition. The COVID-19 pandemic, being a social disease, affects all the individuals of the society in terms of their physical, mental, social health and challenges the economic status of the entire population, irrespective of whether they were physically sick. However, the mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has been overlooked, given its benign nature. We can anticipate a higher prevalence of psychological distress during any pandemic than typical situations. The COVID-19 instils fear and anxiety among people. Isolation and quarantine to reduce disease transmission have a negative impact on one’s mental health. The lockdowns lead to the closure of educational institutions and workplaces, loss of jobs, economic loss, lack of physical activity, restrictions on travel and gatherings. All these factors cumulatively affected the mental stamina of millions worldwide. Given its importance, we have reviewed the impact of COVID-19 on the psychological status of general population.",signatures:"Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, Ramya Nagarajan, Gayathri Surendran and Manikandanesan Sakthivel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76705",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76705",authors:[{id:"287937",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuvaraj",surname:"Krishnamoorthy",slug:"yuvaraj-krishnamoorthy",fullName:"Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy"},{id:"349144",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramya",surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"ramya-nagarajan",fullName:"Ramya Nagarajan"},{id:"415390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gayathri",surname:"Surendran",slug:"gayathri-surendran",fullName:"Gayathri Surendran"},{id:"415391",title:"Dr.",name:"Manikandanesan",surname:"Sakthivel",slug:"manikandanesan-sakthivel",fullName:"Manikandanesan Sakthivel"}],corrections:null},{id:"76606",title:"Psychoanalysis and Non-Adherence to Medical Advice: An Ethical Dilemma in Covid-19 Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97744",slug:"psychoanalysis-and-non-adherence-to-medical-advice-an-ethical-dilemma-in-covid-19-pandemic",totalDownloads:299,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Mitigation measures required by Covid-19 pandemic have posed severe restrictions on individual freedom and have been met with persistent opposition in minority circles. As non-adherence to preventive measures is believed to increase health risks for the society at large, dissent from official policies has been a source of concern. Within this framework several eminent psychoanalysts have suggested psychoanalysis should be enrolled as a component of health related public opinion campaigns. The chapter will discuss the historical relation between mental health institutions and social control strategies and will formulate a psychoanalytic model of the social dialectic associated with the Coronavirus pandemic. The model will allow the author to offer grounded ethical perspectives on the issue.",signatures:"Paolo Azzone",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76606",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76606",authors:[{id:"324882",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",surname:"Azzone",slug:"paolo-azzone",fullName:"Paolo Azzone"}],corrections:null},{id:"76864",title:"Anxiety and Depression in COVID-19 Times",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98215",slug:"anxiety-and-depression-in-covid-19-times",totalDownloads:360,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The millennial generation has been known as the most anxious and depressed one, due to lack of more physical attachment. During these COVID-19 times, these problem had been widened for everyone - many had been panic about the illness, the media had played an awful hole on it, creating a scenario of huge risk for lives and jobs. We are facing a perfect storm, where we are not allowed to do most of the recreation and healthie programs - like visit the ones beloved, go to gym, go to a party. The use of internet have a lot of misinformation about the pandemic and even physicians, scientists and health politicians overload us with useless information. It was really hard to identify what was important. In this situation, dealing with uncertainty, anxiety and depression had created a huge problem for physicians and psychologists. How to help and support that. There are many strategies that we have used. First to diminish the search of information over COVID-19, selecting one trustable source. Second, contact your beloved ones, if possible with video call on an everyday basis. Third, develop a routine of physical activities in order to keep your body health. Fourth try to develop a health pattern of food. Together they can diminish the chance of having anxiety and depression. But if you need support for a professional, it’s important to have teams of professional available to give attention to that issues. The very first is a phone support or internet support, by teams that could discuss the problems and develop a personal strategy to deal with this situation. But when that is not enough, we must have a consultation with a physician or a psychologist. The approach must discuss fillings, worries and how to plan this isolation times. Most of us have a hidden agenda and fear that must be addressed and at this time it is important to allow the patients to talk about freely, and to develop empathy with their worries. After that we can promote some activities to diminish the fillings of anxiety and depression.",signatures:"Hamilton Lima Wagner",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76864",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76864",authors:[{id:"281898",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Hamilton Lima",surname:"Wagner",slug:"hamilton-lima-wagner",fullName:"Hamilton Lima Wagner"}],corrections:null},{id:"77064",title:"Adversity, Uncertainty and Elevated Symptoms of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A New Understanding through Resiliency and Positive Psychotherapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98304",slug:"adversity-uncertainty-and-elevated-symptoms-of-obsessive-compulsive-disorder-a-new-understanding-thr",totalDownloads:301,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The content of thought, which emerges from the processing of information from the social context lived, is a critical factor that guides whether the behavior is psychopathological or not. In cases where worry, anxiety and fear are dominant in the content of thought, the individual may find himself in some psychopathological processes. Adversity and uncertainty are the main factors that lead to the experience of worry, anxiety and fear which is the last point of these. Uncertainty of information from the social context lived, when matched with adversity, may lead to chaotic situations at the cognitive level, e.g., thought contents such as distortions in thought, severe anxiety and fear. Obsessive compulsive disorder derives from severe worry and anxiety. Although the disorder is classified under anxiety disorders, it is actually a thought distortion disorder. The individual finds himself repeating the strange behavior patterns accompanied by strange thought contents in order to get rid of the severe anxiety and accelerated thought cycle he is exposed to. Ambiguity and uncertainty also may lead to the accelerated thought cycle, ruminations, severe thought distortions, over-generalizations. Ruminations, especially, impair the individual’s ability to think and process emotions gradually. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder will be discussed in terms of ambiguity and uncertainty with the combination of adversity. Positive Psychotherapy, which is one of the latest effective technique in recovery processes of the diseases, will be mentioned.",signatures:"Sevgi Güney",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77064",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77064",authors:[{id:"110081",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sevgi",surname:"Güney",slug:"sevgi-guney",fullName:"Sevgi Güney"}],corrections:null},{id:"77908",title:"Anxiety, Uncertainty and Resilience during the Pandemic Period-Anthropological and Psychological Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98841",slug:"anxiety-uncertainty-and-resilience-during-the-pandemic-period-anthropological-and-psychological-pers",totalDownloads:355,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Following any natural disaster, tragedy, calamities, there are upsurge of mental health issues found worldwide. COVID 19 is no exception to them. Public health and infection control domains were the first hit at the peak of pandemic. The news and information were bombarded in traditional print and electronic Medias as well as in social Medias. The tsunami of infodemic was a recent topic of discussion. The responsible reporting, media role, role of Government and Non Government organizations are immense. To combat these challenges and ensuring peace and tranquillity are the biggest task of the policymakers ahead.",signatures:"Ranjan Bhattacharyya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77908",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77908",authors:[{id:"347365",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ranjan",surname:"Bhattacharyya",slug:"ranjan-bhattacharyya",fullName:"Ranjan Bhattacharyya"}],corrections:null},{id:"77524",title:"The Grief Elaboration Process in the Pandemic Scenario: A Group Intervention",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98837",slug:"the-grief-elaboration-process-in-the-pandemic-scenario-a-group-intervention",totalDownloads:317,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The COVID-19 pandemic has claimed thousands of victims worldwide. To deal with loss is a formidable challenge for all, especially those who experienced losing their loved ones. The grief elaboration process is complex, and the pandemic adds some specific challenges, such as the restrictions to funerals and farewell rituals or the impossibility of saying goodbye due to the sanitary measures. This chapter presents a group psychological intervention aimed at people who lost their relatives to COVID-19. The therapeutic groups were carried out virtually through six sessions and brought together people from all over Brazil. Narrative therapy was the theoretical model adopted. The participants mentioned the moment of diagnosis as decisive for experiencing the disease’s terminality and anguish, promoting guilt and anxiety in the family. In the group, the participants found space to share the painful experience, and throughout the sessions, they were able to develop coping resources. They mentioned strategies, such as activating the family and social support network, recalling legacies and moments they shared with the deceased, and elaborating farewell rituals adapted to the pandemic circumstances. The participants evaluated the group intervention as very important for reframing the pain of loss and restoring future projects since they counted on the help and inspiration of the other participants who went through this painful experience in similar circumstances.",signatures:"Silvia Renata Lordello and Isabela Machado da Silva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77524",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77524",authors:[{id:"283776",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia Renata",surname:"Lordello",slug:"silvia-renata-lordello",fullName:"Silvia Renata Lordello"},{id:"349178",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabela",surname:"Machado Da Silva",slug:"isabela-machado-da-silva",fullName:"Isabela Machado Da Silva"}],corrections:null},{id:"77909",title:"Uncertainty in Pandemic Times",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99454",slug:"uncertainty-in-pandemic-times",totalDownloads:313,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The Covid-19 pandemic has burst upon us as a general test for humanity, for which we were woefully unprepared. We all faced the pandemic with little knowledge and no experience. It is the first pandemic of our lives. Over this period, we have seen a range of conflicting statements, positions and behaviours. On occasion, the scientific community and health professionals have failed to speak with a single voice to convey the urgency of the situation, as their views got lost and scattered in rivulets of opposing theories ranging from denying to ringing the alarm. So many elements were in place for the ‘perfect storm’ to get unleashed … and it did. And as the pandemic wreaked its havoc, many health workers have paid a high price for their selfless dedication and professionalism. We have worked in the absence of clear-cut guidelines, in situations where even the cornerstones of medical ethics have faltered. On the other hand, the fruitful aspects of uncertainty also emerged.",signatures:"Liliana Lorettu, Davide Piu and Saverio Bellizzi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77909",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77909",authors:[{id:"203859",title:"Prof.",name:"Liliana",surname:"Lorettu",slug:"liliana-lorettu",fullName:"Liliana Lorettu"},{id:"427667",title:"Dr.",name:"Davide",surname:"Piu",slug:"davide-piu",fullName:"Davide Piu"},{id:"427668",title:"Dr.",name:"Saverio",surname:"Bellizzi",slug:"saverio-bellizzi",fullName:"Saverio Bellizzi"}],corrections:null},{id:"77493",title:"Stress and Resilience among Medical Students during Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99001",slug:"stress-and-resilience-among-medical-students-during-pandemic",totalDownloads:268,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Medical students who are future physicians are faced with a lot of uncertainties during this pandemic. It includes both academic as well as clinical difficulties. Previous literature has revealed that the stress among medical students is higher when compared to their peers. The stress has even been more during the pandemic as their role during the pandemic is not clear. The purpose of medical training is to produce good doctors but not at the cost of the integrity of the individuals.’Moral inquiry’ is a term used to represent the ethical dilemma faced by doctors during life-death situations. Helplessness faced by students during emergencies leads to moral inqury which in turn leads to more distress. Most of the Medical universities have responded to the pandemic rapidly, by switching to online mode in teaching. This unpatrolled response also has to lead to more stress among medical students. Resilience, by definition, is the capacity to bounce back productively during a stressful situation. Resilience can be viewed as a personality trait or as a fluid process that nurtures according to the situation and the individuals’ reservoir. In this article, we have tried to emphasise the importance of Resilience.",signatures:"J. Shivananda Manohar, Rajesh Raman and Bindu Annigeri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77493",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77493",authors:[{id:"317387",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Shivananda",surname:"Manohar",slug:"j.-shivananda-manohar",fullName:"J. Shivananda Manohar"},{id:"347999",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",surname:"Raman",slug:"rajesh-raman",fullName:"Rajesh Raman"},{id:"348000",title:"Dr.",name:"Bindu",surname:"Annigeri",slug:"bindu-annigeri",fullName:"Bindu Annigeri"}],corrections:null},{id:"76383",title:"Loneliness and Psychological Distress: A Mediating Role of Meaning in Life during COVID-19 Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97477",slug:"loneliness-and-psychological-distress-a-mediating-role-of-meaning-in-life-during-covid-19-pandemic",totalDownloads:382,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The COVID-19 pandemic represents a health crisis with a high amount of loneliness, which in turn may be associated with negative mental health outcome like psychological distress. This chapter aimed to investigate if meaning in life mediated the effect of loneliness on symptoms of psychological distress. A young adult sample (N = 605, 75.7% women) completed the measures of loneliness, psychological distress, and meaning in life. The results indicated that meaning in life mediated the relations between loneliness and psychological distress symptoms. This relation was significant at low, medium, and high levels of meaning in life. The study shows that experience of loneliness is associated with symptoms of psychological distress. Level of meaning in life differentiates the direct and indirect effect of loneliness on psychological distress. Knowledge about the effect of loneliness in response to a health crisis is important for developing treatment and prevention strategies for loneliness, psychological distress, and meaning in life.",signatures:"Murat Yıldırım",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76383",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76383",authors:[{id:"348009",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Murat",surname:"Yıldırım",slug:"murat-yildirim",fullName:"Murat Yıldırım"}],corrections:null},{id:"77032",title:"Sleep and Resilience during the COVID-19 Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98298",slug:"sleep-and-resilience-during-the-covid-19-pandemic",totalDownloads:405,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Since early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound effect on the mental health and wellbeing of much of the population. Rates of depression, anxiety, loneliness, suicidal ideation, and other mental health concerns increased during the first year of the pandemic, with heightened fears of the virus, social isolation, and economic instability. Psychological resilience remains a key factor in sustaining healthy emotional functioning during the crisis and facilitating rapid recovery as we move forward to build a better post-pandemic world. Our research, and that of others, suggests that healthy sleep is one of the most powerful aspects of psychological resilience. This chapter will summarize the current literature on psychological resilience, particularly as it relates to the pandemic, and describe the important role of sleep as a key component of resilience capacity. We will discuss novel empirical data linking sleep and resilience during the pandemic. We will conclude with concrete, empirically based suggestions for modulating sleep to sustain psychological resilience during the present crisis and those that may emerge in the future.",signatures:"Sara A. Cloonan, Emily C. Taylor, Michelle R. Persich, Natalie S. Dailey and William D.S. Killgore",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77032",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77032",authors:[{id:"348467",title:"Prof.",name:"William D.S.",surname:"Killgore",slug:"william-d.s.