Goat heads from 2000 to 2019.
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10118",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Plant Stress Physiology",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Due to the changing climate, food security for the increasing population has raised a great threat globally. Therefore, it is imperative to find alternate solutions for enhancing agricultural sustainability through plant stress physiology. The concept of plant stress physiology has been well-established over the past 60 years due to the increasing trends of environmental stress. Researchers have found that crop stress physiology has an association with two main areas, one is concerned with agronomy, the other concerned with plant breeding. The contents of the current book emphasize the integration of both breeding and agronomy strategies to ensure agricultural productivity and environmental safety under changing climate.",isbn:"978-1-83962-527-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-526-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-528-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88761",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"plant-stress-physiology",numberOfPages:418,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"c68b09d2d2634fc719ae3b9a64a27839",bookSignature:"Akbar Hossain",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10118.jpg",numberOfDownloads:12878,numberOfWosCitations:30,numberOfCrossrefCitations:26,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:62,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:3,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:118,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 2nd 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 5th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 4th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 23rd 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 21st 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280755/images/system/280755.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Akbar Hossain is presently working as a senior agronomist at the Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute, Bangladesh. Dr. Hossain finished his Ph.D degree from the Institute of Ecology and Biological Sciences (particularly stress physiology), Astrakhan State University, Russia. The research interests and expertise of Dr. Hossain include plant physiology, conventional and molecular breeding, biotechnology, genetic engineering, crop and weed management, weed biology and ecology, conservation agriculture, climate change impact assessment on field crops through modeling. He has authored more than 190 journal articles and is currently serving as an MS student supervisor and also a voluntary reviewer/editor for different journals. Dr. Hossain is also linked with several international projects. \n\nMore details can be found on the link: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Akbar_Hossain2",institutionString:"Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"375",title:"Plant Physiology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-plant-biology-plant-physiology"}],chapters:[{id:"72275",title:"Heat and Drought Stresses in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Substantial Yield Losses, Practical Achievements, Improvement Approaches, and Adaptive Mechanisms",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92378",slug:"heat-and-drought-stresses-in-wheat-em-triticum-aestivum-em-l-substantial-yield-losses-practical-achi",totalDownloads:629,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The major wheat-producing countries have heterogeneous and fragile agro climatic surroundings but frequently restraining wheat yield and quality losses are predominant under heat and drought prone agriculture exclusively when both stresses occur in blend, which looms the food security globally. However, many suggested examples are available in these countries for the mitigation of these two stresses by using different conventional and modern improvement and agronomic approaches. In addition to these approaches, morphological, physiological, anatomical, biochemical, phenological, and physiochemical vicissitudes, which trigged during these stresses, have also been elucidated. There complete deliberation in combination for wheat improvement is still a contest, but a win-win option is a holistic attitude in future.",signatures:"Muhammad Zulkiffal, Aneela Ahsan, Javed Ahmed, Muhammad Musa, Amna Kanwal, Muhammad Saleem, Javed Anwar, Aziz ur Rehman, Sadia Ajmal, Saima Gulnaz and Muhammad Makky Javaid",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72275",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72275",authors:[{id:"193536",title:"Dr.",name:"Aziz",surname:"Ur Rehman",slug:"aziz-ur-rehman",fullName:"Aziz Ur Rehman"},{id:"320233",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Zukiffal",slug:"muhammad-zukiffal",fullName:"Muhammad Zukiffal"},{id:"320237",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneela",surname:"Ahsan",slug:"aneela-ahsan",fullName:"Aneela Ahsan"},{id:"320238",title:"Dr.",name:"Javed",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"javed-ahmed",fullName:"Javed Ahmed"},{id:"320239",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Musa",slug:"muhammad-musa",fullName:"Muhammad Musa"},{id:"320240",title:"Dr.",name:"Amna",surname:"Kanwal",slug:"amna-kanwal",fullName:"Amna Kanwal"},{id:"320241",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Saleem",slug:"muhammad-saleem",fullName:"Muhammad Saleem"},{id:"320242",title:"Dr.",name:"Javed",surname:"Anwar",slug:"javed-anwar",fullName:"Javed Anwar"},{id:"320243",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",surname:"Ajmal",slug:"sadia-ajmal",fullName:"Sadia Ajmal"},{id:"320244",title:"Dr.",name:"Saima",surname:"Gulnaz",slug:"saima-gulnaz",fullName:"Saima Gulnaz"},{id:"320245",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Makky",surname:"Javaid",slug:"muhammad-makky-javaid",fullName:"Muhammad Makky Javaid"}],corrections:null},{id:"72976",title:"Characterization of Selected Drought Tolerance Rice Landraces: A Case in Kerala, India",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93396",slug:"characterization-of-selected-drought-tolerance-rice-landraces-a-case-in-kerala-india",totalDownloads:478,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rice is a staple food of more than half of the world’s population. The successful cultivation of rice depends on a variety of climatic and soil conditions. There are lot of factors both biotic and abiotic, which affect the growth and yield of crops. Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses, which leads to drastic decline in the production of rice worldwide. In the present situation of severe climatic change, the scarcity of fresh water is diminishing at an alarming rate. Due to the sensitivity of rice crop and the enormous requirement for optimum yield, drought affects rice when compared to other food crops. Rice germplasm is endowed with scores of varieties and landraces that are reservoirs of genes which is capable of withstanding various abiotic stresses. These landraces can be used to tackle this abiotic stress and can fulfill the increasing demand of food.",signatures:"Kallingil Gopi Divya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72976",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72976",authors:[{id:"319839",title:"Dr.",name:"Kallingil",surname:"Gopi Divya",slug:"kallingil-gopi-divya",fullName:"Kallingil Gopi Divya"}],corrections:null},{id:"72370",title:"The Response of Maize Physiology under Salinity Stress and Its Coping Strategies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92213",slug:"the-response-of-maize-physiology-under-salinity-stress-and-its-coping-strategies",totalDownloads:1224,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Maize is a cross-pollinated, polymorphic plant in nature. It is commonly a moderately salt-sensitive crop. Salinity stress is the main abiotic factor that arrests the physiological characteristics and plant growth of a maize plant. It causes the osmotic effect, associated with an increase in phytotoxic ions, oxidative stress