Experimental LLE data, solute distribution coefficients, β, and selectivity, S, for the quaternary system heptane (1) + cyclohexane (2) + toluene (3) + [EMim][NTf2] (4).
\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5807",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Recent Improvements of Power Plants Management and Technology",title:"Recent Improvements of Power Plants Management and Technology",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Since first AC current high-power hydropower plant was put in operation, built by Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse in 1895 on Niagara Falls, electrification of the world has dramatically changed. The growing power demand and energy consumption in the last decades require fundamental changes in the process, power production, and services. These requirements tend to use both conventional and nonconventional energy generation in order to have power plants economically useful and environmentally friendly to the society. The goal of this textbook is to provide an up-to-date review of this important topic with specific emphasis on the current guidelines for improving overall efficiency, lowering emissions, and using large share of renewable energy.",isbn:"978-953-51-3358-2",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3357-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4734-3",doi:"10.5772/65534",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"recent-improvements-of-power-plants-management-and-technology",numberOfPages:200,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"5f357d049b0e0c8d41243c794ef8d923",bookSignature:"Aleksandar B. Nikolic and Zarko S. Janda",publishedDate:"July 13th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5807.jpg",numberOfDownloads:13228,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:9,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:13,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 28th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 19th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 15th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 15th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 14th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"19724",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandar",middleName:"B",surname:"Nikolic",slug:"aleksandar-nikolic",fullName:"Aleksandar Nikolic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19724/images/5117_n.jpg",biography:'Born in Belgrade, Serbia in 1966.\nBSc, MSc and PhD in electrical engineering in 1991,1999,2009 at University of Belgrade.\nSince 2005 Principal Technical Associate at Institute \\"Nikola Tesla\\". Project manager of several main projects at Institute.\nSince 2009 Head of Accredited Laboratory for Power Quality Testing at Institute Nikola Tesla.\nSince 2013 President of Scientific Council at Institute Nikola Tesla.\nSince 1998 IEEE Member, since 2006 IEEE Senior Member.\nSince 1995 Member of Serbian Power Electronics Society, since 2001 Member of the Board.\nSince 2001 Member of CIGRE Serbia technical committee B4 (HVDC and Power Electronics), since 2016 President of CIGRE Serbia technical committee B4.',institutionString:null,position:"President of Scientific Council",outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"151700",title:"Dr.",name:"Žarko",middleName:null,surname:"Janda",slug:"zarko-janda",fullName:"Žarko Janda",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/151700/images/5852_n.jpg",biography:"Zarko S. Janda was born in 1960. He received his Dipl. Ing., MSc, and PhD (power electronics) degrees in 1984, 1989, and 2004, respectively, from the School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Yugoslavia, all in Electrical Engineering. He has been with the EE Institute “Nikola Tesla,” Belgrade, since 1984. He was an associate fellow at School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Serbia, between 1993 and 2004. He was a professor at the High School of Professional Studies in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Belgrade, Serbia, between 2003 and 2010. Presently, he is a chairman of Serbian IEEE PES Chapter, chairperson of CIGRE-Serbia committee B4, and member of Board of the Serbian Power Electronics Society.\n\nContact: +381-64-8259-736, janda@ieent.org",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"803",title:"Power Plant Engineering",slug:"power-plant-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"56217",title:"Introductory Chapter: Review of Current Research Trends in the Field of Power Plants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69980",slug:"introductory-chapter-review-of-current-research-trends-in-the-field-of-power-plants",totalDownloads:1172,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Aleksandar B. Nikolic and Zarko S. Janda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56217",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56217",authors:[{id:"19724",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandar",surname:"Nikolic",slug:"aleksandar-nikolic",fullName:"Aleksandar Nikolic"}],corrections:null},{id:"54655",title:"Key Technical Performance Indicators for Power Plants",doi:"10.5772/67858",slug:"key-technical-performance-indicators-for-power-plants",totalDownloads:3324,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we will underline the importance of the key performance indicators (KPIs) computation for power plants’ management. The main scope of the KPIs is to continuously monitor and improve the business and technological processes. Such indicators show the efficiency of a process or a system in relation with norms, targets or plans. They usually provide investors and stakeholders a better image regarding location, equipment technology, layout and design, solar and wind exposure in case of renewable energy sources and maintenance strategies. We will present the most important KPIs such as energy performance index, compensated performance ratio, power performance index, yield, and performance, and we will compare these KPIs in terms of relevance and propose a set of new KPIs relevant for maintenance activities. We will also present a case study of a business intelligence (BI) dashboard developed for renewable power plant operation in order to analyze the KPIs. The BI solution contains a data level for data management, an analytical model with KPI framework and forecasting methods based on artificial neural networks (ANN) for estimating the generated energy from renewable energy sources and an interactive dashboard for advanced analytics and decision support.",signatures:"Simona Vasilica Oprea and Adela Bâra",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54655",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54655",authors:[{id:"139804",title:"Prof.",name:"Adela",surname:"Bara",slug:"adela-bara",fullName:"Adela Bara"},{id:"188586",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona Vasilica",surname:"Oprea",slug:"simona-vasilica-oprea",fullName:"Simona Vasilica Oprea"}],corrections:null},{id:"55227",title:"Predictive Maintenance Based on Control Charts Applied at Thermoelectric Power Plant",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68685",slug:"predictive-maintenance-based-on-control-charts-applied-at-thermoelectric-power-plant",totalDownloads:1555,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, innovative predictive maintenance technique is described with the aim of highlighting the benefits of predictive maintenance compared to time-based maintenance. The proposed technique is applied to a specific problem that occurs when time-based maintenance is applied on grinding tables of the coal mill, in coal-grinding subsystem at the thermoelectric power plant ‘TEKO’, Kostolac, Serbia. Time-based maintenance provides replacement of grinding tables after certain number of working hours, but depending on the quality of the coal and grinding table itself, this replacement sometimes needs to be made before or after planned replacement. The consequences of such maintenance are great material losses incurred because of frequent shutdowns of the entire coal-grinding subsystem, as well as the possibility that the failure occurs before replacement. Innovative predictive maintenance technique described in the chapter is used for solution of this problem.",signatures:"Emilija Kisić, Željko Đurović and Vera Petrović",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55227",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55227",authors:[{id:"71214",title:"Prof.",name:"Željko",surname:"Đurović",slug:"zeljko-djurovic",fullName:"Željko Đurović"},{id:"198641",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilija",surname:"Kisic",slug:"emilija-kisic",fullName:"Emilija Kisic"},{id:"198751",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",surname:"Petrovic",slug:"vera-petrovic",fullName:"Vera Petrovic"}],corrections:null},{id:"54995",title:"Model Development for Analysis of Steam Power Plant Reliability",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68285",slug:"model-development-for-analysis-of-steam-power-plant-reliability",totalDownloads:1394,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The graph theoretical analysis and a graph’s characteristic polynomial are deployed as the basis for a system approach employed to develop a model for estimating the reliability index and evaluating the availability index for a coal‐fired generating power station. In this research, the coal‐fired generating station system is divided into six sub‐systems. Elementary to evaluating the reliability (estimate) of the said system is the consideration of all the sub‐systems and their interrelations. Approximate reliability attributes of the graph are used to model the approximate reliability of the coal‐fired generating station. Sub‐system reliability is represented by the nodes in the graph, and the links represent the reliability of interrelations of these sub‐systems. Computing a graph’s characteristic polynomial using three different methods, namely, the linearly independent cycles, the figure equation and the adjacent matrix, the approximate reliability of the system is determined. Three methods are used, for comparison purposes, as estimating reliability is always an imperfect endeavour. The methodology proposed in this study is illustrated step‐by‐step with the help of examples.",signatures:"Bernard Tonderayi Mangara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54995",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54995",authors:[{id:"196898",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard Tonderayi",surname:"Mangara",slug:"bernard-tonderayi-mangara",fullName:"Bernard Tonderayi Mangara"}],corrections:null},{id:"55841",title:"Risk Assessment of NPP Safety in Case of Emergency Situations on Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68772",slug:"risk-assessment-of-npp-safety-in-case-of-emergency-situations-on-technology",totalDownloads:1339,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The last accidents of the nuclear power plant (NPP) in Chernobyl and Fukushima give us the new inspiration to verify the safety level of the NPP structures. This paper presents the new requirements to test the safety and reliability of the NPP structures due to the recent accidents in the world. The IAEA in Vienna required in the document ‘Stress tests’ the verification of the safety of the NPP structures under impact of the extreme loads as the earthquakes, the extreme climatic actions and the technology accidents. The new recommendations to load combinations and design criteria were defined. The risk assessment to verify the safety and reliability of the NPP structures based on probabilistic and nonlinear analysis is presented. The uncertainties of material model (behaviour of the reinforcement and liner, concrete cracking and crushing), degradation effects, the loads level (dead and live loads, extreme climatic and accidental temperature and overpressure) as well as other effects following from the inaccuracy of the calculated model and numerical methods were taken into account in the response surface method (RSM) method. The results of the deterministic and probabilistic analysis of the NPP structures are presented.",signatures:"Juraj Králik",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55841",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55841",authors:[{id:"139600",title:"Prof.",name:"Juraj",surname:"Králik",slug:"juraj-kralik",fullName:"Juraj Králik"}],corrections:null},{id:"55229",title:"Analysis of the Spatial Separation Effects of Thorium/Uranium Fuels in Block‐Type HTRs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68671",slug:"analysis-of-the-spatial-separation-effects-of-thorium-uranium-fuels-in-block-type-htrs",totalDownloads:1279,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"With the rapid development of nuclear energy, thorium has been gaining attention because of its abundant reserves and excellent physical properties. Compared with light-water reactors, block-type high temperature gas cooled reactors (HTRs) are a better choice for thorium-based fuel for higher burnup and harder neutron spectrum. When using thorium in block-type HTRs, the composition and spatial distribution of thorium/uranium fuels are two determined factors of nuclear performance. Four spatial separation levels of thorium/uranium fuels, no separation level, TRISO level, channel level, and block level, are defined for the block-type thorium-fueled HTRs. A two-step calculation scheme was used to obtain the neutronic performance, including the initial inventory of U-235, effective multiplication factor, and average conversion ratio. Based on these data, the fuel cycle cost of different spatial separation levels can be calculated by the levelized lifetime cost method as a function of thorium content. The fuel cycle cost changes with the same trend as the initial inventory of U-235 in the reactor cores because the latter determines 70% of the total cost. When the thorium content is constant, the initial inventory of U-235 decreases with the increase of the spatial separation level because spatial self-shielding effect is strengthened by the latter.",signatures:"Ming Ding and Jie Huang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55229",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55229",authors:[{id:"201457",title:"Dr.",name:"Ming",surname:"Ding",slug:"ming-ding",fullName:"Ming Ding"},{id:"201458",title:"Mr.",name:"Jie",surname:"Huang",slug:"jie-huang",fullName:"Jie Huang"}],corrections:null},{id:"55019",title:"Spatial Aspects of Environmental Impact of Power Plants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68283",slug:"spatial-aspects-of-environmental-impact-of-power-plants",totalDownloads:1313,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is one of the key instruments for implementing sustainable development strategies in planning in general, namely for analysing and assessing the spatial development concepts, in this case in the field of energy and planning of power plants. The SEA in energy sector planning has become a tool for considering the benefits and consequences of the proposed changes in space, also taking into account the capacity of space to sustain the implementation of the planned activities. This chapter examines the multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) method for carrying out an SEA for the power plants in Energy Sector Development Strategy of the Republic of Serbia (case study). The MCE method has found its use in the analysis and assessment of the energy sector spatial impacts on the environment and elements of sustainable development and, in this context, also considering the importance of impacts, spatial dispersion of impacts, their probability and frequency of occurrence, along with the elaboration of the obtained results in a specific, simple and unambiguous way. The chapter focuses on the consideration of aspects of environmental impact of all kinds of power plants, without taking into account the details regarding other aspects of energy sector development that are dealt with in the case study.",signatures:"Boško Josimović and Saša Milijić",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55019",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55019",authors:[{id:"125578",title:"Dr.",name:"Bosko",surname:"Josimovic",slug:"bosko-josimovic",fullName:"Bosko Josimovic"},{id:"200736",title:"Dr.",name:"Sasa",surname:"Milijic",slug:"sasa-milijic",fullName:"Sasa Milijic"}],corrections:null},{id:"54413",title:"Scalable, Self‐Contained Sodium Metal Production Plant for a Hydrogen Fuel Clean Energy Cycle",doi:"10.5772/67597",slug:"scalable-self-contained-sodium-metal-production-plant-for-a-hydrogen-fuel-clean-energy-cycle",totalDownloads:1857,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we present a detailed design study of a novel, scalable, self‐contained solar powered electrolytic sodium (Na) metal production plant meant to enable a hydrogen (H2) fuel, sustainable, closed clean energy cycle. The hydrogen fuel is generated on demand inside a motor vehicle using an efficient hydrogen generation apparatus that safely implements a controlled chemical reaction between either ordinary salinated (sea) or desalinated (fresh) water and sodium metal. The sodium hydroxide (NaOH) byproduct of the hydrogen generating chemical reaction is stored temporarily within the hydrogen generation apparatus and is recovered during motor vehicle refueling to be reprocessed in the self‐contained sodium (Na) metal production plant. The electric power for NaOH electrolysis is produced using photovoltaic (PV) device panels spatially arrayed and electrically interconnected on a tower structure that maximizes the use of scarce land area. Our analysis shows that the scalable, self‐contained sodium (Na) metal production plant using solar power is technically and economically viable for meeting the hydrogen fuel clean energy needs of all the motor vehicles in the U.S.A. by constructing approximately 450,000 scalable, self‐contained sodium (Na) metal production plant units in the southwestern desert region that includes West Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and Southern California.",signatures:"Alvin G. Stern",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54413",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54413",authors:[{id:"199190",title:"Dr.",name:"Alvin",surname:"Stern",slug:"alvin-stern",fullName:"Alvin Stern"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6332",title:"Thermal Power Plants",subtitle:"New Trends and Recent Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"616ffd286d75ca988abf59b408880a98",slug:"thermal-power-plants-new-trends-and-recent-developments",bookSignature:"Pawe? Madejski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179645",title:"Dr.",name:"Paweł",surname:"Madejski",slug:"pawel-madejski",fullName:"Paweł Madejski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6838",title:"Power Plants in the Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e647d27dab23e014dd8881ac3d5931c",slug:"power-plants-in-the-industry",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6838.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"73763",slug:"corrigendum-to-microbial-biofilms",title:"Corrigendum to: Microbial Biofilms",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/73763.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73763",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73763",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/73763",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/73763",chapter:{id:"71189",slug:"microbial-biofilms",signatures:"Princy Choudhary, Sangeeta Singh and Vishnu Agarwal",dateSubmitted:"September 9th 2019",dateReviewed:"December 6th 2019",datePrePublished:"February 21st 2020",datePublished:"October 7th 2020",book:{id:"8967",title:"Bacterial Biofilms",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Bacterial Biofilms",slug:"bacterial-biofilms",publishedDate:"October 7th 2020",bookSignature:"Sadik Dincer, Melis Sümengen Özdenefe and Afet Arkut",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8967.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"220858",title:"Ms.",name:"Princy",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhary",fullName:"Princy Choudhary",slug:"princy-choudhary",email:"princy.choudhary34@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Information Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"251063",title:"Dr.",name:"Sangeeta",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Sangeeta Singh",slug:"sangeeta-singh",email:"sangeeta@iiita.ac.in",position:null,institution:null},{id:"318847",title:"Dr.",name:"Vishnu",middleName:null,surname:"Agarwal",fullName:"Vishnu Agarwal",slug:"vishnu-agarwal",email:"vishnua@mnnit.ac.in",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"71189",slug:"microbial-biofilms",signatures:"Princy Choudhary, Sangeeta Singh and Vishnu Agarwal",dateSubmitted:"September 9th 2019",dateReviewed:"December 6th 2019",datePrePublished:"February 21st 2020",datePublished:"October 7th 2020",book:{id:"8967",title:"Bacterial Biofilms",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Bacterial Biofilms",slug:"bacterial-biofilms",publishedDate:"October 7th 2020",bookSignature:"Sadik Dincer, Melis Sümengen Özdenefe and Afet Arkut",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8967.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"220858",title:"Ms.",name:"Princy",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhary",fullName:"Princy Choudhary",slug:"princy-choudhary",email:"princy.choudhary34@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Information Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"251063",title:"Dr.",name:"Sangeeta",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Sangeeta Singh",slug:"sangeeta-singh",email:"sangeeta@iiita.ac.in",position:null,institution:null},{id:"318847",title:"Dr.",name:"Vishnu",middleName:null,surname:"Agarwal",fullName:"Vishnu Agarwal",slug:"vishnu-agarwal",email:"vishnua@mnnit.ac.in",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"8967",title:"Bacterial Biofilms",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Bacterial Biofilms",slug:"bacterial-biofilms",publishedDate:"October 7th 2020",bookSignature:"Sadik Dincer, Melis Sümengen Özdenefe and Afet Arkut",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8967.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11941",leadTitle:null,title:"Advances in Turbomachinery",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tTurbomachines are used in a variety of applications, including drive systems, transmission systems, energy generations, and heating and cooling systems. For example, GE CFM56 is one of today’s most essential products.
