\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"4646",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Cutting Edge Research in Technologies",title:"Cutting Edge Research in Technologies",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The book Cutting Edge Research in Technologies responds to the great interest for innovation in the large domain of technologies. It presents contributions by researchers with high expertise in the field, serving as a valuable reference for scientists, researchers, graduate students, and professionals. The book has five chapters covering the following subjects: information and communication technologies and services with the aim of improving the quality of life and the mobility of users, localisation technologies for deployment of mobile robots in dynamic environments, embedded video processing circuit design flow in the Python language, data communications and networking, and textile weaving.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-2186-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5763-2",doi:"10.5772/59460",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"cutting-edge-research-in-technologies",numberOfPages:122,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"a0c6cc73cb98936693e6e4845a19dfcf",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",publishedDate:"October 21st 2015",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4646.jpg",numberOfDownloads:12114,numberOfWosCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:12,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:26,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 16th 2014",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 6th 2014",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 10th 2015",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 11th 2015",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 10th 2015",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"12",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1366",title:"Operations Research",slug:"information-and-communication-operations-research"}],chapters:[{id:"48912",title:"Possibilities of Applying ICT to Improve Safe Movement of Blind and Visually Impaired Persons",doi:"10.5772/61080",slug:"possibilities-of-applying-ict-to-improve-safe-movement-of-blind-and-visually-impaired-persons",totalDownloads:2035,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Today’s level of the development of information and communication technologies enables the implementation of assistive technologies that can contribute to improved mobility of the persons with impaired vision (users that move along the traffic network). The user in this research has the role of a pedestrian moving along the traffic network, using information and communication technology (ICT) solutions and services for the purpose of information about the surrounding and navigation. In order to achieve greater information and safe movement of the user in the environment, one has to identify and define the relevant parameters necessary to define the user’s requirements, as the basic precondition for the design of new information and communication services. The analysis of the most used application solutions for mobile terminal devices showed the failure in providing precise information to the user, designing of functionality, structure of information and education of the users about the new solutions and services. The downsides of the current applications have served as the basis in defining the recommendations for the development of future applications, with the aim of increasing the user safety. Proper structure of information allows the user a faster and easier search of relevant information and information methods while moving along the traffic network elements. Therefore, the recommendations in designing future solutions and services based on possible technologies of short coverage area (RFID, NFC, Bluetooth, WiFi, RTLS) have been defined. These technologies allow communication connectivity of the users, other traffic entities and the entire traffic surrounding into a unique whole by using the principle of Internet of Things (IoT).",signatures:"Dragan Peraković, Marko Periša and Ante Bilić Prcić",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48912",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48912",authors:[{id:"13092",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Dragan",surname:"Perakovic",slug:"dragan-perakovic",fullName:"Dragan Perakovic"},{id:"174543",title:"Dr.",name:"Marko",surname:"Periša",slug:"marko-perisa",fullName:"Marko Periša"},{id:"174901",title:"Prof.",name:"Ante",surname:"Bilic Prcic",slug:"ante-bilic-prcic",fullName:"Ante Bilic Prcic"}],corrections:null},{id:"49181",title:"3 DoF/6 DoF Localization System for Low Computing Power Mobile Robot Platforms",doi:"10.5772/61258",slug:"3-dof-6-dof-localization-system-for-low-computing-power-mobile-robot-platforms",totalDownloads:1692,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Mobile robot platforms have a wide range of hardware configurations in order to accomplish challenging tasks and require an efficient and accurate localization system to navigate in the environment. The objective of this work is the evaluation of the developed Dynamic Robot Localization (DRL) system in three computing platforms, with CPUs ranging from low to high end (Intel Atom, Core i5, and i7), in order to analyze the configurations that can be used to adjust the trade-offs between pose estimation accuracy and the associated computing resources required. The DRL is capable of performing pose tracking and global pose estimation in both 3 and 6 Degrees of Freedom (DoF) using point cloud data retrieved from LIDARs and RGB-D cameras and achieved translation errors of less than 30 mm and rotation errors of less than 5° when evaluated in three environments. The sensor data retrieved from three testing platforms was processed and the detailed profiling results were analyzed. Besides pose estimation, the self-localization system is also able to perform mapping of the environment with probabilistic integration or removal of geometry and can use surface reconstruction to minimize the impact of sensor noise. These abilities will allow the fast deployment of mobile robots in dynamic environments.",signatures:"Carlos M. Costa, Héber M. Sobreira, Armando J. Sousa and\nGermano Veiga",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49181",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49181",authors:[{id:"97599",title:"Prof.",name:"Armando",surname:"Sousa",slug:"armando-sousa",fullName:"Armando Sousa"},{id:"174421",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Costa",slug:"carlos-costa",fullName:"Carlos Costa"},{id:"174524",title:"Dr.",name:"Germano",surname:"Veiga",slug:"germano-veiga",fullName:"Germano Veiga"},{id:"177595",title:"Dr.",name:"Héber Miguel",surname:"Plácido Sobreira",slug:"heber-miguel-placido-sobreira",fullName:"Héber Miguel Plácido Sobreira"}],corrections:null},{id:"49278",title:"Rapid Prototyping of Embedded Video Processing Systems in FPGA Devices",doi:"10.5772/61136",slug:"rapid-prototyping-of-embedded-video-processing-systems-in-fpga-devices",totalDownloads:2335,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Design of video processing circuits requires a variety of tools and knowledge, and it is difficult to find the right combination of tools for an efficient design process, specifically when considering open tools for evaluation or educational purpose. This chapter presents an overview of video processing requirements, programmable devices used for embedded video processing and the components of a video processing chain. We propose a novel design flow for generating customizable intellectual property (IP) cores used in streaming video processing applications. This design flow is based on domain-specific modules in Python language. Examples of generated cores are presented.",signatures:"Andrej Trost and Andrej