by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and ionic effect in the cytosol. These salinity effects hinder the maize plant’s physiological processes such as respiration, photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal functioning, hormone regulation, and functioning, seed germination, and dormancy and water relation with plants and ultimately reduce the plant growth and yield. However, the physiology of maize subjected to salinity shows various responses that depend on the genetic responses and growth stages. Maize plant undergoes many physiological changes and adapts some mechanism internally to cope with salinity stress. Numerous mitigating strategies such as application of chemicals, application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), application of hormones, and use of genetic and molecular techniques are used to handle salinity. This chapter will cover the effect of salinity on maize growth, its physiology, and physiological adaptations of maize plants with management strategies.",signatures:"Shazia Iqbal, Sajid Hussain, Muhammad Abdul Qayyaum, Muhammad Ashraf and Saifullah",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72370",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72370",authors:[{id:"307063",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Ashraf",slug:"muhammad-ashraf",fullName:"Muhammad Ashraf"},{id:"316789",title:"Dr.",name:"Hussain",surname:"Sajid",slug:"hussain-sajid",fullName:"Hussain Sajid"},{id:"320035",title:"Dr.",name:"Shazia",surname:"Iqbal",slug:"shazia-iqbal",fullName:"Shazia Iqbal"},{id:"320037",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Abdul",surname:"Qayyaum",slug:"muhammad-abdul-qayyaum",fullName:"Muhammad Abdul Qayyaum"},{id:"320728",title:"Dr.",name:"Saifullah",surname:null,slug:"saifullah",fullName:"Saifullah null"}],corrections:null},{id:"72093",title:"Production and Salinity Tolerance of Fodder Beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. Maritima)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92345",slug:"production-and-salinity-tolerance-of-fodder-beet-em-beta-vulgaris-em-l-ssp-maritima-",totalDownloads:423,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. maritima) belongs to the Amaranthaceae family. It was introduced first in the Europe and then to USA in 1800 and is currently being grown under cool environmental conditions of the world. It can be cultivated at temperature ranging from 8°C to 25°C. Both shoots and roots of fodder beet can be used as a feed for livestock. In the face of changing climate, there is a dire need to find out climate-resilient crops in new niches that can fulfill the growing needs of farming communities. In this context, fodder beet could be a good option for growers having sizable marginal as well as salt-affected soils. The chapter discusses in detail the efficient salinity-tolerance mechanism of fodder beet that enables it to survive under moderate salinity. Selective ion uptake mechanism, efficient antioxidant defensive mechanism and osmoregulation by accumulation of compatible solutes enable it to thrive well under saline environment. Hence, fodder beet is a relatively salt-tolerant crop that can be successfully grown on normal, marginal as well as salt-affected soils to fulfill the fodder requirements of livestock in fodder-scarce times and salinity amelioration.",signatures:"Sami Ullah Khan, Zulfiqar Ali Gurmani, Waseem Ahmed, Shahzad Ahmed and Alvina Gul",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72093",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72093",authors:[{id:"60715",title:"Mrs.",name:"Alvina",surname:"Gul",slug:"alvina-gul",fullName:"Alvina Gul"},{id:"250510",title:"Dr.",name:"Waseem",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"waseem-ahmed",fullName:"Waseem Ahmed"},{id:"316863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sami Ullah",surname:"Khan",slug:"sami-ullah-khan",fullName:"Sami Ullah Khan"},{id:"318960",title:"Mr.",name:"Zulfiqar",surname:"Ali Gurmani",slug:"zulfiqar-ali-gurmani",fullName:"Zulfiqar Ali Gurmani"},{id:"320002",title:"Mr.",name:"Shahzad",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"shahzad-ahmed",fullName:"Shahzad Ahmed"}],corrections:null},{id:"72885",title:"Sustainability and Determinate of Farmers’ Mitigation Strategies to Greenhouse Gases Emission: A Case in Rice Agric-Food System of Nigeria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93188",slug:"sustainability-and-determinate-of-farmers-mitigation-strategies-to-greenhouse-gases-emission-a-case-",totalDownloads:670,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Sustainable production refers to the production that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. At global level and mainly across Nigeria, rice fields are considered as one of the most important sources of atmospheric concentration of two greenhouse gases, mainly anthropogenic methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. These greenhouse gases (GHGs) are produced under anaerobic conditions, and their production has negative environmental and health implications. Additionally, the growing demand for rice across Nigeria exceeds supply, resulting in a rice deficit. To overcome this challenge, rice production should be increased, with so much regard to less GHG emission. Moving forward, understanding the determinate of farmers’ mitigation strategies to GHGs will definitely enhance effort made for farmers to continue to mitigate easily over-time. Incidentally, empirical study on the present discourse is relatively scanty, isolated, and devoid of in-depth and quantitative analyses. Most empirical studies did not pay close attention to the determinants of rice farmers’ decisions to mitigation options to GHGs. Studies on mitigation of GHGs at a farm or household level should rigorously examine the socioeconomic characteristics that influence farmers’ decisions to practice GHG mitigation or not. These create a gap in research and make it extremely difficult if not impossible for the governments/interest groups to know the method they can adopt in helping farmers mitigate the negative impact of GHG emission in rice production. It was against this backdrop that this study was systematically undertaken.",signatures:"Nnaemaka Success Esiobu, Chinedu Gilbert Onubuogu, Sylvarlene Munachim Njoku and Blessing Chidinma Nwachukwu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72885",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72885",authors:[{id:"323692",title:"Dr.",name:"Nnaemeka Success",surname:"Esiobu",slug:"nnaemeka-success-esiobu",fullName:"Nnaemeka Success Esiobu"},{id:"324320",title:"Dr.",name:"Chinedu Gilbert",surname:"Onubuogu",slug:"chinedu-gilbert-onubuogu",fullName:"Chinedu Gilbert Onubuogu"},{id:"324322",title:"Dr.",name:"Blessing Chidinma",surname:"Nwachukwu",slug:"blessing-chidinma-nwachukwu",fullName:"Blessing Chidinma Nwachukwu"},{id:"324332",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvarlene Munachim",surname:"Njoku",slug:"sylvarlene-munachim-njoku",fullName:"Sylvarlene Munachim Njoku"}],corrections:null},{id:"71405",title:"Consequences and Mitigation Strategies of Biotic and Abiotic Stress in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91402",slug:"consequences-and-mitigation-strategies-of-biotic-and-abiotic-stress-in-rice-em-oryza-sativa-em-l-",totalDownloads:553,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rice (Oryza sativa) is the staple food for more than 3.5 billion people worldwide. Yield levels in Asia have tripled and are expected to increase by 70% over the next 30 years due to population growth. In the US, Arkansas accounts for more than 50% of rice production. Over the last 68 years, rice production has continued to grow in Mississippi, placing it in fourth place after Arkansas, Louisiana, and California. Due to increasing rice acreage, regionally and worldwide, the need to develop abiotic stress tolerant rice has increased. Unfortunately, current rice breeding programs lack genetic diversity, and many traits have been lost through the domestication of cultivated rice. Currently, stressors stemming from the continued effects of climate change continue to impact rice. This chapter highlights current research that strives to discover abiotic and