Intangible pricing influences.
Abstract
The process of valuation of intangible influences was surveyed in China, Hong Kong, the USA, Canada, Japan, Germany, the UK, Poland, Russia, and Western Europe. Situation in mentioned locations is similar; valuation of intangible influences has not been determined by a concrete list of items and there has not been established, concrete clear process.~ This chapter proposes a method of valuation of goodwill (GW)-special effects that will impact assets’ prices. It deals with proposed procedures for valuation of intangible assets and definitions of such property. Special effects are in particular name, historical value, design, quality of layout, security aspects, accessibility, conflict groups of inhabitants in or near the property, location, provenience, and other. The value of goodwill can be calculated as the difference between the market value and the material value. Part of the methodology is a general proposal for a method how to divide the assets into tangible and intangible part and author’s software VALUE-RATUS 2015.
Keywords
- market value
- goodwill
- bad will
- price of real estate
- tangible assets
- intangible assets
- coefficient of marketability
1. Introduction
Valuation of intangible assets includes certain specifics compared to cost assets. The specifics should be considered in the methodology and in final price. There exists a basic consensus in the way of tangible assets evaluation, in the case of intangible assets there is not. The aim is to introduce the scientific public with a different view on the essence of valuation. In scientific literature focused on real estate valuation there nearly does not exist a phrase intangible assets and real estate. Many appraisers consider buildings that are fixed with a land as a purely tangible thing. So it is not. Regarding the price, a property consists of intangible parts that have significant impact on valuation and this perspective is emphasized in this chapter.
Goodwill (GW) is an economic term denoting the difference between the market value of the company and substance price, less any liabilities. Indicates a value, intangible assets such as customer relationships, reputation, reflects market position, quality, and especially tradition. Goodwill can distinguish two ways: on the goodwill of the original and secondary. Initial goodwill is to create their own company's business activities, but not in the accounts of a company recognized because it is not reliably measurable. Secondary acquires goodwill on the acquisition of another company. Badwill (BW) is negative goodwill.
2. Overview of a current state of knowledge
Division of assets into tangible and intangible part has not been solved in the available literature and methodologies woxrldwide. Experts have no definite foothold for valuation. This division is very important and necessary for valuation of property as a whole; it brings a clearer overview of a quality and inner essence of a corporate assets, tangible subjects, and real estate. For example, it can represent an important measurement for investment decisions of investors. If the real estate as whole represents badwill , then it would be preferable to allocate capital to a location and environment with goodwill.
Usually, value of goodwill is determined by estimation with using complementary methods, there has not been reached a general consensus not in real concept goodwill meaning neither in its calculation. None of the definitions is fully accepted in general catholicity. For practical valuation, it is necessary to define the way of valuation of special influences–goodwill and badwill clearly.
In an international environment aside the Czech Republic, a survey focused on definitions and valuation of intangible assets was realized. In Germany, the final list of special intangible influences depends on an expert, who defines and evaluates them. In Great Britain so-called Red Book (RICS) is the basic document for valuation, the process is similar. The process of valuation of intangible influences was also surveyed in Poland, Russia, Hong Kong, the USA, Canada, Japan, China, and Western Europe.
Seabrooke W., Kent P., Hwee Hong How H. International Real Estate an Institutional Approach. UK, USA, Australia: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2004, pp. 130–361. Decree No. 492/2004 Coll. of the Ministry of Justice of the Slovak Republic on the Determination of General Value of Real Estate. International Valuation Standards Committee: International Valuation Standards, 7. edition 2005, IVSC, London 2005, Change Proposal June 2010, Decree no. 1, no. 4, no. 6. EVS–European Valuation Standards, 5. edition 2003.
1. | Location favorableness in the locality compared to the average of the locality | From −10% to +10% |
2. | Real estate name, prestigiousness, dominance | From −10% to +10% |
3. | Historical value, cost of preservation of monuments | From −10% to +10% |
4. | Architectonic rendering, the quality of disposition, view | From −10% to +10% |
5. | Safety, users’ privacy, conflict inhabitants in the surroundings | (From −70% to +10%) |
6. | Danger of floods, landslides, damage from transport, bad smells, air pollution | From −10% to +10% |
7. | Dangerous disposition and harmful material, radon | From −10% to 0% |
8. | Transport accessibility with respect to the average standard in the surroundings | From −10% to +10% |
9. | Impact of terraced housing, a building inside a row or at its end | From −10% to 0% |
10. | Pricing perspective of real estate and other influences | From −70% to +10% |
A good-quality system for intangible influences valuation according to price regulation
Czech Act on Property Valuation No. 151/1997 Coll. with implementing decrees.