Žemva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49278",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49278",authors:[{id:"168194",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrej",surname:"Žemva",slug:"andrej-zemva",fullName:"Andrej Žemva"},{id:"178808",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrej",surname:"Trost",slug:"andrej-trost",fullName:"Andrej Trost"}],corrections:null},{id:"48717",title:"An Analysis of Data Link Control Protocols",doi:"10.5772/60962",slug:"an-analysis-of-data-link-control-protocols",totalDownloads:1660,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter we analyze the performance of data link protocols. We consider Stop and Wait ARQ and Sliding Window protocol. In Sliding window protocol, we consider Selective Reject ARQ and Go-Back-N ARQ. There are existing results that analyze the link utilization of these protocols in the presence of error. We have experimented in a somewhat more generalized framework. We have also analyzed and experimented with the number of duplicate error-free packets that will be transmitted.",signatures:"Pinaki Mitra",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48717",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48717",authors:[{id:"89103",title:"Prof.",name:"Pinaki",surname:"Mitra",slug:"pinaki-mitra",fullName:"Pinaki Mitra"}],corrections:null},{id:"49017",title:"Weaving Complex Patterns — From Weaving Looms to Weaving Machines",doi:"10.5772/61091",slug:"weaving-complex-patterns-from-weaving-looms-to-weaving-machines",totalDownloads:4392,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A chronological overview of the historical facts of the art of hand weaving, with an emphasis on the development of large and complex patterns is provided. The development of looms or weaving machines through history for weaving fabric with large patterns is described. Hand weaving complex patterns from primitive weaving on frames to more complex weaving with two weavers operating one loom was especially explored. The beginning of Jacquard weaving and its application even to the electronic Jacquard looms has been emphasized. An analysis of the development of patterned fabrics with multiple effects was carried out. The analysis was conducted according to patterns using the shortened version of drawing a sample. The results show that it is possible to determine the technique of weaving and construction parameters of each fabric pattern that vary in color and/or in a weave used. The most accurate way to highlight the contours of the points of the transition of one effect into another, namely by shifting warp and weft interlacing points on the edges of each pattern (opposing thread float), is described. Based on the obtained results and finding an identical yarn, it is possible to replicate the pattern on the Jacquard loom.",signatures:"Stana Kovačević and Ivana Schwarz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49017",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49017",authors:[{id:"97687",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivana",surname:"Schwarz",slug:"ivana-schwarz",fullName:"Ivana Schwarz"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2020",title:"New Technologies",subtitle:"Trends, Innovations and Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"170d84903f390df23023d0623d8577d3",slug:"new-technologies-trends-innovations-and-research",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin 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There are presently around 700 carotenoids known, although only about 50 of them are being digested by humans [1, 2]. Carotenoids are present in large concentrations in adipose tissue (80–80% of total), liver (8–12%), and muscles (2–3%) in healthy adults, but in fewer amounts in all other areas [3]. overall amount and levels of various carotenoids inside a person’s bloodstream are mostly determined by their daily average diet. Carotenoids and polyenes are abundant in green leafy vegetables and various multicolored fruits [4]. The bulk of dietary carotenoids is digested by the stomach and enters the bloodstream in humans. People’s blood contains B-carotene, a-carotene, cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and lutein [5]. Carotenoids circulate in the circulation alongside lipoproteins, notably LDL (low-density lipoprotein fraction) [6]. However, a large amount of ingested B-carotene and other provitamins. A carotenoid is transformed to the retina, primarily in the gut wall, but also some proportion in the stomach and intestines [7]. In the human diet, fresh vegetables are currently the primary source of carotenoids [8, 9, 10]. Lutein might perform an important role in hypertension and symptoms of acute permeability in those with heart problems, high cholesterol, and/or hyperglycemia, according to a literature review and meta-analysis [11].
Carotenoids may be found in a variety of fruits and are also available as a nutritional supplement [12, 13]. Cardiovascular abnormalities have subsequently been a major source of worry across the world since they affect a large portion of the global population, and an elevated death rate has been reported in individuals aged 30 and above [14, 15]. Numerous researches have looked at carotenoids’ possible cardioprotective and antioxidant capabilities [16, 17]. Individuals with cardiovascular disease may benefit from the anti-inflammatory properties of lutein, which may help to alleviate their symptoms [18]. ROS-induced reactive damage can arise in lipid peroxidation products, this may hasten the onset of atherosclerosis, the condition that causes heart attacks and ischemic strokes [19].
Carotenoids can be found in a variety of foods, although the majority of carotenoids in the diet are derived from strongly colored vegetables, fruits, and juices. Carotenes supplied as food colorings to foods during the process, milk and dairy fat-containing meals, eggs, seafood, and carotenoids provided as food colorings to foods during handling can also supply trace amounts. The principal sources of carotenoids in the United States are shown in Figure 1. The data is derived from Median values using current HPLC procedures [20].
United States donators of carotenoids rich foods and per capita.
B-cryptoxanthin is present in orange fruits, lutein in green leafy vegetables, and lycopene in tomatoes and tomato derivatives, while B-carotene and a-carotene are both found in yellow-orange veggies and fruits. Multicomponent or mixed meals (e.g., soup, stew) generally contain a considerable proportion of carotenoid-rich foods, which is a practical element to address in dietary evaluation [21, 22]. Seasonality may be a key factor of the kind and amount of dietary carotenoids consumed in populations or cultural groups that consume fruits and vegetables in seasonal patterns [23, 24]. Most carotenoids have a polyisoprenoid structure, which means they have a lengthy connected network with the double bonds and are essentially bilaterally symmetrical around the central doubled bond [25]. Multiple carotenoids are generated by cyclizing the end groups and adding oxygen functionalities to the basic structure, which gives them their distinctive hues and antioxidant characteristics. The structure of several carotenoids is shown in Figure 2.
Chemical structure of common carotenoids.
The most frequent pigment present in human blood is lycopene. That’s just a non-cyclic-carotene analog with 11 linked doubled bonds and two distinct doubling bonds arranged in a linear arrangement [25]. This natural pigment is produced by bacteria and plants. Tomatoes are one of the most potent antioxidants, having a respiration activity that is greater than the total beta-carotene and 10 twice that of -tocopherol [26]. This is owing to the high quantity of linked diamines in the product. The adrenals, testicles, liver, and sex organs all contain lycopene [27]. Unlike some other carotenoids, lycopene content in the blood and organs does not correspond well with the total fruit and veggies diet [28].