biotic stress tolerant rice. This chapter calls for directed research in genetics and genomics to address the need to discover biotic and abiotic stress tolerant traits. While many genes have been uncovered to arm rice against these stresses, decreased genetic variability in current rice traits presents a small gene pool for discovery.",signatures:"Shandrea Stallworth, Brooklyn Schumaker, Mary Gracen Fuller and Te-Ming Tseng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71405",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71405",authors:[{id:"268014",title:"Dr.",name:"Te-Ming",surname:"Tseng",slug:"te-ming-tseng",fullName:"Te-Ming Tseng"},{id:"273965",title:"MSc.",name:"Shandrea",surname:"Stallworth",slug:"shandrea-stallworth",fullName:"Shandrea Stallworth"},{id:"315969",title:"Dr.",name:"Brooklyn",surname:"Schumaker",slug:"brooklyn-schumaker",fullName:"Brooklyn Schumaker"},{id:"317036",title:"Ms.",name:"Mary Gracen",surname:"Fuller",slug:"mary-gracen-fuller",fullName:"Mary Gracen Fuller"}],corrections:null},{id:"71856",title:"Consequences and Mitigation Strategies of Heat Stress for Sustainability of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) Production under the Changing Climate",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92098",slug:"consequences-and-mitigation-strategies-of-heat-stress-for-sustainability-of-soybean-em-glycine-max-e",totalDownloads:644,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Increasing ambient temperature is a major climatic factor that negatively affects plant growth and development, and causes significant losses in soybean crop yield worldwide. Thus, high temperatures (HT) result in less seed germination, which leads to pathogenic infection, and decreases the economic yield of soybean. In addition, the efficiency of photosynthesis and transpiration of plants are affected by high temperatures, which have negative impact on the physio-biochemical process in the plant system, finally deteriorate the yield and quality of the affected crop. However, plants have several mechanisms of specific cellular detection of HT stress that help in the transduction of signals, producing the activation of transcription factors and genes to counteract the harmful effects caused by the stressful condition. Among the contributors to help the plant in re-establishing cellular homeostasis are the applications of organic stimulants (antioxidants, osmoprotectants, and hormones), which enhance the productivity and quality of soybean against HT stress. In this chapter, we summarized the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of soybean plants at various growth stages under HT. Furthermore, it also depicts the mitigation strategies to overcome the adverse effects of HT on soybean using exogenous applications of bioregulators. These studies intend to increase the understanding of exogenous biochemical compounds that could reduce the adverse effects of HT on the growth, yield, and quality of soybean.",signatures:"Ayman EL Sabagh, Akbar Hossain, Mohammad Sohidul Islam, Muhammad Aamir Iqbal, Shah Fahad, Disna Ratnasekera, Faraz Azeem, Allah Wasaya, Oksana Sytar, Narendra Kumar, Analía Llanes, Murat Erman, Mustafa Ceritoğlu, Huseyin Arslan, Doğan Arslan, Sajjad Hussain, Muhammad Mubeen, Muhammad Ikram, Ram Swaroop Meena, Hany Gharib, Ejaz Waraich, Wajid Nasim, Liyun Liu and Hirofumi Saneoka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71856",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71856",authors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain"},{id:"79255",title:"Dr.",name:"Ejaz",surname:"Waraich",slug:"ejaz-waraich",fullName:"Ejaz Waraich"},{id:"215584",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayman",surname:"EL Sabagh",slug:"ayman-el-sabagh",fullName:"Ayman EL Sabagh"},{id:"239094",title:"Dr.",name:"Shah",surname:"Fahad",slug:"shah-fahad",fullName:"Shah Fahad"},{id:"309311",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Sohidul",surname:"Islam",slug:"mohammad-sohidul-islam",fullName:"Mohammad Sohidul Islam"},{id:"315343",title:"Dr.",name:"Ram Swaroop",surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"},{id:"317875",title:"Prof.",name:"Murat",surname:"Erman",slug:"murat-erman",fullName:"Murat Erman"},{id:"317878",title:"Prof.",name:"Hirofumi",surname:"Saneoka",slug:"hirofumi-saneoka",fullName:"Hirofumi Saneoka"},{id:"317879",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Mubeen",slug:"muhammad-mubeen",fullName:"Muhammad Mubeen"},{id:"317888",title:"Prof.",name:"Oksana",surname:"Sytar",slug:"oksana-sytar",fullName:"Oksana Sytar"},{id:"317892",title:"Dr.",name:"Huseyin",surname:"Arslan",slug:"huseyin-arslan",fullName:"Huseyin Arslan"},{id:"318779",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Aamir Iqbal",slug:"muhammad-aamir-iqbal",fullName:"Muhammad Aamir Iqbal"},{id:"318780",title:"Dr.",name:"Allah",surname:"Wasaya",slug:"allah-wasaya",fullName:"Allah Wasaya"},{id:"319587",title:"Dr.",name:"Liyun",surname:"Liu",slug:"liyun-liu",fullName:"Liyun Liu"},{id:"319588",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Mustafa",surname:"Ceritoğlu",slug:"mustafa-ceritoglu",fullName:"Mustafa Ceritoğlu"},{id:"319589",title:"Dr.",name:"Doğan",surname:"Arslan",slug:"dogan-arslan",fullName:"Doğan Arslan"},{id:"320718",title:"Ms.",name:"Faraz",surname:"Azeem",slug:"faraz-azeem",fullName:"Faraz Azeem"},{id:"320719",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Ikram",slug:"muhammad-ikram",fullName:"Muhammad Ikram"},{id:"320721",title:"Dr.",name:"Wajid",surname:"Nasim",slug:"wajid-nasim",fullName:"Wajid Nasim"},{id:"320877",title:"Dr.",name:"Disna",surname:"Ratnasekera",slug:"disna-ratnasekera",fullName:"Disna Ratnasekera"},{id:"320878",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",surname:"Kumar",slug:"narendra-kumar",fullName:"Narendra Kumar"},{id:"320879",title:"Dr.",name:"Analía",surname:"Llanes",slug:"analia-llanes",fullName:"Analía Llanes"},{id:"320880",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",surname:"Hussain",slug:"sajjad-hussain",fullName:"Sajjad Hussain"},{id:"320881",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",surname:"Gharib",slug:"hany-gharib",fullName:"Hany Gharib"}],corrections:null},{id:"71534",title:"Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Rice-Wheat Systems of South Asia Is Influenced by Terminal Heat Stress at Late Sown Condition: A Case in Bangladesh",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91828",slug:"wheat-em-triticum-aestivum-em-l-in-the-rice-wheat-systems-of-south-asia-is-influenced-by-terminal-he",totalDownloads:510,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Wheat plays an important role in attaining food and nutritional security in Bangladesh after rice. The demand of wheat has been increasing every year at the rate of 13% due to rapid changes in dietary habits, socio-economic upliftment, enhancement of per capita income, etc. Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute (BWMRI) has already released 34 high yielding, disease-resistant, and abiotic stress-tolerant wheat varieties, and improved management practices to the farmers. Although all the released varieties have climatic yield potential as high as 6.0 t ha−1 with the attainable average yield is 4.0–4.5 t ha−1, the national average yield in farmers’ field is only 3.49 t ha−1; it is specified that there is a huge yield gap existing among potential, attainable and actual yields. One of the most important reasons for this yield gap of wheat is the terminal high temperature stress (HS) in late sowing wheat. Generally, farmers in Bangladesh are sowing wheat lately due to delay in sowing monsoon rice and subsequent late harvest of the rice; as a result, late sown wheat faces terminal HS at reproductive stage. The chapter highlighted the consequences of terminal HS on wheat and potential approaches to mitigate the stress in Bangladesh.",signatures:"Akbar Hossain, Mst. Tanjina Islam and M. Tofazzal Islam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71534",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71534",authors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain"},{id:"266125",title:"Prof.",name:"Tofazzal",surname:"Islam",slug:"tofazzal-islam",fullName:"Tofazzal Islam"},{id:"309310",title:"Mrs.",name:"Mst. Tanjina",surname:"Islam",slug:"mst.