\r\n\r\n\tSections of this book plan to discuss turbomachinery and include all the developments and innovations. All chapter authors should organize their latest academic and current work for the benefit of the readers. This book will be useful to all engineers, students, and anyone interested in turbomachinery technologies and industry. The chapters in this book will primarily cover the general introduction and diversity of Turbomachines, as well as Turbomachine enhancements and application areas.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-442-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-441-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-443-4",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"d350df308adb3d3bc4f7a054bf081d8c",bookSignature:"Dr. Melih Cemal Kushan and Dr. Isil Yazar",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11941.jpg",keywords:"Marine, Auto, Aerospace, Turbomachinery, Industry, Turbomachinery Classification, Energy Generation, Tanks, Defence System, Aircraft, Helicopters, Developments and Innovations",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 21st 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 19th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 17th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 6th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 4th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"21 days",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Kushan received his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Osmangazi University and Post Doct. Degree in Mechanical Engineering from James Cook University (Australia). He has more than 120 publications as books, articles, and papers about defense technology and aviation.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Isil Yazar received her Ph.D. degree in the Avionics department from Anadolu University as a project researcher under the guarantee of TEI/TUSAS-Anadolu University collaborative protocol, Eskisehir, Turkey. She was a member of the AIRBUS A400M project, ANKA UAV project, and T-38 training aircraft project.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"185873",title:"Dr.",name:"Melih",middleName:"Cemal",surname:"Kushan",slug:"melih-kushan",fullName:"Melih Kushan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185873/images/system/185873.png",biography:"Melih Cemal Kushan was born in July 04 1964 Erzurum Turkey. He has got BSc degree from Mechanical Engineering of Dokuzeylul University, MSc degree from Industrial Engineering of Anadolu University, PhD degree from Mechanical Engineering of Osmangazi University and Post Doct. Degree from Mechanical Engineering of James Cook University (Australia). He has got also more than 120 publications as book, article and paper about defence technology and aviation.\nProf. Kushan is a researcher and lecturer in Eskisehir Osmangazi University now. He has finished 13 research projects.",institutionString:"International Turkmen-Turkish University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"International Turkmen-Turkish University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkmenistan"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"471195",title:"Dr.",name:"Isil",middleName:null,surname:"Yazar",slug:"isil-yazar",fullName:"Isil Yazar",profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00003SZ7HdQAL/ProfilePicture%202022-05-05%2018%3A58%3A07.665",biography:"Isil Yazar received B.S. degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 2005, and MSc degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 2008. She also received her MBA degree from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 2008. She worked at Turkish Aerospace (TUSAS), Ankara, Turkey, between 2008 and 2010 as a Manufacturing Engineer. She was a member of AIRBUS A400M project, ANKA UAV project and T-38 training aircraft project. She received her PhD degree in Avionics department from Anadolu University as a project researcher under the guarantee of TEI/TUSAS-Anadolu University collaborative protocol, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 2015. She received her Associate Professor title from Aeronautical Engineering branch in 2019. Her research interests include novel propulsion technologies in aviation, gas turbines, avionics and UAVS. She is still reviewer board member of JAST(Journal of Aeronautics and Space Technologies) and Editorial Board Member of JMAI (Journal of Mechatronics and Artificial Intelligence in Engineering).",institutionString:"Eskişehir Osmangazi University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Eskişehir Osmangazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"466998",firstName:"Dragan",lastName:"Miljak",middleName:"Anton",title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/466998/images/21564_n.jpg",email:"dragan@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copy-editing and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. A unique name with a unique work ethic right at your service."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10198",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"515",title:"Ant Colonies for Performance Optimization of Multi-components Systems Subject to Random Failures",doi:"10.5772/5119",slug:"ant_colonies_for_performance_optimization_of_multi-components_systems_subject_to_random_failures",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/515.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/515",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/515",totalDownloads:3031,totalViews:128,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:20,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 1st 2007",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/515",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/515",book:{id:"3794",slug:"swarm_intelligence_focus_on_ant_and_particle_swarm_optimization"},signatures:"Nabil Nahas, Mustapha Nourelfath and Daoud Ait-Kadi",authors:null,sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"3794",type:"book",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Focus on Ant and Particle Swarm Optimization",fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence, Focus on Ant and Particle Swarm Optimization",slug:"swarm_intelligence_focus_on_ant_and_particle_swarm_optimization",publishedDate:"December 1st 2007",bookSignature:"Felix T.S. Chan and Manoj Kumar Tiwari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3794.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-3-902613-09-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5816-5",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:310,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"252210",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",middleName:"T.S.",surname:"Chan",slug:"felix-chan",fullName:"Felix Chan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"132032",title:"Prof.",name:"Manoj",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"manoj-tiwari",fullName:"Manoj Tiwari"},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"519"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"517",type:"chapter",title:"Preface: Swarm Intelligence, Focus on Ant and Particle Swarm Optimization",slug:"preface__swarm_intelligence__focus_on_ant_and_particle_swarm_optimization",totalDownloads:5166,totalCrossrefCites:10,signatures:"Felix T.S. Chan and Manoj Kumar Tiwari",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"490",type:"chapter",title:"Chaotic Rough Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithms",slug:"chaotic_rough_particle_swarm_optimization_algorithms",totalDownloads:3247,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Bilal Alatas and Erhan Akin",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"491",type:"chapter",title:"Integration Method of Ant Colony Algorithm and Rough Set Theory for Simultaneous Real Value Attribute Discretization and Attribute Reduction",slug:"integration_method_of_ant_colony_algorithm_and_rough_set_theory_for_simultaneous_real_value_attribut",totalDownloads:2699,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Yijun He, Dezhao Chen and Weixiang Zhao",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"492",type:"chapter",title:"A New Ant Colony Optimization Approach for the Degree-Constrained Minimum Spanning Tree Problem Using Pruefer and Blob Codes Tree Coding",slug:"a_new_ant_colony_optimization_approach_for_the_degree-constrained_minimum_spanning_tree_problem_usin",totalDownloads:3084,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yoon-Teck Bau, Chin-Kuan Ho and Hong-Tat Ewe",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"493",type:"chapter",title:"Robust PSO-Based Constrained Optimization by Perturbing the Particle's Memory",slug:"robust_pso-based_constrained_optimization_by_perturbing_the_particle_s_memory",totalDownloads:3210,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Angel Munoz Zavala, Arturo Hernandez Aguirre and Enrique Villa Diharce",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"494",type:"chapter",title:"Using Crowding Distance to Improve Multi-Objective PSO with Local Search",slug:"using_crowding_distance_to_improve_multi-objective_pso_with_local_search",totalDownloads:5267,totalCrossrefCites:9,signatures:"Ching-Shih Tsou, Shih-Chia Chang and Po-Wu Lai",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"495",type:"chapter",title:"Simulation Optimization Using Swarm Intelligence as Tool for Cooperation Strategy Design in 3D Predator-Prey Game",slug:"simulation_optimization_using_swarm_intelligence_as_tool_for_cooperation_strategy_design_in_3d_preda",totalDownloads:3253,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Emiliano G. Castro and Marcos S. G. Tsuzuki",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"496",type:"chapter",title:"Differential Meta-model and Particle Swarm Optimization",slug:"differential_meta-model_and_particle_swarm_optimization",totalDownloads:2928,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jianchao Zeng and Zhihua Cui",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"497",type:"chapter",title:"Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm and Its Application to Generalized Assignment Problem",slug:"artificial_bee_colony_algorithm_and_its_application_to_generalized_assignment_problem",totalDownloads:24513,totalCrossrefCites:68,signatures:"Adil Baykasoğlu, Lale Özbakır and Pınar Tapkan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"498",type:"chapter",title:"Finite Element Mesh Decomposition Using Evolving Ant Colony Optimization",slug:"finite_element_mesh_decomposition_using_evolving_ant_colony_optimization",totalDownloads:2591,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ardeshir Bahreininejad",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"499",type:"chapter",title:"Swarm Intelligence and Image Segmentation",slug:"swarm_intelligence_and_image_segmentation",totalDownloads:4736,totalCrossrefCites:8,signatures:"Sara Saatchi and Chih-Cheng Hung",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"500",type:"chapter",title:"Particle Swarm Optimization - Stochastic Trajectory Analysis and Parameter Selection",slug:"particle_swarm_optimization_-_stochastic_trajectory_analysis_and_parameter_selection",totalDownloads:4251,totalCrossrefCites:17,signatures:"M. Jiang, Y. P. Luo and S. Y. Yang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"501",type:"chapter",title:"Stochastic Metaheuristics as Sampling Techniques using Swarm Intelligence",slug:"stochastic_metaheuristics_as_sampling_techniques_using_swarm_intelligence",totalDownloads:3240,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Johann Dreo and Patrick Siarry",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"502",type:"chapter",title:"Artificial Ants in the Real World: Solving On-line Problems Using Ant Colony Optimization",slug:"artificial_ants_in_the_real_world__solving_on-line_problems_using_ant_colony_optimization",totalDownloads:3676,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Bruno R. Nery, Rodrigo F. de Mello, André P. L. F. de Carvalho and Laurence T. Yang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"503",type:"chapter",title:"Application of PSO to Design UPFC-based Stabilizers",slug:"application_of_pso_to_design_upfc-based_stabilizers",totalDownloads:4048,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ali T. Al-Awami, Mohammed A. Abido and Youssef L. Abdel-Magid",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"504",type:"chapter",title:"CSV-PSO and Its Application in Geotechnical Engineering",slug:"csv-pso_and_its_application_in_geotechnical_engineering",totalDownloads:3743,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Bing-Rui Chen and Xia-Ting Feng",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"505",type:"chapter",title:"Power Plant Maintenance Scheduling Using Ant Colony Optimization",slug:"power_plant_maintenance_scheduling_using_ant_colony_optimization",totalDownloads:6072,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Wai Kuan Foong, Holger Robert Maier and Angus Ross Simpson",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"506",type:"chapter",title:"Particle Swarm Optimization for Simultaneous Optimization of Design and Machining Tolerances",slug:"particle_swarm_optimization_for_simultaneous_optimization_of_design_and_machining_tolerances",totalDownloads:3502,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Liang Gao, Chi Zhou and Kun Zan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"507",type:"chapter",title:"Hybrid Optimisation Method for the Facility Layout Problem",slug:"hybrid_optimisation_method_for_the_facility_layout_problem",totalDownloads:3434,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Yasmina Hani, Lionel Amodeo, Farouk Yalaoui and Haoxun Chen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"508",type:"chapter",title:"Selection of Best Alternative Process Plan in Automated Manufacturing Environment: An Approach Based on Particle Swarm Optimization",slug:"selection_of_best_alternative_process_plan_in_automated_manufacturing_environment__an_approach_based",totalDownloads:3339,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Felix T.S. Chan, Manoj Kumar Tiwari and Y. Dashora",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"509",type:"chapter",title:"Job-shop Scheduling and Visibility Studies with a Hybrid ACO Algorithm",slug:"job-shop_scheduling_and_visibility_studies_with_a_hybrid_aco_algorithm",totalDownloads:3299,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Heinonen, J. and Pettersson, F.