According to the oxidative hypothesis, preventing LDL from being damaged is the first stage in the production of fibrils and atherosclerosis plaques, which leads to its absorption by monocytes inside the artery wall and the formation of plaque [29]. Oxidative alterations include triglyceride destruction, phospholipid oxidation, and subsequent oxidation of Apolipoprotein B, in addition to unsaturated fatty acids [30].
Lycopene can mainly be found in its all-trans stereoisomer”s natural form [31]. Lycopene is perhaps the most abundant pigment in blood serum, with a duration of 2–3 days [32].
Fragmentation of the lycopene-rich feed solution, cooking temperature, and the incorporation of lipids as well as other fat compounds, such as other carotenoids, all impact lycopene absorption from food components. Carotenoids, like other lipid-soluble medicines, are digested via a chylomicron-mediated process in the gastrointestinal system [33]. Humans absorb 10–30% of the lycopene they eat in their diet [34, 35]. Sauce, tomato puree, and tomato aqueous extracts capsules all absorb lycopene as well [34, 36]. Lycopene levels are greatest in the testicles, adrenals, prostate, chest, and liver in humans [37, 38]. Lycopene is metabolized and broken down in the tissues. Many oxidizing lycopene forms, as well as polarized intermediates, have recently been isolated and identified [39]. Table 1 shows the lycopene content of several foods [37, 40]. According to studies, 10–30% of lycopene taken in the diet is absorbed in the body [41].
A lower incidence of cardiovascular disease has been attributed to the Mediterranean diet. Tomatoes, tomato derivatives, lycopene, and other pigments are abundant [42, 43]. In 499 patients with CVD (Mayo cordial infection, strokes, CVD mortality, or revascularization therapies), increased plasma lycopene levels were linked to a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease in the Physicians’ Health Study [44]. Lower blood lycopene levels were connected to an increased risk of death in a demographic study comparing Lithuanian and Swedish populations with different heart disease mortality rates [45]. Inflammation is considered to have a part in the development of atherosclerotic disease, which accounts for around 80% of all heart disease cases. In studies, high levels of cytokine production in blood plasma were associated with the onset of cardiac problems [46].
In a research of 139 sick people, oxygenated carotenoids (zeaxanthin, lutein, carotenoids, B-cryptoxanthin, a-carotene, and b-carotene) were found to be reduced in both patient groups (39 with acute illness, 50 with cardiovascular events, and 50 control participants) [47]. In a Japan inhabitants research of 3061 people, there was a link between high blood carotenoids (a-carotene, a-carotene, lycopene, total carotene levels) and a decreased hazard ratio for mortality risk [48]. Upon 60 days of tomato diet intake, a study of CHD (chronic heart disease) patients found a significant improvement in plasma key anti-oxidative enzymes (lipid oxidation rate, dismutase, glutathione peroxidase) compared with control, implying that or more elements of veggies could have medicinal beneficial health effects. In a 3-month study, six healthy guys were given 60 mg of lycopene each day. At the completion of the medication term, their plasma LDL cholesterol level had dropped by 14% [49]. For 1 week, 19 smoke-free healthy people (10 men, 9 women) received lycopene via normal tomatoes and nutraceuticals (20–150 mg/d) in a designed cross nutritional controlled trial [50]. The goal of Thiess and coworkers’ randomized clinical experiment was to see how lycopene consumption affected the levels of cardiovascular risk indicators in healthy people. According to the data, taking 10 mg of lycopene every day for 12 weeks did not influence raised blood concentrations. The levels of Apolipoprotein A-I and Apoprotein B-100 were constant. Although the findings were not significant, both the diastolic (DBP) and systolic (SBP) blood pressures were reduced by 3.2 and 0.3 mmHg, respectively [51].
This group includes the xanthophyll compounds lutein and zeaxanthin. Macula lutea pigments are made from the macula lutea plant’s natural dyes. Certain pigments seem to be essential for the physiological function of the eye. They protect against cataracts and macular degeneration caused by aging. These qualities are owed to their antioxidant properties first and foremost [52]. Figure 1 shows that zeaxanthin has the same composition as lutein and is its derivative. From one of the final b-ion rings, the placement of a double bond changes between the two compounds: zeaxanthin is between C50 and C60, whereas lutein’s is between C40 and C5. Leafy foods, along with colorful veggies, are high in lutein. Two of the most prevalent sources are spinach and greens. Lutein can also be present in egg yolks, thanks to the practice of feeding chickens plant-based foods. Corn and red peppers, for example, contain zeaxanthin [53, 54]. Xu and colleagues looked into the efficacy of lutein supplements here on activation of proinflammatory mediators and blood lipids in atherosclerotic subjects. The levels of monocyte chemotaxis protein type 1 in the blood of several individuals who received lutein at a dosage of 20 mg/d for 3 months were decreased (MCP-1). LDL blood cholesterol values were also found to be lower in these individuals [55]. The China Coronary Finding provides evidence that lutein has a protective effect on atherosclerosis. Patients with early stages of atherosclerosis had lower blood lutein concentrations than healthy individuals, according to the study. Plasma lutein content is seen to be negatively linked to the thickness of carotid endothelial tissue (CIMT). The high amount of zeaxanthin in the blood was also shown to be inversely related to right main aorta stiffness and pulse velocity (PWV), both of which are markers of cardiovascular risk [56]. In the 39,876 women who were investigated, there was no link between serum lutein and zeaxanthin contents but also cardiovascular events [57].
β-Carotene is a strong fat-soluble nutraceutical that may be found in many fruits and vegetables. β-carotene converts to two molecules of vitamin A, resulting in a higher vitamin A supply [58, 59]. Cardiovascular, cancer, neurological, immunological, rheumatoid arthritis, cataracts, and aging have all been proven to be prevented by β-carotene [60, 61, 62]. The effectiveness of tagged β-carotene absorption varies greatly between clinical investigations, ranging from 3 to 80%, but quite often around 10 and 30% [63, 64]. It might be related to β-carotene’s varied bioavailability, or it could be owing to the enterocyte’s delayed absorption or transit. It’s worth noting that the absorption of β-carotene was commonly evaluated after a little meal. In humans, though, our stomach may retain β-carotene from the initial meal for eventual release during the subsequent period [65].
