\r\n\tThis book will intend to look at different migrant patterns, voluntary and involuntary migration, over the last three centuries. What influenced people to leave their home countries, family, and friends and settle somewhere else? The book may include histories of the 19th century, consider tragedies and movements activated by political events in the 20th century, and/or look at recent events of the 21st century. Push and pull factors are important points. While most of us may be influenced in a negative way by the current happenings in Eastern Europe, the Russian invasion and resulting tragedies also demonstrate some very positive human traits – the preparedness of Ukraine’s surrounding countries to help those in need and to provide a safe place for the present.
\r\n\tWhether one looks at voluntary or involuntary migration into any country, after a period of adjustment, migrants do play a positive role. The research found that migrants contribute to the economy (food, shelter, employment, tax) and enrich a country’s cultural norms. Prerequisites for successful settlements are that the host society adopts a tolerant approach and that the migrants recognize the law and the language of the host country. Nothing is ever easy or without controversy, but I am a migrant (German Australian), and life in Australia has been relatively harmonious. Issues that could be considered in the book are multicultural societies (do monocultural societies still exist?) and theories of acculturation versus integration (settlement processes).
\r\n\tTwo further issues are very important in relation to human migration. There is climate change, global warming, and the environment, which clearly affect people’s movement. Small island populations are very concerned about rising sea levels. 2021 has also seen floods costing human lives: Turkey (August 2021), Brazil (December 2021), Chile (January 2021), and South India (November 2021), to name but a few. In Australia (March 2022), farms and whole townships in New South Wales and Queensland have been flooded for the second time in five years, and plans to resettle these towns are considered. Official and social media provide ample coverage of the events, which leads me to the next issue. There is today’s very important role of the media, of the official and social media. We are constantly bombarded with images of human war tragedies and flood victims. People in industrialized, western countries must be the best-informed populace. How far do the images and up-to-date TV news influence us, make us change our behavior, and perhaps even consider us more generous than we have been?
\r\n\tClimate change and the media are relatively new to the human migration debate, but both issues play important parts, and some interesting discussions are appreciated.
\r\n\t
Following the well‐known Moore\'s Law, metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field‐effect transistor (MOSFET) has been the key semiconductor device platform for silicon (Si) microelectronics since the 1960s [1]. In the past few decades, with the significantly growing demand for display‐related information exchange, thin‐film transistor (TFT) technology for display backplanes has attracted more and more attention [2]. Similar to MOSFET in Si microelectronics, TFT is considered to be a key component for large‐area electronics (display included).
\nAccording to different semiconductor materials, TFTs can be mainly divided into amorphous Si (a‐Si) TFT [3], metal oxide TFT [4], low‐temperature poly‐silicon (LTPS) TFT [5] and organic TFT (OTFT) [6]. The liquid crystal display (LCD) has been dominated by a‐Si TFT since the 1980s [7]. Lately, metal oxide TFT and LTPS TFT have shown great potential for being used in driving organic light emitting diode (OLED) display [8, 9]. Meanwhile, OTFT is becoming another hot topic in both academy and industry due to its potential applications in low‐cost, large‐area flexible electronics [10].
\nCompared with strong covalent bonds in inorganic materials, the van der Waals bonds in organic molecules are much weaker, which brings high degree of intrinsic mechanical flexibility in OTFTs [10]. On the other hand, organic materials have the advantages of good molecule‐level design flexibility and bio‐degradability. More importantly, low cost and low temperature solution‐based processes can be used to fabricate OTFTs, such as spin‐coating, blade‐coating, slot‐die coating, spray coating, bar‐coating, ink‐jet printing, gravure printing, roll‐to‐roll printing, and so on. The printing processes make OTFTs very competitive due to the advantages of low energy consumption, high throughput, and good customization. Based on different application requirements, OTFTs can be manufactured on arbitrary substrates including flexible plastic, paper, and fabric over large area.
\nIn the past decades, apart from research activities on OTFTs in a variety of global universities, lots of companies including Plastic Logic, Polyera, SmartKem, NeuDrive, and ISORG have also been established for the commercialization of OTFTs. With the continuous development, the reported device performance of OTFTs has been far beyond that of a‐Si TFTs, and even close to metal oxide TFTs.
\nThe attractive features of superior intrinsic mechanical flexibility, low‐cost printable processes, and sustainable performance improvement for OTFTs make them suitable for being used in applications of ubiquitous sensors [11], digital/analog circuits [12], radio frequency identification (RFID) tags [13], smart memories [14], flexible display backplanes [15], and wearable devices [16].
\nOTFTs consist of five parts including substrate, gate (G) electrode, source and drain (S/D) electrodes, gate insulator (GI), and organic semiconductor (OSC). According to different gate electrode configurations (top‐gate and bottom‐gate) and S/D electrodes configurations to OSC (bottom‐contact for OSC on the S/D electrodes and top‐contact for OSC under S/D electrodes), there are four kinds of architectures for OTFTs as shown in Figure 1: (a) bottom‐gate bottom‐contact (BGBC) structure, (b) bottom‐gate top‐contact (BGTC) structure, (c) top‐gate bottom contact (TGBC) structure, and (d) top‐gate top‐contact (TGTC) structure. In terms of G configuration, bottom‐gate architecture has been widely used because gate electrode and GI are prepared before deposition of the organic solvent‐sensitive OSC, eliminating the possible degradation in OTFT performance. With the BG architecture, other additional processes applied onto G electrodes and OGI as well as for via holes fabrication can be employed without damage to the OSC [17]. The advantage of top‐gate architecture is the ease to pattern high‐resolution S/D electrodes and the GI naturally acts as a passivation layer for protecting the OSC underneath. However, the relatively rough upper surface of the OSC, especially for small molecular materials, usually causes degradation in carrier transporting and reduces the OTFT\'s mobility [18]. Moreover, in order not to damage the OSC when depositing GI, an orthogonal solvent for GI is usually required, which greatly restricts selections of GI materials. In terms of contact, top‐contact devices usually show superior performance than bottom‐contact counterparts for certain organic semiconductors, which results from reduced contact resistance between the S/D electrodes and OSC due to the increase in charge injection area [19]. Each of these architectures has particular advantages and disadvantages, either in performance or in fabrication. Therefore, the proper structure should be carefully considered, which depends mainly on the actual situation and application.
\nSchematic diagram of the four typical OTFT device structures: (a) bottom‐gate bottom‐contact, (b) bottom‐gate top‐contact, (c) top‐gate bottom‐contact, and (d) top‐gate top‐contact.
As an active voltage‐controlled current source, the conductivity of the channel in the semiconductor can be modulated by controlling the carrier density in the channel through electric field for a typical field‐effect transistor (FET). The representative FETs were metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field‐effect transistors (MOSFETs), where channel conductivity is dependent on the formation of inverse channel. Unlike MOSFETs, semiconductor in OTFTs is a sort of intrinsic semiconductor without doping, so OTFTs operate in enhancement mode rather than inverse mode. Take p‐type BGBC OTFTs as an example, OTFTs can be seen as parallel‐plate capacitor. One side of the parallel‐plate capacitor is the G electrode and the other side is the semiconductor channel between the S/D electrodes. The density of carriers in the channel is modulated by the voltage of the G electrode (
(a) Energy‐level diagram of the p‐type OTFT with a negative
When |
For |
For |
where
OSC materials can be classified into small molecular and polymer OSC materials based on the chemical structures of molecules, while they are also divided into p‐type and n‐type OSC materials according to the type of charge carriers. Some representative solution‐processable OSC materials commonly used are as follows: 1. p‐type small molecular, such as TIPS‐pentacene, diF‐TES‐ADT, and C8‐BTBT; 2: p‐type polymer, such as poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT), indacenodithiophene‐co‐benzothiadiazole (IDTBT), PCDTPT, and poly(2,5‐bis(3‐alkylthiophen‐2‐yl)thieno[3,2‐b]thiophenes) (PBTTT); 3: n‐type small molecular, such as C60, NDI3HU‐DTYM2, and 6,13‐bis((triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl)‐5,7,12,14‐tetraazapentacene (TIPS‐TAP); and 4: n‐type polymer OSC materials, such as P(NDI2OD‐T2), NDI‐Ph, and NDI‐DTYA2.