3. New findings and special influences valuation
The following procedure for valuation of goodwill and badwill types of assets of enterprises resulting from the mentioned model approaches appears as the most objective. Enterprise assets will be evaluated by a comparative, yield and cost method. The price will be adjusted in each used method according to an influence of special effects, which means good or bad reputation and according to other special effects which influence usual market price. Other evaluated intangible assets of an enterprise (except goodwill) are included in the price if they really exist. On the basis of these data, market price is appraised. Similarly, valuation of goodwill and badwill by using the comparative, yield and cost method shall be worked out for real estate. A price in each method will be adjusted by direct special influences, it means good reputation, bad reputation, and other similar influences and it will influence the market price level. On the basis of this background, market price will be appraised. The amount of goodwill (GW) or badwill (BW) is the difference market price (CO) and cost price (CC) as:
The market value CO is determined by multiplying the cost value CC (replacement cost less depreciation, or material value) by marketability coefficient (
it follows that
The marketability coefficient is defined as the ratio between the average actual sales values achieved and the average cost prices of a comparable type of things at the particular time and location.
In context with intangible part of property, the valuer’s approach is significant. An approach should be not only technical, but except experiences valuer should have also an expert feeling for fair and objective assessment of the matter of the circumstances, which have an impact on a property price. So, ethically right valuer processes are very important and it should be better integrated into the Czech law in the field of forensic experts. A judge is obliged by legal promise that he will decide conscientiously and fairly and since judge requires an expert opinion, an expert has to seek the market price which is fair and according to the best conscience.
Ownership of created movable or construction means a possibility of any manipulation in conformity to the laws. Even if the construction is defined as immovable we can move it to another land or a construction can be duplicated, certain depreciation exists here, lifespan is maximally hundreds or several thousand years. This property can be destroyed, concretely its material and also nonmaterial part. However, land as a part of the planet’s surface cannot be created, transferred, or destroyed. The main component of land price is represented by nonmaterial part of a land. The tangible part of a land price has minimal or zero price as it is more described in the following text.
Permanent vegetation is a part of the plot of land and has a material substance which can be determined by using a cost, yield, or comparative method especially in relation to economic benefit. Permanent vegetation also has an intangible component that is valuable as in the case of plots of land and buildings. It implies to special influences of actual demand and usability for the owner or potential buyer. An intangible component of permanent vegetation is represented by the landscape and aesthetic function, ensuring privacy and recreation, security, defense, windbreak function, protection against noise, odors, dust, pollutants, against inclement weather and climate, providing reinforcement of subsoil slope, and land. The following factors belong also to this group: erosion as influences, hydrological function, oxygen production, the possibility of the existence of fauna, flora, production of fragrances, cultural and historical features, for example, with protected trees, etc.
4. Methodology proposal for special influences valuation in the field of real estate
In the field of real estate, marketability coefficients (
A utility value is clearly defined in a German literature: the utility value of real estate consists of a quality and location parts. A quality part of real estate refers to a technical quality and to the architectural design and equipment. Location part respects a structure of build-up area, traffic availability, availability of connection to local infrastructure, influence of noise, industrial emissions, influence of historical development of a town and so-called very valuable addresses.
The utility value of real estate is therefore a critical item in relation to a price. According to Anglo-Saxon literature, a goodwill has to be considered as a documentary only if a long-term income in the context with goodwill can be expected. It is assumed that for this property, a buyer paid an extra charge, which is as an intangible asset supported by the utility value.
Horne Van J. Financial Management and Policy. New Jersey, USA: Englewood Cliffs, 1989, s. 647. Shetty A. a kol. Finance and Integrated Global Approach, USA: Austen Press, Homewood, 1995, s. 577, s. 600.
5. List of the groups of special influences
Marketability coefficient (
The percentage range is recommended and was determined by an expert estimation, according to a general specialized literature for valuation and also with regard to determined margins in previous regulations valid since 1977. A correction scale is proposed as 50% of the recommended range in the case of advantage or disadvantage due to special influence and at the same time, the scale is proposed as 100% of the recommended range due to significant advantage or significant disadvantage. The ranges were proposed as a price adjustment compared to the average standard of real estate in a given location. Based on the calculations of special influences in the case of real estate, it is clear that the rate must be applied sensitively with the principle of prudence, depending on actual market demand.
Only influences with reasonably justifiable impact on property price can be calculated. Rates of surcharges and reductions percentage for those hundred items of proposed special influences need to be considered both in terms of cost, and particularly in terms of the market value–the usual market price, thus impact on the marketability of a specific property in real time and place. Recommended rates and limits are valid jointly for the whole collection of structures, plots of land, and permanent vegetation. Final valuation of special influences will be realized by the sum of increases and reductions with conclusive justification.
6. Intangible assets ownership and valuation
6.1. Ownership
Who owns the permanent vegetation, buildings, or landscaping (even future) on the plot of land, usually owns the goodwill or badwill relating to this land.