On the other hand, carotenoid binding vehicles may impact carotenoid absorption routes. Blended micelles were most likely separated from the majority of the bolus in the unstirred water of such a glycocalyx region before touching the boundary layer, whereupon carotenoid could be ingested passively or via a transporter-dependent method [66]. Phytofluene, β-carotene, and lutein accumulation are comparable to as well as much bigger than phytoene ingestion in differentiated Caco-2 cell monolayers, albeit lycopene ingestion was the lowest [67, 68]. Uptake efficiency appears to be linked to carotenoid polarity and flexibility in the same manner as bioavailability is. This might be because hydrophilic, pliable pigments have such a stronger attraction for lipids carriers and plasma membrane, resulting in more absorption. According to an IOM report from 2001 [69], the Supplemental and dietary β-carotene absorbing rate ranges from 5 to 26% (spinach) (raw carrots). β-carotene and lycopene are the most abundant carotenoids in human adipocytes, accounting for 20.2 and 18.5% of total carotenoids, respectively, with substantial inter-individual variability [70].
In a recent meta-analysis of all-cause mortality in 25,468 men and women, the relative risk (RR) for those with the highest vs. lowest blood beta-carotene levels was 0.69 (95% confidence interval: 0.59–0.80). (6137 deaths) [71]. According to the NHANES III study of 16,008 people, some in the top tertile of serum beta-carotene seemed to have a 25% lower risk of mortality (95% CI: 10–37%) than those in the lowest quintile (4225 deaths) [72]. Many investigations, along with a recent meta-analysis, suggest that circulating beta-carotene and overall mortality are negatively correlated [73, 74, 75]. In contrast, a meta-analysis of observational studies found that supplementation with b-carotene raises the odds of cardiovascular mortality from a tiny proportion [76]. Increased nutritional consumption of a-carotene and b-carotene was linked to a reduced risk of CVD mortality in the Zutphen Elderly research [77]. High serum concentrations of a-carotene and b-carotene, lycopene, or carotenoids, according to Japanese population-based follow-up studies, can lower the risk of mortality rates [78, 79].
The development of cardiovascular disorders is undoubtedly aided by peroxidation and chronically low irritation in the cardiovascular system. This pathogenesis of CVD and coronary disease has been related to oxidatively damaged low-density lipoproteins. An injection of such a free radical source that promotes LDL oxidation into foam cells appears to cause thermogenesis. An injection of such a free radical source into foam cells that stimulates LDL oxidation appears to trigger thermogenesis. Antioxidants may prevent cholesterol levels from degradation, lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases in humans. Because β-carotene and lycopene are mostly found in LDL, they have a significant role in preventing oxidation [80]. The addition of b-carotene to LDL in situ was already found to lower the oxidation sensitivity of LDL [81].
Carotenoids have antioxidant properties and promote lymphocyte proliferation, which would boost immunological activity. The modification of vascular NO bioavailability owing to carotenoids’ lowering action is another intriguing technique for explaining how carotenoids assist prevent CVD. In a model of vascular inflammation, high beta-carotene concentrations are connected to a large rise in NO level or absorption, as seen by an increase in cGMP level. In endothelial cells, increased NO release resulted in the enzyme inhibition of NF-kB-dependent binding proteins [82]. Endothelial NO bioavailability is therefore thought to be important to endothelial function and overall vascular health. In a rat model of atherosclerosis, further study reveals that a 9-cis-beta-carotene-rich diet can protect heart disease by lowering non-HDL plasma cholesterol levels, inhibiting liver fibrosis growth and inflammation [83].
Astaxanthin, or 3,3′-dihydroxy-, ′ β-carotene-4,4′-dione, is a red-orange marine carotenoid present inside a wide range of microorganisms and marine animals [61, 62]. Soft gels, capsules, lotions, energy beverages, oils, and extracts containing astaxanthin have already entered the market as nutritional supplements [84]. As for other liposome carotenoids, astaxanthin is considered to go through a complicated digesting and absorption process that includes liberation from food material, transport to a stomach organic phase, creation into micelles under solvation via pancreas hydrolases but also bile acids, transit through the villi, uptake by enterocytes, and inclusion into chylomicrons allowing transportation to the lymphatic vessels and bloodstream [58, 85]. The gastrointestinal system, particularly the duodenum, absorbs almost no carotenoids into enterocytes, and bioavailability refers to the fraction of the ingested dosage retained into micelles. [86].
However, because of its weak water solubility and corrosiveness, oral astaxanthin’s bioavailability is restricted. The pharmacokinetics of astaxanthin in rats were dose-independent between 100 and 200 mg/kg. Oral astaxanthin intake in the gastrointestinal tract followed a flip-flop pattern, according to Choi et al. [87]. The structure of astaxanthin has a role in its bioavailability. In vitro and rat, experiments demonstrated that a single ingestion of 100 mg mixed isomers resulted in a greater plasma level of cis-astaxanthin, particularly the 13-cis isomer, than diet [88, 89, 90]. Osterlie et al. looked at the dispersion of astaxanthin in different lipid fragments and found that 36–64% plasma astaxanthin accumulated in chylomicron-containing very-low-density lipoproteins, with the rest distributed almost evenly between low-density lipoprotein 29% and high-density lipoprotein 24% [90].
Microalgae, plankton, krill, fish, and other seafood are all members of the xanthophyll family. Microalgae, plankton, krill, fish, and other seafood contain astaxanthin, a red soluble pigment. In the marine environment, it can be found in microalgae, plankton, krill, fish, and some other seafood. It’s the pigment that gives salmon and crustaceans their characteristic colors [91]. Even though chronic damage is still a biomarker conducted in a range of diseases, astaxanthin has shown promise in the prevention and treatment of malignancies, inflammatory diseases, metabolic disease, kidney disease, nephropathy, spleen, and digestive diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and even cardiovascular disease. According to Pashow et al., astaxanthin might help with myocardial injury, oxidation LDL, re-thrombosis following angioplasty, or other cardiac issues including fibrillation. Astaxanthin is a strong anti-oxidant and FR’s remover, and a reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen-oxygen species (NOS) quencher (NOS) [92]. During an eight-week study, Park looked at the effects of astaxanthin supplementation (0, 2, and 8 mg per day) on oxidative stress. People taking 2 mg a day for 8 weeks had a decreased hs-CRP, a primary predictor of heart disease. After 4 weeks of therapy, DNA damage as determined by serum 8-hydroxy-2?-deoxyguanosine was also reduced [93].