-killgore",fullName:"William D.S. Killgore"},{id:"415470",title:"B.A.",name:"Sara A.",surname:"Cloonan",slug:"sara-a.-cloonan",fullName:"Sara A. Cloonan"},{id:"415472",title:"Ms.",name:"Emily C.",surname:"Taylor",slug:"emily-c.-taylor",fullName:"Emily C. Taylor"},{id:"415473",title:"Dr.",name:"Michelle R.",surname:"Persich",slug:"michelle-r.-persich",fullName:"Michelle R. Persich"},{id:"415474",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalie S.",surname:"Dailey",slug:"natalie-s.-dailey",fullName:"Natalie S. Dailey"}],corrections:null},{id:"77114",title:"Potential Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children and Adolescents with Separation Anxiety Disorder",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98334",slug:"potential-effects-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-children-and-adolescents-with-separation-anxiety-disor",totalDownloads:427,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Children with separation anxiety disorder (SAD) experience unrealistic fear of being separated from their significant caregivers (mostly parents). The occurrence of pathological separation anxiety is determined by many factors: parental attitudes, their mental and physical health, but also the way of perceiving the environment, traumatic events in the child’s family and life, as well as genetic and individual effects. Pandemic situation and related isolation caused change in the current lifestyle. Both psychological (i.e. the novelty of the social situation, negative information in the mass media, fear of their own live and their loved ones) and daily-life routine disturbances (i.e. the closure of schools and restrictions of contacts with peers, limited contacts with distant family members, remote work of parents) generate difficulties for children and can contribute anxiety among children with SAD. Paradoxically, despite the fact that children and adolescents are at home, the COVID-19 pandemic may intensify SAD, exacerbating factors underlying separation anxiety. It turns out that family social isolation can escalate conflicts. This, in turn, adversely affects relationships between family members and can reduce children’s sense of security. Due to pandemic problematic access to specialized health care, especially personal contact with a psychotherapist, children with SAD suffer from insufficient professional help.",signatures:"Malgorzata Dabkowska and Agnieszka Dabkowska-Mika",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77114",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77114",authors:[{id:"48667",title:"Dr.",name:"Malgorzata",surname:"Dabkowska",slug:"malgorzata-dabkowska",fullName:"Malgorzata Dabkowska"},{id:"58055",title:"Dr.",name:"Agnieszka",surname:"Dabkowska-Mika",slug:"agnieszka-dabkowska-mika",fullName:"Agnieszka Dabkowska-Mika"}],corrections:null},{id:"77215",title:"Child and Adolescent Anxiety as a Result of the COVID-19 Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98503",slug:"child-and-adolescent-anxiety-as-a-result-of-the-covid-19-pandemic",totalDownloads:328,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has spread, so has the psychological impact of the disease been felt worldwide. Among the various types of psychological problems that are caused by COVID-19, anxiety poses a great threat to the physical and mental health of children and adolescents. With an aim of advancing the current work of diagnosing and treating child and adolescent anxiety as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, this chapter discusses this noticeable global health issue focusing on the following key parts: possible etiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis and available therapeutic options.",signatures:"Jie Luo and Alfred Shaw",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77215",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77215",authors:[{id:"348850",title:"Dr.",name:"Jie",surname:"Luo",slug:"jie-luo",fullName:"Jie Luo"},{id:"349138",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfred",surname:"Shaw",slug:"alfred-shaw",fullName:"Alfred Shaw"}],corrections:null},{id:"76735",title:"Anxiety, Coping Strategies and Resilience among Children and Adolescents during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97828",slug:"anxiety-coping-strategies-and-resilience-among-children-and-adolescents-during-covid-19-pandemic-a-s",totalDownloads:482,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"COVID-19 pandemic is a global challenge that affects people’s mental health worldwide. Experiencing anxiety by children and adolescents, who are vulnerable to the impact of sustained stressors during developmentally sensitive periods, can lead to long-lasting effects on their health. The article brings insight into the short and long-term consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on the children and adolescents’ mental health. The particular aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between anxiety, stress, and resilience in young individuals in the context of COVID-19. A review of the psychological effects of pandemic on children and adolescents was done using electronic databases. Most reviewed studies reported risk factors of psychosocial problems among children and adolescents during pandemics, resilience and positive coping as protective factors for the occurrence of anxiety and stress symptoms, and mediating role of parents’ stress impact on children’s behavioral and emotional problems. Clinical implications are discussed and additional research is suggested.",signatures:"Malgorzata Dąbkowska, Anna Kobierecka-Dziamska and Monika Prusaczyk",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76735",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76735",authors:[{id:"48667",title:"Dr.",name:"Malgorzata",surname:"Dabkowska",slug:"malgorzata-dabkowska",fullName:"Malgorzata Dabkowska"},{id:"349165",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",surname:"Kobierecka-Dziamska",slug:"anna-kobierecka-dziamska",fullName:"Anna Kobierecka-Dziamska"},{id:"349166",title:"Ms.",name:"Monika",surname:"Prusaczyk",slug:"monika-prusaczyk",fullName:"Monika Prusaczyk"}],corrections:null},{id:"78271",title:"Is the Pandemic a Risk Factor for Eating Disorders?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99792",slug:"is-the-pandemic-a-risk-factor-for-eating-disorders-",totalDownloads:225,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"COVID-19 has already established direct or indirect effect on the lives of everyone. One of its many consequences is exacerbation of eating disorders’ (ED) triggers. Numerous risk factors for ED are enhanced during pandemic – anxiety, fear, depressed mood. Distance learning or working may result in loss of daily-life routine and feeling of being overwhelmed with duties. Due to forced isolation people are more exposed to social media pressure. Additionally, awareness of limitations of physical activity can develop fear of gaining the weight. These are typical symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa, a disease with the highest mortality rate among psychiatric disorders. Frustration, tedium and lack of external distractors can lead to inappropriate food-related coping style. Especially during the first wave of the pandemic, society was cautious about fresh food supplies and therefore many decided to stock up with processed, unhealthy food. Aggregation of stressors (e.g., worries about health, financial problems, loneliness) may promote binge eating.",signatures:"Agnieszka Dąbkowska-Mika",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78271",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78271",authors:[{id:"58055",title:"Dr.",name:"Agnieszka",surname:"Dabkowska-Mika",slug:"agnieszka-dabkowska-mika",fullName:"Agnieszka Dabkowska-Mika"}],corrections:null},{id:"78150",title:"A Year after - Could We Move beyond Psychosomatics and Dissociation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99227",slug:"a-year-after-could-we-move-beyond-psychosomatics-and-dissociation",totalDownloads:224,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Living in a global world that is continuously changing while creating the experience of fluidity, we are losing ground and, therefore, stability. It affects mental health across the life span. During the last 12 months from the first WHO notification of the novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV, humanity started to experience a dramatic change in the level of plans, norms, expectations. Besides fear for personal safety and health, the directed distancing increased the gap in everyday quality of possibilities for personal contacts and support. Losing the ground and experience trembling, we were inevitably facing blurred boundaries, insecurity and a direct attack on our will and who we are. Furthermore, a year after, we realize that we are in the fertile ground for the manifestation and experience of anxiety, panic, and numerous psychosomatic disorders. The whole of humanity is suffering. Hence, those coming from helping professions (psychologist, psychotherapists, social workers) dealing with mental health are experiencing the kick even harder. The research we are conducting is checking their wellbeing a year after.",signatures:"Emilija Stoimenova Canevska, Ena Canevska and Jana Petreska",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78150",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78150",authors:[{id:"325539",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilija",surname:"Stoimenova Canevska",slug:"emilija-stoimenova-canevska",fullName:"Emilija Stoimenova Canevska"},{id:"426657",title:"Dr.",name:"Ena",surname:"Canevska",slug:"ena-canevska",fullName:"Ena Canevska"},{id:"426658",title:"Dr.",name:"Jana",surname:"Petreska",slug:"jana-petreska",fullName:"Jana Petreska"}],corrections:null},{id:"76816",title:"Uncertainty, Sex and Sexuality during the Pandemic: Impact on Psychosocial Resilience",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98231",slug:"uncertainty-sex-and-sexuality-during-the-pandemic-impact-on-psychosocial-resilience",totalDownloads:389,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been a global unprecedented health threat. Besides the myriad of effects on public health, the psychosocial implications of the outbreak have been far-fetched. Though the increased prevalence of psychiatric disorders, reduced access to care and social vulnerabilities have been highlighted in literature, the immense impact on sexuality and psychosexual health tends to be silent. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines sexual health as “a state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being in relation to sexuality; it is not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction or infirmity.” Sexual practices and intimacy have been influenced by more ways than one, namely fear of infection, ambiguity about viral spread, misinformation, physical distancing, travel restrictions, intimate partner violence and deprivation of ‘social touch’. The frontline workers, socio-economically impoverished groups, age and sexual minorities are especially affected. Sexual and reproductive rights are compromised due to reduced help-seeking, panic and stigma related to the outbreak. Psychological resilience helps one navigate through stressful situations and assumes a special importance during the ongoing crisis. This chapter reviews the multi-faceted intersections between sexual health and resilience, highlights the possible roles of pandemic-related uncertainty and advocates for certain guidelines to promote and preserve healthy expressions of sexuality for coping during COVID-19.",signatures:"Debanjan Banerjee, Sanchari Mukhopadhyay, Abhinav Tandon and T.S. Sathyanarayana Rao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76816",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76816",authors:[{id:"317231",title:"Prof.",name:"T S Sathyanarayana",surname:"Rao",slug:"t-s-sathyanarayana-rao",fullName:"T S Sathyanarayana Rao"},{id:"317388",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhinav",surname:"Tandon",slug:"abhinav-tandon",fullName:"Abhinav Tandon"},{id:"350093",title:"Dr.",name:"Debanjan",surname:"Banerjee",slug:"debanjan-banerjee",fullName:"Debanjan Banerjee"},{id:"416659",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanchari",surname:"Mukhopadhyay",slug:"sanchari-mukhopadhyay",fullName:"Sanchari Mukhopadhyay"}],corrections:null},{id:"77039",title:"COVID-19 Pandemic; Anxiety and Depression among Frontline Healthcare Workers: Rising from the Ashes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98274",slug:"covid-19-pandemic-anxiety-and-depression-among-frontline-healthcare-workers-rising-from-the-ashes",totalDownloads:370,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter gives an insight into the psychological journey of the essential healthcare workers (HCWs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The catastrophe which started off with uncertainty, provoked fear-related behaviors among the frontline doctors, nurses and paramedical staff. With meager resources and lack of a disaster plan, fire-fighting was a reflex response of healthcare institutions. Though the whole world seemed to be unprepared for the calamity, developing countries with fragile healthcare systems were more vulnerable to collapse. The negative aura was complicated by mistrust among the general population, regarding healthcare workers, institutions and government. Furthermore, with economic downfall; balancing work and protecting the family was a challenge for HCWs, especially during the pandemic peak. The psychological distress translated to rising incidence of depression and anxiety among them. As institutions gained insight into psychosocial issues of HCWs; support and therapies were offered to them. Positive messages labelling HCWs as “Heroes of the Pandemic” were circulated and structured programs developed to address their needs. With the advent of COVID-19 vaccine, a ray of hope emerged, although there are still apprehensions about its efficacy and side-effects. The whole world now eagerly awaits the calamity to perish while normality can rise from ashes.",signatures:"Salman Sharif and Faridah Amin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77039",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77039",authors:[{id:"350303",title:"Prof.",name:"Faridah",surname:"Amin",slug:"faridah-amin",fullName:"Faridah Amin"},{id:"350305",title:"Prof.",name:"Salman",surname:"Sharif",slug:"salman-sharif",fullName:"Salman Sharif"}],corrections:null},{id:"77579",title:"Anxiety of Dental Professionals during Covid-19 Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98994",slug:"anxiety-of-dental-professionals-during-covid-19-pandemic",totalDownloads:285,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Coronavirus (COVID-19) is an enveloped RNA virus with a size of ~350 kilobase-pair and COVID-19 is commonly transmitted via aerosols, saliva, nasal droplets, and surface contact which causes severe acute respiratory tract infection among infected humans, and recently many cases declared with severe blood clotting. The average incubation period ranges from 4 to 14 days. The infected person usually presents fever accompanying an upper respiratory tract infection (RTI) and complaints of dry cough, and dyspnea. It is highly recommended to keep any suspected individuals in quarantine (isolation). After its first emergence in Wuhan, China in 2019 and then intercontinental spread it was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. The pandemic of COVID-19 deeply affected the whole world and healthcare workers as front liners are most at risk among professional groups. Dentistry is among the riskiest occupational groups that include all direct and indirect ways of COVID-19 spread. In this process, the dentists who experienced the effects of COVID-19 in the working conditions, economy, and social fields were psychologically negatively affected, and their anxiety, fear, and stress levels increased. In this review, we discuss the increased risk of the spread of coronavirus during dental operative procedures and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the