\nDielectric plays an important role in the operation of OTFTs, which is often used for carrier accumulation at the semiconductor/dielectric interface and prevention of the leakage current. The materials available for the GI can be divided into two kinds: organic polymer dielectrics and inorganic dielectrics. The most commonly used organic polymer dielectrics reported in literature are poly (4‐vinylphenol) (PVP), polystyrene (PS), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), poly(vinyl cinnamate) (PVC), poly(vinylidenefluoride‐co‐trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF‐TrFE‐CFE)), and CYTOP. Besides, the traditional vacuum or solution‐processed inorganic materials can also be used as the GI for OTFTs, such as SiO2, Al2O3, Si3N4, HfO2, TiO2, and so on.
\nCommon conductive metals (such as Au, Ag, Cu, and Al) and polymer (such as PEDOT:PSS) can be used for gate (G) electrode in OTFT. Different from G electrode, source/drain (S/D) electrodes, which contact directly with the OSC and are in charge of carrier injection and collection, have great impacts on the OTFTs’ performance. In order to reduce contact resistance with the OSC, the work function of S/D electrodes should match with the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) for p‐type OSC or lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) for n‐type OSC. Hence, the S/D electrodes usually choose high work function Au electrode or self‐assembled monolayer modified Ag or Cu electrodes. In addition, two‐dimension materials such as graphene are also demonstrated as the S/D electrodes of OTFTs.
\nOTFTs can be fabricated with vacuum deposition process, such as sputter, thermal evaporation, chemical vapor deposition, plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition. However, compared with vacuum processes, low‐cost solution processes could effectively decrease the fabrication cost of OTFTs. The common solution processes for OTFTs fabrication are drop‐casting and spin‐coating methods, which are usually used in the laboratory for OSC deposition for their simple processes [20]. A scalable process method called spray‐coating is also developed and mostly applied to many kinds of materials for GI and OSC. With the advantage of direct patterning and drop‐on‐demand, ink‐jet printing has gained a lot of attention in fabrication OSC [21] and electrodes [22]. The dip‐coating method is very suitable for OSC formation with well‐controlled crystallization direction [23]. Some traditional coating methods such as blade‐coating and slot‐die coating have also been applied into OTFTs’ OSC [24]and GI [25] fabrication. Recently, a “solution shearing” method was proposed by Bao\'s group in Stanford University [26]. In addition, many other large‐area printing/coating methods such as gravure printing [27], roll‐to‐roll printing [28], bar coating [29], and brush coating [30] are also being used for OTFTs’ fabrication.
\nDespite its low‐cost and simpleness, printing electrodes for OTFT suffer from several technical issues. Integration of printed electrodes in a multi‐layered OTFT structure for circuits would be challenging, since poor interfacial contacts and/or intermixing of the printed electrodes with the semiconductor or dielectric layer during the successive layer deposition processes would adversely affect the device performance. Nevertheless, good control of the cross‐sectional profile of the printed electrodes and their geometry shapes is also required.
\nNormally, the request for high uniformity of overlaying layers and the desire to achieve reliable operation in a multi‐layer OTFT lead to uniform profile in the cross‐section for lower printed electrodes. Otherwise, the fluctuation of lower electrodes’ thickness will interfere with the flatness and uniformity associated with overlaying functional layers, resulting in poor yield over large area. Moreover, the fully printed OTFT devices may also suffer breaking down issue arising from the potential leakage due to relatively higher potential for electrical shorts at the abnormal peak point located on the lower electrodes [31]. As such, the issue of “coffee‐ring effect” has received considerable critical attention especially when fabricating OTFTs by utilizing inkjet‐printed electrodes. Besides the cross‐sectional profile, the parallel source/drain electrode pairs need to be of smooth edges in order to ensure a uniform channel length along the whole channel [32].
\nOn the other hand, to meet the intended requirements of high operation frequency (
Gravure printing is an intaglio printing process with a cylinder, which is engraved with wells. When the cylinder rolls over a passing substrate, the ink is carried from the fountain to the substrate, and the excess is wiped using a doctor blade, leaving the ink pattern on the substrate. Recently gravure printing has received great attention to fabricate printable OTFTs due to advantages such as low cost, high throughput, and high speed [39]. Optimization of the printing parameters has been systematically studied to help well understand the process [40–42] At the same time, the optimization of ink formulations for metal ink, dielectric, and semiconductor was conducted [43], enabling clearer understanding of the gravure process . However, to achieve the high performance OTFT devices, the long channel length (∼50 to 100 μm) is a persistent limitation due to the different materials’ properties and higher quality requirements [44]. Using a combination of rotogravure and ink‐jet printing, Vornbrock et al. fabricated highly scaled gravure‐printed OTFTs with channel lengths below 20 μm on plastic substrates, offering the highest switching speeds among fully‐printed transistors [45]. Kang et al. [27] further developed a novel large‐area femtoliter‐scale microgravure printing process for high‐speed (MHz) printing pBTTT semiconductor and demonstrated highly scaled (10 μm channel length) bottom‐gate OTFTs on flexible plastic substrates. Voigt et al. [46] reported the fabrication of polymer OTFTs by nearly‐all gravure printing process on plastic substrates with pre‐patterned indium tin oxide source and drain contacts with a high speed. Although the scale and resolution are still the limitations of the gravure compared to the lithography‐based technique, the advantages of high speed and high throughout show huge potential in fabrication of low‐cost printable OTFTs.
\nFlexographic printing is a type of transfer printing like a modern version of the letter press. In this printing process, ink may be transferred to an anilox roll with textures to get a specific amount of ink, and then picked out from the anilox roll with the reliefs on the elastic printing plate, followed by printing onto various substrate, including plastic, metal, and paper, using an impression cylinder. This high‐throughput, low‐cost, and high‐speed process is potential for the mass‐production of flexible OTFT electronic devices [39]. It is normally combined with other print process to realize roll‐to‐roll OTFT fabrication. Schmidt et al. [44] combined the flexography with gravure and offset processes to achieve the printing OFET using PEDOT:PSS—source/drain electrodes with a yielded channel length of only 10 μm and realized the fully printed flexible audio system [47, 48]. As another practical application example, Pastorelli et al. [28] demonstrated an electrochromic display cell driven by OTFT with flexography‐printed silver source/drain electrodes.
\nScreen printing is a printing technique originally applied for art work. It uses a mesh and a blade usually moving across the whole area to fill the open mesh with the ink to print pattern on a substrate. The advantage of this process is obvious: the whole technique is simple and it needs no complex equipment. What\'s more, the printing speed can be very high and there is no limit on the printing area theoretically and the technique is available for nearly all kinds of conventional flat substrates, such as glass, plastic, or even paper. However, a main problem of this technique for fabricating OTFT is that the thickness of the formed electrodes is dependent on the thickness of the mesh and it is very difficult to be reduced to nanometer level. At the same time, the uniformity of the thickness is also hard to be guaranteed. Thus, screen printing is believed to be unsuitable for OTFT fabrication. Interestingly, a recent work by Peng et al. [49] successfully applied screen printing to form 6μm‐thick silver gate and source/drain electrodes to construct high‐performance OTFTs on a piece of paper and demonstrated OTFT active‐matrix LED array.