The xanthophyll pigment astaxanthin (AST) is present in a variety of marine animals and microalgae [28]. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities, as well as the ability to improve cardiovascular and immune system health, as well as prevent diabetes and neurological illnesses, are all found in AST [94, 95, 96, 97, 98]. In green foods, the lutein-to-zeaxanthin ratio ranges from 12 to 63, with kale having the highest concentration, whereas the ratio in yellow-orange fruits and vegetables is between 0.1 and 1.4 [99]. Dark green algae, that are consumed by fish, are rich in astaxanthin and fucoxanthin. Capsanthin is most commonly found within the pepper. β-Cryptoxanthin is a provitamin A that may be found inside a variety of vegetables, but it’s especially abundant in corn, oranges, peaches, papaya, watermelon, and egg yolk. [100, 101].
Carotenoids should be digested then delivered into the blood to assert and provide their physical effects. Carotenoids seem to be either lipid-soluble or hydrophilic, indicating they are accessible in fats and immiscible, just like the human digestive tract. When compared to the hydrocarbon carotenoids (α-, β-carotene, and lycopene), lutein and zeaxanthin have hydroxyl groups and are thus polar molecules. To calculate the advantages, a thorough understanding of carotenoid release, absorption, transit, and storage in the eye is required. The quantity and type of dietary fat, that assists in the solvation of releasing carotenoids, and also phospholipids, soluble fiber, and indeed the nature of carotenoids, are all key determinants in lutein and zeaxanthin absorption from food [102, 103, 104]. Many phases are engaged in the intake of carotenoids released from food: (i) dispersion inside the stomach colloid so it can be integrated into fat droplets, (ii) followed by translocation to micelles holding bile salts, biliary phospholipids, dietary lipids, as well as other substances. The intestinal cell collects the dissolved carotenoids and distributes them into the blood. In vitro transfer of lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin from fruits (orange, kiwi, grapefruit, and sweet potato) was nearly 0%, compared to 19 and 38%, respectively, from spinach and broccoli [105]. The primary carotenoids detected in maize milling fractions are lutein and zeaxanthin, which account for nearly 70% of total carotenoids [106]. Table 2 lists foods that are high in lutein and zeaxanthin [107, 108, 109, 110].
With a 40-carbon hydroxylated structure, zeaxanthin is just an oxygenation non-provitamin A carotenoid [111]. The macular lutea, a yellow-colored region of the retina that supports the central vision and includes lutein and zeaxanthin, is a yellow-colored section of the retina that contains lutein and zeaxanthin. Zeaxanthin may protect proteins, lipids, or DNA from oxidative stress via influencing various cellular antioxidant mechanisms, in addition to immediately reducing superoxide radicals. Glutathione is a potent antioxidant found within tissues that defends them from oxidation [112]. Taking supplements with zeaxanthin or a-tocopherol lowers metabolized glutathione (GSSG) levels while raising internalized reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and the GSH/GSSG ratio, particularly during redox balance. By regulating glutathione production and hence glutathione levels, zeaxanthin functions as an antioxidant, either directly or indirectly. As a result, the internal redox state improves in oxidative stress, and susceptibility to H2O2-induced cell death decreases [113].
Beta-carotene and zeaxanthin, which are inversely related to right main artery stiffness, pulse speed, and deformability, are implicated in both ocular and cardiovascular health. Both the Beijing and Los Angeles atherosclerosis studies discovered an opposite relation between serum lutein and initial CVD, although subsequent follow-up trials revealed that greater serum zeaxanthin concentrations may defend from early arteriosclerosis [114]. Zeaxanthin may help vascular health, according to these studies.
With chemically similar formulas, it’s an isomer of the carotenoid zeaxanthin. It, like zeaxanthin, is exclusively found in foods like yellow maize, egg yolk, orange juice, honeydew melon, and other fruits, and must be gotten by supplements or diet [113]. The ubiquitous nuclear transcription factor NF-kB, which is implicated in a range of pathogenic reactions, is blocked by lutein [115], as well as the kB inhibitor’s degradation (I-kB) [48]. It also has a significant potential to scavenge ROS [116, 117]. NF-kB can begin to migrate into the nucleus when I-kB is released from the NF-kB complex by lutein, reducing inducible transcription of genes and the activation of cytokines markers such cytokines, chemokines, and iNOS [118]. Lutein inhibits the production of TNF-alpha, interleukin 6 (IL-6), prostaglandin 2 (PGE-2), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) [119].
According to this study, plasmatic lutein shows a negative correlation with oxidative stress, implying that it has significant oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects on aortic tissue, potentially preventing atherosclerotic [120]. Several studies have found that lutein levels in individuals with atherosclerosis were considerably lower than in normal and that they were indirectly correlated to arterial tightness [121]. The cardiac and blood vessel preventive actions of lutein have also been connected to the management of hypertension. A rise in systolic blood pressure and unintentional hypertension was often negatively proportional to a larger amount of this carotenoid. Some with greater lutein values had lower serum blood pressure but a decreased risk of future hypertension, independent of whether or not they smoke [122]. By lowering peroxidation and myocyte apoptosis, lutein prevents the myocardium from ischemia damage [123]. By avoiding contractile dysfunction, limiting myocardial damage may lower CAD morbidity and mortality [124].
The onset and evolution of a range of disorders, including cardiovascular issues, have been related to oxidative stress. ROS are important biological variables that can influence a wide range of physiological and disease-related conditions [125]. Cancer, reactive arthritis, osteoarthritis, aging, neurological, and cardiac illnesses are all connected to oxidative stress. Given the evidence linking oxidative stress to a wide range of human illnesses, measuring oxidative stress biomarkers is critical for assessing health and detecting the onset of oxidative stress-related disorders [126]. Hypercholesterolemia is also a disease that is closely connected to peroxidation. FH individuals reported greater levels of reactive oxygen species than normolipidemic patients, as per an inter observational study involving 132 individuals with high cholesterol (FH). MDA concentration seems to be much higher in FH, suggesting a higher oxidative stress state, according to the International Federation of Clinical Chemists (IFCC) standard range (>1.24 g/L) [127]. Various demographic studies have examined the association between higher nutritional carotene intake and thus the environment’s effects on cardiovascular disease prevention [128, 129, 130, 131].