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"510",type:"chapter",title:"Particle Swarm Optimization in Structural Design",slug:"particle_swarm_optimization_in_structural_design",totalDownloads:4245,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Ruben E. Perez and Kamran Behdinan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"511",type:"chapter",title:"Reserve-Constrained Multiarea Environmental/Economic Dispatch Using Enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization",slug:"reserve-constrained_multiarea_environmental_economic_dispatch_using_enhanced_particle_swarm_optimiza",totalDownloads:3161,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lingfeng Wang and Chanan Singh",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"512",type:"chapter",title:"Hybrid Ant Colony Optimization for the Channel Assignment Problem in Wireless Communication",slug:"hybrid_ant_colony_optimization_for_the_channel_assignment_problem_in_wireless_communication",totalDownloads:3361,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Peng-Yeng Yin and Shan-Cheng Li",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"513",type:"chapter",title:"Case Study Based Convergence Behaviour Analysis of ACO Applied to Optimal Design of Water Distribution Systems",slug:"case_study_based_convergence_behaviour_analysis_of_aco_applied_to_optimal_design_of_water_distributi",totalDownloads:3101,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Aaron C. Zecchin, Holger R. Maier and Angus R. Simpson",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"514",type:"chapter",title:"A CMPSO Algorithm Based Approach to Solve the Multi-plant Supply Chain Problem",slug:"a_cmpso_algorithm_based_approach_to_solve_the_multi-plant_supply_chain_problem",totalDownloads:3077,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Felix T. S. Chan, Vikas Kumar and Nishikant Mishra",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"515",type:"chapter",title:"Ant Colonies for Performance Optimization of Multi-components Systems Subject to Random Failures",slug:"ant_colonies_for_performance_optimization_of_multi-components_systems_subject_to_random_failures",totalDownloads:3031,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nabil Nahas, Mustapha Nourelfath and Daoud Ait-Kadi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"516",type:"chapter",title:"Distributed Particle Swarm Optimization for Structural Bayesian Network Learning",slug:"distributed_particle_swarm_optimization_for_structural_bayesian_network_learning",totalDownloads:3516,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Ferat Sahin and Archana Devasia",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"173",title:"Expert Systems for Human, Materials and Automation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00cfbf1f4ec20211e33264642361190",slug:"expert-systems-for-human-materials-and-automation",bookSignature:"Petrică Vizureanu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/173.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12354",title:"Prof.",name:"Petrică",surname:"Vizureanu",slug:"petrica-vizureanu",fullName:"Petrică Vizureanu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"21253",title:"Expert System for Identification of Sport Talents: Idea, Implementation and Results",slug:"expert-system-for-identification-of-sport-talents-idea-implementation-and-results",signatures:"Vladan Papić, Nenad Rogulj and Vladimir Pleština",authors:[{id:"34038",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladan",middleName:null,surname:"Papić",fullName:"Vladan Papić",slug:"vladan-papic"},{id:"34061",title:"Dr.",name:"Nenad",middleName:null,surname:"Rogulj",fullName:"Nenad Rogulj",slug:"nenad-rogulj"},{id:"34062",title:"BSc.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Pleština",fullName:"Vladimir Pleština",slug:"vladimir-plestina"}]},{id:"21254",title:"SeDeM Diagram: A New Expert System for the Formulation of Drugs in Solid Form",slug:"sedem-diagram-a-new-expert-system-for-the-formulation-of-drugs-in-solid-form",signatures:"Josep M. Suñé Negre, Encarna García Montoya, Pilar Pérez Lozano, Johnny E. Aguilar Díaz, Manel Roig Carreras, Roser Fuster García, Montserrat Miñarro Carmona and Josep R. Ticó Grau",authors:[{id:"25498",title:"Dr.",name:"Encarna",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia_Montoya",fullName:"Encarna Garcia_Montoya",slug:"encarna-garcia_montoya"},{id:"38179",title:"Dr.",name:"Josep Mª",middleName:null,surname:"Suñé Negre",fullName:"Josep Mª Suñé Negre",slug:"josep-ma-sune-negre"},{id:"38180",title:"Dr.",name:"Pilar",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez_Lozano",fullName:"Pilar Pérez_Lozano",slug:"pilar-perez_lozano"},{id:"38181",title:"Dr.",name:"Montserrat",middleName:null,surname:"MIñarro_Carmona",fullName:"Montserrat MIñarro_Carmona",slug:"montserrat-minarro_carmona"},{id:"38182",title:"Dr.",name:"Josep R",middleName:null,surname:"Ticó_Grau",fullName:"Josep R Ticó_Grau",slug:"josep-r-tico_grau"},{id:"83072",title:"Dr.",name:"Johnny E.",middleName:null,surname:"Aguilar Díaz",fullName:"Johnny E. Aguilar Díaz",slug:"johnny-e.-aguilar-diaz"},{id:"83074",title:"Mr.",name:"Manel",middleName:null,surname:"Roig Carreras",fullName:"Manel Roig Carreras",slug:"manel-roig-carreras"},{id:"83075",title:"Mrs.",name:"Roser",middleName:null,surname:"Fuster García",fullName:"Roser Fuster García",slug:"roser-fuster-garcia"}]},{id:"21255",title:"Parametric Modeling and Prognosis of Result Based Career Selection Based on Fuzzy Expert System and Decision Trees",slug:"parametric-modeling-and-prognosis-of-result-based-career-selection-based-on-fuzzy-expert-system-and-",signatures:"Avneet Dhawan",authors:[{id:"27321",title:"Mrs.",name:"Avneet",middleName:"Kaur",surname:"Dhawan",fullName:"Avneet Dhawan",slug:"avneet-dhawan"}]},{id:"21256",title:"Question-Answer Shell for Personal Expert Systems",slug:"question-answer-shell-for-personal-expert-systems",signatures:"Petr Sosnin",authors:[{id:"30974",title:"Prof.",name:"Petr",middleName:"I.",surname:"Sosnin",fullName:"Petr Sosnin",slug:"petr-sosnin"}]},{id:"21257",title:"AI Applications in Psychology",slug:"ai-applications-in-psychology",signatures:"Zaharia Mihai Horia",authors:[{id:"25802",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:"Horia",surname:"Zaharia",fullName:"Mihai Zaharia",slug:"mihai-zaharia"}]},{id:"21258",title:"An Expert System to Support the Design of Human-Computer Interfaces",slug:"an-expert-system-to-support-the-design-of-human-computer-interfaces",signatures:"Cecilia Sosa Arias Peixoto and Tiago Cinto",authors:[{id:"30986",title:"Prof.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Sosa Arias Peixoto",fullName:"Cecilia Sosa Arias Peixoto",slug:"cecilia-sosa-arias-peixoto"},{id:"135755",title:"Prof.",name:"Tiago",middleName:null,surname:"Cinto",fullName:"Tiago Cinto",slug:"tiago-cinto"}]},{id:"21259",title:"Advances in Health Monitoring and Management",slug:"advances-in-health-monitoring-and-management",signatures:"Nezih Mrad and Rim Lejmi-Mrad",authors:[{id:"43559",title:"Prof.",name:"Nezih",middleName:null,surname:"Mrad",fullName:"Nezih Mrad",slug:"nezih-mrad"},{id:"54968",title:"Ms.",name:"Rim",middleName:null,surname:"Lejmi Mrad",fullName:"Rim Lejmi Mrad",slug:"rim-lejmi-mrad"}]},{id:"21260",title:"Expert System for Simulation of Metal Sheet Stamping: How Automation Can Help Improving Models and Manufacturing Techniques",slug:"expert-system-for-simulation-of-metal-sheet-stamping-how-automation-can-help-improving-models-and-ma",signatures:"Alejandro Quesada, Antonio Gauchía, Carolina Álvarez-Caldas and José-Luis San- Román",authors:[{id:"26475",title:"Dr.",name:"Carolina",middleName:null,surname:"Álvarez-Caldas",fullName:"Carolina Álvarez-Caldas",slug:"carolina-alvarez-caldas"},{id:"34669",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Quesada",fullName:"Alejandro Quesada",slug:"alejandro-quesada"},{id:"34670",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Gauchía",fullName:"Antonio Gauchía",slug:"antonio-gauchia"},{id:"34671",title:"Prof.",name:"José- Luis",middleName:null,surname:"San- Román",fullName:"José- Luis San- Román",slug:"jose-luis-san-roman"}]},{id:"21261",title:"Expert System Used on Materials Processing",slug:"expert-system-used-on-materials-processing",signatures:"Vizureanu Petrica",authors:[{id:"12354",title:"Prof.",name:"Petrică",middleName:null,surname:"Vizureanu",fullName:"Petrică Vizureanu",slug:"petrica-vizureanu"}]},{id:"21262",title:"Interface Layers Detection in Oil Field Tanks: A Critical Review",slug:"interface-layers-detection-in-oil-field-tanks-a-critical-review",signatures:"Mahmoud Meribout, Ahmed Al Naamany and Khamis Al Busaidi",authors:[{id:"27471",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud",middleName:null,surname:"Meribout",fullName:"Mahmoud Meribout",slug:"mahmoud-meribout"},{id:"135760",title:"Mr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Naamany",fullName:"Ahmed Al-Naamany",slug:"ahmed-al-naamany"},{id:"135761",title:"Mr.",name:"Khamis",middleName:null,surname:"Al Busaidi",fullName:"Khamis Al Busaidi",slug:"khamis-al-busaidi"}]},{id:"21263",title:"Integrated Scheduled Waste Management System in Kuala Lumpur Using Expert System",slug:"integrated-scheduled-waste-management-system-in-kuala-lumpur-using-expert-system",signatures:"Nassereldeen A. K, Mohammed Saedi and Nur Adibah Md Azman",authors:[{id:"27470",title:"Prof.",name:"Nassereldeen",middleName:"Ahmed",surname:"Kabbashi",fullName:"Nassereldeen Kabbashi",slug:"nassereldeen-kabbashi"},{id:"48717",title:"Dr.",name:"NurAdibah",middleName:null,surname:"Azman",fullName:"NurAdibah Azman",slug:"nuradibah-azman"}]},{id:"21264",title:"Expert System Development for Acoustic Analysis in Concrete Harbor NDT",slug:"expert-system-development-for-acoustic-analysis-in-concrete-harbor-ndt",signatures:"Mohammad Reza Hedayati, Ali Asghar Amidian and S. Ataolah Sadr",authors:[{id:"25086",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Hedayati",fullName:"Mohammad Reza Hedayati",slug:"mohammad-reza-hedayati"},{id:"135758",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali Asghar",middleName:null,surname:"Amidian",fullName:"Ali Asghar Amidian",slug:"ali-asghar-amidian"},{id:"135759",title:"Prof.",name:"Ataolah",middleName:null,surname:"Sadr",fullName:"Ataolah Sadr",slug:"ataolah-sadr"}]},{id:"21265",title:"Conceptual Model Development for a Knowledge Base of PID Controllers Tuning in Open Loop",slug:"conceptual-model-development-for-a-knowledge-base-of-pid-controllers-tuning-in-open-loop",signatures:"José Luis Calvo-Rolle, Ramón Ferreiro García, Antonio Couce Casanova, Héctor Quintián-Pardo and Héctor Alaiz-Moreton",authors:[{id:"9942",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramon",middleName:"Garcia",surname:"Ferreiro",fullName:"Ramon Ferreiro",slug:"ramon-ferreiro"},{id:"12579",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Calvo-Rolle",fullName:"Jose Luis Calvo-Rolle",slug:"jose-luis-calvo-rolle"},{id:"26462",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Couce-Casanova",fullName:"Antonio Couce-Casanova",slug:"antonio-couce-casanova"},{id:"26463",title:"Dr.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Quintian-Pardo",fullName:"Hector Quintian-Pardo",slug:"hector-quintian-pardo"},{id:"26940",title:"Dr.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Alaiz-Moreton",fullName:"Hector Alaiz-Moreton",slug:"hector-alaiz-moreton"}]},{id:"21266",title:"Hybrid System for Ship-Aided Design Automation",slug:"hybrid-system-for-ship-aided-design-automation",signatures:"Maria Meler-Kapcia",authors:[{id:"28416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Meler-Kapcia",fullName:"Maria Meler-Kapcia",slug:"maria-meler-kapcia"}]},{id:"21267",title:"An Expert System Structured in Paraconsistent Annotated Logic for Analysis and Monitoring of the Level of Sea Water Pollutants",slug:"an-expert-system-structured-in-paraconsistent-annotated-logic-for-analysis-and-monitoring-of-the-lev",signatures:"João Inácio Da Silva Filho, Maurício C. Mário, Camilo D. Seabra Pereira, Ana Carolina Angari, Luis Fernando P. Ferrara, Odair Pitoli Jr.