\nReverse‐offset printing technology as a type of ink‐transfer method is also widely used to fabricate printable OTFTs. Compared with other printing methods, it has higher throughput and the minimum line width and space to about 1 μm can be guaranteed [50]. However, this printing method requires the specific ink formulation to prevent from incomplete and excess printing, impeding the widespread use of the reverse‐offset printing for OTFT fabrication. By newly developed silver nanoparticle inks, Fukuda et al. demonstrated printed high‐performance OTFT devices with wide reverse‐offset printed channel length from 0.6 to 100 µm, enabling a systematic investigation of short‐channel effects in printed organic TFT devices. This scalable, high‐resolution printing technique will pave a way to fabricate printed circuits with high integration and fast operation over large area.
\nDrop‐on‐demand inkjet printing has emerged as a versatile method of increasing interest to manufacture printable OTFTs, due to advantages such as maskless patterning, non‐contact, low cost and scalability to large‐area manufacturing [51]. There are an increasing number of published studies that utilize inkjet printing to form source/drain and gate electrodes for OTFT fabrication.
\nTo direct‐write these conductive electrodes and interconnects, if necessary, a broad spectrum of ink formulations, including polymer PEDOT:PSS and metal nanoparticle inks are available. Recently printing of metal nanoparticles has attracted increasing attention because they can provide robust, highly conductive patterned S/D electrodes with a low annealing temperature, which is particularly important to fabricate devices on flexible plastic substrates. Wu et al. [52] demonstrated the printing of n‐butanethiol‐functionalized gold (Au) nanoparticles as source/drain electrodes and fabricated high‐mobility (0.15 cm2V-1s-1) poly(didodecylquaterthiophene) (PQT‐12) OTFTs with no noticeable contact resistance observed. However, the high cost of gold is against the attributes of this otherwise appealing printing approach for low‐cost electronic applications. Not surprisingly, the same group then tried to develop silver nanoparticles as potentially much lower cost alternatives. They found improved carboxylic acid‐stabilized silver nanoparticles represented ideal printable precursors to highly conductive elements for use in low‐cost printed OTFT circuits. The printed silver electrode was of high electrical conductivity similar to the vacuum‐deposited silver conductor and enabled fabricated OTFTs with an ohmic contact formation as the energetic mismatch issue of silver electrode with PQT‐12 semiconductors was addressed via in situ modification of their interfacial properties [53, 54]. These works demonstrated the ease of printed low‐cost silver electrodes as conductive elements for high‐performance printed OTFTs.
\nIn most cases, a standard inkjet printer produces a line feature size of above 20 μm corresponding to droplet volumes of tens of picoliter (pL), but offers a limited smallest channel length. To overcome the switching speed limitation and fabricate high‐speed OTFT circuits, the channel size defined between printed source/drain electrodes needs to reduce, which has been achieved by several methods. Sirringhaus et al. [55] proposed a hybrid approach to creating short channels that range from several micrometers to hundreds of nm with the help of lithographically patterned hydrophobic polyimide banks, or a hydrophobic self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) mesa‐like structure by e‐beam lithography as an alternative [56], or well‐defined polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) trenches with hydrophilic bottom and hydrophobic walls to contain conducting polymer solutions by combination of nanoimprint lithography and inkjet printing [57].
\nHowever, the utilization of various high‐resolution lithography tools inevitably leads to more processing complexity and increases the production cost. Therefore, a more cost‐effective approach was suggested to create sub‐micron channels, most of which were focused upon self‐aligning printing (SAP). Generally, the SAP technique is based on two‐step printing, that is, printing of a first conductive electrode line, followed by modifying its surface to more hydrophobic either with plasma treatment or with a self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) so that it becomes repulsive to the successively deposited inks, and then printing of a second conductive electrode line along the edge of the first electrode, such that the ink droplets self‐aligned off the first conductive electrode, forming a submicron gap of <500 nm in between the two printed electrodes [58–61]. Although the SAP method is simpler and capable of creating shorter channel length than the lithography‐based technique, it still requires an undesirable intermediate processing step of surface modification for the firstly deposited electrode. Doggart et al. [62] proposed a facile method for printing source and drain electrodes with very reproducible narrow channel length but free of any intermediate processing steps, which is particularly interesting for a fully complete roll‐to‐roll fabrication process. This is achieved via engineering ink formulated using organoamine as a stabilizer for silver nanoparticles, allowing a hydrophobic boundary around the first‐printed electrodes to be formed during the printing process. Then the ink subsequently printed in the vicinity of the original electrode is repelled and self‐aligned by this boundary. Despite the sacrifice of creating a narrow channel only as low as 10 μm, this self‐alignment–based printing method allows for printed source/drain arrays with a very narrow distribution of channel length. Moreover, this method is very useful for the development of all printed low‐cost OTFT devices.
\nIn the following research, a metal‐organic precursor‐type ink (Jet‐600C, Hisense Electronics, Kunshan, China) was used for the printed electrodes, which contained 15 wt% silver with viscosity of 12 cps and surface tension of 23.5–24 dyne/cm, and was printed with a piezoelectric inkjet printer (Dimatix, DMP 2831) using a 10 pL cartridge. Cross‐linked polymer polyvinyl‐alcohol (PVA) coated on glass or PEN plastic foil was used for the printing substrate as it not only presented a flat homogeneous surface, but also served as a good gate dielectric material for OTFT fabrication.
\nThe surface roughness of the PVA was exceptionally small with a root mean square (RMS) roughness of about 0.3 nm measured using a BioScope™ Veeco atomic force microscope (AFM), which was the prerequisite to form controllable and even‐printed features [22]. Indeed, an ideal circle shape with a uniform diameter was formed in an array of IJP Ag dots as shown in Figure 3(a). When these isolated droplets overlap each other and merge, a track is then formed. However, the final morphologies of the formed Ag tracks are significantly dependent on drop spacing (
(a) Optical microscopic image of an array of IJP Ag dots. (b) The width of the IJP Ag tracks as a function of the drop spacing (
The printed electrode width can be described according to the following equation [63]:
\nwhere
(a) The measured contact angles on bare PVA and FOTS‐PVA, respectively. (b) The optical microscopy images of printed Ag lines using a drop spacing (
Then the further challenge would be to form pairs of IJP Ag tracks with small separation for relatively short channels. One reason is due to the limited registration accuracy of common inkjet printer equipment. Another reason is that after the kinetic energy contained in the printed droplet drives it to spread to a certain maximum radius on the substrate, the surface energy of the substrate could finally drive the droplet to recede to a certain radius, which will extend the channel length and also make it difficult to control the channel length [65]. As illustrated in Figure 5, the channel length (
Illustration of the mechanism for inkjet printing uniform electrodes and forming short channels through controlling the ink droplet spreading. Drop spacing (
The static contact angle of the Ag ink droplet on the PVA surface is about 11° by the pendant drop method and the receding contact angle approximates zero [22]. These highly hydrophilic properties mean the retraction of the ink droplets is insignificant and the formed tracks are pinned by the contact line (the drop edge) after they monotonously spread to reach the maximum diameter [66, 67]. This surface‐energy‐limited retracting behavior of inks makes it possible to form the shortest channels at a given moving distance of printer in a controllable manner. By setting a
Top‐view optical micrograph images of the parallel IJP Ag S/D electrodes and the measured surface profile (a, c) and statistical distributions of the formed channel length (b, d) on PVA and FOTS‐PVA substrate, respectively.
Figure 7 shows that the printed Ag electrodes quickly become conductive after 2 min annealing at 150°, a temperature compatible with the PEN plastic substrate. These Ag electrodes have good conductivity calculated with a four‐point measurement structure in the range of 5×104 S cm‐1 to 9×104 S cm‐1. In addition, the electrodes also present a smooth surface (RMS of 1.8 nm) comparable to the thermally evaporated Ag. Combined with uniform morphologies and shapes, these excellent characteristics are attractive for enabling printed electrodes to conduct high current, form good interface, and enable high device performance in practical low‐cost OTFT applications.