Circulating carotenoid concentrations, for example, have been associated with inflammatory markers, increased lipid peroxidation, and vascular dysfunction, that has all been connected to CVD [132, 133, 134]. Secondly, pigments and minerals have a phytonutrient-like impact on endothelial dysfunction and irritation, decreasing the risk of atherosclerosis. [135]. The finding of a link between carotene, peroxidation, and inflammation has been aided by several in vitro studies, notably those that used subsystem [136]. Carotenoids exhibit anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in vascular cells, as shown in Figure 3.
Carotenoids have a beneficial effect on endothelial dysfunction and overall vascular health [
Nitrogen oxide may combine with O2− to generate peroxynitrite (ONOO-) under oxidative conditions, resulting in decreased NO bioavailability, vascular dysfunction, increased lipid oxidation, and chronic inflammatory responses. Nitrogen oxide may combine with oxygen to generate peroxynitrite (ONOO-) during oxidative conditions, resulting in decreased NO bioavailability, vascular dysfunction, increased lipid oxidation, and chronic inflammatory responses. All of these actions create a negative cycle, and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capabilities of carotenoids may be harmed as a result. TNF-, tumor necrotic lesions factor-alpha; NF-B, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; TNF-, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; NF-B, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; TNF-, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; NF-B, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; NO, nitric oxide; O2-, superoxide anion; ONOO-, peroxynitrite; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synth cGM.
Antioxidants are chemicals that prevent or restrict oxidative damage by inhibiting the action of reactive oxygen species. Intrinsic antioxidant components present in body cells include chronic damage, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Antioxidants found in foods include vitamin C, vitamin C, polyphenols, and carotenoids [138]. To help avoid chronic diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disease, current dietary guidelines recommend consuming more antioxidant-rich plant foods like fruits and vegetables [139].
The conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline and nitric oxide is catalyzed by nitric oxide synthases (NOS)., but they can create superoxide under uncoupling conditions:
NOS + L-arginine + O2 + NADPH − → NO + citrulline + NADP+ NOS(Fe(II)heme) + O2 − → NOS(Fe(III)heme) + O2 •− [140].
Two NOS isoforms, neuronal NOS (NOS1) and endothelial NOS (eNOS, NOS3), are generated in cardiomyocytes constantly, whereas inducible NOS (NOS2) is lacking in the healthy heart but can be triggered by pro-oxidants [141]. It was discovered that hypertrophied myocytes had a higher amount of iNOS [142]. Because NOSs may produce both RNS and ROS, their effects on the cardiovascular system can be complex—they can enhance or reduce heart damage. Because nitric oxide is an EDRF (endothelium-derived relaxing factor), its effects must primarily benefit the heart. The diffusion-controlled interaction of nitric oxide with superoxide, on the other hand, produces the very reactive peroxynitrite. To avoid heart damage, the equilibrium of superoxide/nitric oxide must be maintained. During pathological changes in the heart, the interplay of major enzymatic ROS generators contributes to this balance. In dogs with pacing-induced heart failure, NO synthases and xanthine oxidase was shown to be important in the modulation of myocardial mechanical efficiency, and overexpression of XO relative to NOS contributed to mechanoenergetic uncoupling [143].
Fruits and vegetables are rich in carotenoids. Carotenoids have long been regarded to be beneficial to one’s health. Nearly 700 carotenoids have been discovered. The most regularly referenced carotenoids in this chapter were a-carotene, b-carotene, lutein, lycopene, and zeaxanthin. Their absorption, transportation, needs, and chemistry were all discussed. Cardiovascular diseases are a significant public health issue. Carotenoids-rich meals may help to reduce the progression of coronary heart disease, according to the study reviewed in this chapter. Oxidative stress is responsible for a wide range of degenerative diseases, including cardiovascular issues. The pathogenesis of CVD is heavily influenced by oxidative stress. We looked at the significance of carotenoids in endothelial function and vascular health in general in this chapter. We also discussed how carotenoids may be obtained from a variety of fruits and vegetables. The etiology of atherosclerosis is aggravated by oxidative stress. Throughout this chapter, we looked at the significance of carotenoids in endothelial function and vascular health in general.
We thank the digital library GCUF for providing access to the publication.
There is no conflict of interest as declared by all authors.