anxiety level, depression, and mental health of dental professionals.",signatures:"Pinar Kiymet Karataban",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77579",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77579",authors:[{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban"}],corrections:null},{id:"76779",title:"Children Living a Global Pandemic: Anxiety Repercussions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98212",slug:"children-living-a-global-pandemic-anxiety-repercussions",totalDownloads:297,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is still beaten our world. The disease, termed COVID-19 by the WHO, has a wide range of clinical manifestations, ranging from a mild, self-limiting form of the disease to multiple organ failure and death, forcing governments to take measures to mitigate the transmission and reduce the economic impact. However, the paediatric manifestation appears to take a milder form of the disease but they are not oblivious to the consequences of the disease. They suffered personal and parental lost, broke their social relationships, forced to home confinement, school closures, all of them with secondary implications. As a result, children’s anxiety levels and manifestations have increased during pandemic. To prevent and counteract this situation, measures were implemented like increase physical activity, a balanced diet, and regular sleep pattern; and in relationship sphere use social media to stay in touch with school mates and relatives.",signatures:"Salvador I. Garcia-Adasme and Alejandro López-Escobar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76779",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76779",authors:[{id:"350502",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"López-Escobar",slug:"alejandro-lopez-escobar",fullName:"Alejandro López-Escobar"},{id:"350521",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Salvador",surname:"García-Adasme",slug:"salvador-garcia-adasme",fullName:"Salvador García-Adasme"}],corrections:null},{id:"76713",title:"The Psychological Aspects of Home-Makers and Women during Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97687",slug:"the-psychological-aspects-of-home-makers-and-women-during-pandemic",totalDownloads:426,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Depression and anxiety are two faces of a coin and we unfortunately fail to understand the plight of a person suffering from any one of these mental conditions. However, nowadays people have started considering mental health as a serious and complex issue, but still, those suffering from it tend to shy away and hide in arrears their own dark curtains. Sometimes, a very normal looking person may also be a victim of mental breakdown and anxiety. He may be working out fine, laughing, smiling, talking and all, but somewhere deep inside and within, he may be crying his heart out. It just does not visibly appear so on the outside. Moreover, in the phase of COVID, this situation has aggravated a lot because of various reasons like loss of jobs, work from home, salary reductions and cost cuttings etc. The effect of these problems fell on the families overall, but the most suffered category was – THE HOMEMAKERS, or in other words, THE HOUSEWIVES. Housewives have usually higher resilience when it comes to handling problems and family issues as they have an inbuilt capacity and trait to handle and adjust themselves in any atmosphere and ambience after marriage, but this COVID period was equally tough to handle for them as well. Specifically, if we talk about housewives, the entire COVID period was difficult for them to handle because of multiple reasons which will be mentioned point by point.",signatures:"Samina Firoz Wagla Wala",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76713",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76713",authors:[{id:"351133",title:"Ms.",name:"Samina",surname:"Wagla Wala",slug:"samina-wagla-wala",fullName:"Samina Wagla Wala"}],corrections:null},{id:"77680",title:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience of Medical Students Worldwide during the COVID-19 Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99226",slug:"anxiety-uncertainty-and-resilience-of-medical-students-worldwide-during-the-covid-19-pandemic",totalDownloads:297,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted medical education worldwide. While healthcare professionals labored to ensure proper care for COVID-19 patients, medical students suffered from high rates of anxiety, uncertainty, burnout, and depressive symptoms. Whilst students in the pre-clinical phase of education faced disruption of didactic lectures and laboratory training, senior medical students faced uncertainty regarding their clinical rotations and internships, which are vital for practical exposure to healthcare. Several studies across the world demonstrated that clinical learning was significantly affected, with students in many countries completely cut off from in-person rotations. The disruption of the clinical curriculum coupled with a sense of failure to contribute at a time of significant need often led to despair. Reforms proposed and/or implemented by governments, medical advisory boards, medical schools, and other administrative bodies were felt to be insufficient by the medical student fraternity at large. Consequently, these students continue to face high rates of anxiety, depression, and a general sense of cynicism. In this student-authored perspective, we highlight the challenges faced by and the psychological impact on medical students directly or indirectly from the pandemic.",signatures:"Mohammad Abdullah Sarkar and Ahmad Ozair",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77680",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77680",authors:[{id:"349724",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad",surname:"Ozair",slug:"ahmad-ozair",fullName:"Ahmad Ozair"},{id:"353300",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohammad Abdullah",surname:"Sarkar",slug:"mohammad-abdullah-sarkar",fullName:"Mohammad Abdullah Sarkar"}],corrections:null},{id:"77734",title:"Cyberchondria and Its Effects on Anxiety during Covid-19 Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98507",slug:"cyberchondria-and-its-effects-on-anxiety-during-covid-19-pandemic",totalDownloads:265,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cyberchondria is a blend of the words cyber and hypochondriac. Social isolation with easily available information on the Internet for little or no cost created a havoc. It is an abnormal behavioral pattern in the emotional state. There were hundreds of social media groups created during the pandemic. Many people including the healthcare workers started sharing their experiences, positive and negative. It created a lot of anxiety and depression among the general population. As we already know people with anxiety and depression react and respond more to information available online without verifying the facts. Though the social media groups helped the readers with innumerable information but it had its flaws. Patients with cyberchondria increased and also the burden on healthcare systems.",signatures:"Suman Shekar and Avinash Aravantagi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77734",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77734",authors:[{id:"414671",title:"M.D.",name:"Suman",surname:"Shekar",slug:"suman-shekar",fullName:"Suman Shekar"},{id:"417617",title:"Dr.",name:"Avinash",surname:"Aravantagi",slug:"avinash-aravantagi",fullName:"Avinash Aravantagi"}],corrections:null},{id:"77428",title:"Indigenous Peoples, Uncertainty and Exclusion in the Global South in Periods of the Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98785",slug:"indigenous-peoples-uncertainty-and-exclusion-in-the-global-south-in-periods-of-the-pandemic",totalDownloads:280,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The indigenous peoples are distributed in all regions of the world, representing more than 6% of the world’s population. According to UN data, the pandemic has disproportionately affected indigenous groups, aggravating the structural inequalities and processes of widespread historical discrimination and exclusion present in the Global South, for example, high rates of extreme poverty, social exclusion, high prevalence of the disease, and limited and in some cases non-existent access to health care. Also, indigenous peoples have a great wealth of knowledge, traditional practices, cultural forms, and access to natural resources, as well as forms of collective social organization and community life that result in resilience factors in response to adversity and uncertainty. In this way, the chapter focuses from a descriptive-analytical approach on the situation of indigenous peoples and the pandemic, analyzing the forms of responses, their resilient action in the face of uncertainties and structural exclusions in the Global South.",signatures:"Javier Lastra-Bravo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77428",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77428",authors:[{id:"305413",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Javier",surname:"Lastra-Bravo",slug:"javier-lastra-bravo",fullName:"Javier Lastra-Bravo"}],corrections:null},{id:"75957",title:"Loss of Employment and Reduction of Income during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Maranhão State, Brazil",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97095",slug:"loss-of-employment-and-reduction-of-income-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-in-the-maranh-o-state-brazil",totalDownloads:304,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"To estimate the prevalence and factors associated to the loss of employment and reduction of income during the covid-19 pandemic in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. A population-based household survey was performed, from October 19 to 30, 2020. The estimates considered clustering, stratification and non-response. The sample selection was carried out in three stages (stratum, census tracts and households). After systematic analysis, thirty sectors were selected in each stratum, totaling 150 sectors, with the number of households in each sector set at 34 households, totaling 5,100 households and one inhabitant per household (resident for at least six months and with 1-year-old or more) selected by simple random sample. To this research were analyzed 3,297 inhabitants among 18 and 64 years old. The Loss of employment and income from the pandemic was questioned. Descriptive analysis (weighted frequency) and Pearson’s chi-square test were performed to verify univariate association between independent variables and the outcome (p < 0.05). The prevalence of loss of employment and income was 12.1% (95%CI 10.5–13.7%), but another 39.7% (95% CI 37.3–42.1%) were already out of the market before the pandemic. This loss was statistically greater among residents of the largest and wealthiest cities in the state (stratum with the state capital: 22.7%; 95% CI 18.8–27.2; and in cities with more than 100 thousand inhabitants: 12.4%; 95% CI 9.9–15.6), male (14.3%; 95% CI 11.9–17.3; p = 0.037), middle-aged adults between 30 and 49 years (15.3%; 95% CI 12.8–18.2; p = 0.001), medium level (15.3%; 95% CI 12.9–18.1; p = 0.003) and higher education (14.4%; 95% CI 9.4–21.5; p = 0.003) and users of public transportation (14.6%; 95% CI 12.4–17.2; p = 0.005), and among those who received this aid was much higher (50.4%; 95% CI 33.2–67.4; p = 0.001). The results showed a relevant prevalence of loss of work and income in Maranhão and its association with individual and contextual factors. They revealed the groups and contexts most affected socioeconomically by the pandemic and that should deserve special attention from public income transfer strategies.",signatures:"Bruno Luciano Carneiro Alves de Oliveira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75957",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75957",authors:[{id:"311063",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno",surname:"Luciano Carneiro Alves de Oliveira",slug:"bruno-luciano-carneiro-alves-de-oliveira",fullName:"Bruno Luciano Carneiro Alves de Oliveira"}],corrections:null},{id:"76315",title:"The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Community Psychiatric Services in Northern Italy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97156",slug:"the-impact-of-covid-19-pandemic-on-community-psychiatric-services-in-northern-italy",totalDownloads:336,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The Covid-19 pandemic, started brutally in February 2020 in Northern Italy (first European area hit by virus), has induced the most drastic and prolonged containment measures by a European government. The most affected areas of the Italian territory were Lombardy and Veneto. A severe and global lock-down was ordered for more than two months, with the closure of essential medical services among others. All health resources have been diverted to address the health crisis caused by the pandemic. During the lock-down, however, the only community medicine services that remained open were mental health services: psychiatry, the area of addictions, child neuropsychiatry. The community facilities have always provided services favoring, on the one hand, the maintenance of care and rehabilitation paths for patients in care, and on the other, allowing anyone who needs to have access to treatment. The operators were also involved at the forefront in the management of covid + patients and in the support paths for the management of the operators’ stress. In this chapter, we want to describe the working conditions and the organizational responses of our services, referring to a large catchment area of the region most affected by covid-19.",signatures:"Federico Durbano, Barbara Marchesi, Silvia Carnevali, Luisa Elisabetta Sonzogno and Claudio Arici",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76315",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76315",authors:[{id:"157077",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",surname:"Durbano",slug:"federico-durbano",fullName:"Federico Durbano"},{id:"346618",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",surname:"Marchesi",slug:"barbara-marchesi",fullName:"Barbara Marchesi"},{id:"346619",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",surname:"Carnevali",slug:"silvia-carnevali",fullName:"Silvia Carnevali"},{id:"346620",title:"Dr.",name:"Luisa Elisabetta",surname:"Sonzogno",slug:"luisa-elisabetta-sonzogno",fullName:"Luisa Elisabetta Sonzogno"},{id:"352449",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",surname:"Arici",slug:"claudio-arici",fullName:"Claudio Arici"}],corrections:null},{id:"77378",title:"Vulnerable Groups and COVID-19 Pandemic; How Appropriate Are Psychosocial Responses?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98762",slug:"vulnerable-groups-and-covid-19-pandemic-how-appropriate-are-psychosocial-responses-",totalDownloads:259,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Covid-19 pandemic has had adverse health, economic and social consequences on different communities, groups and individuals. Vulnerable groups are more likely to contract the infection and suffer from mental disorders particularly anxiety due to lack of access to health and social resources, lower income and less awareness etc. In this chapter, in addition to a description of the psychological and social conditions of vulnerable groups including women, children, the elderly, and minority groups during the pandemic, the factors influencing the success of psychosocial interventions provided for these groups and the weak points and upcoming challenges will be addressed. Finally, the conclusion will offer some recommendation for coping with the future circumstances.",signatures:"Amir Moghanibashi-Mansourieh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77378",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77378",authors:[{id:"346672",title:null,name:"Amir",surname:"Moghanibashi-Mansourieh",slug:"amir-moghanibashi-mansourieh",fullName:"Amir Moghanibashi-Mansourieh"}],corrections:null},{id:"75513",title:"COVID-19 Pandemic and Initial Psychological Responses by Bangladeshi People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96624",slug:"covid-19-pandemic-and-initial-psychological-responses-by-bangladeshi-people",totalDownloads:423,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The present study was aimed to investigate the causes of COVID-19 worry and its effect on initial behaviors that observed in early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in Bangladesh. In the online survey, participants’ were asked about normative concerns, COVID-19 worry, initial behaviors, and the neuroticism personality trait. Results of the study demonstrated that (i) higher normative concerns and neurotic trait were predictors of higher COVID-19 worry; and (ii) higher normative concerns and COVID-19 worry significant predictors of buying preparatory materials, higher worry for postponing travel plan, and higher worry and neuroticism for purchasing daily commodities more than usual and difficulties in concentration.",signatures:"Oli Ahmed, Md Zahir Ahmed, Zhou Aibao, Sohan Mia and Md Arif Uddin Khan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75513",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75513",authors:[{id:"346925",title:"Mr.",name:"Md Zahir",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"md-zahir-ahmed",fullName:"Md Zahir