\n(a) Plot of resistance of printed Ag electrodes versus annealing time at 150° on a hot plate. A four‐point measurement structure is also indicated in the inset. (b) Atomic force micrograph (AFM) image of the surface of the inkjet‐printed Ag electrodes, with the measured RMS roughness of about 1.8 nm.
The feasibility of printing Ag electrodes enables fabrication of OTFTs by low‐cost all‐solution or fully‐printable processing. Incorporation of fine inkjet‐printed silver (IJP Ag) source/drain (S/D) and gate electrodes into recently developed low‐voltage OTFT architecture with an ultra‐thin high crystalline channel formed by inducing phase separation with the blend of TIPS‐pentacene/PS [68], the first demonstration of all‐solution‐processed low‐voltage OTFTs with IJP Ag electrodes was reported [22]. As shown in Figure 8, OTFTs present good device performance with a low operation voltage below 2 V, mobility of 0.3 cm2/V.s, and an ON/OFF current ratio larger than 104. It is found that the overlaying dielectric layer was of high quality for low leakage current that was comparable to that in thermally evaporated gate electrode‐based OTFTs, thanks to the low flat surface profile of IJP gate electrodes (Figure 9(a)). It is also found that the contact resistance extracted according to the transfer line method was about 0.42 MΩ cm, much smaller than that of previously reported BGBC OTFTs, indicating the formation of fine electrode/channel interfaces even with printed Ag electrodes (Figure 9(b)). Furthermore, the printed fine Ag electrodes were also incorporated into OTFT logic gate to fabricate all‐solution‐processed low‐voltage inverter on PEN substrate [69]. The demonstrated inverter presents good switching performance with a high dc voltage gain of 67.3 at a supply voltage of about 3 V. It is fair to point out that printing of fine conductive metal electrode and the corresponding low‐temperature all‐solution‐processed device technology is promising for developing low‐power fully printable organic‐integrated circuits on cheap plastic substrates.
\n(a) Schematic of the bottom‐gate bottom‐contact OTFT devices with inkjet‐printed silver (IJP Ag) as the gate (G) and source/drain (S/D) electrodes, cross‐linked polyvinyl‐alcohol (PVA) as the gate dielectric layer, and the blend of TIPS‐pentacene/PS is used as the channel. (b) Transfer and (c) output electrical characteristics for the all‐solution‐processed OTFTs using an IJP Ag gate with a W/L=1200 µm/20 µm [
(a) The measured gate leakage current (
However, since the polar PVA film contains rich hydroxyl groups and tends easily to absorb water from ambience, the unencapsulated OTFT devices present poorer ambient operational and storage stabilities. Moderate gate leakage is also another issue for low‐power OTFT circuit applications. To address these issues, PVA dielectric was then replaced by several commercially available low‐k polymers. For example, all‐solution‐processed low‐voltage (< 5 V) OTFT was realized by using 1‐micrometer‐thick (1.16 μm) commercial SU8 photoresist, which presents an ultra‐low gate leakage current of less than 1 pA in the whole operation regime and can also well sustain high‐voltage (> 40 V) operation [70]. More importantly, it is found that the small dielectric capacitance provides the fabricated device with better power efficiency than conventional low‐voltage OTFTs, which is promising for constructing low‐voltage power‐efficient logic circuits. Alternatively, printable OTFTs using a hydroxyl groups‐free PVC gate dielectric present highly stable electrical properties subject to continuously prolonged bias stressing for hours or being shelved for weeks with the channel being exposed to the ambient air [71]. Nevertheless, with these material advancements, such a fully‐printable low‐voltage OTFT technology is believed to practically benefit from inkjet printing of fine metal electrodes.
\nIn summary, fine Ag electrodes have been obtained by inkjet printing on PVA polymer substrate and incorporated into all‐solution‐processed OTFTs and circuits. By controlling the surface wettability of the PVA dielectric layer by coating FOTS SAMs, resolution of the printing feature is improved with S/D electrodes as narrow as about 35 µm and channels as short as 15 µm. The printed Ag electrodes present fine morphology, smooth surface, and high electrical conductivity. Based on these Ag electrodes, all‐solution‐processed/fully printable low‐voltage OTFTs and circuits are further demonstrated and presented excellent device performance, indicating the potential of inkjet‐printed metal electrodes for the strict requirements of the S/D and gate electrodes for OTFT fabrication. For further development, highly efficient printable OTFTs and low‐cost sensors can be achieved by combination of utilization of more reliable gate dielectric materials. Therefore, the developed printable low‐voltage OTFT technology would provide a promising platform for developing general low‐cost low‐power electronics applications.
The term ‘photocatalysis’ is derived from the concepts of photochemistry. Previously, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation was commonly applied in classical photochemical reactions. The use of high energy ultraviolet light has selectivity issues and requires a designer reaction setup. However, the recent photochemical reaction uses low energy and selective wavelength of visible light from Light-Emitting Diodes (LED). Due to low energy usage, modern photochemical reactions are highly selective. In general, visible light has low absorptivity, so it can not drive the organic reaction competently. A secondary substrate, usually a photocatalyst is introduced to enhance the light absorptivity. This photocatalyst absorbs visible light and provides stable and long photoexcited states, which induces the substrates or reagents to participate in the chemical reaction. The photoexcited catalyst either donates or removes a single electron from the reacting partners, which triggers further reaction
Polish physicist Aleksander Jabłoński studied the molecular absorbance and emission of light. He developed the famous Jablonski diagram to explain the spectra and kinetics of fluorescence and phosphorescence. This diagram illustrates the excited states energy level of a molecule and their radiative and non-radiative transitions. A typical Jablonski diagram is shown in Figure 1a. Under appropriate light irradiation, the molecules excite to an excited singlet state (Sn), and then the excitons migrate to the lowest excited singlet state (S1)
Simplified Perrin-Jablonski diagram and commonly used TADF motif in photocatalysis.
Followed by Jabłoński, French physicists Jean Baptist Perrin, the winner of 1926 Nobel Prize in Physics, and his son Francis Perrin rationalized a third type of radiative transition known as delayed fluorescence. This occurs when a molecule in the lowest triplet excited state (T1) transitions to the lowest excited singlet state (S1)
The TADF proceeds
Eosin Y is the first organic compound identified to show Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) property. This inexpensive organic dye is widely used in photocatalysis (PC) due to its moderate redox potentials (in 1:1 ratio of acetonitrile and water ratio the ground oxidation and reduction potentials of Eosin Y are
In 2012, Adachi group prepared a conformationally twisted electron-donor and acceptor TADF material, 2,4,5,6-tetra(carbazol-9-yl)benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile (4CzIPN) by single-step reaction between 2,4,5,6-tetrafluoroisophthalonitrile and carbazole
Synthesis of 2,4,5,6-tetra(carbazol-9-yl)benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile (4CzIPN).
In 2016, Ollivier and Fensterbank group used 4CzIPN as a photocatalyst for an organic transformation [3]. Under blue LEDs irradiation, 4CzIPN undergo photoexcitation, the photoexcited 4CzIPN* generated benzyl radical from benzyl
4CzIPN-catalyzed radical functionalization of silicates with various radical acceptors.
Followed by Ollivier and Fensterbank radical-mediated synthesis [3], various organic transformations were documented using 4CzIPN as a photocatalyst under the irradiation of visible light or blue LEDs. Besides this, many reactions were reported using 4CzIPN in combination with a transition metal. This chapter excludes transition metal assisted (synergic catalysis) synthesis and mainly focuses on 4CzIPN as an independent photocatalyst without any transition metals.
In 2018, a group of Gutierrez and Molander demonstrated a redox-neutral photocatalytic cyclopropanation of olefins with triethylammonium
4CzIPN-catalyzed cyclopropanation of alkene using iodomethylsilicate.