-tanjina-islam",fullName:"Mst. Tanjina Islam"}],corrections:null},{id:"72199",title:"Maize Adaptability to Heat Stress under Changing Climate",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92396",slug:"maize-adaptability-to-heat-stress-under-changing-climate",totalDownloads:1002,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The rapidly increasing human population is an alarming issue and would need more food production under changing climate. Abiotic stresses like heat stress and temperature fluctuation are becoming key issues to be addressed for boosting crop production. Maize growth and productivity are sensitive to temperature fluctuations. Grain yield losses in maize from heat stress are expected to increase owing to higher temperatures during the growing season. This situation demands the development of maize hybrids tolerant to heat and drought stresses without compromising grain yield under stress conditions. The chapter aimed to assess the updates on the influence of high-temperature stress (HTS) on the physio-biochemical processes in plants and to draw an association between yield components and heat stress on maize. Moreover, exogenous applications of protectants, antioxidants, and signaling molecules induce HTS tolerance in maize plants and could help the plants cope with HTS by scavenging reactive oxygen species, upregulation of antioxidant enzymes, and protection of cellular membranes by the accrual of compatible osmolytes. It is expected that a better thought of the physiological basis of HTS tolerance in maize plants will help to develop HTS maize cultivars. Developing HTS-tolerant maize varieties may ensure crops production sustainability along with promoting food and feed security under changing climate.",signatures:"Ayman EL Sabagh, Akbar Hossain, Muhammad Aamir Iqbal, Celaleddin Barutçular, Mohammad Sohidul Islam, Fatih Çiğ, Murat Erman, Oksana Sytar, Marian Brestic, Allah Wasaya, Tasmiya Jabeen, Maham Asif Bukhari, Muhammad Mubeen, Habib-ur-Rehman Athar, Faraz Azeem, Hakki Akdeniz, Ömer Konuşkan, Ferhat Kizilgeci, Muhammad Ikram, Sobhy Sorour, Wajid Nasim, Mabrouk Elsabagh, Muhammad Rizwan, Ram Swaroop Meena, Shah Fahad, Akihiro Ueda, Liyun Liu and Hirofumi Saneoka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72199",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72199",authors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain"},{id:"215584",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayman",surname:"EL Sabagh",slug:"ayman-el-sabagh",fullName:"Ayman EL Sabagh"},{id:"239094",title:"Dr.",name:"Shah",surname:"Fahad",slug:"shah-fahad",fullName:"Shah Fahad"},{id:"309311",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Sohidul",surname:"Islam",slug:"mohammad-sohidul-islam",fullName:"Mohammad Sohidul Islam"},{id:"315343",title:"Dr.",name:"Ram Swaroop",surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"},{id:"317875",title:"Prof.",name:"Murat",surname:"Erman",slug:"murat-erman",fullName:"Murat Erman"},{id:"317878",title:"Prof.",name:"Hirofumi",surname:"Saneoka",slug:"hirofumi-saneoka",fullName:"Hirofumi Saneoka"},{id:"317879",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Mubeen",slug:"muhammad-mubeen",fullName:"Muhammad Mubeen"},{id:"317888",title:"Prof.",name:"Oksana",surname:"Sytar",slug:"oksana-sytar",fullName:"Oksana Sytar"},{id:"318779",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Aamir Iqbal",slug:"muhammad-aamir-iqbal",fullName:"Muhammad Aamir Iqbal"},{id:"318780",title:"Dr.",name:"Allah",surname:"Wasaya",slug:"allah-wasaya",fullName:"Allah Wasaya"},{id:"319587",title:"Dr.",name:"Liyun",surname:"Liu",slug:"liyun-liu",fullName:"Liyun Liu"},{id:"320718",title:"Ms.",name:"Faraz",surname:"Azeem",slug:"faraz-azeem",fullName:"Faraz Azeem"},{id:"320719",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Ikram",slug:"muhammad-ikram",fullName:"Muhammad Ikram"},{id:"320721",title:"Dr.",name:"Wajid",surname:"Nasim",slug:"wajid-nasim",fullName:"Wajid Nasim"},{id:"242174",title:"Dr.",name:"Habib-ur-Rehman",surname:"Athar",slug:"habib-ur-rehman-athar",fullName:"Habib-ur-Rehman Athar"},{id:"310541",title:"Dr.",name:"Ferhat",surname:"Kizilgeci",slug:"ferhat-kizilgeci",fullName:"Ferhat Kizilgeci"},{id:"317876",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatih",surname:"Çiğ",slug:"fatih-cig",fullName:"Fatih Çiğ"},{id:"317880",title:"Prof.",name:"Celaleddin",surname:"Barutçular",slug:"celaleddin-barutcular",fullName:"Celaleddin Barutçular"},{id:"317887",title:"Dr.",name:"Ömer",surname:"Konuşkan",slug:"omer-konuskan",fullName:"Ömer Konuşkan"},{id:"318781",title:"Dr.",name:"Hakki",surname:"Akdeniz",slug:"hakki-akdeniz",fullName:"Hakki Akdeniz"},{id:"320715",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",surname:"Brestic",slug:"marian-brestic",fullName:"Marian Brestic"},{id:"320716",title:"Dr.",name:"Tasmiya",surname:"Jabeen",slug:"tasmiya-jabeen",fullName:"Tasmiya Jabeen"},{id:"320717",title:"Dr.",name:"Maham Asif",surname:"Bukhari",slug:"maham-asif-bukhari",fullName:"Maham Asif Bukhari"},{id:"320720",title:"Dr.",name:"Sobhy",surname:"Sorour",slug:"sobhy-sorour",fullName:"Sobhy Sorour"},{id:"320722",title:"Dr.",name:"Mabrouk",surname:"Elsabagh",slug:"mabrouk-elsabagh",fullName:"Mabrouk Elsabagh"},{id:"320723",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Rizwan",slug:"muhammad-rizwan",fullName:"Muhammad Rizwan"},{id:"320724",title:"Dr.",name:"Akihiro",surname:"Ueda",slug:"akihiro-ueda",fullName:"Akihiro Ueda"}],corrections:null},{id:"72235",title:"Cys2His2 Zinc Finger Proteins Boost Survival Ability of Plants against Stress Conditions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92590",slug:"cys2his2-zinc-finger-proteins-boost-survival-ability-of-plants-against-stress-conditions",totalDownloads:518,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Zinc finger (ZnF) proteins are the largest transcription factors family. They constitute of nine sub-groups including Cys2His2, Cys3His, Cys3HisCys4, Cys2HisCys5, Cys4HisCys3, Cys2HisCys, Cys4, Cys6 and Cys8. ZnFs perform tasks of recognizing DNA, packaging RNA, transcriptional activity, regulating apoptosis, folding and collecting proteins, and binding lipids. One of the largest sub-groups of these proteins is ZF-Cys2His2, containing SIZ1, ZAT, ZAT7, ZFP1, ZFP252, DST, ZFP1, SIZF3, ZFP179, ZjZFN1, SICZFP1, and ZF-Cys2His2 proteins are found in plants tissues and fulfill important tasks in their defense to struggle with biotic and abiotic stresses (i.e., salt, drought, cold, oxidative). The aim of this chapter is to reveal importance of ZF-Cys2His2 proteins against various stress conditions.",signatures:"Kemal Yuce and Ahmet Ismail Ozkan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72235",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72235",authors:[{id:"317175",title:"Dr.",name:"Kemal",surname:"Yuce",slug:"kemal-yuce",fullName:"Kemal Yuce"},{id:"320648",title:"Mr.",name:"Ahmet Ismail",surname:"Ozkan",slug:"ahmet-ismail-ozkan",fullName:"Ahmet Ismail Ozkan"}],corrections:null},{id:"73115",title:"Genes for Different Abiotic Stresses Tolerance in Wheat",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93452",slug:"genes-for-different-abiotic-stresses-tolerance-in-wheat",totalDownloads:637,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the recent past years, global warming and climate change have drastically affected the agricultural crop productivity grown in tropical and subtropical areas globally by appearing to several new biotic and abiotic stresses. Among the abiotic stresses, heat, drought, moisture, and salt stresses are most prevalent. Wheat is the most common and widely used crops due to its economic and social values. Many parts of the world depend on this crop for food and feed, and its productivity is highly vulnerable to these abiotic stresses. Improving tolerance to these abiotic stresses is a very challenging assignment for wheat researchers, and more research is needed to better understand these stresses. The progress made in understanding these abiotic stress tolerances is due to advances in three main research areas: physiology, genetic, and breeding research. The physiology research focused on the alternative physiological and