Ahmed"},{id:"347584",title:"Mr.",name:"Oli",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"oli-ahmed",fullName:"Oli Ahmed"},{id:"347585",title:"Mr.",name:"Sohan",surname:"Mia",slug:"sohan-mia",fullName:"Sohan Mia"},{id:"347586",title:"Mr.",name:"Md Arif Uddin",surname:"Khan",slug:"md-arif-uddin-khan",fullName:"Md Arif Uddin Khan"},{id:"347588",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhou",surname:"Aibao",slug:"zhou-aibao",fullName:"Zhou Aibao"}],corrections:null},{id:"78171",title:"Living with Uncertainty in Times of Pandemic: The View of Working Students in Higher Education",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99793",slug:"living-with-uncertainty-in-times-of-pandemic-the-view-of-working-students-in-higher-education",totalDownloads:435,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Today we live in times of real uncertainty. All of us, young, old, adults or children, experience new ways of facing daily challenges. The education and health sectors are naturally the most affected and deserve to be assessed for the impacts of this pandemic. This chapter aims to focus its analysis on a specific group of students in higher education: working students. In fact, this population group has a distinct profile from “regular” students in higher education. Typically, the student role is not the predominant one in their lives, competing with their roles as active workers and as heads of their families. Choosing a quantitative scientific methodology, about a hundred working student were the target of a survey exploring not only their greatest anxieties and fears, but also the ways they choose to deal with it, namely their exposure to media coverage of the COVID-19. It is expected that the results will contribute to a critical reflection on the challenges that this pandemic poses to us, identifying clues to better manage and overcome them.",signatures:"Diana Dias",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78171",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78171",authors:[{id:"347123",title:"Prof.",name:"Diana",surname:"Dias",slug:"diana-dias",fullName:"Diana Dias"}],corrections:null},{id:"77464",title:"COVID 19 and Quality of Life in Indian Context",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98477",slug:"covid-19-and-quality-of-life-in-indian-context",totalDownloads:272,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Battling the novel COVID-19 pandemic has caused emotional distress and many nations lost their humans at the fight against the virus. Quality of Life (QOL) has a wide range of contexts, including the fields of international development, healthcare, politics and employment. Standard indicators of the quality of life include wealth, employment, the environment, physical and mental health, education, recreation and leisure time, social belonging, religious beliefs, safety, security and freedom. Being a poor economic country like India, lockdown during COVID 19 devastated occupation, education, recreation and money from the people and the fear of the disease impacts not only on the health of the individuals but also the quality of life of individual is affected.",signatures:"Ganapathy Sankar Umaiorubagam, Monisha Ravikumar and Santhana Rajam Sankara Eswaran",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77464",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77464",authors:[{id:"347731",title:"Ms.",name:"Monisha",surname:"Ravikumar",slug:"monisha-ravikumar",fullName:"Monisha Ravikumar"},{id:"348550",title:"Prof.",name:"Ganapathy Sankar",surname:"Umaiorubagam",slug:"ganapathy-sankar-umaiorubagam",fullName:"Ganapathy Sankar Umaiorubagam"},{id:"419910",title:"Mrs.",name:"Santhana",surname:"Rajam Sankara Eswaran",slug:"santhana-rajam-sankara-eswaran",fullName:"Santhana Rajam Sankara Eswaran"}],corrections:null},{id:"77445",title:"COVID 19 and Myriad of Psychological Problems in Indian Context",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98768",slug:"covid-19-and-myriad-of-psychological-problems-in-indian-context",totalDownloads:284,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Corona Virus 2019 (COVID 19) is impacting every family financially as well as emotionally. There is a panic situation existed throughout the world. Due to the presence of Novel Corona Virus, there are innumerous defects and changes existed in everybody’s routine activities of daily living and other recreational tasks. As the pandemic outbreak in India was on-going, the Government of India took stringent measures to limit the cases by far in that stage only, by initiating a major lockdown pan-India and also by shifting the immigrants to the special quarantine facilities prepared by the Indian Military directly from the airports and seaports for a minimum of 14 days. The lives of people were drastically affected with lock-down and fear related to the disease’s potential effects and transmission. The fear due to the contraction of COVID -19 is on the rise because of the death tolls and global spread. For low income country like India, financial crisis had troubled the lives of everybody. For older adults, there is a fear of death as well as fear of saving the lives of their loved one. Adapting to this new normal life is a real challenge for older adults in middle and low economic zone like India. Indian people are going through a myriad of psychological problems in adjusting to the current lifestyles and fear of the disease.",signatures:"Ganapathy Sankar Umaiorubagam, Monisha Ravikumar and Santhana Rajam Sankara Eswaran",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77445",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77445",authors:[{id:"347731",title:"Ms.",name:"Monisha",surname:"Ravikumar",slug:"monisha-ravikumar",fullName:"Monisha Ravikumar"},{id:"348550",title:"Prof.",name:"Ganapathy Sankar",surname:"Umaiorubagam",slug:"ganapathy-sankar-umaiorubagam",fullName:"Ganapathy Sankar Umaiorubagam"}],corrections:null},{id:"77772",title:"Pleasant Activities among Young Adults and Their Lack during the COVID-19 Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98997",slug:"pleasant-activities-among-young-adults-and-their-lack-during-the-covid-19-pandemic",totalDownloads:256,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The pandemic COVID-19 burst in the Slovak Republic in March of the 2020 year. Subsequently, the schools were closed on the 10th of March and the everyday life in the country was for a long uncertain time questionable. The curfew slowed down the outdoor activities and has brought sudden changes also in the lives of young active people. This can be a time of uncertainty, and the stress. To do some pleasant activities can act as a stress reliever, but in the pandemic time not all pleasant activities can be realized. We were interested in lack of doing pleasant activities during the pandemic COVID-19 time. We analyzed 195 different activities in life of young mostly sporting people, whether a given activity is popular and pleasant for individuals, the occurrence and frequency of activity implementation before pandemic, during pandemic and feelings the lack of this activity during pandemic. We found out the most pleasant activity for men – non-organized, spontaneous sporting activity and for women – laughing. We recorded statistically significant decline t(14.856) = 48, p < .001 in frequency of doing pleasant activities in comparison before and during COVID-19. The most missing activity was inviting friends’ visits.",signatures:"Janka Peráčková and Pavol Peráček",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77772",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77772",authors:[{id:"348732",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Janka",surname:"Peráčková",slug:"janka-perackova",fullName:"Janka Peráčková"},{id:"348733",title:"Prof.",name:"Pavol",surname:"Peráček",slug:"pavol-peracek",fullName:"Pavol Peráček"}],corrections:null},{id:"76851",title:"Forecasting the Long-Term Effects of the Pandemic on Children: Towards a COVID-Generation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97931",slug:"forecasting-the-long-term-effects-of-the-pandemic-on-children-towards-a-covid-generation",totalDownloads:425,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This study focuses on mapping the existing effects of the pandemic and the measures taken to address it on the mental health of children in order to investigate the long-term consequences that it is expected to have. For infants, preschool, school and adolescent children it seems that intense stress develops for different reasons. As adults these children may experience an increased incidence of anxiety, depressive, obsessive–compulsive and personality disorders, while they are also expected to develop a strong External Locus of Control, low Faith in the Just World and low happiness. At the same time, an absence of distinction within the limits of the physical and digital world is expected. As for children with special educational needs, they are particularly affected due to the pandemic, as early diagnosis and the development of interventions to improve their educational and psychosocial progress are hampered and this might have negative long-term effects on their development. In overall, these negative effects and related experiences seem to be homogeneous across humanity for those who are currently minors and are expected to lead to the view of an autonomous generation, the COVID-generation.",signatures:"Panagiotis Pelekasis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76851",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76851",authors:[{id:"349115",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Panagiotis",surname:"Pelekasis",slug:"panagiotis-pelekasis",fullName:"Panagiotis Pelekasis"}],corrections:null},{id:"76987",title:"COVID-19 and Psychological Distress among Older Adults in Ghana",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98277",slug:"covid-19-and-psychological-distress-among-older-adults-in-ghana",totalDownloads:274,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"COVID-19, the novel of all respiratory pandemics, has since its global invasion remained a significant threat in all spheres of human endeavour. This phenomenon has led to short-term and long-term psychosocial and mental health implications for many populations, particularly vulnerable groups, of which older people form part. This paper fills the lacuna in research on how the pandemic is breeding psychological distress among older people. Cross-sectional data were obtained from an Ageing, Health, Lifestyle and Health Services (AHLHS) study conducted between June 2020 and August 2020 (N = 400) in the Ashanti and Greater Accra regions of Ghana. Sequential logistic regression models were performed to estimate the variables that predict psychological distress, whereas descriptive statistics were used to determine the extent of psychological distress among the study population. This study revealed that psychological distress was somehow prevalent, necessitating early intervention to minimise the risks of the said health risk. Additionally, gender, employment status, chronic NCDs, perceived health status and receipt of COVID-19 information were significantly associated with psychological distress among the respondents. It is necessary to employ strategies to minimise the psychological distress in Ghana during this pandemic.",signatures:"Anthony Kwame Morgan, Justin Cobbold, Beatrice Aberinpoka Awafo, Daniel Katey, Theophilus Quartey and Rahinatu Ibrahim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76987",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76987",authors:[{id:"349385",title:"Mr.",name:"Anthony",surname:"Morgan",slug:"anthony-morgan",fullName:"Anthony Morgan"},{id:"416887",title:"Mr.",name:"Justin",surname:"Cobbold",slug:"justin-cobbold",fullName:"Justin Cobbold"},{id:"416888",title:"Ms.",name:"Beatrice Aberinpoka",surname:"Awafo",slug:"beatrice-aberinpoka-awafo",fullName:"Beatrice Aberinpoka Awafo"},{id:"416889",title:"Mr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Katey",slug:"daniel-katey",fullName:"Daniel Katey"},{id:"416890",title:"Mr.",name:"Theophilus",surname:"Quartey",slug:"theophilus-quartey",fullName:"Theophilus Quartey"},{id:"416891",title:"Ms.",name:"Rahinatu",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"rahinatu-ibrahim",fullName:"Rahinatu Ibrahim"}],corrections:null},{id:"76897",title:"Main Concerns in Times of COVID-19 in Three Groups of People: Italians, Romanian Immigrants in Italy, and Romanians in Romania",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97858",slug:"main-concerns-in-times-of-covid-19-in-three-groups-of-people-italians-romanian-immigrants-in-italy-a",totalDownloads:283,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter is a description of results of a study conducted in Italy involving Italians (N = 491), Romanian immigrants (N = 275), and Romanians in Romania (N = 312) with aim to explore the principal sources of anxiety and uncertainty during COVID-19 pandemic, and the differences between the groups. In addition, the study analysed the role of resilience as a potential moderator between perception of sources of anxiety during COVID-19 and distress. A questionnaire was administered containing several scales. Results showed that Italians and immigrants have similar concerns and that the perception of resilience play significant role in determining emotional distress.",signatures:"Ankica Kosic and Tamara Dzamonja Ignjatovic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76897",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76897",authors:[{id:"298118",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamara",surname:"Dzamonja Ignjatovic",slug:"tamara-dzamonja-ignjatovic",fullName:"Tamara Dzamonja Ignjatovic"},{id:"349395",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ankica",surname:"Kosic",slug:"ankica-kosic",fullName:"Ankica Kosic"}],corrections:null},{id:"77866",title:"Psychosocial Impact of Lockdown Induced Setback on Education during Pandemic in India",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98445",slug:"psychosocial-impact-of-lockdown-induced-setback-on-education-during-pandemic-in-india",totalDownloads:244,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Educational reforms occur from time to time to keep up the pace of changing trends. The new generations of kids are exposed to modern technology at a very younger age. They are well equipped with the novel usage of digital technology to aid in a better teaching-learning process. Pandemic has invoked a lot of drastic changes in many sectors owing to changing norms and lockdown policies across the globe. In India also these lockdown policies were imposed as a measure to curtail the growing rate of infection. India is a country with a dense population with varied socio-cultural and economic differences. Closure of educational institutes adopted as a strategic measure to face the Pandemic lead to uncertainty among the stakeholders which had a huge impact on the psychosocial domain. The education sector took to the mode of digital learning by offering online classes to cater to the need of the students. Shutting down schools and educational institutes not only paralyzed the social contact a child develops on attending school but also increased the severity of screen time with absolute lack of physical activity among children. This chapter aims to explore the impact of the online mode of education and its psychosocial perspectives during the lockdown.",signatures:"Chitra Mourali",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77866",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77866",authors:[{id:"351967",title:"Prof.",name:"Chitra",surname:"Mourali",slug:"chitra-mourali",fullName:"Chitra Mourali"}],corrections:null},{id:"76837",title:"Psychiatric Services and Teaching during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Romania",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97800",slug:"psychiatric-services-and-teaching-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-in-romania",totalDownloads:436,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The Covid-19 pandemic has been declared in Romania on the 16th March 2020.The medical system reacted promptly: chronic patients had to be discharged within 48 h and further scheduled admittances were postponed, adequate epidemiological measures and circuits were organized. Anxiety, insomnia, frustration, binge eating, domestic violence were reported. The majority respected the general advises but soon, persons selected their information sources rather from social media, being victims of the infodemia and peculiar conspirationist theories. A new disorder has been described: coronaphobia. The psychiatric hospitals and outpatient settings had to reduce or innactivate their activity, switch as much as possible to TelePsychiatry. Psychiatry admittances were: onsets of psychosis, relapses of schizophrenia and alcohol, other psychoactive substances abuses, intoxications, and withdrawal states. Later, there were depressions, bipolar disorders, suicide attempts, self-harm in borderline disorder, dementia and delirium. Due to the closure of outpatient units for several months, patients visited the Emergency rooms. Personnel experienced burnout and new psychiatric pathology developed in the aftermath of Covid-19 infection. A big relief occurred with the initial vaccination of the medical staff and seniors, chronically ill persons, psychiatric patients being again left behind. Medical teaching shifted entirely to online and in 2021 the hybrid teaching system has been employed.",signatures:"Ioana Valentina Micluţia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76837",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76837",authors:[{id:"215988",title:"Prof.",name:"Ioana",surname:"Valentina Micluţia",slug:"ioana-valentina-miclutia",fullName:"Ioana Valentina Micluţia"}],corrections:null},{id:"76488",title:"Psychological Aspects of Neuroinflammatory Disorders in COVID-19 Era",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97629",slug:"psychological-aspects-of-neuroinflammatory-disorders-in-covid-19-era",totalDownloads:300,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Although the COVID-19 pandemic was initially manifested as a contagious respiratory infection, its other aspects quickly became apparent. Accordingly, the disease could affect various organs such as skin, digestive system, and the central nervous system. Apart from these diverse manifestations, it was rapidly cleared that the virus could potentially play a role in causing a wide range of autoimmune diseases. Moreover, various anthropological aspects of COVID-19 and its effects on human life were considered. In this regard, one of the important issues is its psychological effects, not only on the population of healthy people, but also on people suffering from underlying diseases. Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system are included as one group of these diseases. Since these diseases can cause many psychological problems in patients, it is very important to pay attention to them during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the following section, the psychological aspects of COVID-19 in patients with neuroinflammatory diseases are described.",signatures:"Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76488",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76488",authors:[{id:"346561",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Abdorreza",surname:"Naser Moghadasi",slug:"abdorreza-naser-moghadasi",fullName:"Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi"}],corrections:null},{id:"77510",title:"Local Knowledge, Community Experiences, Nature, Collaboration, and Resilience in Times of Pandemic, Uncertainty, and Climate Change in the Anthropocene Era",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98481",slug:"local-knowledge-community-experiences-nature-collaboration-and-resilience-in-times-of-pandemic-uncer",totalDownloads:288,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The pandemic afflicting the world is accompanied by a social, economic, political, cultural, and climatic multi-crisis. It is the crisis of the Anthropocene Era and modern paradigms. Modern society is in a complex situation. The responses to the multicrisis, including the pandemic, will probably come from the revalorization and resignification of experiences and socioecological knowledge of communities. Their historical experiences, currently fragmented by modernization processes, will be able to intercommunicate and, with resilient energy, open new possibilities for human and planetary life. It will be a great transformation, in which old and new models of development will be in tension. These tensions will also be expressed in the form of social and political radicalization and result in conflicts over natural resources, especially water, natural forests, ecosystems, and productive land. Human and planetary life is seriously threatened. Intellectual and scientific activity must connect with the ecological knowledge of local communities to defend human and natural life.",signatures:"Jorge Rojas Hernández, Patricio Silva Ávila and Ricardo Barra Ríos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77510",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77510",authors:[{id:"291624",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Rojas Hernández",slug:"jorge-rojas-hernandez",fullName:"Jorge Rojas Hernández"},{id:"414334",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",surname:"Barra",slug:"ricardo-barra",fullName:"Ricardo Barra"},{id:"423510",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricio",surname:"Silva Ávila",slug:"patricio-silva-avila",fullName:"Patricio Silva Ávila"}],corrections:null},{id:"75425",title:"Buddhist Monastery, Amulet, Spiritual Support and COVID-19 Outbreak",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96496",slug:"buddhist-monastery-amulet-spiritual-support-and-covid-19-outbreak",totalDownloads:375,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"COVID-19 is an important global problem. The disease causes illness and results in anxious state and panic. It also has a lot of socioeconomic impact worldwide. The supports for the affected persons are by several partners including religious unit. The religious unit can play important social welfare role to support the local people. In Indochina, many local Buddhist monasteries act this role. This is an interesting anthropological phenomenon. Many monasteries issue amulet as gimmicks for sale to the donor. The donor buys amulets for spiritual support during frustrate period and the monastery receive money for its welfare function. This is an interesting social sustainability phenomenon.",signatures:"Rujitika Mungmunpuntipantip and Viroj Wiwanitkit",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75425",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75425",authors:[{id:"347021",title:"Dr.",name:"Rujittika",surname:"Mungmunpuntopantip",slug:"rujittika-mungmunpuntopantip",fullName:"Rujittika Mungmunpuntopantip"},{id:"347026",title:"Prof.",name:"Viroj",surname:"Wiwanitkit",slug:"viroj-wiwanitkit",fullName:"Viroj Wiwanitkit"}],corrections:null},{id:"76968",title:"In the Darkness of This Time: Wittgenstein and Freud on Uncertainty",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98381",slug:"in-the-darkness-of-this-time-wittgenstein-and-freud-on-uncertainty",totalDownloads:466,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Both Wittgenstein and Freud experienced the crisis of humanism resulting from the first and second world wars. Although they were both considered to be influential figures, they hardly investigated the ways in which people could cope with the consequences of these crises. However, Wittgenstein and Freud did suggest ways of understanding uncertainties caused by real life events, as well as by the nature of human thought processes. This article will explore the therapeutic ways of dealing with uncertainties common to both thinkers and the different concepts facilitating their methodologies. The central contention of this article is that both Wittgenstein and Freud developed a complex methodology, acknowledging the constant and unexpected changes humans have deal with, whilst also offering the possibility of defining “hinge propositions” and “language-games” which can stabilize our consciousness.",signatures:"Dorit Lemberger",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76968",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76968",authors:[{id:"325725",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorit",surname:"Lemberger",slug:"dorit-lemberger",fullName:"Dorit Lemberger"}],corrections:null},{id:"77080",title:"Human Reconfigurations: Conversations on Being Therap(ist)eutic in Time of Covid",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98317",slug:"human-reconfigurations-conversations-on-being-therap-ist-eutic-in-time-of-covid",totalDownloads:274,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this paper the authors’ aim is to reflect on the impact the Sars-CoV-2 Pandemic has had and is still having on our external and internal reality, in terms of individual and collective implications. In an open dialog with colleagues and patients, through a psychoanalytic viewpoint capable of respecting the suffering and the solutions identified by the Ego-subject within the “therapeutic dance”, it was possible during this period to observe movements and processes underlying these changes. Throughout the paper, the authors highlight both difficulties and resources that the patients put in play within the relational space and the need to “reconfigure” them; our focus is on the creativity and the repercussions this event, significant for the majority of the Society, has had on the practices and beliefs of each of us. The peculiar experience of loneliness and isolation, faced during this pandemic emergency, has profoundly transformed and shaped our living space, demanding a collective reorganization of the social space and thus forcing us to rethink our humanity. In the relational exchange, the possibility of finding one’s own space to exist and to inhabit one’s present, can be unfolded. A shared resilience is necessary to face current challenges.",signatures:"Jolanda Spoto, Valentina Stirone and Romina Coin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77080",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77080",authors:[{id:"347881",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Romina",surname:"Coin",slug:"romina-coin",fullName:"Romina Coin"},{id:"348271",title:"Dr.",name:"Spoto",surname:"Jolanda",slug:"spoto-jolanda",fullName:"Spoto Jolanda"},{id:"416592",title:null,name:"Valentina",surname:"Stirone",slug:"valentina-stirone",fullName:"Valentina Stirone"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:[{id:"51",label:"edited by 2015 nobel prize nominee"}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8262",title:"The New Forms of Social Exclusion",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"29bf235aa7659d3651183fe9ea49dc0d",slug:"the-new-forms-of-social-exclusion",bookSignature:"Rosalba Morese and Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8262.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"214435",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosalba",surname:"Morese",slug:"rosalba-morese",fullName:"Rosalba Morese"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7818",title:"Social Isolation",subtitle:"An Interdisciplinary View",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db3b513d7d35476f333a0d4a3147935b",slug:"social-isolation-an-interdisciplinary-view",bookSignature:"Rosalba Morese, Sara Palermo and Raffaella Fiorella",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7818.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"214435",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosalba",surname:"Morese",slug:"rosalba-morese",fullName:"Rosalba Morese"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6934",title:"Psycho-Social Aspects of Human Sexuality and Ethics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"44731b106aa0d1ab5c64a7394483c7d5",slug:"psycho-social-aspects-of-human-sexuality-and-ethics",bookSignature:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6934.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10450",title:"Evolutionary Psychology Meets Social Neuroscience",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bd4df54e3fb185306ec3899db7044efb",slug:"evolutionary-psychology-meets-social-neuroscience",bookSignature:"Rosalba Morese, Vincenzo Auriemma and Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10450.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"214435",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosalba",surname:"Morese",slug:"rosalba-morese",fullName:"Rosalba Morese"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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A Multidimensional Approach",slug:"child-abuse-and-neglect-a-multidimensional-approach",publishedDate:"July 11th 2012",bookSignature:"Alexander Muela",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2663.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"138437",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Muela Aparicio",slug:"alexander-muela-aparicio",fullName:"Alexander Muela Aparicio"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"85712",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:"M.",surname:"Hassan",fullName:"Ahmed Hassan",slug:"ahmed-hassan",email:"amh_64@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"139594",title:"Prof.",name:"Essam",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Shail",fullName:"Essam Al-Shail",slug:"essam-al-shail",email:"shail@kfshrc.edu.sa",position:null,institution:{name:"Alfaisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"149745",title:"Dr.",name:"Hoda",middleName:null,surname:"Kattan",fullName:"Hoda Kattan",slug:"hoda-kattan",email:"hoda@kfshrc.edu.sa",position:null,institution:{name:"King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"149746",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Aldowaish",fullName:"Abdullah Aldowaish",slug:"abdullah-aldowaish",email:"dowaish@kfshrc.edu.sa",position:null,institution:{name:"King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"37763",slug:"the-cultural-reinforcers-of-child-abuse",signatures:"Essam Al-Shail, Ahmed Hassan, Abdullah Aldowaish and Hoda Kattan",dateSubmitted:"November 8th 2011",dateReviewed:"June 14th 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"July 11th 2012",book:{id:"2663",title:"Child Abuse and Neglect",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Approach",fullTitle:"Child Abuse and Neglect - 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Collectively in 2021, Americans invested $123.6 billion in their pets by purchasing pet foods, veterinary care, supplies, and non-medical pet care services, a clear indication that pets have become highly valued members of society. Over the past two centuries, the societal role of dogs has evolved from predominantly labor (i.e., guardianship, transportation, herding, and hunting), to a range of special operations (i.e., rescue, police, and military), therapeutic care (i.e., disease detection, assisting the sensory impaired, emotional support), and general companionship, deepening the reaches of the human-animal bond and a rising anthropomorphic view of companion animals [2]. Considering their increasing prominence in American lives, many pets today are viewed as members of the family and as such are being fed and nurtured with the goal of improving their wellness, longevity, and quality of life instead of solely production and performance.
A shift in feeding strategy for companion animals is perhaps most evident in the emerging market of functional foods and treats, which are foods considered to offer a positive health outcome that extends beyond providing essential nutrients [3]. Functional ingredients may include plant extracts, fibers with varying degrees of fermentability, joint supplements, non-essential nutrients, or microorganism and yeast-derived products, which can add value to pet foods by serving a preventative or therapeutic role [4]. Among these, direct-fed microbials (DFM) (commonly referred to as “probiotics”) have been used for centuries to ferment staple human food products such as yogurt, cheese, wine, and bread and have only recently been embraced as health-promoting supplements [5]. The efficacy of probiotics in pets is a relatively new area of research, and innovations in the form of new application strategies, unique probiotic strain selection, and substantiating the potential health benefits is necessary to ensure the efficacy of products containing these beneficial microorganisms. The objectives of this chapter are to summarize the various sources and applications of probiotics to pet foods and their associated challenges to viability.
Probiotics have been present in food since early human civilization. It is presumed that our knowledge of bacteria in our food began when instances of spoilage and poisoning were encountered as early as 8000–10,000 years ago [6]. It wasn’t until the mid-nineteenth century, however, that Louis Pasteur made the scientific community aware of acid-forming microorganisms and their role in the souring of milk and fermentation of wine [7]. This discovery prompted a succession of experiments aimed at identifying other microorganisms and uncovering their invisible but significant role in our food system. Nearly a half-century later in 1907, Nobel prize-winning scientist, Elie Metchnikoff, proposed that lactic acid bacteria in fermented milk were responsible for certain health benefits, particularly in delaying the onset of aging [8]. This came about from observing Bulgarian centenarians, who consumed the curdled milk (“yogurt”) regularly. In one of his books, “The Prolongation of Life,” Metchnikoff proposed that
Besides
At the turn of the twenty-first century, the passing of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 led to exponential growth in the sales of products marketed as probiotics for humans [12]. The global market of probiotic-fortified foods is expected to grow from $48 billion to $94 billion with a 7.9% compound annual growth rate between the years 2020–2027 [13]. This surge in interest in functional foods for humans inspired similar developments in the pet food industry, although far less research is available for the use of probiotics for dogs. For example, the PubMed open-access database returns >20,000 publications for “human” and “probiotic” between 1990 and 2021, whereas <250 publications are returned for “dog” and “probiotic” (Figure 1). Despite the small body of research available relative to that of humans, probiotics are still promoted for dogs in pet supplements, foods, and treats, and have garnered some support by veterinarians for use in clinical practice [14, 15, 16]. This rapidly growing market warrants a closer evaluation of novel probiotic strains, their viability through processing, as well as their ability to deliver similar health benefits as has been observed in humans.