From mechanistic aspects, the photocatalytically generated halomethyl radical is trapped by the alkene and generate a stable tertiary radical. This radical accepts a single electron from the 4CzIPN˙−, to form an anion and regenerate the catalyst. It underwent an anionic
4CzIPN-catalyzed cyclopropanation of alkene using iodomethylsilicate.
In the same year, the Molander group further extended their aforementioned cyclopropanation methodology [4] to the homoallylic tosylates system (Figure 6) [5]. In their previous report, the leaving group (iodo) is attached to the radical precursor motif itself [4]. In their follow-up work, the Molander group incorporated the leaving group into the alkene core. They treated three different alkyl radical precursors such as
4CzIPN-catalyzed cyclopropanation of linear homoallylic tosylates using alkyl radical precursors.
In successive work, the reaction between
4CzIPN-catalyzed cyclopropanation of exocyclic homoallylic tosylates using bis(catecholato)alkylsilicates.
Around the same time, Noble and Aggarwal’s group jointly documented 4CzIPN-catalyzed cyclopropane reaction by treating aliphatic carboxylic acids with electron-deficient internal and external chloro alkenes (Figure 8) [7]. The reaction proceeded
4CzIPN-catalyzed cyclopropanation of allyl and homo allyl chlorides with carboxylic acid.
Homoallyl chlorides provided good yields of 1,1-disubstituted cyclopropanes. On the other hand, allyl chlorides lead to vicinal substituted cyclopropanes with moderate yields. The slightly lowered yield obtained is due to the formation of an allylic ester by-product
From a mechanistic perspective, the excited photocatalyst 4CzIPN* underwent SET with the carboxylate to form a carbon center radical by reduction of the excited photocatalyst to radical anion (4CzIPN˙−). The carbon center radical underwent Giese-type addition into the homoallyl chloride to generate the stabilized alkyl radical. This stabilized alkyl radical accept a single electron from 4CzIPN˙− leading to a stabilized carbanion. Polar 3-exotet cyclization of stabilized carbanion afforded cyclopropane product (Figure 9) [7].
A mechanism for 4CzIPN-catalyzed decarboxylative cascade radical addition–polar cyclization reaction towards substituted cyclopropanes synthesis.
The above cyclopropanation reactions have considerable advantages over other reagents such as diazomethane (respiratory irritant) and highly pyrophoric diethylzinc (C2H5)2Zn, used in the Simmons-Smith reaction.
Subsequently, various research groups generated 4CzIPN photo catalyzed decarboxylative carbon-centered radicals from a carboxylic acid and added it into alkenes (
For example, Wang group generated a carbon-centered radical (
4CzIPN-photoredox catalyzed hydroformylation of olefins.
The authors studied the competitive reaction between aryl and alkyl olefin in both inter and intra-molecular manners. The reaction showed higher chemoselective at the aryl olefin site. Alkyl olefin site remains intact in both continuous flow and batch method (Figure 11) [8].
4CzIPN-catalyzed intra- and intermolecular chemoselectivity hydroformylation reactions.
Schubert group employed 4CzIPN-mediated decarboxylative radical conjugate addition to C〓C bonds of dehydroalanine (Dha) and its derivatives peptides (Figure 12) [9]. This protocol opens up new avenues to a diastereoselective synthesis of unnatural amino acids and the late-stage derivatization of a tripeptide (Figure 12) [9].
4CzIPN-catalyzed radical conjugate addition to dehydroalanine containing tripeptides.
So far, we discussed 4CzIPN catalyzed two compound reactions [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. For the first time in the year 2019, the Studer group developed a 4CzIPN photocatalyzed three-component reaction for 1,2-amidoalkynylation of unactivated alkenes (Figure 13) [10]. Photoexcited TADF (4CzIPN*) generated an amidyl radical (
4CzIPN-catalyzed 1,2-amidoalkynylation of unactivated alkenes.
Proposed mechanism of 4CzIPN-catalyzed 1,2-amidoalkynylation of unactivated alkenes.
This three-component reaction showed broad substrate scope for mono, di and tri substituted terminal alkene and substituted benziodoxolones. In addition to these, vinyl ethers, esters and enamides are also compatible with these reaction conditions (Figure 13). The reaction provided a high level of chemo-selective product. The polar effect plays a major role in chemo-selective product formation. An amidyl radical is attached at the less substituted site of alkene and the alkyne radical is attached at the more substituted site of alkene (Figure 13) [10]. For a particular note, this is the first transition metal-free alkene aminoalkynylation. Before this report, alkene aminoalkynylation reactions are restricted to disubstituted alkenes.
The author concluded that the reaction proceeded through a radical pathway by performing two different radical clock experiments using 1,6-diene and vinylcyclopropane (Figure 15) [10].
Radical clock experiments in the synthesis of 1,2-amidoalkynylation of unactivated alkenes.
All the aforementioned examples deal with photoinduced C▬C bond formation
4CzIPN-catalyzed decarboxylative hydrosilylation of alkenes from silacarboxylic acids.
The addition of nucleophilic radical to electron-deficient nitrogen-containing heteroarenes bases followed by a formal hydrogen atom loss is known as
4CzIPN and 3DPAFIPN-photocatalyzed regioselective Minisci reaction of quinoline with redox-active esters.
Sherwood and co-workers employed a 4CzIPN-photocatalyzed Minisci reaction between a variety of electron-deficient
4CzIPN-photocatalyzed one-pot Minisci reaction between hetreoarenes and in-situ generated
From mechanistic aspects, when blue LEDs light is exposed to organophotocatalyst 4CzIPN and
Proposed mechanism of 4CzIPN-photocatalyzed one-pot Minisci reaction between hetreoarenes and in-situ generated
In the afore-mentioned Minisci protocols (Figures 17 and 18), acid additives were used in the reaction medium [12, 13]. In 2019, Graham and Noonan demonstrated an acid additive-free, large-scale (67 g) photoredox catalyzed Minisci reaction towards the synthesis of 2,4-dichloro-6-[1-(methylsulfanyl)cyclopropyl]pyrimidine (Figure 20) [16]. This protocol reduces four reaction steps in the classical production of cancer’s phase II clinical trials molecule ceralasertib [16]. Compared to 4CzIPN (50% yield), 3-DPA2FBN (70%) is a more effective photocatalyst for the above-mentioned transformation.
3DPA2FBN-photocatalyzed one-pot Minisci reaction towards ceralasrtib synthesis.
In general most of the Minisci reactions proceeds through the decarboxylation (▬CO2) pathway [12, 13, 15, 16]. Large amounts of oxidants are generally required when aldehydes are used as the radical precursors. In 2019, Huang and Zhao groups disclosed a visible-light-induced photoredox decarbonylative (▬CO) Minisci type C▬C bond formation (alkylation) between aldehydes and
4CzIPN-photocatalyzed decarbonylative Minisci reaction.
This reaction is highly compatible with secondary and tertiary aldehydes. However, primary alkyl aldehydes and aromatic aldehydes failed to deliver decarbonylative Minisci-type alkylated products. The substrate scope of this aerobic photoredox decarbonylative alkylation reaction is decorated by various mono
The author proposed a plausible reaction mechanism, as shown in Figure 22. Visible light-induced photoexcited catalyst 4CzIPN* underwent SET with O2 to form a superoxide radical anion (O2˙−). This superoxide radical anion abstracts a hydrogen atom from aldehyde to produce an acyl radical (
A plausible mechanism for 4CzIPN-photocatalyzed decarbonylative Minisci reaction.
Cross dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reaction is step and atom economical reaction. It plays a vital role in the construction of a diverse array of C▬C and C▬heteroatom bonds, by functionalizing C▬H bonds of all types sp, sp2, sp3 [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23].