\nand Dorotéa Vilanova Garcia",authors:[{id:"28847",title:"Dr.",name:"João Inácio",middleName:null,surname:"Da Silva Filho",fullName:"João Inácio Da Silva Filho",slug:"joao-inacio-da-silva-filho"},{id:"37116",title:"Dr.",name:"Maurício",middleName:null,surname:"Conceição Mário",fullName:"Maurício Conceição Mário",slug:"mauricio-conceicao-mario"},{id:"37117",title:"Dr.",name:"Camilo",middleName:null,surname:"Seabra Pereira",fullName:"Camilo Seabra Pereira",slug:"camilo-seabra-pereira"},{id:"37118",title:"MSc.",name:"Ana Carolina",middleName:null,surname:"Agari",fullName:"Ana Carolina Agari",slug:"ana-carolina-agari"},{id:"37119",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorotéa",middleName:null,surname:"Vilanova Garcia",fullName:"Dorotéa Vilanova Garcia",slug:"dorotea-vilanova-garcia"},{id:"80929",title:"BSc.",name:"Odair",middleName:null,surname:"Pitoli Jr",fullName:"Odair Pitoli Jr",slug:"odair-pitoli-jr"},{id:"80930",title:"MSc.",name:"Luís Fernando Pompeu",middleName:null,surname:"Ferrara",fullName:"Luís Fernando Pompeu Ferrara",slug:"luis-fernando-pompeu-ferrara"}]},{id:"21268",title:"Expert System Based Network Testing",slug:"expert-system-based-network-testing",signatures:"Vlatko Lipovac",authors:[{id:"39491",title:"Dr.",name:"Vlatko",middleName:null,surname:"Lipovac",fullName:"Vlatko Lipovac",slug:"vlatko-lipovac"}]},{id:"21287",title:"An Expert System Based Approach for Diagnosis of Occurrences in Power Generating Units",slug:"an-expert-system-based-approach-for-diagnosis-of-occurrences-in-power-generating-units",signatures:"Jacqueline G. Rolim and Miguel Moreto",authors:[{id:"30718",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Rolim",fullName:"Rolim",slug:"rolim"},{id:"38897",title:"Mr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Moreto",fullName:"Miguel Moreto",slug:"miguel-moreto"}]},{id:"21293",title:"Fuzzy Based Flow Management of Real-Time Traffic for Quality of Service in WLANs",slug:"fuzzy-based-flow-management-of-real-time-traffic-for-quality-of-service-in-wlans",signatures:"Tapio Frantti and Mikko Majanen",authors:[{id:"34193",title:"Prof.",name:"Tapio",middleName:null,surname:"Frantti",fullName:"Tapio Frantti",slug:"tapio-frantti"},{id:"38583",title:"Mr.",name:"Mikko",middleName:null,surname:"Majanen",fullName:"Mikko Majanen",slug:"mikko-majanen"},{id:"38584",title:"Mrs.",name:"Mirjami",middleName:null,surname:"Jutila",fullName:"Mirjami Jutila",slug:"mirjami-jutila"}]},{id:"21294",title:"Expert System for Automatic Analysis of Results of Network Simulation",slug:"expert-system-for-automatic-analysis-of-results-of-network-simulation",signatures:"Joze Mohorko, Sasa Klampfer, Matjaz Fras and Zarko Cucej",authors:[{id:"17781",title:"Prof.",name:"Zarko",middleName:null,surname:"Cucej",fullName:"Zarko Cucej",slug:"zarko-cucej"},{id:"17782",title:"Dr.",name:"Joze",middleName:null,surname:"Mohorko",fullName:"Joze Mohorko",slug:"joze-mohorko"},{id:"34544",title:"MSc.",name:"Sasa",middleName:null,surname:"Klampfer",fullName:"Sasa Klampfer",slug:"sasa-klampfer"},{id:"34545",title:"Dr.",name:"Matjaz",middleName:null,surname:"Fras",fullName:"Matjaz Fras",slug:"matjaz-fras"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"173",title:"Expert Systems for Human, Materials and Automation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00cfbf1f4ec20211e33264642361190",slug:"expert-systems-for-human-materials-and-automation",bookSignature:"Petrică Vizureanu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/173.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12354",title:"Prof.",name:"Petrică",surname:"Vizureanu",slug:"petrica-vizureanu",fullName:"Petrică Vizureanu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3779",title:"Autonomous Agents",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2de8f35c0784b403c61442c900cf2e93",slug:"autonomous-agents",bookSignature:"Vedran Kordic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3779.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3794",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Focus on Ant and Particle Swarm Optimization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5332a71035a274ecbf1c308df633a8ed",slug:"swarm_intelligence_focus_on_ant_and_particle_swarm_optimization",bookSignature:"Felix T.S. Chan and Manoj Kumar Tiwari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3794.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"252210",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",surname:"Chan",slug:"felix-chan",fullName:"Felix Chan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6391",title:"Intelligent System",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e66e8d52ef62125a9f741ce0610d6899",slug:"intelligent-system",bookSignature:"Chatchawal Wongchoosuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6391.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"34521",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Chatchawal",surname:"Wongchoosuk",slug:"chatchawal-wongchoosuk",fullName:"Chatchawal Wongchoosuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9401",title:"Application of Expert Systems",subtitle:"Theoretical and Practical Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"081802ad77d0fdab3e8085762d9a15d2",slug:"application-of-expert-systems-theoretical-and-practical-aspects",bookSignature:"Ivan Nunes da Silva and Rogério Andrade Flauzino",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9401.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14215",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Nunes da Silva",slug:"ivan-nunes-da-silva",fullName:"Ivan Nunes da Silva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"67389",title:"Extraction of Aromatic Compounds from Their Mixtures with Alkanes: From Ternary to Quaternary (or Higher) Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86229",slug:"extraction-of-aromatic-compounds-from-their-mixtures-with-alkanes-from-ternary-to-quaternary-or-high",body:'\nAromatic compounds, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX), are raw materials for the production of polymers, resins paints and other products of industrial interest. They are mainly obtained from catalytic reforming and cracking processes in oil refineries, as a mixture of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Aromatic content depends on the process characteristics, and it can range between 20 and 65 wt% for reformate gasoline and between 50 and more than 90% for pyrolysis gasoline [1].
\nThe separation of aromatic from aliphatic compounds is difficult because they usually have close boiling points and many of their mixtures show azeotropic behaviour. One of the most used processes to separate these aromatic compounds is liquid-liquid extraction, due to the fact that it can be used for a wide range of aromatic concentration in the mixture. Sulfolane, among other solvents, is widely used in these processes because of its high selectivity (S) for aromatics although it is generally used when aromatic content is high. After the extraction process, further separation units are needed to recover sulfolane from raffinate and extract phases.
\nThe increasing concern for the environment has induced the search of new solvents that reduce pollution and energy costs, making the extraction process more environmentally friendly. One of the alternatives proposed is the use of ionic liquids (ILs) as solvents for the extraction of aromatic compounds, and consequently a large number of papers reporting liquid-liquid equilibria (LLE) data of ternary system aliphatic + aromatic + IL can be found in the literature. From experimental data, selectivity and distribution coefficients (β) can be calculated and used to evaluate the capability of the solvent since high selectivity together with high distribution coefficients are suitable. Canales and Brennecke [1] compared ILs and conventional solvents for the extraction of aromatic from aliphatic compounds, finding that ILs are potentially alternatives to currently used solvents.
\nEven though the information obtained from ternary systems is crucial, we cannot be certain that selectivity and distribution coefficients obtained from ternary systems will remain unchanged when more components, aromatics or aliphatic are present in the mixture. Because of this, selectivity and solute distribution coefficients should be determined for complex mixtures, in order to obtain more actual data.
\nSome papers related to quaternary or higher systems using sulfolane to extract aromatics from aliphatic compounds can be found in the literature [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], while similar information using ILs as extractant agents is scarce, taking into account the huge number of ILs that can be used [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. It also should be noted that mixtures of ILs or organic solvent + IL can be selected as separation agents [23], greatly increasing the number of systems that should be studied.
\nIn this chapter, a literature review on the results obtained using ILs for the extraction of aromatic compounds in systems with more than three components is performed. Furthermore new liquid-liquid equilibrium experimental data for the quaternary systems heptane + cyclohexane + toluene + 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}imide, [EMim][NTf2], and heptane + cyclohexane + toluene + 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}imide, [HMim][NTf2], are presented.
\nUp to now, a quite wide range of papers dealing with liquid-liquid equilibrium data of hydrocarbon + aromatic + IL ternary systems can be found in literature. These studies are essential to determine the capability of ILs to extract aromatic compounds; however, many other compounds are present in refinery streams, and these compounds can modify the extraction process.
\nWith the aim of analysing the influence of more than one aliphatic compound on the extraction of aromatics, liquid-liquid equilibrium data of several quaternary systems have been published [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14].
\nRequejo et al. [9, 10, 11] studied the extraction of benzene from its mixtures with octane and decane using tributylmethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [N4441][NTf2]; 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide, [BMpyr][DCA]; and 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [BMpyr][NTf2], and the results of the quaternary system were compared with those obtained for the ternary systems octane + benzene + IL and decane + benzene + IL.
\nUsing [N4441] [NTf2], the highest values of β were obtained for the ternary system octane + benzene + [N4441] [NTf2], while the β values calculated for the ternary system decane + benzene + [N4441][NTf2] and for the quaternary system are similar. Selectivity values are quite similar for the ternary and quaternary systems; consequently the presence of two alkanes does not seem to affect them [9].
\nSolute distribution coefficient is similar for both ternary systems octane + benzene + [BMpyr][DCA] and decane + benzene + [BMpyr][DCA] and for the quaternary system octane + decane + benzene + [BMpyr][DCA], while the selectivity for the quaternary system is lower than for the ternary system with decane and higher than for the ternary system with octane [10].
\nA different influence was found comparing the ternary systems octane + benzene + [BMpyr][NTf2] and decane + benzene + [BMpyr][NTf2] with the quaternary system decane + octane (1) + benzene (2) + [BMpyr][NTf2] [11]. In that case, both solute distribution coefficients and selectivity are lower for the quaternary system.
\nThe extraction of toluene from its mixtures with heptane and cyclohexane, using ethyl-methylimidazolium-based ILs, was studied by Corderí et al. [12, 13, 14]. The selected anions were methylsulphate [MSO4], acetate [OAc] and dicyanamide [N(CN)2]. According to their results, solute distribution coefficient clearly follows the trend:
\n[EMim][N(CN)2] > [EMim][OAc] > [EMim][MSO4].
\nWith regard to selectivity, higher values were obtained with [EMim][N(CN)2].
\nComparing quaternary systems with the respective ternary ones, the following results were obtained:
Solute distribution coefficients for the ternary systems with [EMim][MSO4] are quite similar and higher than those obtained for the quaternary system at higher toluene composition in the hydrocarbon-rich phase. When the toluene concentration in the hydrocarbon-rich phase is lower than 0.2, similar values of β were obtained for the ternary and the quaternary systems.
In the case of [EMim][OAc], β values for the quaternary system are slightly higher than those obtained for the ternary systems independent of the toluene concentration in the hydrocarbon-rich phase.
Similar β values were obtained for the ternary and quaternary systems using [EMim][N(CN)2].
In all cases, selectivity values for the quaternary system are between the values of the ternary systems.
As it can be seen, both solute distribution coefficients and selectivity values can be influenced by the presence of another hydrocarbon in different ways. The lack of more experimental data does not allow us to take general conclusions about the influence of other aliphatic compounds present in the mixture; consequently more experimental data would be necessary.
\nAmong all the ILs that have been studied as separation agents, only a small number of them have shown simultaneously solute distribution coefficients and selectivity higher than sulfolane since, generally, high selectivities are related to low solute distribution coefficients and vice versa. On the other hand, most ILs present quite high viscosity, which make their use difficult in extraction processes. The proper selection of two ILs could lead to a separation agent, whose physical properties and extraction performance overcome those of sulfolane. Therefore, some pairs of ILs have been tested to extract aromatics, mainly benzene or toluene, from their mixtures with alkanes.
\nSakal et al. [15] carried out the extraction of benzene from benzene + cyclohexane mixtures using 1,3-dimethylimidazolium dimethylphosphate, [MMim][DMP], and 1-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [Mim][BF4], and the mixtures [Mim][BF4] wt. 50% + [MMim][DMP] wt. 50% and [Mim][BF4] wt. 25% + [MMim][DMP] wt. 75%. Both selectivity and solute distribution coefficient follow the same trend: [MMim][DMP] > [Mim][BF4] wt. 25% + [MMim][DMP] wt. 75% > [Mim][BF4] wt. 50% + [MMim][DMP] wt. 50%. Additionally, IL mixtures of 1-methylimidazolium perchlorate, [Mim][ClO4] and [MMim][DMP], at the same mass ratios were also checked, finding that the addition of [Mim][BF4] or [Mim][ClO4] does not improve the extraction capacity of [MMim][DMP].