biochemical metabolic pathways that plants use when exposed to abiotic stresses. Identifying genes contributing to particular stress tolerance is very important. New wheat genotypes having a high degree of abiotic stress tolerance are produced through marker-assisted breeding by making crosses from promising concerned stress-tolerant genotypes and selecting among their progeny using gene-specific markers.",signatures:"Sudhir Kumar, Shampa Purkyastha, Chandan Roy, Tushar Ranjan and Rakesh Deo Ranjan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73115",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73115",authors:[{id:"319856",title:"Dr.",name:"Tushar",surname:"Ranjan",slug:"tushar-ranjan",fullName:"Tushar Ranjan"},{id:"320849",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhir",surname:"Kumar",slug:"sudhir-kumar",fullName:"Sudhir Kumar"},{id:"328624",title:"Dr.",name:"Shampa",surname:"Purkyastha",slug:"shampa-purkyastha",fullName:"Shampa Purkyastha"},{id:"328625",title:"Dr.",name:"Chandan",surname:"Roy",slug:"chandan-roy",fullName:"Chandan Roy"},{id:"328626",title:"Dr.",name:"Rakesh Deo",surname:"Ranjan",slug:"rakesh-deo-ranjan",fullName:"Rakesh Deo Ranjan"}],corrections:null},{id:"71439",title:"Morpho-Physiological Mechanisms of Maize for Drought Tolerance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91197",slug:"morpho-physiological-mechanisms-of-maize-for-drought-tolerance",totalDownloads:464,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Maize is one of the mostly consumed grains in the world. It possesses a greater potentiality of being an alternative to rice and wheat in the near future. In field condition, maize encounters abiotic stresses like salinity, drought, water logging, cold, heat, etc. Physiology and production of maize are largely affected by drought. Drought has become a prime cause of agricultural disaster because of the major occurrence records of the last few decades. It leads to immense losses in plant growth (plant height and stem), water relations (relative water content), gas exchange (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate), and nutrient levels in maize. To mitigate the effect of stress, plant retreats by using multiple morphological, molecular, and physiological mechanisms. Maize alters its physiological processes like photosynthesis, oxidoreductase activities, carbohydrate metabolism, nutrient metabolism, and other drought-responsive pathways in response to drought. Synthesis of some chemicals like proline, abscisic acid (ABA), different phenolic compounds, etc. helps to fight against stress. Inoculation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can result to the gene expression involved in the biosynthesis of abscisic acid which also helps to resist drought. Moreover, adaptation to drought and heat stress is positively influenced by the activity of chaperone proteins and proteases, protein that responds to ethylene and ripening. Some modifications generated by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 are able to improve maize yield in drought. Forward and reverse genetics and functional and comparative genomics are being implemented now to overcome stress conditions like drought. Maize response to drought is a multifarious physiological and biochemical process. Applying data synthesis approach, this study aims toward better demonstration of its consequences to provide critical information on maize tolerance along with minimizing yield loss.",signatures:"Abu Sayeed Md. Hasibuzzaman, Farzana Akter, Shamim Ara Bagum, Nilima Hossain, Tahmina Akter and M. Shalim Uddin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71439",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71439",authors:[{id:"242124",title:"Dr.",name:"Shalim",surname:"Uddin",slug:"shalim-uddin",fullName:"Shalim Uddin"},{id:"317170",title:"Mr.",name:"Abu Sayeed Md.",surname:"Hasibuzzaman",slug:"abu-sayeed-md.-hasibuzzaman",fullName:"Abu Sayeed Md. Hasibuzzaman"},{id:"317171",title:"Mrs.",name:"Farzana",surname:"Akter",slug:"farzana-akter",fullName:"Farzana Akter"},{id:"317172",title:"Mrs.",name:"Shamim Ara",surname:"Bagum",slug:"shamim-ara-bagum",fullName:"Shamim Ara Bagum"},{id:"317173",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nilima",surname:"Hossain",slug:"nilima-hossain",fullName:"Nilima Hossain"},{id:"317174",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Tahmina",surname:"Akter",slug:"tahmina-akter",fullName:"Tahmina Akter"}],corrections:null},{id:"74175",title:"Phytoremediation Strategies of Some Plants under Heavy Metal Stress",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94406",slug:"phytoremediation-strategies-of-some-plants-under-heavy-metal-stress",totalDownloads:491,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Environments are polluted with heavy metals across the world because of increase in industrial garbage and sewage. Plants which are grow in polluted areas shows a reduction in growth, performance, productivity. Heavy metals affect physiological and biological process of plants. Heavy metals show metallic properties which are very harmful to the plants. Accumulation of heavy metals in plants through root are caused root malformation reduction in biomass and seed production, decrease in chlorophyll-aand carotenoid content. Phytoremediation is a natural biological process through which plants remove, detoxify or immobilise environmental heavy metals in a growth matrix.",signatures:"Momezul Haque, Karabi Biswas and Sankar Narayan Sinha",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74175",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74175",authors:[{id:"312246",title:"Prof.",name:"Sankar Narayan",surname:"Sinha",slug:"sankar-narayan-sinha",fullName:"Sankar Narayan Sinha"},{id:"313691",title:"Mr.",name:"Momezul",surname:"Haque",slug:"momezul-haque",fullName:"Momezul Haque"},{id:"326595",title:"Dr.",name:"Karabi",surname:"Biswas",slug:"karabi-biswas",fullName:"Karabi Biswas"}],corrections:null},{id:"72822",title:"The Impact of Changing Climate on the Cambial Activity during Radial Growth in Some Citrus Species",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93202",slug:"the-impact-of-changing-climate-on-the-cambial-activity-during-radial-growth-in-some-em-citrus-em-spe",totalDownloads:336,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This study on radial growth in the stem of Citrus was carried out with an aim to notice the behavior of vascular cambium with respect to climatic and age effects. The fusiform initials vary in length from 137 to 363 μm in C. limon, 100 to 463 μm in C. paradisi, 137 to 413 μm in C. reticulata var. kinnow, and 137 to 375 μm in C. sinensis. The length rises with age, followed by decline and then again increase in C. limon. In C. paradisi, there is increase up to maximum and after decline is soon followed by constancy. In C. reticulata var. kinnow, increase in length from top to base in C. sinensis, increase up to maximum followed by a decline. Swelling of cambial cells occurs in the third week of March in C. limon, last week of March in C. paradisi, third week of April in C. reticulata var. kinnow, and second week of April in C. sinensis. The cambium turns dormant in early October in C. limon, late December in C. paradisi, early December in C. reticulata var. kinnow, and early November in C. sinensis. Thus, the cambium remains active for about 6 months in C. limon and C. sinensis, 9 months in C. paradisi, and 7 months in C. reticulata var. kinnow.",signatures:"Moin Ahmad Khan and M. Badruzzaman Siddiqui",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72822",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72822",authors:[{id:"262417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Moin Ahmad",surname:"Khan",slug:"moin-ahmad-khan",fullName:"Moin Ahmad Khan"},{id:"323790",title:"Prof.",name:"M. Badruzzaman",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"m.