In 2020 Li and An group demonstrated an acid-free, 4CzIPN photocatalyzed, Minisci reaction between diverse Csp3▬H sources and
A plausible mechanism for 4CzIPN-photocatalyzed decarbonylative Minisci reaction.
Sun group developed 4CzIPN and quinuclidine-catalyzed direct C▬H silylation of quinoxalinones or electron-deficient heteroarenes
4CzIPN and quinuclidine catalyzed silylation of quinoxalinones and electron-deficient heteroarenes with alkyl silane via CDC approach.
Cai group established a 4CzIPN-photocatalyzed intramolecular cascade oxidative aryl-trifluoromethylations [26] and aryl-methylcyanation [27] of
4CzIPN-photocatalyzed cascade oxidative aryl-trifluoromethylations and aryl-methylcyanation of
From a mechanistic perspective, the photoexcited 4CzIPN* catalyst decomposes sodium triflinate (CF3SO2Na) into CF3 radical and SO2. This CF3 radical is added into alkene of
A plausible mechanism for 4CzIPN-photocatalyzed cascade oxidative aryl-trifluoromethylations and aryl-methylcyanation of
The author proposed a plausible reaction mechanism of aryl-methylcyanation of
A plausible mechanism for 4CzIPN-photocatalyzed cascade oxidative aryl-methylcyanation of
Cai group further extended the reaction protocol to
4CzIPN-photocatalyzed cascade oxidative functionalization of
In 2021, Yu group demonstrated a 4CzIPN catalyzed cascade cyclization of
4CzIPN-photocatalyzed cascade oxidative functionalization of
This cyclization reaction proceeds
Proposed mechanism for 4CzIPN-photocatalyzed cascade oxidative functionalization of
He and co-workers demonstrated a 4CzIPZ catalyzed aerobic oxidative cleavage of unstrained Csp3▬Csp3 bonds of morpholine derivatives using visible light as the energy source and O2 as an oxidant (Figure 31) [29]. The author proposed that the photoexcited 4CzIPN* was reduced by
4CzIPN-photocatalyzed oxidative cleavage of morpholine derivatives.
In 2020, Leonori and co-workers incorporated deuterium in unactivated 1°, 2° and 3° alkyl iodide using a combination of synergistic photoredox 4CzIPN catalyst and Bu3N as the halogen atom transfer (XAT)-agent precursor and methyl thioglycolate▬D2O as the D-atom donor (Figure 32) [30].
4CzIPN-photocatalyzed deuteration of alkyl halides.
From mechanistic aspects, the excited photocatalyst 4CzIPN* oxidize Bu3N followed by deprotonation leads to α-aminoalkyl radical (
Proposed mechanism for 4CzIPN-photocatalyzed deuteration of alkyl halides.
In addition to deuteration reaction, Leonori and co-workers further utilized the
4CzIPN-photocatalyzed deuteration of alkyl halides. Hydroalkylation and allylation.
It is well-known that photocatalytic reactions are powerful tools for a wide range of organic transformations. In this regard, visible-light-induced metal complexes have gained huge attention in the last two decades. Recently TADF materials have been used as an alternative for metal photocatalyst. In this chapter, we summarized a few TADF materials, particularly 4CzIPN as photocatalyst for various radical-based organic transformation reactions. This inexpensive TADF photocatalyst is less toxic and greener. A large number of TADF materials are prepared and used in OLEDs applications. However, only very few TADF molecules are explored in visible light promoted organic transformations. This TADF catalyzed organic transformation reactions are still in its infancy. Many new organo photocatalysts should be discovered for milder organic transformation.
B.K. Patel. acknowledges the support of this chapter by SERB (EMR/2016/007042) and CSIR 02(0365)/19-EMR-II. R. Suresh acknowledges the support of this chapter by SERB for funding under the National Post-Doctoral Fellowship scheme SERB-NPDF (PDF/2021/002055) and MRC, IISc Bangalore.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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This chapter thus briefly discusses different biological methods, specially biofilm technologies, the development of biofilms on different filter media, factors affecting their development as well as their structure and function. It also tackles various conventional and modern molecular techniques for detailed exploration of the composition, diversity and dynamics of biofilms. These data are crucial to improve the performance, robustness and stability of biofilm-based wastewater treatment technologies.",book:{id:"5197",slug:"microbial-biofilms-importance-and-applications",title:"Microbial Biofilms",fullTitle:"Microbial Biofilms - Importance and Applications"},signatures:"Shama Sehar and Iffat Naz",authors:[{id:"180364",title:"Dr.",name:"Iffat",middleName:null,surname:"Naz",slug:"iffat-naz",fullName:"Iffat Naz"},{id:"183345",title:"Dr.",name:"Shama",middleName:null,surname:"Sehar",slug:"shama-sehar",fullName:"Shama Sehar"}]},{id:"49246",doi:"10.5772/61300",title:"Chitosan as a Biomaterial — Structure, Properties, and Electrospun Nanofibers",slug:"chitosan-as-a-biomaterial-structure-properties-and-electrospun-nanofibers",totalDownloads:4671,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:57,abstract:"Chitosan is a polysaccharide derived from chitin; chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in the world, after cellulose. Chitosan is biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic, so that it can be usedin medicalapplications such as antimicrobial and wound healing biomaterials. It also used as chelating agent due to its ability to bind with cholesterol, fats, proteins and metal ions.",book:{id:"4648",slug:"concepts-compounds-and-the-alternatives-of-antibacterials",title:"Concepts, Compounds and the Alternatives of Antibacterials",fullTitle:"Concepts, Compounds and the Alternatives of Antibacterials"},signatures:"H. M. Ibrahim and E.M.R. El- Zairy",authors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"},{id:"175694",title:"Dr.",name:"Enas",middleName:null,surname:"El- Zairy",slug:"enas-el-zairy",fullName:"Enas El- Zairy"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"65613",title:"The Methods for Detection of Biofilm and Screening Antibiofilm Activity of Agents",slug:"the-methods-for-detection-of-biofilm-and-screening-antibiofilm-activity-of-agents",totalDownloads:9161,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Biofilm producer microorganisms cause nosocomial and recurrent infections. Biofilm that is a sticky exopolysaccharide is the main virulence factor causing biofilm-related infections. Biofilm formation begins with attachment of bacteria to biotic surface such as host cell or abiotic surface such as prosthetic devices. After attachment, aggregation of bacteria is started by cell-cell adhesion. Aggregation continues with the maturation of biofilm. Dispersion is started by certain conditions such as phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs). By this way, sessile bacteria turn back into planktonic form. Bacteria embedded in biofilm (sessile form) are more resistant to antimicrobials than planktonic bacteria. So it is hard to treat biofilm-embedded bacteria than planktonic forms. For this reason, it is important to detect biofilm. There are a few biofilm detection and biofilm production methods on prosthetics, methods for screening antibacterial effect of agents against biofilm-embedded microorganism and antibiofilm effect of agents against biofilm production and mature biofilm. The aim of this chapter is to overview direct and indirect methods such as microscopy, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and Congo red agar, tube method, microtiter plate assay, checkerboard assay, plate counting, polymerase chain reaction, mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF, and biological assays used by antibiofilm researches.",book:{id:"8427",slug:"antimicrobials-antibiotic-resistance-antibiofilm-strategies-and-activity-methods",title:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods",fullTitle:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods"},signatures:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu",authors:[{id:"179460",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sahra",middleName:null,surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"}]},{id:"62553",title:"Antibiotic Use in Poultry Production and Its Effects on Bacterial Resistance",slug:"antibiotic-use-in-poultry-production-and-its-effects-on-bacterial-resistance",totalDownloads:7230,totalCrossrefCites:43,totalDimensionsCites:86,abstract:"A surge in the development and spread of antibiotic resistance has become a major cause for concern. Over the past few decades, no major new types of antibiotics have been produced and almost all known antibiotics are increasingly losing their activity against pathogenic microorganisms. The levels of multi-drug resistant bacteria have also increased. It is known that worldwide, more than 60% of all antibiotics that are produced find their use in animal production for both therapeutic and non-therapeutic purposes. The use of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry has been linked to the development and spread of resistant bacteria. Poultry