\nPotdar et al. [16] determined LLE data for the quaternary system hexane + benzene + 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulphate, [EMim][ESO4], + 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulphate, [EMim][MSO4]. The comparison between β and S obtained using the mixture of ILs and each of them separately shows that the mixture of ILs has a lower extraction capacity. These worse results can be due to the fact that there is less free volume in a combination of these two ILs, hindering the solution of benzene in the ILs mixture.
\nThe mixtures of N-butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate, [Bpy][BF4], with N-butylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [Bpy][NTF2], and with 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, [4BMpy][NTf2], were tested for the extraction of toluene from the mixture heptane-toluene. These ILs were selected because of the higher selectivity and the lower solute distribution coefficient showed by [Bpy][BF4] and the opposite behaviour showed by [Bpy][NTf2] and [4BMpy][NTf2] [17, 18]. In both cases, β and S values higher than those obtained using sulfolane were achieved with a [Bpy][BF4] mole fraction of 0.7 in the mixture of ILs.
\nOn the basis of the results obtained using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethanide, [EMim][TCM], as well as 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, [EMim][DCA], for the extraction of toluene from heptane, a mixture of [EMim][TCM] + [EMim][DCA] with a [EMim][TCM] mole fraction of 0.8 was selected to carry out the same extraction process [19]. Both solute distribution coefficient and selectivity are higher using this IL mixture than using sulfolane. Since selectivity values using the IL mixture were almost double than those using sulfolane, toluene extracted by the IL mixture would be significantly purer.
\nThe capability of the binary mixture of 1-ethyl-4-methylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [4EMpy][NTf2], and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, [EMim][DCA], as solvent for the extraction of toluene from its mixtures with heptane or 2,3-dimethylpentane or cyclohexane was evaluated by Larriba et al. [20]. The IL [4EMpy][NTf2] was selected because it showed solute distribution coefficients for toluene higher than sulfolane. On the other hand, toluene selectivity of [EMim][DCA] is substantially higher than that of sulfolane. The extraction of toluene from other alkanes (hexane, octane or nonane) was also performed [21]. According to the authors, selectivity values increase when n-alkane chain length increases, while toluene distribution coefficients follow the opposite trend. Taking into account the results, the IL mixture can be an alternative to sulfolane in the extraction of toluene from mixtures toluene-n-alkane with low concentration of toluene.
\nThe same mixture of ILs was selected for the extraction of benzene or ethylbenzene or xylenes from heptane [22]. The mixture with a [4EMpy][NTf2] molar fraction of 0.3 was chosen in all cases because of its density and viscosity similar to sulfolane and good extraction performance obtained in preliminary tests. As well as using a single IL, best results were obtained in the separation of benzene, whereas the lowest values of β and S were obtained in the separation of ethylbenzene. Compared to sulfolane, the mixture of ILs showed higher extractive properties in the extraction of benzene and higher selectivity and slightly lower solute distribution coefficients for p-xylene/heptane separation.
\nAs mentioned above, one of the main drawbacks of the use of ILs as extraction agents is their high viscosity that is difficult for the separation process. The selection of an appropriate solvent to mix with the IL could break the hydrogen bonds between the cation and the anion, lowering the viscosity but retaining the intrinsic properties of the IL. With the aim of lowering viscosity and decreasing costs, the mixtures of [EMim][OAc] + acetonitrile and [EMim][ESO4] + acetonitrile were used to extract benzene from a benzene + hexane mixture [23]. It is worth noting that solute distribution coefficients are very low compared to the values obtained using a single IL; however, both hexane composition in extract phase and solvent composition in raffinate phase are practically zero. This fact would considerably simplify the solvent recovery.
\nLLE data for systems with more than four components are very scarce. As a continuation of the extraction studies using a mixture of ILs, Larriba et al. [24] analysed the separation of BTEX fraction from a reformer gasoline model (n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane). In that case, aromatic distribution coefficients using the IL mixture were significantly lower than using sulfolane, whereas selectivity values were higher. It is interesting to point out that in all pseudoternary system alkane + aromatic + IL mixture previously studied by the authors, they achieved better results using the mixture [4EMpy][NTf2] + [EMim][DCA] than using sulfolane. In order to improve these results, [EMim][DCA] was replaced by [EMim][TCM], and a mixture of [4EMpy][NTf2] + [EMim][TCM] with a [EMim][TCM] mole fraction of 0.6 was selected on the bases of extraction yield and thermophysical properties of the mixture [25]. The extraction results were used to perform the simulation of the extraction process including the extraction column and the recovery section of the solvent.
\nIn order to study the extraction of BTEX fraction from naphtha reformate using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [BMim][PF6], Al-Rashed et al. [26] determined liquid-liquid equilibrium data for the system hexane + heptane + octane + benzene + toluene + o-xylene + [BMim][PF6]. Comparing the aromatic extraction between this system and those systems with only one aromatic, they concluded that a combination of the three aromatic compounds affected negatively on the extractive capability of the IL. According to the authors, this can be because the aromatic compounds in one phase can strongly associate between them through π-π forces. Furthermore, the electrostatic association between the aromatic alkyl chains and alkanes present in the mixture also influences the extractive capability of the IL.
\nThe gasoline or naphtha model was constituted by equal amounts of alkanes in all the above-mentioned studies.
\nIn order to analyse the influence of the alkyl chain length of the IL cation on the extraction of toluene from its mixture with heptane and cyclohexane, liquid-liquid equilibrium data of the quaternary systems heptane + cyclohexane + toluene + 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}imide, [EMim][NTf2], and heptane + cyclohexane + toluene + 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}imide, [HMim][NTf2], were determined. Experimental data were compared to the results obtained for the ternary systems heptane + toluene + [EMim][NTf2], cyclohexane + toluene + [EMim][NTf2], heptane + toluene + [HMim][NTf2] and cyclohexane + toluene + [HMim][NTf2] [27, 28].
\nThe ILs [EMim][NTf2] and [HMim][NTf2] were supplied by IoLiTec GmbH. They were subjected to vacuum and moderate temperature (P = o.2 Pa, T = 343 K) for several days to eliminate water and volatile compounds that could be present. Cyclohexane, heptane and toluene were supplied by VWR Prolabo, and they were used without further purification. Mass purity of all chemicals was higher than 99%. In order to prevent water absorption, all chemicals were kept and manipulated under inert gas atmosphere.
\nFigure 1 shows a representation of the quaternary systems studied in this work where grey surfaces represent the miscible areas on the top and the base of the tetrahedron. Due to the very negligible miscibility of these ILs in the aliphatic mixture (checked by 1H-NRM), no IL is present in the aliphatic hydrocarbon phase. For the determination of liquid-liquid equilibrium data, samples of a mixture of the four components were prepared by weight using a Mettler AXE-205 Delta Range balance. In order to select the composition of the initial samples, a sectional plane (SP), in which the mole fraction of the ionic liquid is constant, was selected as it can be seen in Figure 1. This sectional plane is perpendicular to the tie lines, and the compositions of the other three compounds involved in the initial quaternary mixtures were selected in such a way that they cover the sectional plane.
\nSchematic representation of the quaternary system and the sectional plane (SP).
The samples were vigorously stirred by using a magnetic stirrer for 6 hours and left to settle down overnight. Afterwards, a sample of each phase was withdrawn with a syringe, and it was analysed by gas chromatography.
\nThe compositions of cyclohexane, heptane and toluene were analysed with a Hewlett-Packard 5890 Series II gas chromatograph with a Hewlett-Packard 5971 mass selective detector and a Hewlett-Packard-5MS capillary column (60 m × 0.250 mm × 0.25 μm). Because of the IL negligible vapour pressure, they cannot be analysed by gas chromatography; consequently, their composition was calculated through a mass balance. An empty precolumn was used to avoid the IL that could not be retained by the liner to go into the chromatograph. The temperature programme has initial temperature of 343.15 K for 10.30 min, ramp of 15 K min−1 and final temperature of 368.15 K for 4.30 min. The injector and detector were maintained at 553.15 K, and the helium carrier gas flow rate was kept constant at 1 mL min−1 in the column. Two analyses of each sample were performed to obtain a mean value.
\nIn order to determine the error in the composition, quaternary mixtures with known composition were analysed by chromatography, and their obtained compositions were compared with those obtained by weight. The error in the compositions was estimated to be ±0.004.
\nFrom experimental values, solute distribution coefficient, β, and selectivity, S, were calculated by the following equations:
\nwhere x is the mole fraction; the superscripts I and II indicate the hydrocarbon-rich phase and the IL-rich phase, respectively; and the subscripts 1 + 2 refer to the mole fraction of heptane plus cyclohexane and 3 refers to toluene.
\nTables 1 and 2 show the experimental data at 298.15 K, β and S for the system heptane + cyclohexane + toluene + [EMim][NTf2] or [HMim][NTf2], respectively.
\nHydrocarbon-rich phase | \nIL-rich phase | \nβ | \nS | \n|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
x1I | \nx2I | \nx1II | \nx2II | \nx3II | \n||
0.778 | \n0.151 | \n0.018 | \n0.010 | \n0.062 | \n0.87 | \n28.97 | \n
0.717 | \n0.123 | \n0.020 | \n0.010 | \n0.133 | \n0.83 | \n23.28 | \n
0.639 | \n0.182 | \n0.021 | \n0.015 | \n0.147 | \n0.82 | \n18.73 | \n
0.522 | \n0.167 | \n0.019 | \n0.014 | \n0.242 | \n0.78 | \n16.25 | \n
0.445 | \n0.149 | \n0.018 | \n0.014 | \n0.294 | \n0.72 | \n13.44 | \n
0.367 | \n0.153 | \n0.017 | \n0.015 | \n0.329 | \n0.69 | \n11.14 | \n
0.196 | \n0.180 | \n0.010 | \n0.022 | \n0.405 | \n0.65 | \n7.63 | \n
0.561 | \n0.241 | \n0.03 | \n0.024 | \n0.153 | \n0.77 | \n11.48 | \n
0.408 | \n0.264 | \n0.014 | \n0.024 | \n0.249 | \n0.76 | \n13.42 | \n
0.351 | \n0.226 | \n0.014 | \n0.022 | \n0.301 | \n0.71 | \n11.41 | \n
0.255 | \n0.254 | \n0.010 | \n0.026 | \n0.341 | \n0.69 | \n9.82 | \n
0.143 | \n0.271 | \n0.007 | \n0.031 | \n0.392 | \n0.67 | \n7.29 | \n
0.604 | \n0.326 | \n0.029 | \n0.029 | \n0.057 | \n0.81 | \n13.06 | \n
0.423 | \n0.352 | \n0.013 | \n0.031 | \n0.183 | \n0.81 | \n14.33 | \n
0.317 | \n0.357 | \n0.011 | \n0.033 | \n0.248 | \n0.76 | \n11.65 | \n
0.264 | \n0.328 | \n0.010 | \n0.033 | \n0.295 | \n0.72 | \n9.95 | \n
0.523 | \n0.427 | \n0.014 | \n0.031 | \n0.041 | \n0.82 | \n17.31 | \n
0.340 | \n0.427 | \n0.011 | \n0.037 | \n0.191 | \n0.82 | \n13.10 | \n
0.229 | \n0.444 | \n0.004 | \n0.039 | \n0.246 | \n0.75 | \n11.77 | \n
0.165 | \n0.403 | \n0.005 | \n0.041 | \n0.313 | \n0.72 | \n8.95 | \n
0.436 | \n0.501 | \n0.009 | \n0.036 | \n0.052 | \n0.83 | \n17.19 | \n
0.322 | \n0.510 | \n0.012 | \n0.049 | \n0.138 | \n0.82 | \n11.20 | \n
0.247 | \n0.511 | \n0.007 | \n0.045 | \n0.190 | \n0.79 | \n11.44 | \n
0.350 | \n0.589 | \n0.024 | \n0.072 | \n0.052 | \n0.85 | \n8.34 | \n
0.241 | \n0.587 | \n0.004 | \n0.066 | \n0.138 | \n0.80 | \n9.49 | \n
0.150 | \n0.623 | \n0.006 | \n0.071 | \n0.182 | \n0.80 | \n8.05 | \n
Experimental LLE data, solute distribution coefficients, β, and selectivity, S, for the quaternary system heptane (1) + cyclohexane (2) + toluene (3) + [EMim][NTf2] (4).