-badruzzaman-siddiqui",fullName:"M. Badruzzaman Siddiqui"}],corrections:null},{id:"71489",title:"Understanding the Adaptive Mechanisms of Plant in Low Phosphorous Soil",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91873",slug:"understanding-the-adaptive-mechanisms-of-plant-in-low-phosphorous-soil",totalDownloads:687,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"With the rapidly increasing world population and escalating food demand in the face of changing weather patterns, it is imperative to improve our understanding of how root functional traits enhance water acquisition and nutrient foraging for improved crop yields. Phosphorous (P) is poorly bioavailable element and essential for plant growth and development. Natural P reserves are very limited, and its availability is greatly influenced by several environmental factors, e.g., due to finite natural resources, soil pH, organic matter, and soluble complexes with cations (Al, Fe, and Ca); therefore, P limitation is a major factor that adversely affects crop production. To ensure an efficient and stable agricultural system, the establishment of P efficient crop production is inevitable. Plants have evolved different adaptability mechanisms to overcome these nutrient stresses. Low P adapted responses in plants are considered as an important trait for developing new lines with improved P acquisition, water uptake efficiency, and eventually protect roots from physical impedance. Previous studies showed that, modification in root architecture is potentially correlated with water, nutrient and phosphorus uptake. During P deficit condition, plant root undergoes several phenotypic (root hair density, cluster root, and lateral root) and biochemical modifications (citrate, malate, and acid phosphates secretion) leading to the solubilization and acquisition of unavailable P complexes in soil. This chapter reveals the biochemical, physiological, and molecular mechanisms of plant adaptive responses to low P availability. Moreover, this chapter proposes how plant competes with various abiotic stresses such as P deficiency, drought, and salinity. Screening of plants with superior root hair traits would be an important approach toward the development of P efficient crop varieties.",signatures:"Mehtab Muhammad Aslam, Kashif Akhtar, Joseph K. Karanja, Noor-ul-Ain and Fasih Ullah Haider",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71489",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71489",authors:[{id:"317922",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehtab Muhammad",surname:"Aslam",slug:"mehtab-muhammad-aslam",fullName:"Mehtab Muhammad Aslam"},{id:"317923",title:"Dr.",name:"Kashif",surname:"Akhtar",slug:"kashif-akhtar",fullName:"Kashif Akhtar"},{id:"320163",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph K.",surname:"Karanja",slug:"joseph-k.-karanja",fullName:"Joseph K. Karanja"},{id:"320164",title:"Dr.",name:"Noor-ul-",surname:"Ain",slug:"noor-ul-ain",fullName:"Noor-ul- Ain"},{id:"320165",title:"Dr.",name:"Fasih Ullah",surname:"Haider",slug:"fasih-ullah-haider",fullName:"Fasih Ullah Haider"}],corrections:null},{id:"71704",title:"Role of Plant Carbonic Anhydrases under Stress Conditions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91971",slug:"role-of-plant-carbonic-anhydrases-under-stress-conditions",totalDownloads:740,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are enzymes catalyzing the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide with the generation of protons and bicarbonate. The components of the reaction are involved in almost all metabolic processes in higher plants and algae, maintaining the balance of electrolytes and pH, gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, ethylene synthesis, and others. The CAs may take part in transmitting signals to activate cascades of protective response genes. Our findings reveal significant changes in the content of carbonic anhydrase gene transcripts in response to changes in environmental conditions. Here we discuss the functions of CAs located in the plasma membrane, chloroplast envelope, chloroplast stroma, and in thylakoids in plant protection under stress conditions, such as high illumination, low and high concentration of carbon dioxide in the environment, drought, and salinity.",signatures:"Natalia N. Rudenko, Maria M. Borisova-Mubarakshina, Lyudmila K. Ignatova, Tatiana P. Fedorchuk, Elena M. Nadeeva-Zhurikova and Boris N. Ivanov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71704",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71704",authors:[{id:"72077",title:"Prof.",name:"Boris N.",surname:"Ivanov",slug:"boris-n.-ivanov",fullName:"Boris N. Ivanov"},{id:"74451",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria M.",surname:"Borisova-Mubarakshina",slug:"maria-m.-borisova-mubarakshina",fullName:"Maria M. Borisova-Mubarakshina"},{id:"317460",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",surname:"Rudenko",slug:"natalia-rudenko",fullName:"Natalia Rudenko"},{id:"319341",title:"Dr.",name:"Lyudmila K.",surname:"Ignatova",slug:"lyudmila-k.-ignatova",fullName:"Lyudmila K. Ignatova"},{id:"319343",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana P.",surname:"Fedorchuk",slug:"tatiana-p.-fedorchuk",fullName:"Tatiana P. Fedorchuk"},{id:"319344",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena M.",surname:"Nadeeva-Zhurikova",slug:"elena-m.-nadeeva-zhurikova",fullName:"Elena M. Nadeeva-Zhurikova"}],corrections:null},{id:"72811",title:"Active Deformation in the Tunic of Halocynthia roretzi: How the Tissue Composed of Cellulose Responds to Stimuli and Deforms",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93192",slug:"active-deformation-in-the-tunic-of-em-halocynthia-roretzi-em-how-the-tissue-composed-of-cellulose-re",totalDownloads:411,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Halocynthia roretzi, belonging to class Ascidiacea, has highly pure and crystalline cellulose Iβ, and sulfated chitin in its tunic. Cells, including hemocytes in the open circulatory system, are scattered in the tunic. The tunic, which maintains its thickness by continuous proliferation and removal, can be classified into active tissues. Recently, it has been reported that various stimuli, such as mechanical stimuli and changes in the mechanical environment, could cause active deformations of the tunic without changes in the characteristics of the tissue structure, which would be associated with influx and efflux of water. In this chapter, the system associated with active deformation, tissue structure and flux of water in the tunic is shown, with reference to the previous reports.",signatures:"Yoko Kato",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72811",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72811",authors:[{id:"249827",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoko",surname:"Kato",slug:"yoko-kato",fullName:"Yoko Kato"}],corrections:null},{id:"71644",title:"Amelioration of Drought Stress on Plants under Biostimulant Sources",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91975",slug:"amelioration-of-drought-stress-on-plants-under-biostimulant-sources",totalDownloads:727,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Water stress is one of the most important environmental factors inducing physiological changes in plants, such as decreasing water potential of the cells and the stomatal closure, resulting in reduced CO2 availability for the plants and inhibiting photosynthesis. One common feature of these stress conditions is the development of oxidative processes mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS accumulate in the cells and cause damage in important cellular components, such as thylakoids and chloroplasts. Plants have antioxidant defense systems to cope with ROS. Antioxidants enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) are efficient scavengers of ROS: superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, and singlet oxygen. The activities of antioxidant enzymes in plants are normally favored when plants are subjected to some kind of improvement in the conditions in which they are grown. In this sense, biostimulants cause changes in vital and structural processes in order to influence plant growth through improved tolerance to abiotic stresses by increasing the antioxidant activity in plants.",signatures:"Ana Carolina Feitosa de Vasconcelos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71644",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71644",authors:[{id:"303570",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Carolina