products are among the highest consumed products worldwide but a lot of essential antibiotics are employed during poultry production in several countries; threatening the safety of such products (through antimicrobial residues) and the increased possibility of development and spread of microbial resistance in poultry settings. This chapter documents some of the studies on antibiotic usage in poultry farming; with specific focus on some selected bacterial species, their economic importance to poultry farming and reports of resistances of isolated species from poultry settings (farms and poultry products) to essential antibiotics.",book:{id:"6978",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-global-threat",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",fullTitle:"Antimicrobial Resistance - A Global Threat"},signatures:"Christian Agyare, Vivian Etsiapa Boamah, Crystal Ngofi Zumbi and\nFrank Boateng Osei",authors:[{id:"182058",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Agyare",slug:"christian-agyare",fullName:"Christian Agyare"},{id:"261271",title:"MSc.",name:"Crystal Ngofi",middleName:null,surname:"Zumbi",slug:"crystal-ngofi-zumbi",fullName:"Crystal Ngofi Zumbi"},{id:"261272",title:"MSc.",name:"Frank Boateng",middleName:null,surname:"Osei",slug:"frank-boateng-osei",fullName:"Frank Boateng Osei"},{id:"261273",title:"Dr.",name:"Vivian Etsiapa",middleName:null,surname:"Boamah",slug:"vivian-etsiapa-boamah",fullName:"Vivian Etsiapa Boamah"}]},{id:"65914",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Action Mechanisms of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-action-mechanisms-of-antibiotics-and-antibiotic-resistance",totalDownloads:4358,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"8427",slug:"antimicrobials-antibiotic-resistance-antibiofilm-strategies-and-activity-methods",title:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods",fullTitle:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods"},signatures:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu, Nesrin Gareayaghi and Bekir S. Kocazeybek",authors:[{id:"179460",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sahra",middleName:null,surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"},{id:"248288",title:"Prof.",name:"Bekir",middleName:null,surname:"Kocazeybek",slug:"bekir-kocazeybek",fullName:"Bekir Kocazeybek"},{id:"406463",title:"Dr.",name:"Nesrin",middleName:null,surname:"Gareayaghi",slug:"nesrin-gareayaghi",fullName:"Nesrin Gareayaghi"}]},{id:"50992",title:"Probiotics: A Comprehensive Review of Their Classification, Mode of Action and Role in Human Nutrition",slug:"probiotics-a-comprehensive-review-of-their-classification-mode-of-action-and-role-in-human-nutrition",totalDownloads:5380,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:"Probiotics are live microorganisms that live in gastrointestinal (GI) tract and are beneficial for their hosts and prevent certain diseases. In this chapter, after a complete introduction to probiotics, definition, mechanism of action, and their classification, currently used organisms will be discussed in detail. Moreover, different kinds of nutritional synthetic products of probiotics along with their safety and drug interaction will be noticed. This chapter mentions all clinical trial studies that have been done to evaluate probiotic efficacy with a focus on gastrointestinal diseases.",book:{id:"5193",slug:"probiotics-and-prebiotics-in-human-nutrition-and-health",title:"Probiotics and Prebiotics in Human Nutrition and Health",fullTitle:"Probiotics and Prebiotics in Human Nutrition and Health"},signatures:"Amirreza Khalighi, Reza Behdani and Shabnam Kouhestani",authors:[{id:"179560",title:"Dr.",name:"Amirreza",middleName:null,surname:"Khalighi",slug:"amirreza-khalighi",fullName:"Amirreza Khalighi"},{id:"185238",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Behdani",slug:"reza-behdani",fullName:"Reza Behdani"},{id:"185239",title:"Dr.",name:"Shabnam",middleName:null,surname:"Kouhestani",slug:"shabnam-kouhestani",fullName:"Shabnam Kouhestani"}]},{id:"56849",title:"Physiology and Pathology of Innate Immune Response Against Pathogens",slug:"physiology-and-pathology-of-innate-immune-response-against-pathogens",totalDownloads:6143,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"Pathogen infections are recognized by the immune system, which consists of two types of responses: an innate immune response and an antigen-specific adaptive immune response. The innate response is characterized by being the first line of defense that occurs rapidly in which leukocytes such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, etc., are involved. These cells recognize the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which have been evolutionarily conserved by the diversity of microorganisms that infect humans. Recognition of these pathogen-associated molecular patterns occurs through pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors and some other intracellular receptors such as nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD), with the aim of amplifying the inflammation and activating the adaptive cellular immune response, through the antigenic presentation. In the present chapter, we will review the importance of the main components involved in the innate immune response, such as different cell types, inflammatory response, soluble immune mediators and effector mechanisms exerted by the immune response against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites; all with the purpose of eliminating them and eradicating the infection of the host.",book:{id:"5975",slug:"physiology-and-pathology-of-immunology",title:"Physiology and Pathology of Immunology",fullTitle:"Physiology and Pathology of Immunology"},signatures:"José Luis Muñoz Carrillo, Flor Pamela Castro García, Oscar\nGutiérrez Coronado, María Alejandra Moreno García and Juan\nFrancisco Contreras Cordero",authors:[{id:"214236",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz-Carrillo",slug:"jose-luis-munoz-carrillo",fullName:"Jose Luis Muñoz-Carrillo"},{id:"216080",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandra",middleName:null,surname:"Moreno-García",slug:"alejandra-moreno-garcia",fullName:"Alejandra Moreno-García"},{id:"216081",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Gutiérrez-Coronado",slug:"oscar-gutierrez-coronado",fullName:"Oscar Gutiérrez-Coronado"},{id:"216082",title:"Dr.",name:"Pamela",middleName:null,surname:"Castro-García",slug:"pamela-castro-garcia",fullName:"Pamela Castro-García"},{id:"220717",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Contreras Cordero",slug:"juan-francisco-contreras-cordero",fullName:"Juan Francisco Contreras Cordero"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"13",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82438",title:"Mosquito Excito-Repellency: Effects on Behavior and the Development of Insecticide Resistance",slug:"mosquito-excito-repellency-effects-on-behavior-and-the-development-of-insecticide-resistance",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105755",abstract:"Mosquito’s resistance to avoiding insecticide-treated surfaces (“excito-repellency”) has two effects: irritation from direct contact with a treated area and repellency as an avoidance response to contact with treated surfaces. Nowadays, this behavior appears to reduce the success of mosquito control programs, particularly those based on insecticide-driven strategies. Different systems have been designed to assess the excito-repellency, evaluating numerous insecticides’ irritants, deterrents, and toxic properties at different concentrations. The information provides valuable insights regarding the patterns of mosquito behavior based on their physiological conditions, such as the age of the mosquitoes and the duration of the tests. However, the physiological processes resulting from chemical stimulus contact “chemoreception”) are still poorly explored and understood. This review provides an overview of insecticide effects on mosquito behavior and describes the mechanisms involved in chemical stimuli uptake, translation, and recognition.",book:{id:"11379",title:"Mosquito Research - Recent Advances in Pathogen Interactions, Immunity, and Vector Control Strategies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11379.jpg"},signatures:"Yamili J. Contreras-Perera, Abdiel Martin-Park, Henry Puerta-Guardo, Azael Che-Mendoza, Silvia Pérez-Carrillo, Irám P. Rodrígez-Sánchez, Pablo Manrique-Saide and Adriana E. Flores"},{id:"82423",title:"Removal of Divalent Nickel from Aqueous Solution Using Blue Green Marine Algae: Adsorption Modelling and Applicability of Various Isotherm Models",slug:"removal-of-divalent-nickel-from-aqueous-solution-using-blue-green-marine-algae-adsorption-modelling-",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103940",abstract:"The adsorption of Ni(II) onto blue green marine algae (BGMA) in batch conditions is being investigated. The highest adsorption capacity of BGMA was found