Hydrocarbon-rich phase | \nIL-rich phase | \nβ | \nS | \n|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
x1I | \nx2I | \nx1II | \nx2II | \nx3II | \n||
0.776 | \n0.149 | \n0.095 | \n0.03 | \n0.112 | \n1.49 | \n11.05 | \n
0.688 | \n0.168 | \n0.099 | \n0.038 | \n0.193 | \n1.35 | \n8.43 | \n
0.631 | \n0.142 | \n0.097 | \n0.034 | \n0.287 | \n1.26 | \n7.46 | \n
0.544 | \n0.170 | \n0.099 | \n0.045 | \n0.334 | \n1.17 | \n5.79 | \n
0.458 | \n0.164 | \n0.076 | \n0.041 | \n0.416 | \n1.10 | \n5.85 | \n
0.368 | \n0.175 | \n0.071 | \n0.052 | \n0.459 | \n1.00 | \n4.43 | \n
0.264 | \n0.177 | \n0.062 | \n0.061 | \n0.513 | \n0.92 | \n3.29 | \n
0.182 | \n0.183 | \n0.049 | \n0.069 | \n0.554 | \n0.87 | \n2.70 | \n
0.675 | \n0.245 | \n0.087 | \n0.053 | \n0.115 | \n1.44 | \n9.45 | \n
0.590 | \n0.258 | \n0.090 | \n0.065 | \n0.198 | \n1.30 | \n7.13 | \n
0.527 | \n0.240 | \n0.078 | \n0.059 | \n0.286 | \n1.23 | \n6.87 | \n
0.431 | \n0.265 | \n0.070 | \n0.070 | \n0.347 | \n1.14 | \n5.67 | \n
0.352 | \n0.254 | \n0.065 | \n0.074 | \n0.417 | \n1.06 | \n4.63 | \n
0.164 | \n0.279 | \n0.039 | \n0.102 | \n0.510 | \n0.92 | \n2.88 | \n
0.593 | \n0.327 | \n0.081 | \n0.076 | \n0.116 | \n1.45 | \n8.50 | \n
0.478 | \n0.362 | \n0.070 | \n0.090 | \n0.206 | \n1.29 | \n6.76 | \n
0.351 | \n0.369 | \n0.056 | \n0.100 | \n0.332 | \n1.18 | \n5.45 | \n
0.158 | \n0.376 | \n0.031 | \n0.124 | \n0.456 | \n0.98 | \n3.37 | \n
0.507 | \n0.409 | \n0.066 | \n0.095 | \n0.121 | \n1.44 | \n8.20 | \n
0.398 | \n0.445 | \n0.059 | \n0.115 | \n0.204 | \n1.30 | \n6.30 | \n
0.259 | \n0.464 | \n0.040 | \n0.131 | \n0.319 | \n1.15 | \n4.87 | \n
0.420 | \n0.495 | \n0.056 | \n0.121 | \n0.120 | \n1.41 | \n7.30 | \n
0.159 | \n0.548 | \n0.025 | \n0.159 | \n0.326 | \n1.11 | \n4.28 | \n
0.330 | \n0.585 | \n0.045 | \n0.150 | \n0.118 | \n1.39 | \n6.51 | \n
0.229 | \n0.615 | \n0.031 | \n0.158 | \n0.199 | \n1.28 | \n5.41 | \n
0.161 | \n0.741 | \n0.019 | \n0.194 | \n0.135 | \n1.38 | \n5.83 | \n
Experimental LLE data, solute distribution coefficients, β, and selectivity, S, for the quaternary system heptane (1) + cyclohexane (2) + toluene (3) +[HMim][NTf2] (4).
As it can be seen from the tables, selectivity is higher using [EMim][NTf2], while higher solute distribution coefficients were obtained using [HMim][NTf2]. Since S > 1 in both cases, [HMim][NTf2] would be the best choice due to β values higher than 1 which facilitate the extraction process, and less solvent and less separation stages would be necessary. Figures 2 and 3 show the tie lines for the pseudoternary system (heptane + cyclohexane) (1) + toluene (2) + IL (3). The higher β values obtained for the extraction using [HMim][NTf2] are reflected in the positive slope of the tie lines for toluene molar fractions up to 0.45.
\nTie lines for the quaternary systems heptane + cyclohexane + toluene + [EMim][NTf2].
Tie lines for the quaternary systems heptane + cyclohexane + toluene + [HMim][NTf2].
Selectivity and solute distribution coefficients for the quaternary system heptane + cyclohexane + toluene + [EMim][NTf2] can be compared to the results obtained for the ternary systems heptane + toluene + [EMim][NTf2] and cyclohexane + toluene + [EMim][NTf2] [27]. β values are similar for the ternary and quaternary systems, while S for the ternary system heptane + toluene + [EMim][NTf2] (between 3 and 24) and the quaternary system are similar and higher than the ternary system with cyclohexane (between 8 and 4).
\nRegarding the quaternary system heptane + cyclohexane + toluene + [HMim][NTf2], the experimental data of the ternary systems heptane + toluene + [HMim][NTf2] and cyclohexane + toluene + [HMim][NTf2] can also been found in literature [28]. In that case, both β and S are higher for the quaternary system, which implies that, in some cases, the addition of another component can enhance the extraction of the aromatic compound.
\nSolute distribution coefficient and selectivity can be compared to those obtained using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulphate, [EMim][MSO4] [13]; 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, [EMim][N(CN)2] [14]; or 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ionic liquid, [EMim][OAc] [12]. Solute distribution coefficient follows the following trend:
\n[HMim][HNTf2] > [EMim][HNTf2] > [EMim][N(CN)2] > [EMim][OAc] > [EMim][MSO4].
\nβ values obtained with ionic liquids with NTf2 anion are significantly higher, reaching values greater than one in the case of [HMim][HNTf2]. Regarding the selectivity, the trend is
\n[EMim][N(CN)2] > [EMim][MSO4] > [EMim][HNTf2] > [EMim][OAc] > [HMim][HNTf2].
\nSince selectivity and solute distribution coefficient do not follow the same trend, the selection of the most adequate IL should be a compromise between these two factors affecting extraction process.
\nSingle ILs, IL mixtures and also mixtures of an IL and an organic solvent have been used to extract aromatics from its mixtures with aliphatic compounds. The obtained results show that, in general, ILs can be considered to replace conventional solvents such as sulfolane. However, before this replacement and taking into account the different results obtained for systems with more than three components, the study of the extraction of aromatic compounds from real naphtha reformate or pyrolysis gasoline, including the solvent recovery process, must be carried out.
\nThese Terms and Conditions outline the rules and regulations pertaining to the use of IntechOpen’s website www.intechopen.com and all the subdomains owned by IntechOpen located at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, United Kingdom.
',metaTitle:"Terms and Conditions",metaDescription:"These terms and conditions outline the rules and regulations for the use of IntechOpen Website at https://intechopen.com and all its subdomains owned by Intech Limited located at 7th floor, 10 Lower Thames Street, London, EC3R 6AF, UK.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/terms-and-conditions",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"By accessing the website at www.intechopen.com you are agreeing to be bound by these Terms of Service, all applicable laws and regulations, and agree that you are responsible for compliance with any applicable local laws. Use and/or access to this site is based on full agreement and compliance of these Terms. All materials contained on this website are protected by applicable copyright and trademark laws.
\\n\\nThe following terminology applies to these Terms and Conditions, Privacy Statement, Disclaimer Notice, and any or all Agreements:
\\n\\n“Client”, “Customer”, “You” and “Your” refers to you, the person accessing this website and accepting the Company’s Terms and Conditions;
\\n\\n“The Company”, “Ourselves”, “We”, “Our” and “Us”, refers to our Company, IntechOpen;
\\n\\n“Party”, “Parties”, or “Us”, refers to both the Client and ourselves, or either the Client or ourselves.
\\n\\nAll Terms refer to the offer, acceptance, and consideration of payment necessary to provide assistance to the Client in the most appropriate manner, whether by formal meetings of a fixed duration, or by any other agreed means, for the express purpose of meeting the Client’s needs in respect of provision of the Company’s stated services/products, and in accordance with, and subject to, the prevailing laws of the United Kingdom.
\\n\\nAny use of the above terminology, or other words in the singular, plural, capitalization and/or he/she or they, are taken as interchangeable.
\\n\\nUnless otherwise stated, IntechOpen and/or its licensors own the intellectual property rights for all materials on www.intechopen.com. All intellectual property rights are reserved. You may view, download, share, link and print pages from www.intechopen.com for your own personal use, subject to the restrictions set out in these Terms and Conditions.
\\n\\nWe employ the use of cookies. By using the IntechOpen website you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with IntechOpen’s Privacy Policy. Most modern day interactive websites use cookies to enable the retrieval of user details for each visit. On our site, cookies are predominantly used to enable functionality and ease of use for those visiting the site.
\\n\\nIn no circumstances shall IntechOpen or its suppliers be liable for any damages (including, without limitation, damages for loss of data or profit, or due to business interruption) arising out of the use, or inability to use, the materials on IntechOpen's websites, even if IntechOpen or an IntechOpen authorized representative has been notified orally or in writing of the possibility of such damage. Some jurisdictions do not allow limitations on implied warranties, or limitations of liability for consequential or incidental damages; consequently, these limitations may not apply to you.
\\n\\nIntechopen.com website content and services are provided on an "AS IS" and an "AS AVAILABLE" basis. Material appearing on www.intechopen.com could include minor technical, typographical, or photographic errors. IntechOpen may make changes to any material contained on its website at any time without notice.
\\n\\nIntechOpen has no formal affiliation to any external sites that link to www.intechopen.com, unless otherwise specifically stated. As such, it is not responsible for content that appears on any such sites. The inclusion of any link to IntechOpen does not imply endorsement by IntechOpen. Use of any such linked website is done solely at the user's own discretion.
\\n\\nWe reserve the right of ownership over our entire website www.intechopen.com, and all contents. By using our services, you agree to remove all links to our website immediately upon request. We also reserve the right to amend these Terms and Conditions and our linking policy at any time. By continuing to link to our website, you agree to be bound to, and abide by, these linking Terms and Conditions.
\\n\\nIf you find any link on our website, or any linked website, objectionable for any reason, please Contact Us. We will consider all requests to remove links but will have no obligation to do so.
\\n\\nWithout prior approval and express written permission, you may not create frames around our web pages or use other techniques that alter in any way the visual presentation or appearance of our website.
\\n\\nIntechOpen may revise its Terms of Service for its website at any time without notice. By using this website, you are agreeing to be bound by the current version of all Terms at the time of use.
\\n\\nThese Terms and Conditions are governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the United Kingdom and you irrevocably submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts in London, United Kingdom.
\\n\\nCroatian version of Terms and Conditions available here
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'By accessing the website at www.intechopen.com you are agreeing to be bound by these Terms of Service, all applicable laws and regulations, and agree that you are responsible for compliance with any applicable local laws. Use and/or access to this site is based on full agreement and compliance of these Terms. All materials contained on this website are protected by applicable copyright and trademark laws.
\n\nThe following terminology applies to these Terms and Conditions, Privacy Statement, Disclaimer Notice, and any or all Agreements:
\n\n“Client”, “Customer”, “You” and “Your” refers to you, the person accessing this website and accepting the Company’s Terms and Conditions;
\n\n“The Company”, “Ourselves”, “We”, “Our” and “Us”, refers to our Company, IntechOpen;
\n\n“Party”, “Parties”, or “Us”, refers to both the Client and ourselves, or either the Client or ourselves.
\n\nAll Terms refer to the offer, acceptance, and consideration of payment necessary to provide assistance to the Client in the most appropriate manner, whether by formal meetings of a fixed duration, or by any other agreed means, for the express purpose of meeting the Client’s needs in respect of provision of the Company’s stated services/products, and in accordance with, and subject to, the prevailing laws of the United Kingdom.
\n\nAny use of the above terminology, or other words in the singular, plural, capitalization and/or he/she or they, are taken as interchangeable.
\n\nUnless otherwise stated, IntechOpen and/or its licensors own the intellectual property rights for all materials on www.intechopen.com. All intellectual property rights are reserved. You may view, download, share, link and print pages from www.intechopen.com for your own personal use, subject to the restrictions set out in these Terms and Conditions.
\n\nWe employ the use of cookies. By using the IntechOpen website you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with IntechOpen’s Privacy Policy. Most modern day interactive websites use cookies to enable the retrieval of user details for each visit. On our site, cookies are predominantly used to enable functionality and ease of use for those visiting the site.
\n\nIn no circumstances shall IntechOpen or its suppliers be liable for any damages (including, without limitation, damages for loss of data or profit, or due to business interruption) arising out of the use, or inability to use, the materials on IntechOpen's websites, even if IntechOpen or an IntechOpen authorized representative has been notified orally or in writing of the possibility of such damage. Some jurisdictions do not allow limitations on implied warranties, or limitations of liability for consequential or incidental damages; consequently, these limitations may not apply to you.
\n\nIntechopen.com website content and services are provided on an "AS IS" and an "AS AVAILABLE" basis. Material appearing on www.intechopen.com could include minor technical, typographical, or photographic errors. IntechOpen may make changes to any material contained on its website at any time without notice.
\n\nIntechOpen has no formal affiliation to any external sites that link to www.intechopen.com, unless otherwise specifically stated. As such, it is not responsible for content that appears on any such sites. The inclusion of any link to IntechOpen does not imply endorsement by IntechOpen. Use of any such linked website is done solely at the user's own discretion.
\n\nWe reserve the right of ownership over our entire website www.intechopen.com, and all contents. By using our services, you agree to remove all links to our website immediately upon request. We also reserve the right to amend these Terms and Conditions and our linking policy at any time. By continuing to link to our website, you agree to be bound to, and abide by, these linking Terms and Conditions.
\n\nIf you find any link on our website, or any linked website, objectionable for any reason, please Contact Us. We will consider all requests to remove links but will have no obligation to do so.
\n\nWithout prior approval and express written permission, you may not create frames around our web pages or use other techniques that alter in any way the visual presentation or appearance of our website.
\n\nIntechOpen may revise its Terms of Service for its website at any time without notice. By using this website, you are agreeing to be bound by the current version of all Terms at the time of use.
\n\nThese Terms and Conditions are governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the United Kingdom and you irrevocably submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts in London, United Kingdom.