Number of research publications returned by the PubMed database for search terms “human” or “dog” and “probiotic” between 1990 and 2021. Data presented for 2021 represents year-to-date publication counts available as of march 2021.
The term “probiotic” is derived from the Latin preposition “pro,” which means “before, in front of” and the Greek word “biōtikós” meaning “of life” [17]. Over the last several decades, the definition of probiotics has been refined to incorporate various aspects of a probiotic’s intended use and benefits (Table 1). The term “probiotic” is often used interchangeably with “direct-fed microbial” when referring to pet foods. However, the most current definition, and that which is used as the context for this chapter, is “live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host” [24].
Term | Definition | Year proposed | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Direct-fed microbials | Live microorganisms that, when provided in adequate amounts in the diet, can improve gut microbial balance; the anaerobic bacteria that are able to produce lactic acid and stimulate the growth of other organisms | 1965 | [18] |
Probiotics | Tissue extracts which stimulated microbial growth | 1972 | [19] |
Probiotics | Organisms and substances which contribute to intestinal microbial balance | 1974 | [20] |
Probiotics | A live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance | 1989 | [21] |
Direct-fed microbial products | Products that are purported to contain live (viable) microorganisms (bacteria and/or yeast) | 1995 | [22] |
Probiotics | Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host | 2001 | [23] |
Probiotics | Live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host | 2014 | [24] |
Published definitions of probiotics and direct-fed microbials.
The criteria for receiving approval as an acceptable probiotic strain in animal feeds involves a framework for verifying the ingredient’s compositional analysis, toxicological potential, and evaluation of animal exposure with a focus on potential adverse health effects [25]. The Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Veterinary Medicine along with the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) first issued a list of bacterial and yeast organisms for use in animal feeds in 1989 that has been revised over the years to include new organisms based on available research mainly in swine and poultry. Today, there are 41 non-toxigenic bacteriological species that have been deemed safe for use in companion animals [26]. These microorganisms can be further classified based on physiological characteristics such as the structure of their cell wall, oxygen tolerance, and whether or not they are spore-forming
Taxonomic classification | Physiological characteristics | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Phyla and genus | Species | Gram | Spore-forming | Oxygen tolerance |
+/− | ||||
Firmicutes | ||||
| + | yes | microaerophile and facultative anaerobe | |
| + | no | facultative anaerobe | |
| + | no | microaerophile and | |
facultative anaerobe | ||||
| + | no | facultative anaerobe | |
| + | no | facultative anaerobe | |
Bacteroidetes | ||||
| − | no | obligate anaerobe | |
Actinobacteria | ||||
| + | no | obligate anaerobe | |
Propionibacterium | ||||
| + | no | obligate anaerobe |
Taxonomic classification and physiological characteristics of direct-fed microorganisms approved for use in dog and cat foods.
In addition to meeting safety and regulatory guidelines, in general a probiotic candidate should have some degree of resistance to acid and bile salts, which are two principal chemical stressors that will be encountered in the gastrointestinal tract [27, 28, 29]. The canine digestive system has evolved with mechanisms to effectively inactivate pathogenic microorganisms and extract nutrients from a broad assortment of ingested materials. Comprehensive reviews of canine gastrointestinal tract physiology are available and serve as a useful reference for identifying the conditions that would exert the most stress on a potential probiotic microorganism (i.e., lowest gastric pH, and longest gastric and upper intestinal transit times [30]. For example, conditions mimicking gastric transit (1 h at pH 2.0), small intestinal transit (4 h at pH 6.80), and colonic transit (6–10 h at pH 5.6–6.9), with simultaneous exposure to other relevant biochemical components (i.e., digestive enzymes and bile salts) have been used in the development of
In addition, any strains intended for application in commercially processed foods pet foods should exhibit high resiliency to process-related stresses, such as heat, prolonged shelf-life, and chemical composition of the food itself (i.e., matrix acidity, oxygen presence, water activity, or presence of microbial inhibitors [33]). For pet owners, feeding probiotics as part of a food offers the convenience of daily administration to the pet while increasing perceived value of the product compared to conventional foods [34]. However, when probiotics are selected without consideration for these characteristics, the resilience of individual strains in commercial food applications is still open to question. In a study investigating the probiotic integrity of pet foods obtained from the marketplace, 53% of the sampled commercial products were found to be severely inadequate with respect to strain identity and colony-forming unit guarantees on the labels [35]. This highlights a need for validation of probiotic strains to ensure viability at the time of consumption by the animal.
When an organism can be guaranteed to be safely delivered to the gut, the metabolic activities of a bacteria are strain specific. Not all species of bacteria nor strains with a species favor the same metabolic pathways [36].
Many bacterial species have the ability to cope with rapidly changing and sometimes hostile conditions to protect themselves [43]. One of the most effective adaptations is forming spores in response to a nutrient-deficient environment, low water activity, unfavorable temperatures, or extremes in pH [44]. From the sporulated form, microorganisms regress to a state of dormancy characterized by low metabolic and respiratory activity [36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46]. Gram-positive bacteria, such as
Stylized illustration of vegetative cell and spore structural layers of probiotic bacteria.
The careful selection of suitable probiotic strains and validation of survival through process conditions may still leave manufacturers unable to guarantee viability claims through the end of a product’s shelf-life. Uncontrolled circumstances such as the handling and storage of the foods throughout distribution, retail merchandising, and in consumers’ homes can contribute to adverse conditions and subsequent losses in viability over time. Thus, additional steps may be taken to lend further support to the survival of direct-fed microbials for the duration of a product’s intended shelf-life. Microencapsulation is a technique that physically enrobes probiotic cells with an additional barrier against adverse external conditions. Spray-drying is one method of encapsulation for large-scale production. This process involves the dispersion of the cells into a liquid polymer solution, homogenization of the mixture, and evaporation of the solvent (commonly water) to form a matrix of dried microcapsules. Microencapsulation can also be accomplished by coextruding a bacterial culture emulsion with an outer gelling agent such as pectate, kappa-carrageenan, locust bean gum, gellan gum, or agar-agar [61]. The co-extruded material is then broken up into droplets that form capsules once dehydrated and cooled [62].
The encapsulation material should be approved for use in food products, nontoxic for the microorganism, and suitable for the food matrix. For example, the presence of singly charged ions such as phosphates, acetates, and citrates, may lead to the premature destruction of calcium alginate capsules through ionic competition. Furthermore, alginate is generally very sensitive to low pH values and heat, and loses its crosslinked structure and thus impair its functionality as a protectant very easily under these conditions [63]. Since many pet food matrices contain inorganic mineral salts and tend to be slightly acidic, this could lead to inferior performance of alginate encapsulations in certain matrices. It has been proposed that combining alginate with chitosan and poly-L-lysine to create multi-component microcapsules may enhance the stability of probiotics, while also reducing the destructive effects of substances that disrupt the structure of the encapsulation [64]. Egg whites, lecithin, whey protein, and carboxymethyl cellulose have also been proposed as compatible substances that may enhance alginate scaffolding for probiotic encapsulation in food applications [65, 66, 67].
Starches have also been shown to serve as successful encapsulating substrates [68, 69]. When considering starches as encapsulants, the starch amylose: amylopectin ratio has been reported to influence the effectiveness. For example, high-amylose corn starch granules led to greater resistance to heat and digestive enzymes compared native cereal starches [70]. Innovations in encapsulation technology include multi-component substrates, such as co-encapsulating prebiotics, probiotics, and other bioactive components to pet foods and treats [71]. Once in encapsulated form, the probiotic can be introduced into the food production process as discussed in the following sections.
After a desired strain and preparation is selected, probiotics have several hurdles to overcome before they can confer a benefit to the animal (Figure 3). For probiotics incorporated into food products, one of the most intense stressors is thermal processing. The vast majority of pet foods are cooked to some degree or commercially sterilized to extend shelf-life and reduce the risk of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins from enduring in the finished, ready-to-feed product. The basic premise of thermal processing is to reduce or destroy microbial activity, which can be counterproductive to the inclusion of direct-fed microorganisms. Microbial eradication is enforced by federal regulations such as the Food Safety Modernization Act [72], the FDA’s zero-tolerance policy for pet foods contaminated with Salmonella [73], and in 21 CFR Part 113 for thermal processing of low-acid canned foods packaged in hermetically sealed containers. As such, process controls are developed accordingly within food safety plans to ensure the target pathogenic species are effectively inactivated.
Flowchart highlighting key considerations for the application of probiotic microorganisms into pet food products. Several variables are nested within each commercialization step, adding to the complexity of factors that influence probiotic survival and efficacy potential.
There are several mechanisms that have been proposed for the action of heat on vegetative cells, including damaging the outer cellular membrane and peptidoglycan wall, loss of cytoplasmic membrane integrity, and the denaturation of cellular organelles, RNA, DNA, and enzymes [74]. Depending on the organism and intensity of heat treatment, the action of heat may lead to one or more of these events, and the ultimate goal is to render pathogenic cells injured beyond repair. Spore-forming microorganisms are reported to exhibit greater wet-heat resistance compared to vegetative cells [75]. The mechanisms controlling heat resistance of spores have not been fully elucidated. However, known heat resistance factors include the accumulation of divalent cations such as Ca2+ and the dehydrated state of the spore core. Dipicolinic acid (DPA) also serves an important role by chelating the cations, which helps maintain a low moisture environment and high mineral density in the center of the core [76]. Microorganisms which possess genes encoding for DPA during the sporulation process tend to show increased heat resistance.
Extrusion cooking is the most widely used technology in the commercial production of pet foods today, representing the largest category of pet food in terms of market share. Extruded pet foods are nutrient-dense, highly palatable, shelf-stable products which are produced in a continuous high throughput system. Extrusion is a high-temperature, short-time, high-shear process in which pre-conditioned raw materials are conveyed by a rotating screw through a barrel and forced through a small opening (a die) that results in vapor flash-off and expansion of the exiting product. Extruders are available as single- or double-screw configurations, and there are a variety of screw elements that can be combined to create a customizable screw profile in a given system. Throughout the conveying process, thermal energy (usually in the form of steam injected at the pre-conditioning step) and mechanical energy (generated by shear forces from the rotating screws contacting the material) cause the temperature inside the barrel to rise, which allows for the gelatinization of starch, cooking of the material, and serves as a key step in the destruction of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms that may have been carried in with the raw materials [77]. It has been demonstrated that the ratio of specific thermal energy to specific mechanical energy applied to the food mass during extrusion influences the structural characteristics of pet food kibble [78, 79]. While thermal destruction of pathogens and surrogate microorganisms has been extensively studied, less is known about the effects of specific mechanical energy on microbes. It is possible that extrusion may influence microbial survival differently than other food processes.
Thermophilic organisms, such as
Microorganism | Food material | Process conditions | Viable cell loss | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
commercial pet food diet | NR | 1.08 log | [81] | |
animal feed mash | Extruder: single screw RT: 3–11 s IBM: 24.5–34.5% Die Temp.: 110°C | 1 log | [80] | |
mechanically deboned turkey and white corn flour | Extruder: twin screw RT: 3.4 min IBM: 32% Die Temp.: 93.3°C | 2 log | [82] | |
mechanically deboned turkey and white corn flour | Extruder: twin screw RT: 3.4 min IBM: 32% Die Temp.: 115.6°C | 4–5 log | [82] | |
dry dog food ration (corn flour, poultry by-product meal, corn gluten meal, rice meal, vitamins, and minerals) | Extruder: single screw RT: 71 s – 105 s IBM: 21.68% Die Temp.: 120–140°C | 6 log | [83] | |
balanced carbohydrate-protein meal (chicken meal, rice, potassium chloride, ptoassium sorbate) | Extruder: single screw RT: NR IBM: 28.1% Die Temp.: 81.1°C | 5 log | [84] | |
balanced carbohydrate-protein meal (chicken meal, rice, potassium chloride, ptoassium sorbate) | Extruder: single screw RT: 48–62.5 s IBM: 27.4–27.8% Temp 55.5–75°C | 1.4–5.81 log | [85] | |
balanced carbohydrate-protein meal (chicken meal, rice, potassium chloride, ptoassium sorbate) | Extruder: single screw RT: 48–62.5 s IBM: 26.8–27.3% Temp: 80.3–100.5°C | 2.3 to >5.87 log | [85] | |
oat flour | Extruder: single screw RT: 18–46 s IBM: 14–26% Die Temp.: 83–103°C | 5 log | [86] | |
animal feed mash | Extruder: single screw RT: 7 s IBM: 28.5% Die Temp.: 83–103°C | 8 log | [20] | |
balanced carbohydrate-protein meal (chicken meal, rice, potassium chloride, ptoassium sorbate) | Extruder: single screw RT 48–62.5 s IBM 27.3–27.6% Temp 55.5–68°C | 4–6.5 log | [85] | |
balanced carbohydrate-protein meal (chicken meal, rice, potassium chloride, ptoassium sorbate) | Extruder: single screw RT: 48–62.5 s IBM: 25.6–26.8% Die Temp.: 77–101°C | >6.86 log | [85] | |
whey protein isolate | Extruder: twin screw RT: 25 s IBM: 4–5% Die Temp.: 143°C | 4.2 log | [87] | |
whey protein isolate | Extruder: twin screw RT: 35–40 s IBM: 4–5% Die Temp.: 133°C | 4.9 log | [87] | |
commercial pet food diet | Coated on exterior of kibble after expansion-extrusion and drying; stored in commercial packaging at room temperature in a dry well-ventilated warehouse for 12 months | 0.1–0.4 log | [81] |
Summary of log reduction in microorganism viability under various extrusion processing conditions.