to be 42.056 mg/g under ideal testing conditions, where the initial Ni(II) metal ion concentration was adjusted from 25 ppm to 250 ppm. The optimal pH, biomass loading, and agitation rate for maximum Cu(II) ion removal have been determined to be 6, 2 g and 120 rpm, respectively. For the equilibrium condition, 24 hours of contact time is allowed. At room temperature, all of the experiments are conducted. The isotherm has a L shape, based on the equilibrium experimental data. It indicates that there is no considerable competition for active sites between the solvent and Ni(II). There is no strong competition between the solvent and Ni(II) for the active sites of BGMA, indicating that there is no strong competition between the two. It also suggests that the BGMA’s Ni sorption ability is restricted (II). The experimental data is validated using multiple isotherm models, and the mechanism of adsorption is then discovered, as well as the process design parameters. The Fritz-Schlunder-V isotherm model is particularly relevant in defining the mechanism of Ni(II) adsorption under the conditions used in this study, according to modelling studies. This model’s qmax of 41.89 mg/g shows that it matches experimental data more closely.",book:{id:"11366",title:"Microalgae",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11366.jpg"},signatures:"Ramsenthil Ramadoss, Durai Gunasekaran and Dhanasekaran Subramanian"},{id:"81704",title:"Quorum Sensing Inhibition Based Drugs to Conquer Antimicrobial Resistance",slug:"quorum-sensing-inhibition-based-drugs-to-conquer-antimicrobial-resistance",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104125",abstract:"Quorum sensing is the cell to cell communication mechanism in microorganism through signalling molecules. Regulation of virulence factor, sporulation, proteolytic enzymes production, biofilm formation, auto-inducers, cell population density are key physiological process mediated through quorum-sensing (QS) signalling. Elevation of innate immune system and antibiotic tolerance of pathogens is highly increased with perspective of quorum-sensing (QS) activity. Development of novel drugs is highly attractive scenario against cell-cell communication of microbes. Design of synthetic drugs and natural compounds against QS signal molecules is vital combat system to attenuate microbial pathogenicity. Quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs), quorum quenchers (QQs), efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) act against multi-drug resistance strains (MDR) and other pathogenic microbes through regulation of auto-inducers and signal molecule with perceptive to growth arrest both in-vitro and in-vivo. QQs, QSIs and EPIs compounds has been validated with various animal models for high selection pressure on therapeutics arsenal against microbe’s growth inhibition. Promising QSI are phytochemicals and secondary metabolites includes polyacetylenes, alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenoids, quinones.",book:{id:"11373",title:"The Global Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemic – Innovative Approaches and Cutting-Edge Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11373.jpg"},signatures:"Kothandapani Sundar, Ramachandira Prabu and Gopal Jayalakshmi"},{id:"82419",title:"Effect of the Mass Distribution of ITNs in an Endemic Area with a High Entomological Index, the Case of Bandundu-City, Kwilu, DRC",slug:"effect-of-the-mass-distribution-of-itns-in-an-endemic-area-with-a-high-entomological-index-the-case-",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105021",abstract:"The bio-efficacy of Yorkol-branded ITNs collected from Bandundu-city was assessed on the Kisumu strain and wild specimens of Anopheles gambiae. The susceptibility of the wild An. gambiae s.l. was tested to select insecticides. Adult An. gambiae s.l. sampled by PSC and HLC were screened for the presence of Plasmodium falciparum. Blood samples were diagnosed by microscopy and RDTs. ITN distributed in Bandundu-city were fully effective on the Kisumu strain, but on wild An. gambiae s.l. population (22.3 ± 11.5%). Anopheles gambiae s.l. was the main vector in Bandundu. No significant difference was observed between the entomological indices before and after the deployment of nets (OR = 0.8; p = 0.39). Wild An. gambiae s.l. populations were resistant to pyrethroids and DDT, with the restoration of the susceptibility to pyrethroids post pre-exposure to PBO. Plasmodium falciparum was the main parasite species and was found alone or mixed with. P. malariae or P. ovale. The confirmation rates by microscopy and RDT were respectively 57.9% and 53.6%. Nets deployed in Bandundu-city were not effective on wild An. gambiae s.l. populations. This operational failure is likely explained by the observed resistance to pyrethroids. In the future only PBO-net should be deployed Bandundu-city.",book:{id:"11379",title:"Mosquito Research - Recent Advances in Pathogen Interactions, Immunity, and Vector Control Strategies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11379.jpg"},signatures:"Emery Metelo-Matubi, Josue Zanga, Victoire Nsabatien, Aimé Mbala, Solange Ngamukie, Fiacre Agossa, El Hadji Amadou Niang, Jean Maniania-Nguya-Kalenga and Mulenda Basimike"},{id:"82435",title:"Vector-Parasite Interactions and Malaria Transmission",slug:"vector-parasite-interactions-and-malaria-transmission",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105025",abstract:"Malaria remains one of the world’s most devastating vector-borne diseases. During the complex sexual development of the malaria parasite in the mosquito, it is faced with physical and physiological barriers which it must surmount before it can be transmitted to a human host. Proof-of-concept studies using RNAi have unearthed several parasite molecules which are important for countering the immunity of its vector. Understanding the counter-adaptations between the parasite and its vector could inform novel public health intervention strategies. For instance, it could guide the transgenic construction of resistant mosquitoes in which mosquito factors that restrict the parasite growth have been enhanced and/or factors promoting parasite growth deleted so as to make them refractory to malaria parasite infection. Such strategies, when deemed feasible, could be combined with conventional vector control methods as well as treatment of infection with effective malaria therapy, to actualize the malaria eradication goal.",book:{id:"11379",title:"Mosquito Research - Recent Advances in Pathogen Interactions, Immunity, and Vector Control Strategies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11379.jpg"},signatures:"Nekpen Erhunse and Victor Okomayin"},{id:"82397",title:"Gut Microbiota Potential in Type 2 Diabetes",slug:"gut-microbiota-potential-in-type-2-diabetes",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105616",abstract:"Appropriate metabolic regulation is vital for health. Multiple factors play important roles in maintaining the metabolic system in different physiological conditions. These factors range from intestinal metabolism of food and absorption of nutrients, pancreatic hormones and their interplay under feeding and fasting, hepatic regulation of macronutrient formation and metabolism storage of macronutrients in skeletal muscles. Intestinal metabolism of ingested food and subsequent nutrient absorption depends on the symbiotic microbial community residing in the gut. The specific ratio of different microbial phyla in the gut has proved to be extremely important for the beneficial role of the gut microbiome. The importance of gut microbiome in the regulation of metabolism has been highlighted with reports of the abnormal ratio of gut microbial community resulting in different metabolic disturbances ranging from obesity to the development of diabetes mellitus. The physiological impact of insulin on the metabolic regulation of macronutrients has recently been shown to be augmented by the secondary metabolites produced by anaerobic fermentation. The current chapter aims to highlight recent findings in the regulation of extraintestinal metabolism by gut microbiome with a specific emphasis on the physiology and pathophysiology of the pancreas in health and disease.",book:{id:"11631",title:"Gut Microbiota - Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11631.jpg"},signatures:"Shahzad Irfan, Humaira Muzaffar, Haseeb Anwar and Farhat Jabeen"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:98},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. 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He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. 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He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. 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Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"41",type:"subseries",title:"Water Science",keywords:"Water, Water resources, Freshwater, Hydrological processes, Utilization, Protection",scope:"