\n\nCroatian version of Terms and Conditions available here
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6654},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5944},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2452},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12681},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1014},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17700}],offset:12,limit:12,total:133952},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"11"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11168",title:"Sulfur Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"39d4f4522a9f465bfe15ec2d85ef8861",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Enos Wamalwa Wambu and Dr. Esther Nthiga",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11168.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"187655",title:"Dr.",name:"Enos",surname:"Wambu",slug:"enos-wambu",fullName:"Enos Wambu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11451",title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8c918a1973786c7059752b28601f1329",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Erman Salih Istifli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"179007",title:"Dr.",name:"Erman Salih",surname:"Istifli",slug:"erman-salih-istifli",fullName:"Erman Salih Istifli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11452",title:"Cryopreservation - Applications and Challenges",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a6c3fd4384ff7deeab32fc82722c60e0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marian Quain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11452.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"300385",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",surname:"Quain",slug:"marian-quain",fullName:"Marian Quain"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11453",title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"173e62fa4d7bf5508cec3bdd8e3cb32d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ziyad S. Haidar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"222709",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziyad S.",surname:"Haidar",slug:"ziyad-s.-haidar",fullName:"Ziyad S. Haidar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11507",title:"New Generation of Sustainable Smart Cities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"dc693757b86ab8742367a38cda6cb622",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Amjad Almusaed and Prof. Asaad Almssad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11507.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"446856",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11509",title:"Wireless Power Transfer - Perspectives and Application",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f188555eee4211fc24b6cca361983149",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Kim Ho Yeap",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11509.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"126825",title:"Dr.",name:"Kim Ho",surname:"Yeap",slug:"kim-ho-yeap",fullName:"Kim Ho Yeap"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11510",title:"New Trends in Electric Machines - Technology and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f57b5e35a1bf18acd4fd0d41fe59f49c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Miguel Delgado Prieto, Dr. José Alfonso Antonino-Daviu and Dr. Roque A. Osornio-Rios",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11510.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"234568",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",surname:"Delgado Prieto",slug:"miguel-delgado-prieto",fullName:"Miguel Delgado Prieto"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11513",title:"Gas Sensors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8eeb7ab232fa8d5c723b61e0da251857",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Soumen Dhara and Dr. Gorachand Dutta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11513.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196334",title:"Dr.",name:"Soumen",surname:"Dhara",slug:"soumen-dhara",fullName:"Soumen Dhara"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11514",title:"Vision Sensors - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6da8427ef3062c142b4e9650a5fed534",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Francisco J. Gallegos-Funes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11514.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"2868",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Gallegos-Funes",slug:"francisco-gallegos-funes",fullName:"Francisco Gallegos-Funes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11515",title:"Light-Emitting Diodes - New Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"08a7e9ae6b64e49a2118515e285b78da",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Chandra Shakher Pathak and Mr. Uday Dadwal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11515.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"318029",title:"Dr.",name:"Chandra Shakher",surname:"Pathak",slug:"chandra-shakher-pathak",fullName:"Chandra Shakher Pathak"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11517",title:"Phase Change Materials - Technology and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1b7a5f2631db5e49399539ade1edf264",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Manish K Rathod",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11517.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"236035",title:"Dr.",name:"Manish",surname:"Rathod",slug:"manish-rathod",fullName:"Manish Rathod"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11518",title:"The Acoustics of Materials - New Approaches",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"769f942393275479acca64e4f4fea958",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Bankole Kolawole Fasanya and Dr. Sridhar Krishnamurti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11518.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"214494",title:"Dr.",name:"Bankole",surname:"Fasanya",slug:"bankole-fasanya",fullName:"Bankole Fasanya"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:120},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:90},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4420},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10774",title:"Model Organisms in Plant Genetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6624b58571ac10c9b636c5d85ec5e54",slug:"model-organisms-in-plant-genetics",bookSignature:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10774.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",slug:"protein-detection",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Applications of Calorimetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c87f7e2199db33b5dd7181f56973a97",slug:"applications-of-calorimetry",bookSignature:"José Luis Rivera Armenta and Cynthia Graciela Flores Hernández",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"337",title:"Agrometeorology",slug:"horticulture-agrometeorology",parent:{id:"38",title:"Horticulture",slug:"horticulture"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:47,numberOfWosCitations:52,numberOfCrossrefCitations:21,numberOfDimensionsCitations:50,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"337",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"1874",title:"New Perspectives in Plant Protection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e1885a2ee808e8c2cf68e96d237fab58",slug:"new-perspectives-in-plant-protection",bookSignature:"Ali R. Bandani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1874.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33009",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali R.",middleName:null,surname:"Bandani",slug:"ali-r.-bandani",fullName:"Ali R. Bandani"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1696",title:"Horticulture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f756a5cc2c7d71dbb94095e58f751c9",slug:"horticulture",bookSignature:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"35410",doi:"10.5772/36777",title:"Exploiting Plant Innate Immunity to Protect Crops Against Biotic Stress: Chitosaccharides as Natural and Suitable Candidates for this Purpose",slug:"exploiting-plant-innate-immunity-to-protect-crops-against-biotic-stress-chitosaccharides-as-natural-",totalDownloads:2703,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:null,book:{id:"1874",slug:"new-perspectives-in-plant-protection",title:"New Perspectives in Plant Protection",fullTitle:"New Perspectives in Plant Protection"},signatures:"Alejandro B. Falcón-Rodríguez, Guillaume Wégria and Juan-Carlos Cabrera",authors:[{id:"109773",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro B.",middleName:null,surname:"Falcon",slug:"alejandro-b.-falcon",fullName:"Alejandro B. Falcon"}]},{id:"35407",doi:"10.5772/34494",title:"Managing Threats to the Health of Tree Plantations in Asia",slug:"managing-threats-to-the-health-of-tree-plantations-in-asia",totalDownloads:3785,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"1874",slug:"new-perspectives-in-plant-protection",title:"New Perspectives in Plant Protection",fullTitle:"New Perspectives in Plant Protection"},signatures:"Bernard Dell, Daping Xu and Pham Quang Thu",authors:[{id:"100410",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Dell",slug:"dell",fullName:"Dell"},{id:"105263",title:"Dr.",name:"Daping",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"daping-xu",fullName:"Daping Xu"},{id:"105264",title:"Dr.",name:"Thu",middleName:null,surname:"Pham",slug:"thu-pham",fullName:"Thu Pham"}]},{id:"35408",doi:"10.5772/36288",title:"Toxicity of Aromatic Plants and Their Constituents Against Coleopteran Stored Products Insect Pests",slug:"toxicity-of-aromatic-plants-and-their-constituents-against-coleopteran-stored-products-insect-pests",totalDownloads:3266,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"1874",slug:"new-perspectives-in-plant-protection",title:"New Perspectives in Plant Protection",fullTitle:"New Perspectives in Plant Protection"},signatures:"Soon-Il Kim, Young-Joon Ahn and Hyung-Wook Kwon",authors:[{id:"107746",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyung Wook",middleName:null,surname:"Kwon",slug:"hyung-wook-kwon",fullName:"Hyung Wook Kwon"}]},{id:"35414",doi:"10.5772/39290",title:"Plant Proteinaceous Alpha-Amylase and Proteinase Inhibitors and Their Use in Insect Pest Control",slug:"plant-proteinaceous-amylase-and-proteinase-inhibitors-and-their-use-in-insect-pest-control",totalDownloads:3386,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"1874",slug:"new-perspectives-in-plant-protection",title:"New Perspectives in Plant Protection",fullTitle:"New Perspectives in Plant Protection"},signatures:"Mohammad Mehrabadi, Octavio L. Franco and Ali R. Bandani",authors:[{id:"150057",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mehrabadi",slug:"mohammad-mehrabadi",fullName:"Mohammad Mehrabadi"}]},{id:"35412",doi:"10.5772/38942",title:"Advances in Micropropagation of a Highly Important Cassia species- A Review",slug:"advances-in-micropropagation-of-a-highly-important-cassia-species-a-review",totalDownloads:4398,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"1874",slug:"new-perspectives-in-plant-protection",title:"New Perspectives in Plant Protection",fullTitle:"New Perspectives in Plant Protection"},signatures:"M. Anis, Iram Siddique, Ruphi Naz, M. Rafique Ahmed and Ibrahim M. Aref",authors:[{id:"124179",title:"Prof.",name:"M.",middleName:null,surname:"Anis",slug:"m.-anis",fullName:"M. Anis"},{id:"124180",title:"Dr.",name:"Iram",middleName:null,surname:"Siddique",slug:"iram-siddique",fullName:"Iram Siddique"},{id:"124181",title:"Ms.",name:"Ruphi",middleName:null,surname:"Naz",slug:"ruphi-naz",fullName:"Ruphi Naz"},{id:"124182",title:"Mr.",name:"Md. Rafique",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"md.-rafique-ahmed",fullName:"Md. Rafique Ahmed"},{id:"124183",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrahim M.",middleName:null,surname:"Aref",slug:"ibrahim-m.-aref",fullName:"Ibrahim M. Aref"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"31556",title:"Postharvest Technologies of Fresh Horticulture Produce",slug:"postharvest-technologies-of-fresh-horticulture-produce",totalDownloads:5655,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"1696",slug:"horticulture",title:"Horticulture",fullTitle:"Horticulture"},signatures:"Alejandro Isabel Luna-Maldonado, Clement Vigneault and Kei Nakaji",authors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"},{id:"138144",title:"Prof.",name:"Kei",middleName:null,surname:"Nakaji",slug:"kei-nakaji",fullName:"Kei Nakaji"}]},{id:"31554",title:"Urban Horticulture and Community Economic Development of Lagging Regions",slug:"urban-horticulture-and-community-economic-devlopment-of-lagging-regions",totalDownloads:4627,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"1696",slug:"horticulture",title:"Horticulture",fullTitle:"Horticulture"},signatures:"Albert Ayorinde Abegunde",authors:[{id:"103407",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Abegunde",slug:"albert-abegunde",fullName:"Albert Abegunde"}]},{id:"31548",title:"Effect of the Climate and Soil Characteristics on the Nitrogen Balance in the North of Algeria",slug:"effect-of-the-climate-and-soil-characteristics-on-the-nitrogen-balance-in-the-north-of-algeria-",totalDownloads:1922,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"1696",slug:"horticulture",title:"Horticulture",fullTitle:"Horticulture"},signatures:"N. Bettahar",authors:[{id:"103224",title:"Dr.",name:"Naima",middleName:null,surname:"Bettahar",slug:"naima-bettahar",fullName:"Naima Bettahar"}]},{id:"35404",title:"Toward Sustainable Pest Control: Back to the Future in Case of Kazakhstan",slug:"toward-sustainable-pest-control-back-to-the-future-in-case-of-kazakhstan",totalDownloads:2199,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"1874",slug:"new-perspectives-in-plant-protection",title:"New Perspectives in Plant Protection",fullTitle:"New Perspectives in Plant Protection"},signatures:"Kazbek Toleubayev",authors:[{id:"107522",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazbek",middleName:null,surname:"Toleubayev",slug:"kazbek-toleubayev",fullName:"Kazbek Toleubayev"}]},{id:"31551",title:"Total Growth of Tomato Hybrids Under Greenhouse Conditions",slug:"growth-and-nutrient-uptake-for-two-tomato-hybrids-under-commercial-greenhouse-conditions",totalDownloads:2549,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"1696",slug:"horticulture",title:"Horticulture",fullTitle:"Horticulture"},signatures:"Humberto Rodriguez-Fuentes, Juan Antonio Vidales-Contreras, Alejandro Isabel Luna-Maldonado and Juan Carlos Rodriguez-Orti",authors:[{id:"130491",title:"Dr.",name:"Humberto",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Fuentes",slug:"humberto-rodriguez-fuentes",fullName:"Humberto Rodriguez-Fuentes"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"337",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:315,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"191123",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Valdez-Alarcón",slug:"juan-jose-valdez-alarcon",fullName:"Juan José Valdez-Alarcón",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBfcQAG/Profile_Picture_1631354558068",institutionString:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institution:{name:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"161556",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Dos Anjos",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",slug:"maria-dos-anjos-pires",fullName:"Maria Dos Anjos Pires",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS8q2QAC/Profile_Picture_1633432838418",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"209839",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Spinu",slug:"marina-spinu",fullName:"Marina Spinu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLXpQAO/Profile_Picture_1630044895475",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92185/images/system/92185.jfif",institutionString:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institution:{name:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}]},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"175762",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo J.",middleName:null,surname:"Escribano",slug:"alfredo-j.-escribano",fullName:"Alfredo J. Escribano",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGnzQAG/Profile_Picture_1633076636544",institutionString:"Consultant and Independent Researcher in Industry Sector, Spain",institution:null},{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"216995",title:"Prof.",name:"Figen",middleName:null,surname:"Kırkpınar",slug:"figen-kirkpinar",fullName:"Figen Kırkpınar",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRMzxQAG/Profile_Picture_1625722918145",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/28.jpg",editor:{id:"177225",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"rosa-maria-lino-neto-pereira",fullName:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9wkQAC/Profile_Picture_1624519982291",biography:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira (DVM, MsC, PhD and) is currently a researcher at the Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Unit of the National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV, Portugal). She is the head of the Reproduction and Embryology Laboratories and was lecturer of Reproduction and Reproductive Biotechnologies at Veterinary Medicine Faculty. She has over 25 years of experience working in reproductive biology and biotechnology areas with a special emphasis on embryo and gamete cryopreservation, for research and animal genetic resources conservation, leading research projects with several peer-reviewed papers. Rosa Pereira is member of the ERFP-FAO Ex situ Working Group and of the Management Commission of the Portuguese Animal Germplasm Bank.",institutionString:"The National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research. Portugal",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"90066",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:"Rodrigues",surname:"Silva",slug:"alexandre-silva",fullName:"Alexandre Silva",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRt8pQAC/Profile_Picture_1622531020756",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"176987",title:"Ph.D.",name:"María-José",middleName:"Carrascosa",surname:"Argente",slug:"maria-jose-argente",fullName:"María-José Argente",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9vOQAS/Profile_Picture_1630330499537",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"321396",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Subhan",middleName:null,surname:"Qureshi",slug:"muhammad-subhan-qureshi",fullName:"Muhammad Subhan Qureshi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/321396/images/system/321396.