NR = not reported; RT = extruder residence time; IBM = in-barrel moisture content; and Die Temp. = maximum temperature measured at the die.
Retort cooking of most pet foods involves the heating of low-acid (pH >4.6) high-moisture (>0.85 aw) products in hermetically sealed containers to a minimum of 121°C by injecting steam into a pressure vessel, with the goal of eliminating all vegetative pathogens and spoilage microorganisms as well as spores of
Freeze-dried pet foods and treats have gained popularity in the past decade as the market demand for products with high bioavailability and less thermal processing has increased. Freeze-drying is considered a relatively gentle dehydration process due to the absence of heat and the slow rate of water removal using lyophilization, the phase transition of ice directly into vapor without passing through the liquid phase. This is achieved by first freezing the food preparation, applying a high vacuum to a sealed vessel to reduce the pressure, allowing the ice to sublimate from the product and collect on a condensing unit for removal from the system. Opposite to most pet food manufacturing technologies that aim to destroy viable microbes, freeze-drying is widely used as a preferred method for preservation of bacterial cultures. Cellular water can be removed to reversibly inactivate microorganisms to facilitate their storage. This makes freeze-dried pet food applications a good candidate for the application of direct-fed microbials.
Since the product is dehydrated without the use of heat, freeze-drying is not considered a cooking process. However, the ingredients used in freeze-dried pet food formulations can be pre-cooked or raw depending on the product’s design. Many probiotic preparations that are used in pet foods are initially preserved by freeze-drying with the aid of a protective medium that helps prevent damage of cellular membranes and proteins as water is removed from the core of the cells. This prolongs the shelf-life of the probiotic cultures and allows for their downstream incorporation into many shelf-stable food applications. When blended into a food matrix, previously dehydrated probiotics have an advantage over vegetative bacteria when subjected to freeze-drying since their cellular water content is already low. The bulk of the water removal from the food matrix is from water surrounding the cells, rather than water within the bacterial core. For vegetative cells, the primary mechanism of cell injury is disruption of the cell membrane structure during intracellular ice formation [88]. A lower survival rate of Gram-negative bacteria relative to Gram-positive strains has also been reported, and this is thought to be due to the thinner peptidoglycan layer and the presence of lipopolysaccharides within the cell wall of Gram-negative species [89]. However, the damaging effects of freeze-drying on live cells is not significant enough to mitigate the risk of food-borne pathogens. Therefore, many freeze-dried pet foods and treats, particularly those containing raw ingredients, may undergo additional processing such as irradiation or high-pressure processing independent of the freeze-drying cycle for food safety. Adjunct processing for pathogen control can present additional challenges to probiotic viability but is not covered within the scope of this chapter.
Baking encompasses a wide range of products and processes including bread, snacks, cakes, tortillas, pastries, pies, pet treats, pet foods, and more. Baked products are traditionally composed of cereal flours, but meat-based formulations are also common in the pet food industry. Baking for food preservation is regarded as one of the oldest cooking methods documented in human civilization and was in fact the first process used to commercialize the first dog biscuits in 1860.
At a basic level, the baking process consists of combining ingredients to form a dough, forming the product into the desired shape, cooking the raw dough using dry heat in an oven, and cooling the baked product at ambient temperatures before packaging. The types of ovens in industrial-scale settings are gas-fired, oil-fired, and electric, fitted with a single or multi-pass conveyance system that transports the dough on a wire mesh belt. The transport of heat to the surface of the dough occurs through conduction, convection, and radiation, allowing for the evaporation of water from the surface of the product followed by a formation of crust layer. Standard baking times for bakery products range between 2 and 30 minutes, dependent on the oven design, starting moisture content, dough density, temperature, and desired finished product characteristics (color, size, appearance, and texture). Baking is generally a lower throughput process relative to extrusion and canning-retort, however it offers advantages such as the development of desirable colors and flavors that result from Maillard reaction product formation.
The primary stressor live microorganisms encounter during baking is heat. The duration and high temperature of typical baking are usually sufficient to inactivate
To circumvent thermal stress, entrapment of probiotic cells in edible films or coatings on the surface of baked products is a promising approach. Using film-forming solutions based on sodium alginate, whey protein concentrates to suspend probiotics in a gel that can be applied as a topical coating to baked goods. Functional starch-based coatings have been successfully implemented using microencapsulated
Probiotics are one of a growing number of functional ingredients that contribute to the advancement of companion animal health and wellness, but delivering viable microorganisms in commercially processed food products presents many challenges to ensure the viability and efficacy they are marketed for. Pet food manufacturing processes are designed to improve food safety and prolong shelf-life, which is counterproductive to the survival of direct-fed microbials. Thus, making the selection of appropriate strains critical for their intended application. Among the most important characteristics to consider when selecting of probiotic strains used in commercial pet food applications are the strain physiological attributes (especially thermal resistance, oxygen tolerance, acid and bile resistance), stabilization method (such as sporulation, freeze-drying, or encapsulation), processing conditions (including time, temperature, pressure, moisture, water activity, pH), application method, and packaging and storage conditions. Verification of probiotic viability should be performed when working with novel probiotic strains, and when any modifications are made to processing conditions, product formulations, or packaging designs.
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
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\n\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\n\nAt this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\n\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\n\nYour manuscript will be sent to Straive, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\n\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\n\nAdditionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\n\n6. INVOICE PAYMENT
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\n\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
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\n\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
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Now, it is possible to produce parts that previously were either very difficult to produce using the subtracting technology and joining technology, or it was not at all feasible. In the manufacture of parts of complex shape, it is necessary to use a supporting structure, which is necessary to place such a way that they can be easily removed. Additionally, they must necessarily be absent in certain places. In this regard, the preparation model can take significant time to satisfy all of these, often conflicting, requirements. In this paper, we show optimization examples of the model preparation with support structures for parts manufactured at the facility EOSINT M270 and used in medicine and engineering. Additional emphasis is on the fact that, during the manufacture of parts, solidification’s modes of massive parts differ from those of the thin-walled portions of parts. The results of the complex studies on the different stainless steels (including martensitic) are described with an emphasis on their structure and mechanical properties. The results of a honeycomb energy absorbers, which are quite seldom produced by the additive technologies, are presented in this chapter.",book:{id:"6306",slug:"additive-manufacturing-of-high-performance-metals-and-alloys-modeling-and-optimization",title:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys",fullTitle:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys - Modeling and Optimization"},signatures:"Pavel Kuznetcov, Anton Zhukov, Artem Deev, Vitaliy Bobyr and\nMikhail Staritcyn",authors:[{id:"223064",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",middleName:null,surname:"Kuznetsov",slug:"pavel-kuznetsov",fullName:"Pavel Kuznetsov"},{id:"227212",title:"Mr.",name:"Artem",middleName:null,surname:"Deev",slug:"artem-deev",fullName:"Artem Deev"},{id:"227213",title:"Mr.",name:"Vitaliy",middleName:null,surname:"Bobyr",slug:"vitaliy-bobyr",fullName:"Vitaliy Bobyr"},{id:"227215",title:"Mr.",name:"Anton",middleName:null,surname:"Zhukov",slug:"anton-zhukov",fullName:"Anton Zhukov"},{id:"227216",title:"Mr.",name:"Mikhail",middleName:null,surname:"Staritcyn",slug:"mikhail-staritcyn",fullName:"Mikhail Staritcyn"}]},{id:"59742",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74331",title:"Advanced Technologies in Manufacturing 3D-Layered Structures for Defense and Aerospace",slug:"advanced-technologies-in-manufacturing-3d-layered-structures-for-defense-and-aerospace",totalDownloads:1824,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"In the past 20 years, a great progress has been made in additive manufacturing techniques, which has led to numerous applications in aeronautical and defense structures. Though not all advanced materials and alloys, can be automatically layered by a rapid prototyping system or machine, several interesting application have seen the light of publicity in many sectors. Efforts are underway to apply the automated layering technologies in as many materials as possible, mostly nowadays plastics, reinforced-polymers, and metals can be processed by such systems in order to produce three-dimensional parts. The work is underway internationally in order to promote more and more applications of additive manufacturing or automated layering and to lower the costs in such systems. This paper aims at presenting a review of the additive manufacturing history presenting the major steps that lead to the explosion of this technology, and with a special focus on advanced 3D structures in aerospace and defense applications. An insight is also given on the four dimensions of manufacturing concept.",book:{id:"5759",slug:"lamination-theory-and-application",title:"Lamination",fullTitle:"Lamination - Theory and Application"},signatures:"Dionysios E. Mouzakis",authors:[{id:"107011",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Dionysios",middleName:"E.",surname:"Mouzakis",slug:"dionysios-mouzakis",fullName:"Dionysios Mouzakis"}]},{id:"61242",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76860",title:"Theory and Technology of Direct Laser Deposition",slug:"theory-and-technology-of-direct-laser-deposition",totalDownloads:1281,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Presently the additive technologies in manufacturing are widely developed in all industrialized countries. Replacing the traditional technology of casting and machining with additive technologies, one can significantly reduce material consumption and labor costs. They also allow obtaining products with desired properties. The most promising for manufacturing large-sized products is the additive technology of high-speed direct laser deposition. Using this technology allows to create complex parts and construction to one technological operation without using addition equipment and tools. This technology allows decreasing of consumption of raw materials and decrease amount of waste. Equipment for realization of DLD technology is universal and based on module design principle. DLD is based on layer-by-layer deposition and melting of powder by laser beam from using a sliced 3D computer-aided design (CAD) file. The materials used are powders based on Fe, Ni, and Ti. This chapter presents the results of machine design and research HS DLD technology from various materials.",book:{id:"6306",slug:"additive-manufacturing-of-high-performance-metals-and-alloys-modeling-and-optimization",title:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys",fullTitle:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys - Modeling and Optimization"},signatures:"Gleb Turichin and Olga Klimova-Korsmik",authors:[{id:"212068",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Klimova-Korsmik",slug:"klimova-korsmik",fullName:"Klimova-Korsmik"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"80125",title:"Perspective Chapter: Additive Manufactured Zirconia-Based Bio-Ceramics for Biomedical Applications",slug:"perspective-chapter-additive-manufactured-zirconia-based-bio-ceramics-for-biomedical-applications",totalDownloads:185,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Zirconia was established as one of the chief vital ceramic materials for its superior mechanical permanency and biocompatibility, which make it a popular material for dental and orthopedic applications. This has inspired biomedical engineers to exploit zirconia-based bioceramics for dental restorations and repair of load-bearing bone defects caused by cancer, arthritis, and trauma. Additive manufacturing (AM) is being promoted as a possible technique for mimicking the complex architecture of human tissues, and advancements reported in the recent past make it a suitable choice for clinical applications. AM is a bottom-up approach that can offer a high resolution to 3D printed zirconia-based bioceramics for implants, prostheses, and scaffold manufacturing. Substantial research has been initiated worldwide on a large scale for reformatting and optimizing zirconia bioceramics for biomedical applications to maximize the clinical potential of AM. This book chapter provides a comprehensive summary of zirconia-based bioceramics using AM techniques for biomedical applications and highlights the challenges related to AM of zirconia.",book:{id:"10974",slug:"advanced-additive-manufacturing",title:"Advanced Additive Manufacturing",fullTitle:"Advanced Additive Manufacturing"},signatures:"Sakthiabirami Kumaresan, Soundharrajan Vaiyapuri, Jin-Ho Kang, Nileshkumar Dubey, Geetha Manivasagam, Kwi-Dug Yun and Sang-Won Park",authors:[{id:"246235",title:"Prof.",name:"Geetha",middleName:null,surname:"Manivasagam",slug:"geetha-manivasagam",fullName:"Geetha Manivasagam"},{id:"426610",title:"Prof.",name:"Park",middleName:null,surname:"Sangwon",slug:"park-sangwon",fullName:"Park Sangwon"},{id:"429162",title:"Dr.",name:"Sakthiabirami",middleName:null,surname:"Kumaresan",slug:"sakthiabirami-kumaresan",fullName:"Sakthiabirami Kumaresan"},{id:"442019",title:"Dr.",name:"Soundharrajan",middleName:null,surname:"Vaiyapuri",slug:"soundharrajan-vaiyapuri",fullName:"Soundharrajan Vaiyapuri"},{id:"442021",title:"Dr.",name:"Jin-Ho",middleName:null,surname:"Kang",slug:"jin-ho-kang",fullName:"Jin-Ho Kang"},{id:"442023",title:"Prof.",name:"Nileshkumar",middleName:null,surname:"Dubey",slug:"nileshkumar-dubey",fullName:"Nileshkumar Dubey"},{id:"442024",title:"Prof.",name:"Kwi-Dug",middleName:null,surname:"Yun",slug:"kwi-dug-yun",fullName:"Kwi-Dug Yun"}]},{id:"60707",title:"Processing Parameters for Selective Laser Sintering or Melting of Oxide Ceramics",slug:"processing-parameters-for-selective-laser-sintering-or-melting-of-oxide-ceramics",totalDownloads:2078,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"In this chapter, we present a detailed introduction to the factors which influence laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) on oxide ceramics. These factors can be in general divided in three main categories: laser-related factors (wavelength, power, scanning speed, hatch distance, scan pattern, beam diameter, etc.), powder- and material-related factors (flowability, size distribution, shape, powder deposition, thickness of deposited layers, etc.), and other factors (pre- or post-processing, inert gas