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This cognitive impairment affects the long-term prognosis and has been shown to be associated with long-term disability, higher health care costs, and even increased mortality. On the other hand, clinical research on POCD is in its infancy, the condition has not been clarified, and since no strategy for management is currently available, it is imperative to develop specific methods for prevention and management. Although its pathogenesis involves various factors, accumulating evidence suggests that surgery elicits an inflammatory response in the hippocampus, a brain area closely related to cognitive function, playing a key role in the development of POCD. Several studies suggest that age-related phenotypic change of microglia is associated with pathogenic neuroinflammation, and more importantly it may be modifiable. In this chapter, we discuss the current overview and preclinical highlights regarding POCD. 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Background knowledge of all these essentials helps select the most appropriate regional analgesia technique for knee surgeries.",book:{id:"10708",slug:"topics-in-regional-anesthesia",title:"Topics in Regional Anesthesia",fullTitle:"Topics in Regional Anesthesia"},signatures:"Kartik Sonawane and Hrudini Dixit",authors:[{id:"351728",title:"Dr.",name:"Kartik",middleName:null,surname:"Sonawane",slug:"kartik-sonawane",fullName:"Kartik Sonawane"},{id:"351737",title:"Dr.",name:"Hrudini",middleName:null,surname:"Dixit",slug:"hrudini-dixit",fullName:"Hrudini Dixit"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"65467",title:"Anesthesia Management for Large-Volume Liposuction",slug:"anesthesia-management-for-large-volume-liposuction",totalDownloads:5965,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The apparent easiness with which liposuction is performed favors that patients, young surgeons, and anesthesiologists without experience in this field ignore the many events that occur during this procedure. Liposuction is a procedure to improve the body contour and not a surgery to reduce weight, although recently people who have failed in their plans to lose weight look at liposuction as a means to contour their body figure. Tumescent liposuction of large volumes requires a meticulous selection of each patient; their preoperative evaluation and perioperative management are essential to obtain the expected results. The various techniques of general anesthesia are the most recommended and should be monitored in the usual way, as well as monitoring the total doses of infiltrated local anesthetics to avoid systemic toxicity. The management of intravenous fluids is controversial, but the current trend is the restricted use of hydrosaline solutions. The most feared complications are deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, fat embolism, lung edema, hypothermia, infections and even death. The adherence to the management guidelines and prophylaxis of venous thrombosis/thromboembolism is mandatory.",book:{id:"6221",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},signatures:"Sergio Granados-Tinajero, Carlos Buenrostro-Vásquez, Cecilia\nCárdenas-Maytorena and Marcela Contreras-López",authors:[{id:"273532",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio Octavio",middleName:null,surname:"Granados Tinajero",slug:"sergio-octavio-granados-tinajero",fullName:"Sergio Octavio Granados Tinajero"}]},{id:"53389",title:"Anesthesia for Urological Surgery",slug:"anesthesia-for-urological-surgery",totalDownloads:3545,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Because of the variable techniques and patients’ positions used in urological surgery, anesthesia for urologic surgery requires advanced knowledge and special transactions. In this matter, it is important to follow current approaches for anesthesiologists. Different surgical procedures and complications due to different positions or anesthesia were evaluated separately to be more concise. We have researched recent literature and created this chapter about new technologies in urological surgery and development in anesthesia for urological surgery.",book:{id:"5490",slug:"current-topics-in-anesthesiology",title:"Current Topics in Anesthesiology",fullTitle:"Current Topics in Anesthesiology"},signatures:"Zeki Tuncel Tekgül, Burcu Özalp Horsanali and Mustafa Ozan\nHorsanali",authors:[{id:"59702",title:"Dr.",name:"Mustafa Ozan",middleName:null,surname:"Horsanali",slug:"mustafa-ozan-horsanali",fullName:"Mustafa Ozan Horsanali"},{id:"190164",title:"Dr.",name:"Zeki Tuncel",middleName:null,surname:"Tekgül",slug:"zeki-tuncel-tekgul",fullName:"Zeki Tuncel Tekgül"},{id:"195091",title:"Dr.",name:"Burcu Özalp",middleName:null,surname:"Horsanalı",slug:"burcu-ozalp-horsanali",fullName:"Burcu Özalp Horsanalı"}]},{id:"61712",title:"Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Airway",slug:"functional-anatomy-and-physiology-of-airway",totalDownloads:3739,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"In this chapter, we scope the importance of functional anatomy and physiology of the upper airway. The upper airway has an important role in transporting air to the lungs. Both the anatomical structure of the airways and the functional properties of the mucosa, cartilages, and neural and lymphatic tissues influence the characteristics of the air that is inhaled. The airway changes in size, shape, and position throughout its development from the neonate to the adults. Knowledge of the functional anatomy of the airway in these forms the basis of understanding the pathological conditions that may occur. The upper airway extends from the mouth to the trachea. It includes the mouth, the nose, the palate, the uvula, the pharynx, and the larynx. This section also describes the functional physiology of this airway. Managing the airway of a patient with craniofacial disorders poses many challenges to the anesthesiologist. Anatomical abnormalities may affect only intubation, only airway management, or both. This section also focuses on the abnormal airways in obesity, pregnancy, children and neonate, and patients with abnormal facial defects.",book:{id:"6495",slug:"tracheal-intubation",title:"Tracheal Intubation",fullTitle:"Tracheal Intubation"},signatures:"Aslı Mete and İlknur Hatice Akbudak",authors:[{id:"237495",title:"Dr.",name:"Asli",middleName:null,surname:"Mete",slug:"asli-mete",fullName:"Asli Mete"},{id:"237882",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilknur",middleName:"Hatice",surname:"Akbudak",slug:"ilknur-akbudak",fullName:"Ilknur Akbudak"}]},{id:"60582",title:"Indications for Endotracheal Intubation",slug:"indications-for-endotracheal-intubation",totalDownloads:3689,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Endotracheal intubation may be required when respiratory distress or airway integrity cannot be achieved or maintained for any reason. It should be considered that intubation may be required when evaluating the patient, and that in the long term, airway protection will be needed or that the problem cannot be solved by noninvasive ventilation via airway aids and devices. Identifying the problem causing the patient’s respiratory failure helps in making the decision to intubate. In fact, the clinician must be fast and self-confident when deciding on intubation. It is difficult to decide in some complex situations. It is very important to evaluate the patient, according to clinical status, age, and comorbidity, and to determine urgent intubation need. In non-diagnostic cases, further research is needed to investigate the causes of the condition such as hypoxia/hypercapnia resulting in patient respiratory distress. Different voice tone, swallowing difficulties, coughing attacks, stridor, dyspnea can be a sign of upper airway obstruction. Arterial blood gas analysis will facilitate our decision to make intubation. Non-invasive pulse oximetry and continuous capnography values may also be a guide, but the most important thing is that delayed intubation decision may bring life-threatening situations.",book:{id:"6495",slug:"tracheal-intubation",title:"Tracheal Intubation",fullTitle:"Tracheal Intubation"},signatures:"Yeliz Şahiner",authors:[{id:"236458",title:"Dr.",name:"Yeliz",middleName:null,surname:"Şahiner",slug:"yeliz-sahiner",fullName:"Yeliz Şahiner"}]},{id:"64750",title:"Perioperative Complications in Plastic Surgery",slug:"perioperative-complications-in-plastic-surgery",totalDownloads:1398,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Anesthetic complications in the perioperative period in plastic surgery are extremely rare, although they can be catastrophic and sometimes fatal. The proper selection and correct preoperative assessment of patients are the key to stay away from unwanted events. Preanesthesia evaluation is mandatory in each patient and must include clinical history, complete physical examination, and routine and special laboratory tests in patients with associated pathologies. Anesthetic management is based on these results, type of surgery, experience of the anesthesiologist, and the operating environment. The anesthetic technique can be local, regional, or general with standard noninvasive monitoring. It is recommended that an anesthesiologist be present in all plastic surgery procedures. Complications are usually the result of moving away from the guidelines already established for an excellent practice or the result of sentinel events rather than human errors. Pulmonary embolism is probably the most feared complication, with soft tissue infections being the most frequent complication in plastic surgery. Less common complications include arrhythmias, overhydration, allergies, bleeding, skin necrosis, dehiscence of wounds, brain damage, and dead. Anesthesiologists, surgeons, nurses, and all personnel involved in the care of these patients must work as a team of highly qualified and updated professionals.",book:{id:"6221",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},signatures:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo, Jaime Campos-León and Alejandro\nMoreno-Guillen",authors:[{id:"169249",title:"Prof.",name:"Víctor M.",middleName:null,surname:"Whizar-Lugo",slug:"victor-m.