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"183723",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaojun",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"xiaojun-liu",fullName:"Xiaojun Liu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/183723/images/system/183723.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}]}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{id:"82289",title:"Consumer Culture and Abundance of Choices: Having More, Feeling Blue",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105607",signatures:"Ondřej Roubal",slug:"consumer-culture-and-abundance-of-choices-having-more-feeling-blue",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}},{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82395",title:"Toward a Better Understanding of Green Human Resource Management’s Impact on Green Competitive Advantage: A Conceptual Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105528",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"toward-a-better-understanding-of-green-human-resource-management-s-impact-on-green-competitive-advan",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82269",title:"CSR Reporting and Blockchain Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105512",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Piyachart Phiromswad",slug:"csr-reporting-and-blockchain-technology",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11601",title:"Econometrics - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11601.jpg",hash:"bc8ab49e2cf436c217a49ca8c12a22eb",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"452331",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",surname:"Sloboda",slug:"brian-sloboda",fullName:"Brian Sloboda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12141",title:"Leadership - Advancing Great Leadership Practices and Good Leaders",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12141.jpg",hash:"85f77453916f1d80d80d88ee4fd2f2d1",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"420133",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",surname:"Crawford",slug:"joseph-crawford",fullName:"Joseph Crawford"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12139",title:"Global Market and Trade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12139.jpg",hash:"fa34af07c3a9657fa670404202f8cba5",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 21st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"243649",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Ireneusz",surname:"Miciuła",slug:"ireneusz-miciula",fullName:"Ireneusz Miciuła"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",slug:"thresholding-image-techniques-for-plant-segmentation",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81471",title:"Semantic Map: Bringing Together Groups and Discourses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103818",signatures:"Theodore Chadjipadelis and Georgia Panagiotidou",slug:"semantic-map-bringing-together-groups-and-discourses",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79491",title:"Fuzzy Perceptron Learning for Non-Linearly Separable Patterns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101312",signatures:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",slug:"fuzzy-perceptron-learning-for-non-linearly-separable-patterns",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Raja Kishor",surname:"Duggirala"}],book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81234",title:"Cognitive Visual Tracking of Hand Gestures in Real-Time RGB Videos",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103170",signatures:"Richa Golash and Yogendra Kumar Jain",slug:"cognitive-visual-tracking-of-hand-gestures-in-real-time-rgb-videos",totalDownloads:39,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81331",title:"Machine Learning Algorithm-Based Contraceptive Practice among Ever-Married Women in Bangladesh: A Hierarchical Machine Learning Classification Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103187",signatures:"Iqramul Haq, Md. Ismail Hossain, Md. Moshiur Rahman, Md. Injamul Haq Methun, Ashis Talukder, Md. Jakaria Habib and Md. Sanwar Hossain",slug:"machine-learning-algorithm-based-contraceptive-practice-among-ever-married-women-in-bangladesh-a-hie",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Computer Vision",value:24,count:8,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:31,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",slug:"protein-detection",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",volumeInSeries:31,fullTitle:"Protein Detection",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",volumeInSeries:30,fullTitle:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:12}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{id:"424419",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew",middleName:"Ayorinde",surname:"Ayorinde Adebayo",slug:"matthew-ayorinde-adebayo",fullName:"Matthew Ayorinde Adebayo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/424419/images/17356_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"354033",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Nasri",slug:"ahmed-nasri",fullName:"Ahmed Nasri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"435702",title:"Dr.",name:"Amel",middleName:null,surname:"Hannachi",slug:"amel-hannachi",fullName:"Amel Hannachi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"420857",title:"Prof.",name:"Ezzeddine",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoudi",slug:"ezzeddine-mahmoudi",fullName:"Ezzeddine Mahmoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"420856",title:"Prof.",name:"Hamouda",middleName:null,surname:"Beyrem",slug:"hamouda-beyrem",fullName:"Hamouda Beyrem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"435703",title:"Dr.",name:"Hary",middleName:null,surname:"Demey",slug:"hary-demey",fullName:"Hary Demey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Cartagena",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"425026",title:"Mr.",name:"Kholofelo",middleName:null,surname:"Clifford Malematja",slug:"kholofelo-clifford-malematja",fullName:"Kholofelo Clifford Malematja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tshwane University of Technology",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"435701",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Allouche",slug:"mohamed-allouche",fullName:"Mohamed Allouche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"420855",title:"Prof.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Aïssa",slug:"patricia-aissa",fullName:"Patricia Aïssa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"435699",title:"Dr.",name:"Takoua",middleName:null,surname:"Mhadhbi",slug:"takoua-mhadhbi",fullName:"Takoua Mhadhbi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"442300",title:"Prof.",name:"Véronique",middleName:null,surname:"Perrier",slug:"veronique-perrier",fullName:"Véronique Perrier",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Montpellier",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"445179",title:"Mr.",name:"Aman",middleName:null,surname:"Jaiswal",slug:"aman-jaiswal",fullName:"Aman Jaiswal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"445178",title:"Mr.",name:"Dhiraj",middleName:null,surname:"Dutta",slug:"dhiraj-dutta",fullName:"Dhiraj Dutta",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Defence Research Laboratory",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"445180",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama",middleName:null,surname:"Dubey",slug:"rama-dubey",fullName:"Rama Dubey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Defence Research Laboratory",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424992",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Helal",slug:"mohamed-helal",fullName:"Mohamed Helal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"428329",title:"Mr.",name:"Collet",middleName:null,surname:"Maswanganyi",slug:"collet-maswanganyi",fullName:"Collet Maswanganyi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Limpopo",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428546",title:"MSc.",name:"Ndivhuwo",middleName:null,surname:"Shumbula",slug:"ndivhuwo-shumbula",fullName:"Ndivhuwo Shumbula",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"352155",title:"Dr.",name:"Poslet",middleName:"Morgan",surname:"Shumbula",slug:"poslet-shumbula",fullName:"Poslet Shumbula",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Limpopo",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"435064",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammadtaghi",middleName:null,surname:"Vakili",slug:"mohammadtaghi-vakili",fullName:"Mohammadtaghi Vakili",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Yangtze Normal University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"437268",title:"Dr.",name:"Linda Lunga",middleName:null,surname:"Sibali",slug:"linda-lunga-sibali",fullName:"Linda Lunga Sibali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437269",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter P.",middleName:null,surname:"Ndibewu",slug:"peter-p.-ndibewu",fullName:"Peter P. Ndibewu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"424106",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Siyabonga",middleName:null,surname:"Aubrey Mhlongo",slug:"siyabonga-aubrey-mhlongo",fullName:"Siyabonga Aubrey Mhlongo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"424233",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ifeoluwa Oluwafunmilayo",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"ifeoluwa-oluwafunmilayo-daramola",fullName:"Ifeoluwa Oluwafunmilayo Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446429",title:"Dr.",name:"Dev Vrat",middleName:null,surname:"Kamboj",slug:"dev-vrat-kamboj",fullName:"Dev Vrat Kamboj",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"425585",title:"Dr.",name:"NISHA",middleName:null,surname:"GAUR",slug:"nisha-gaur",fullName:"NISHA GAUR",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"226635",title:"Prof.",name:"Amany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Sikaily",slug:"amany-el-sikaily",fullName:"Amany El-Sikaily",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"435668",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Ghanem",slug:"sara-ghanem",fullName:"Sara Ghanem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"426808",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yesim",middleName:null,surname:"Gucbilmez",slug:"yesim-gucbilmez",fullName:"Yesim Gucbilmez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"423291",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Cagnetta",slug:"giovanni-cagnetta",fullName:"Giovanni Cagnetta",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"87",type:"subseries",title:"Economics",keywords:"Globalization, Economic integration, Growth and development, International trade, Environmental development, Developed countries, Developing countries, Technical innovation, Knowledge management, Political economy analysis, Banking and financial markets",scope:"\r\n\tThe topic on Economics is designed to disseminate knowledge around broad global economic issues. Original submissions will be accepted in English for applied and theoretical articles, case studies and reviews about the specific challenges and opportunities faced by the economies and markets around the world. The authors are encouraged to apply rigorous economic analysis with significant policy implications for developed and developing countries. Examples of subjects of interest will include, but are not limited to globalization, economic integration, growth and development, international trade, environmental development, country specific comparative analysis, technical innovation and knowledge management, political economy analysis, and banking and financial markets.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/87.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11971,editor:{id:"327730",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jaime-ortiz",fullName:"Jaime Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002zaOKZQA2/Profile_Picture_1642145584421",biography:"Dr. Jaime Ortiz holds degrees from Chile, the Netherlands, and the United States. He has held tenured faculty, distinguished professorship, and executive leadership appointments in several universities around the world. Dr. Ortiz has previously worked for international organizations and non-government entities in economic and business matters, and he has university-wide globalization engagement in more than thirty-six countries. He has advised, among others, the United Nations Development Program, Inter-American Development Bank, Organization of American States, Pre-investment Organization of Latin America and the Caribbean, Technical Cooperation of the Suisse Government, and the World Bank. Dr. Ortiz is the author, co-author, or editor of books, book chapters, textbooks, research monographs and technical reports, and refereed journal articles. He is listed in Who’s Who in the World, Who’s Who in America, Who’s Who in Finance and Business, Who’s Who in Business Higher Education, Who’s Who in American Education, and Who’s Who Directory of Economists. Dr. Ortiz has been a Fulbright Scholar and an MSI Leadership Fellow with the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. His teaching interests revolve around global economies and markets while his research focuses on topics related to development and growth, global business decisions, and the economics of technical innovation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Houston",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",issn:"2753-894X"},editorialBoard:[{id:"104262",title:"Dr.",name:"Chee-Heong",middleName:null,surname:"Quah",slug:"chee-heong-quah",fullName:"Chee-Heong Quah",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/104262/images/system/104262.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"236659",title:"Prof.",name:"Monica Violeta",middleName:null,surname:"Achim",slug:"monica-violeta-achim",fullName:"Monica Violeta Achim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/236659/images/system/236659.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Babeș-Bolyai University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"202039",title:"Dr.",name:"Nahanga",middleName:null,surname:"Verter",slug:"nahanga-verter",fullName:"Nahanga Verter",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCwtQAG/Profile_Picture_1643101901237",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Mendel University Brno",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"107745",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Panagiotis E.",middleName:null,surname:"Petrakis",slug:"panagiotis-e.-petrakis",fullName:"Panagiotis E. Petrakis",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRzzaQAC/Profile_Picture_1644221136992",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"196259",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryan Merlin",middleName:null,surname:"Yonk",slug:"ryan-merlin-yonk",fullName:"Ryan Merlin Yonk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196259/images/system/196259.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Institute for Economic Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"82367",title:"Spatial Variation and Factors Associated with Unsuppressed HIV Viral Load among Women in an HIV Hyperendemic Area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105547",signatures:"Adenike O. Soogun, Ayesha B.M. Kharsany, Temesgen Zewotir and Delia North",slug:"spatial-variation-and-factors-associated-with-unsuppressed-hiv-viral-load-among-women-in-an-hiv-hype",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"HIV-AIDS - Updates, Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82207",title:"Management Strategies in Perinatal HIV",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105451",signatures:"Kayla Aleshire and Rima Bazzi",slug:"management-strategies-in-perinatal-hiv",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"HIV-AIDS - Updates, Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82013",title:"Streamlining Laboratory Tests for HIV Detection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105096",signatures:"Ramakrishna Prakash and Mysore Krishnamurthy Yashaswini",slug:"streamlining-laboratory-tests-for-hiv-detection",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"HIV-AIDS - Updates, Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81644",title:"Perspective Chapter: Ethics of Using Placebo Controlled Trials for Covid-19 Vaccine Development in Vulnerable Populations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104776",signatures:"Lesley Burgess, Jurie Jordaan and Matthew Wilson",slug:"perspective-chapter-ethics-of-using-placebo-controlled-trials-for-covid-19-vaccine-development-in-vu",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10859",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Concepts and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10859.jpg",slug:"data-mining-concepts-and-applications",publishedDate:"March 30th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ciza Thomas",hash:"63a4e514e537d3962cf53ef1c6b9d5eb",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Data Mining - Concepts and Applications",editors:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10651",title:"Machine Learning",subtitle:"Algorithms, Models and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10651.jpg",slug:"machine-learning-algorithms-models-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaydip Sen",hash:"6208156401c496e0a4ca5ff4265324cc",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Machine Learning - Algorithms, Models and Applications",editors:[{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:315,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",scope:"\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",keywords:"Anthropic effects, Overexploitation, Biodiversity loss, Degradation, Inadequate Management, SDGs adequate practices"},{id:"38",title:"Pollution",scope:"\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment"},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",scope:"