Feitosa De",surname:"Vasconcelos",slug:"ana-carolina-feitosa-de-vasconcelos",fullName:"Ana Carolina Feitosa De Vasconcelos"}],corrections:null},{id:"72890",title:"Potential Role of Plants Hordeum vulgare L. and Panax ginseng L. in Resolving the Fertility Disorders and Stress-Induced Oxidative Stress Arises from Hypothyroidism in Adult Female Rats",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92359",slug:"potential-role-of-plants-em-hordeum-vulgare-em-l-and-em-panax-ginseng-em-l-in-resolving-the-fertilit",totalDownloads:427,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hordeum vulgare (Barley) and Panax ginseng have antioxidant activity referring to their diverse phytonutrient. Hypothyroidism in adult female rats was induced by pituitary-gonadal-adrenal disturbance, depleting the serum FSH levels with the elevation of corticosterone, prolactin, progesterone and testosterone hormones as well as (ERK1/2). Hypothyroidism evoked an oxidative stress status by increasing 8-hydroxy guanosine, which initiated apoptosis by uplifting apoptotic marker Caspase-3 both in serum and brain tissues. This is confirmed by the increase in the percentage of DNA-damage in the brain tissues. Significant decrease in all monoamines’ levels in different brain areas, downregulation of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors transcription, with a significant increase in excitatory amino acids was noted. Barley and ginseng renormalized cortisol and oxidative stress markers by increasing cellular resistance to stress and potentiated the role of the immune system through phytosterol and ginsenosides, so they considered potent free radical scavengers. Barley and Panax ginseng ameliorate the hormonal and neural dysfunction resulting from hypothyroidism, so they are recommended for relieving stress and improving mood and depression.",signatures:"Lobna F. Wahman, Marwa M. Abd Rabo, Amany Hanafy M. Elgoly and Magda H.M. Yousef",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72890",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72890",authors:[{id:"97197",title:"Prof.",name:"Magda H. M.",surname:"Youssef",slug:"magda-h.-m.-youssef",fullName:"Magda H. M. Youssef"},{id:"317692",title:"Dr.",name:"Lobna F.",surname:"Wahman",slug:"lobna-f.-wahman",fullName:"Lobna F. Wahman"},{id:"317758",title:"Dr.",name:"Marwa M.",surname:"Abd Rabo",slug:"marwa-m.-abd-rabo",fullName:"Marwa M. Abd Rabo"},{id:"317759",title:"Dr.",name:"Amany",surname:"Hanafy M. Elgoly",slug:"amany-hanafy-m.-elgoly",fullName:"Amany Hanafy M. Elgoly"}],corrections:null},{id:"72383",title:"Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria as a Natural Resource for Sustainable Rice Production under the Soil Salinity, Wastewater, and Heavy Metal Stress",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92344",slug:"plant-growth-promoting-bacteria-as-a-natural-resource-for-sustainable-rice-production-under-the-soil",totalDownloads:601,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rice is a cereal plant that is consumed in a grain form; however, its prolonged contact with irrigation wastewater might pose a threat to the consumers despite the following milling processes to eliminate the grain surface contamination which means that it needs further cooking to be suitable for human use. Additionally, excessive salt levels in wastewater can cause plant toxicity. Therefore, wastewater disposal can be handled by farm remediation. Rhizobacteria can also be used in this stressful environment to alleviate the problem by triggering a plant growth-promoting response (PGPR). The importance of promoting and biocontrol plant growth is based upon its long-term stability, as well as the numerous generated secondary metabolites, besides its ability to remove heavy metal. The current study revealed that PGPR allowed such toxic effects on sewage to encourage and define the characteristics of plant growth through urban environments.",signatures:"Raghad S. Mouhamad and Michael Alabboud",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72383",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72383",authors:[{id:"226337",title:"Dr.",name:"Raghad S.",surname:"Mouhamad",slug:"raghad-s.-mouhamad",fullName:"Raghad S. 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The mechanisms behind these activities include nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, and other attributes such as antifungal production of metabolites, phytohormones, and volatile organic compound. All these activities not only enhance the plant growth but also provide resistance in plants to withstand unfavorable conditions of the environment. 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\r\n\tThe beginnings of forensic genetics started with Gregor Mendel (known as the father of the modern genetics), who was crucial in creating the basis of genetics known today due to his observations on inheritance.
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Chan and Manoj Kumar Tiwari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3794.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"252210",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",surname:"Chan",slug:"felix-chan",fullName:"Felix Chan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6391",title:"Intelligent System",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e66e8d52ef62125a9f741ce0610d6899",slug:"intelligent-system",bookSignature:"Chatchawal Wongchoosuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6391.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"34521",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Chatchawal",surname:"Wongchoosuk",slug:"chatchawal-wongchoosuk",fullName:"Chatchawal Wongchoosuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9401",title:"Application of Expert Systems",subtitle:"Theoretical and Practical Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"081802ad77d0fdab3e8085762d9a15d2",slug:"application-of-expert-systems-theoretical-and-practical-aspects",bookSignature:"Ivan Nunes da Silva and Rogério Andrade Flauzino",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9401.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14215",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Nunes da Silva",slug:"ivan-nunes-da-silva",fullName:"Ivan Nunes da Silva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"77637",title:"Future Prospects on the Goat Activities for the Coming Decades in the Context of a World in Transition",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98651",slug:"future-prospects-on-the-goat-activities-for-the-coming-decades-in-the-context-of-a-world-in-transiti",body:'For centuries, humans have used goats for many purposes under various conditions but until recently, goats were less supported publicly and academically than other animal production sectors. Since the 80’s, we have observed a renewed interest for goats and goat’s breeding and the creation of several institutions and associations dedicated to the development of goat production for milk, meat and fibers. In addition, the creation of the International Goat Association in 1982 has contributed significantly to develop an international network of professionals and scientist to favor innovation and research on goats and organize frequent events to discuss and debate on the more recent knowledge and trends about goats.
At the beginning of the 21st Century, several studies have described the situation of the goat sectors (and small ruminants in general) all over the world as well as their contribution for the development of rural zones and what could be the future of these activities [1, 2, 3, 4]. The objective of this article is to up-date these initial perspectives to consider the on-going changes and their consequences for the goat sector and its future.
Since this period, the world has faced radical challenges that have changed in the visions of Science and our Society regarding livestock production. We studied the main trends of global and climate changing and their consequences on the livestock sector including the goat sector. After having reminded the suggestions and recommendations stated at the beginning of the 2000’s, we updated data on goat stocks and productions and main observed tendencies.