atmosphere, etc.). The process parameters directly affect the amount of energy delivered to the surface of the thin layer and the energy density absorbed by the powders; therefore, decide the physical and mechanical properties of the built parts, such as relative density, porosity, surface roughness, dimensional accuracy, strength, etc. The parameter-property relation is hence reviewed for the most studied oxide ceramic materials, including families from alumina, silica, and some ceramic mixtures. Among those parameters, reducing temperature gradient which decreases the thermal stresses is one of the key factors to improve the ceramic quality. Although realizing crack-free ceramics combined with a smooth surface is still a major challenge, through optimizing the parameters, it is possible for LPBF processed ceramic parts to achieve properties close to those of conventionally produced ceramics.",book:{id:"6306",slug:"additive-manufacturing-of-high-performance-metals-and-alloys-modeling-and-optimization",title:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys",fullTitle:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys - Modeling and Optimization"},signatures:"Haidong Zhang and Saniya LeBlanc",authors:[{id:"213235",title:"Prof.",name:"Saniya",middleName:null,surname:"LeBlanc",slug:"saniya-leblanc",fullName:"Saniya LeBlanc"},{id:"213239",title:"Dr.",name:"Haidong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"haidong-zhang",fullName:"Haidong Zhang"}]},{id:"56537",title:"Multiscale Hierarchical Structure and Laminated Strengthening and Toughening Mechanisms",slug:"multiscale-hierarchical-structure-and-laminated-strengthening-and-toughening-mechanisms",totalDownloads:1499,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Metal matrix composites with multiscale hierarchical structure and laminated structure have been developed to provide a novel route to achieve high strength, toughness and ductility. In this chapter, a lot of scientific research has been carried out in the preparation, processing, properties and application of metal matrix composite. Many toughening mechanisms and fracture behavior of composites with multiscale hierarchical structure and laminated structure are overviewed. It is revealed that elastic property and yield strength of laminated composites follow the “rule of average.” However, the estimation of fracture elongation and fracture toughness is complex, which is inconsistent with the “rule of average.” The fracture elongation of laminated composites is related to the layer thickness size, interface, gradient structure, strain hardening exponent, strain rate parameter and tunnel crack, which are accompanied with crack deflection, crack blunting, crack bridging, stress redistribution, local stress deformation, interfacial delamination crack and so on. The concept of laminated composites can be extended by applying different combination of individual layer, and provides theoretical as well as experimental fundamentals on strengthening and toughening of metal matrix composites.",book:{id:"5759",slug:"lamination-theory-and-application",title:"Lamination",fullTitle:"Lamination - Theory and Application"},signatures:"Baoxi Liu, Lujun Huang, Lin Geng and Fuxing Yin",authors:[{id:"140305",title:"Dr.",name:"Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Geng",slug:"lin-geng",fullName:"Lin Geng"},{id:"197727",title:"Dr.",name:"Baoxi",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"baoxi-liu",fullName:"Baoxi Liu"},{id:"197732",title:"Prof.",name:"Lujun",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"lujun-huang",fullName:"Lujun Huang"},{id:"207654",title:"Prof.",name:"Fuxing",middleName:null,surname:"Yin",slug:"fuxing-yin",fullName:"Fuxing Yin"}]},{id:"56424",title:"Bending of Laminated Composite Plates in Layerwise Theory",slug:"bending-of-laminated-composite-plates-in-layerwise-theory",totalDownloads:1435,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Determination of stress‐strain state in contemporary laminated composite plates containing layers with continuous unidirectional fibers requires the application of refined plate theories, which include layerwise theory. In contrast to homogeneous isotropic plates, heterogeneity of the anisotropic structure of laminated composite plates often leads to the appearance of imperfections in the connection between the layers. Mathematical models, which are formed on the assumption that the plate is homogeneous and isotropic, cannot properly include irregularities that can occur at the level of the layer in the process of manufacture, transportation, installation, or exploitation. Mathematical models of layerwise theory allow defining a more realistic stress‐strain state through the thickness of the plate, where consideration is carried out at the level of the layer. Additionally, this model makes possible to include delaminations that might occur on the connection between the individual layers. In this chapter, Reddy's layerwise theory is applied in order to determine equations for the problem of bending of laminated composite plates. The bending equations are solved by applying analytical method by means of double trigonometric series, as well as by using numerical methods based on the finite elements. This chapter presents examples for both applied approaches.",book:{id:"5759",slug:"lamination-theory-and-application",title:"Lamination",fullTitle:"Lamination - Theory and Application"},signatures:"Marina Rakočević",authors:[{id:"205043",title:"Prof.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Rakocevic",slug:"marina-rakocevic",fullName:"Marina Rakocevic"}]},{id:"59742",title:"Advanced Technologies in Manufacturing 3D-Layered Structures for Defense and Aerospace",slug:"advanced-technologies-in-manufacturing-3d-layered-structures-for-defense-and-aerospace",totalDownloads:1823,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"In the past 20 years, a great progress has been made in additive manufacturing techniques, which has led to numerous applications in aeronautical and defense structures. Though not all advanced materials and alloys, can be automatically layered by a rapid prototyping system or machine, several interesting application have seen the light of publicity in many sectors. Efforts are underway to apply the automated layering technologies in as many materials as possible, mostly nowadays plastics, reinforced-polymers, and metals can be processed by such systems in order to produce three-dimensional parts. The work is underway internationally in order to promote more and more applications of additive manufacturing or automated layering and to lower the costs in such systems. This paper aims at presenting a review of the additive manufacturing history presenting the major steps that lead to the explosion of this technology, and with a special focus on advanced 3D structures in aerospace and defense applications. An insight is also given on the four dimensions of manufacturing concept.",book:{id:"5759",slug:"lamination-theory-and-application",title:"Lamination",fullTitle:"Lamination - Theory and Application"},signatures:"Dionysios E. Mouzakis",authors:[{id:"107011",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Dionysios",middleName:"E.",surname:"Mouzakis",slug:"dionysios-mouzakis",fullName:"Dionysios Mouzakis"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1370",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82145",title:"Slope Casting Process: A Review",slug:"slope-casting-process-a-review",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102742",abstract:"Semi solid processing is a near net shape casting process and one of the promising techniques to obtain dendritic free structure of metals. Semi solid casting gives numerous advantages than solid processing and liquid processing. Semi solid casting process gives, Laminar flow filling of die without turbulence, Lower metal temperature, Less shrinkage, Less porosity, Higher mechanical properties. Semi solid casting process is industrially successful, producing a variety of products with good quality. Slope Casting process is a simple technique to produce semi solid feed-stoke with globular microstructure and dendrite free structure castings. Slope casting process depends on different process parameters like slope length, slope angle, pouring temperature etc. The present study mainly focuses on review of various explorations made by researchers with different process parameters of the Slope casting process and explain the mechanisms that lead to microstructural changes which leads to good mechanical properties.",book:{id:"11119",title:"Casting Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11119.jpg"},signatures:"Mukkollu Sambasiva Rao and Amitesh Kumar"},{id:"80755",title:"Novel Physical Modelling under Multiple Dimensionless Numbers Similitudes for Precise Representation of Molten Metal Flow",slug:"novel-physical-modelling-under-multiple-dimensionless-numbers-similitudes-for-precise-representation",totalDownloads:31,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102655",abstract:"Physical model experiments, together with numerical model calculations, are essential for scientific investigations such as molten metal flow in casting processes. Considering the physical modelling of flow phenomena, a common method is used to construct a physical model with a reduced scale ratio and then, experiment is carried out under one or two dimensionless number(s) similitude(s). It is an ideal condition of the experiment to establish the simultaneous similitude of multiple dimensionless numbers (SMDN) concerned with the objective flow phenomena but was considered difficult or impossible to realize in practice. This chapter presents a breakthrough in this matter. A simple relationship between the physical properties of fluids and the scale ratio of the physical model is clearly expressed for the simultaneous similitude of the Froude, Reynolds, Weber, Galilei, capillary, Eötvös and Morton numbers. For establishing the physical modelling to represent molten Fe flow phenomena under the SMDN condition, the physical properties of some molten metals can be demonstrated to meet the required relationships. Furthermore, this novel concept is also applicable for other combinations of molten metals. Precise, safe, and easy physical model experiments will be conducted under the SMDN condition that exactly mimics industrial casting operations in higher-temperature systems.",book:{id:"11119",title:"Casting Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11119.jpg"},signatures:"Yuichi Tsukaguchi, Kodai Fujita, Hideki Murakami and Roderick I.L. Guthrie"},{id:"80615",title:"‘Vari-Morph’ (VM) Cast Iron with Several Forms of Graphite: Technology, Properties, Application",slug:"vari-morph-vm-cast-iron-with-several-forms-of-graphite-technology-properties-application",totalDownloads:56,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102045",abstract:"Cast iron with mixed-shape graphite and controlled fractions of individual shapes, known as VM cast iron (‘Vari - Morph’), can become material for castings with special requirements. The name of the cast iron ‘Vari Morph’ (VM) was first proposed by the authors in 2018 at the World Congress of Foundries in Krakow. VM cast iron displays physical and mechanical properties, which cannot be achieved with homogeneously shaped graphite. Cast iron with (L – flake) + (V – vermicular) graphite is characterised by good thermal conductivity and better A5 (elongation) and Rm (tensile strength) (than grey cast iron. What is of particular interest is cast iron with a mixed form: (S – spheroidal) + (V – vermicular). Currently, research is being carried out to achieve cast iron with a high-quality index (QI) defined as Rm/HB. This paper presents the results of research of physical (thermal conductivity), mechanical (Rm and A5) and functional properties (thermal fatigue) of VM cast iron. The ultrasound technique was applied for assessing the graphite compactness degree (ξ): ultrasonic wave speed CL = f(ξ), damping factor α = f(ξ). The article also presents the correlations between the above-mentioned parameters, as well as describes the technology used to produce VM cast iron and possible areas of application of the material.",book:{id:"11119",title:"Casting Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11119.jpg"},signatures:"Jerzy Zych, Marcin Myszka and Janusz Postuła"},{id:"80068",title:"Methods to Determine, Influence and Improve the Flowability of Sand Mixtures",slug:"methods-to-determine-influence-and-improve-the-flowability-of-sand-mixtures",totalDownloads:143,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102017",abstract:"Due to increasing environmental awareness, more and more foundries started to replace the organic binders with an environment-friendly binder system based on inorganics. However, inorganic binder systems can only replace the conventional organic binders if all requirements, set by the foundry industry are being fulfilled. One of these is the production of high-quality cores, indicative of good compaction, no surface defects, and high surface smoothness. Such types of cores can only be manufactured when the sand mixture shows sufficient flowability. This chapter presents a study on the flowability of various types of sand mixtures all including inorganic binder systems finally to be used for the production of sand cores for the foundry industry. Results have shown that the flowability of sand mixtures can be modified and improved by (1) the addition of small amounts of surface-active agents and/or (2) well-chosen additives characterized by micro-sized spherical particles. The addition of only a few amounts of surface-active agents resulted in a significant improvement of flowability and thus of core quality. Similar results were achieved with the use of small concentrations of spherical micro-sized particles.",book:{id:"11119",title:"Casting Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11119.jpg"},signatures:"Vincent Haanappel"},{id:"78852",title:"Casting Techniques: An Alternative for Producing Parts with Recycled Al in the Gravity Die Casting Process",slug:"casting-techniques-an-alternative-for-producing-parts-with-recycled-al-in-the-gravity-die-casting-pr",totalDownloads:104,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99983",abstract:"This work applied the grain refinement technique by heterogeneous nucleation and precipitation hardening to investigate the effect of size and morphology of β-Fe particles on Al-Si alloys\\' mechanical behavior Fe-critical, inoculated via Nb+B and heat-treated. The samples for the microstructural analyses were produced according to the standard mold, Test Procedure-1 (TP-1) and, analyzed by optical microscope with polarised light and filter plate and differential interference contrast (DIC) and by X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (XRD SEM) with EDS detector analyzer. The specimens for the mechanical tests were cast in a metal mold according to ASTM B108. The combined effect of manipulating the studied alloy Al10Si1Fe0.35Mg resulted in reduced and spheroidized β-Fe precipitates with improved mechanical properties in the material. Properties are similar to those achieved by commercially used alloys with engineering applications in structural and safety parts.",book:{id:"11119",title:"Casting Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11119.jpg"},signatures:"Narducci Carlos Jr."}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:5},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/22.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"356540",title:"Prof.",name:"Taufiq",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhry",slug:"taufiq-choudhry",fullName:"Taufiq Choudhry",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000036X2hvQAC/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:58:03.jpg",biography:"Prof. Choudhry holds a BSc degree in Economics from the University of Iowa, as well as a Masters and Ph.D. in Applied Economics from Clemson University, USA. In January 2006, he became a Professor of Finance at the University of Southampton Business School. He was previously a Professor of Finance at the University of Bradford Management School. He has over 80 articles published in international finance and economics journals. 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He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"2",type:"subseries",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",keywords:"Osseointegration, Hard Tissue, Peri-implant Soft Tissue, Restorative Materials, Prosthesis Design, Prosthesis, Patient Satisfaction, Rehabilitation",scope:"