Kulil, V. (2015).Goodwill and Valuation. Saarbrücken Germany: OmniScriptum GmbH & Co. KG. [monografie]
6.2. Yield value VH
For yield valuation assessment of goodwill (badwill) will be realized by a reasonable adjustment of the capitalization rate through adequate reduction or surcharges compared with an average standard of the real estate quality. An identical correction of the sum of the influences by the cost method is proposed as a standard level of capitalization, which is tied to the material component of the property, should be modified only by aspects of intangible assets, considering assets risk in the future. Capitalization rate (
6.3. Comparative value PH
In this case valuation will be realized as comparison toward standard etalon in relation to goodwill (badwill). A comparative value (
6.4. Market value CO
According to cost, yield, and comparative valuation mentioned in previous sections, there will be realized an appraisal of market value. The amount of price of special influences–goodwill and badwill–will be the difference between market value of property and cost price without
6.5. Coefficient of an intangible asset
From the concept of marketability coefficient
Coefficient of an intangible asset (
For real estate
For movables
For enterprises from the material value (
7. New methodology
The separate system of valuation tangible and intangible assets was worked out.
Kulil, V. (2014). Goodwill and Valuation Brno: Akademickénakladatelství CERM s.r.o. [monografie]
The author created a software NEMO-RATUS 2015¹³
Kulil V. (2015).
Real estates have only two parts of market price. It is cost-quantifiable tangible cost price, which is adjusted by intangible goodwill (GW) or badwill (BW), its price can only be appraised. The intangible and relative character of special influences results from their external character impact. The proposed methodology enables to divide each movable and immovable property into the tangible part (cost price) and the intangible part (GW, BW) with sufficiently estimated accuracy for practical use. Then also enterprise assets can be newly divided into tangible and intangible parts. Goodwill or badwill as a summary of specific intangible impacts on the market price is calculated as the difference between the market value of the property and its cost price. This rule applies generally to movable property, immovable property, and enterprises.
Plots of land price are represented by all rights related to human activities on a land including construction and construction rights. The plot of land is to full extend intangible asset only of the goodwill type. The land price is not determined randomly, but is a reflection (“shadow”) of values of specific structures located there or planned or it is a reflection of future use. Owner of the intangible part of the price of real estate is an investor, that plan and finance modifications of the property. It may not always be real estate owner. Goodwill or badwill caused by investments or investment plans in the area of valuated real estate passes automatically and free of charge to the ownership of the property owner.
8. Summary
The aim of the chapter was to work out a proposal for valuation of special influences that have an impact on real estate price . Controllable procedures for the valuation of intangible assets were proposed. A system of valuation with direct implementation in cost, yield and comparative methods from which we can estimate the market value was proposed. In the case of real estate special influences are defined mostly as good or bad name of locality real estate, historical value, design, quality of layout, safety aspects, transport accessibility, conflict inhabitants in the surroundings, influence of terraced house, other influences, and price perspective. Terms goodwill (GW) in the case of positive impact and badwill (BW) in the case of negative impact were defined for each surveyed special influence.
Additional sources
Czech Act on Property Valuation No. 151/1997 Coll. with implementing decrees.
ČSÚ Praha. (1993–2015). Statistickéúdaje. https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/domov.
EUROSTAT Brusel. (1998–2015). Statistickéúdaje EU. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat.
EVS–European Valuation Standards, 5th edition, 2003.
IVS–International Valuation Standards Committee: International Valuation Standards, 7th edition 2005, IVSC, London 2005, Change Proposal June 2010, Decree no. 1, no. 4, no. 6.
Notes
- Seabrooke W., Kent P., Hwee Hong How H. International Real Estate an Institutional Approach. UK, USA, Australia: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2004, pp. 130–361.
- Decree No. 492/2004 Coll. of the Ministry of Justice of the Slovak Republic on the Determination of General Value of Real Estate.
- International Valuation Standards Committee: International Valuation Standards, 7. edition 2005, IVSC, London 2005, Change Proposal June 2010, Decree no. 1, no. 4, no. 6.
- EVS–European Valuation Standards, 5. edition 2003.
- Czech Act on Property Valuation No. 151/1997 Coll. with implementing decrees.
- Horne Van J. Financial Management and Policy. New Jersey, USA: Englewood Cliffs, 1989, s. 647.
- Shetty A. a kol. Finance and Integrated Global Approach, USA: Austen Press, Homewood, 1995, s. 577, s. 600.
- Kulil, V. (2015).Goodwill and Valuation. Saarbrücken Germany: OmniScriptum GmbH & Co. KG. [monografie]
- Kulil, V. (2014). Goodwill and Valuation Brno: Akademickénakladatelství CERM s.r.o. [monografie]
- Kulil V. (2015). Software for goodwill valuation VALUE-RATUS. http://www.ekf.vsb.cz/k166/cs/.