-whizar-lugo",fullName:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo"},{id:"170821",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Campos-León",slug:"jaime-campos-leon",fullName:"Jaime Campos-León"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1139",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. 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After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. 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A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11416,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/28.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11417,editor:{id:"177225",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"rosa-maria-lino-neto-pereira",fullName:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9wkQAC/Profile_Picture_1624519982291",biography:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira (DVM, MsC, PhD and) is currently a researcher at the Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Unit of the National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV, Portugal). She is the head of the Reproduction and Embryology Laboratories and was lecturer of Reproduction and Reproductive Biotechnologies at Veterinary Medicine Faculty. She has over 25 years of experience working in reproductive biology and biotechnology areas with a special emphasis on embryo and gamete cryopreservation, for research and animal genetic resources conservation, leading research projects with several peer-reviewed papers. Rosa Pereira is member of the ERFP-FAO Ex situ Working Group and of the Management Commission of the Portuguese Animal Germplasm Bank.",institutionString:"The National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research. Portugal",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. 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(Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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In 1992, Dr. Babinszky obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from the University of Wageningen. His main research areas are swine and poultry nutrition. He has authored more than 300 publications (papers, book chapters) and edited four books and fourteen international conference proceedings.",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"201830",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Sanchez",surname:"Davila",slug:"fernando-davila",fullName:"Fernando Davila",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201830/images/5017_n.jpg",biography:"I am a professor at UANL since 1988. My research lines are the development of reproductive techniques in small ruminants. We also conducted research on sexual and social behavior in males.\nI am Mexican and study my professional career as an engineer in agriculture and animal science at UANL. Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain. She is a Full Professor at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery at the same University. She developed her research activity in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry and Immunology of horses. She is a scientific reviewer of several international journals : American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comparative Clinical Pathology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology. Since 2014, she has been the Head of the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the Hospital Clínico Veterinario from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University.",institutionString:"CEU-Cardenal Herrera University",institution:{name:"CEU Cardinal Herrera University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"350704",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Camila",middleName:"Silva Costa",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"camila-ferreira",fullName:"Camila Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350704/images/17280_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the Fluminense Federal University, specialist in Equine Reproduction at the Brazilian Veterinary Institute (IBVET) and Master in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction at the Fluminense Federal University. She has experience in analyzing zootechnical indices in dairy cattle and organizing events related to Veterinary Medicine through extension grants. I have experience in the field of diagnostic imaging and animal reproduction in veterinary medicine through monitoring and scientific initiation scholarships. I worked at the Equus Central Reproduction Equine located in Santo Antônio de Jesus – BA in the 2016/2017 breeding season. I am currently a doctoral student with a scholarship from CAPES of the Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences) at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) with a research project with an emphasis on equine endometritis.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"423023",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosra",middleName:null,surname:"Soltan",slug:"yosra-soltan",fullName:"Yosra Soltan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"349788",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia Nery",middleName:null,surname:"Sompie",slug:"florencia-nery-sompie",fullName:"Florencia Nery Sompie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sam Ratulangi University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"208123",title:"Dr.",name:"Mari-Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Uribe",slug:"mari-carmen-uribe",fullName:"Mari-Carmen Uribe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"345713",title:"Dr.",name:"Csaba",middleName:null,surname:"Szabó",slug:"csaba-szabo",fullName:"Csaba Szabó",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"345719",title:"Mrs.",name:"Márta",middleName:null,surname:"Horváth",slug:"marta-horvath",fullName:"Márta Horváth",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"420151",title:"Prof.",name:"Novirman",middleName:null,surname:"Jamarun",slug:"novirman-jamarun",fullName:"Novirman Jamarun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Andalas University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"11",type:"subseries",title:"Cell Physiology",keywords:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease, Free Radicals, Tumor Metastasis, Antioxidants, Essential Fatty Acids, Melatonin, Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology",scope:"\r\n\tThe integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, as well as the expression, structure, and function of molecular and cellular components, is essential for modern physiology. The following concerns will be addressed in this Cell Physiology subject, which will consider all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver; gut, kidney, eye) and their interactions: (1) Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease (2) Free Radicals (3) Tumor Metastasis (4) Antioxidants (5) Essential Fatty Acids (6) Melatonin and (7) Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11407,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"186048",title:"Prof.",name:"Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Drenjančević",slug:"ines-drenjancevic",fullName:"Ines Drenjančević",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186048/images/5818_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Osijek",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/79615/images/system/79615.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"84459",title:"Prof.",name:"Valerie",middleName:null,surname:"Chappe",slug:"valerie-chappe",fullName:"Valerie Chappe",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/84459/images/system/84459.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalhousie University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"80964",title:"Upper Airway Expansion in Disabled Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102830",signatures:"David Andrade, Joana Andrade, Maria-João Palha, Cristina Areias, Paula Macedo, Ana Norton, Miguel Palha, Lurdes Morais, Dóris Rocha Ruiz and Sônia Groisman",slug:"upper-airway-expansion-in-disabled-children",totalDownloads:35,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80839",title:"Herbs and Oral Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103715",signatures:"Zuhair S. 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