The implications of global change and ongoing transitions on the evolution of goat production but also on goat science and the type of scientific knowledge requested are explored. In a last part, several possible scenarios are proposed and discussed.
To update the horizon of goats, we first provided a retrospective view of the changes in the goat activities between 2000 and 2020. We compared the present statistics with the trends observed at the beginning of the 2000s. From an analysis of some inflections in these trends, we have developed a prospective analysis of the present changes at work. The prevalence of documented climate issues has been considered as one of the main levers for designing scenarios for the evolution of the goat sector for the next 30 years. The main hypothesis explored here is that the world has to manage a major structural mutation, which will change in depths our way to organize our activities.
Foresight approaches and prospective are necessary to imagine these possible futures whether at local and global levels. Prospective are methods to try to face what could happen and how to be up to the identified challenges. They are neither forecast nor anticipation but a reflection on the future and its possible orientations for stakeholders [5]. Foresight produces scenarios on the strategies they could implement and challenges they could face. To develop a prospective approach, strictly speaking, it is necessary to organize a device with a prospective group of experts and several actors mobilizing documentation and proposing a diagnosis on the present and some scenarios for the future. Consequently, it would imply giving up top-down approaches, still too often the most common ones. Prospective procedures take into account the diversity of local expectations and visions and combine them to formulate realistic scenarios. Until now, the goat sector implemented poorly such foresight visions. For instance, nevertheless, a group of regional partners has organized recently a workshop on pastoral goats and pastoralism in Corsica, a mountainous Mediterranean French Island. The group has built innovative strategic orientations on pastoral breeding and goat farming in this Island for the coming decades [6]. From these scenarios, the stakeholders could discuss what priority actions they should implement. The next step will be to build operational action plans.
In this article, such a device could not be organized art a world extent for obvious reasons of lack of funding and logistics. Nevertheless, to bypass this difficulty, we applied some principles of foresight methods by crossing recent data with our observations on the expectations of goat in several situation and the results of an already published global prospective for agriculture [7]. We are aware that we will need to formalize the proposed scenarios and to validate them locally in the several types of goat systems and situations in the several continents.
After a fall of goat stocks at the end of the 19th and the first part of the 20th centuries due to industrialization of animal production and the development of intensive cow and sheep farming, the trend has been reversed during the second part of the 20th century. Statistics on the goat sector [8] showed clearly its growth in all regions of the world. The number of heads increased significantly of nearly 60% in 20 years from 1980 to 2000 and was still constant during the first two decades of the 21st century. Between 2000 and 2010, the total stock of ruminants grew 24% (3.31 billion heads) but the part of goats was higher from 22 to 26% of the total heads.
This global growth has been still more significant in countries with Low Individual Family Incomes (+ 75%) but is general and concerns all continents [4]. The presence of goats in rural areas with a subsistence economy and rising demography explains partly the increasing number of goats. The relative improvement in living conditions among these populations can also explain their ability to increase their herds, which nevertheless generally remained very small (2 to 4 mother goats). Even if the share of goat production in organized markets tended to increase, it remained very small compared to the informal sector, which underlines the social importance of goat farming [3]. At this time, the main issues and challenges for the goat sector in the early 2000’s were, moreover, to promote training and technical support for goat keepers with a crucial need for technology transfer and collective governance of the local projects. Another key point was the acceptance of goats in the forest areas with an improvement of the herd management.
In developed countries, the goat sector initially relied on niche markets for the dairy and cheese sector. In this situation, the strategy for development was over all, improving, through technique and investment, the efficiency and performance of production factors (labor, capital, animals) and by reducing production costs. Although, it enhanced the peculiar role of goats, the intensive goat systems followed the same logics than all animal industrial production and in particular that of the dairy cattle sector. For instance, In Europe (France, Spain, Netherlands mainly) the progresses made possible to achieve very high performances equal to or even superior to that of bovine dairy genetics (+ 1000 l of milk/goat/lactation) with a strong specialization of breeding. This success has also often been a model for many projects in Southern countries even if local conditions did not allow the same technologies to be implemented what led to many failures. The development of goat farming was here an alternative to the industrialization of animal production but by proposing to mobilize the same techniques and the same logics.
The prospects for the 21st century were considered favorable, so far as developments led to the modernization of goat farming being increasingly integrated into the economic life of rural populations. The improvement of the health and dietetic quality of the products should make it possible to meet the needs of consumers and improve the image of the goat and its products. Everywhere THE solution proposed was integration into the market economy and scientific research had to produce knowledge to meet these challenges.
Between 2000 and 2020, we observe the main trends than previously but with slight inflections. Regarding the goat world stocks, the number of heads has kept on growing dramatically of +44% between 2000 and 2019 (Table 1). More precisely, it nearly doubled in Africa but more slowly in Asia and America. Simultaneously, we observed a decrease of the goat herd in Europe (−15%), in Northern America and in China (−8%). These date confirm the increasing importance of goats for small holders in low- income countries.
2000 | 2010 | 2019 | |
---|---|---|---|
758 | 918 | 1094 (+44%) | |
243 | 348 | 459 (+89%) | |
North South | 2.3 20.1 | 3.06 21.1 | 2.65 (+15%) 23.1 (+15%) |
19 | 17.5 | 16.5 (−15%) | |
458 | 510 | 575 (+12,6%) |
During this period, the production of goat milk increased in all continents (Table 2). These data confirm that intensification remained the main trend in Europe for milk where the goat milk industry is rather strong (+42% milk yield per animal from 2000 to 2019). At reverse in Africa, the dairy performance has decreased of an average of 27%. Although these data meet a high diversity of systems we can consider that the recommendations to invest and control more efficiently have not been applied successfully. In spite of many development projects implemented to support the role goats in small-scale farms by international institutions and Not Governmental Organizations, we have shown that market issues and the governance of the projects limited their impact [9]. Nevertheless, In Asia the dairy collection contributed to the milk supply of rural population with an increase of the dairy performances of goats (+13%). This growth is for instance significant in India.
2000 | 2010 | 2019 | |
---|---|---|---|
13 | 17.6 | 19,9 (+53%) | |
3.1 | 4.3 | 4.35 (+40%) | |
North | 0.025 | 0.033 | 0.026 (+1%) |
South | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.34 (+10%) |
2.5 | 2.7 | 3.07 (+22%) | |
7 | 9.8 | 11.7 (+64%) |
Goat meat production has also grown steadily during the period, confirming the trend and prospects suggested previously (Table 3). Although it keeps minority, the world market of goat meat increased significantly during the period. China followed by India area the two main goat meat producers. China developed export of goat meat between 2000 and 2010, which doubled between these two dates to reach 6700 t but kept at a relatively low level comparatively to production.
2000 | 2004 | 2010 | 2019 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
3879 | 4500 | 5200 | 6250 (+61%) | |
886 | 1030 | 1230 | 1470 (+65%) | |
North | 9.7 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 9.9 (+2%) |
South | 71 | 71 | 71 | 74 (+4%) |
139 | 140 | 135 | 96 (−31%) | |
2710 | 3200 | 3600 | 4500 (+66%) |
Regarding the fibers, several projects in Central Asia promoted the quality of cashmere and the organization of the market although China increased its leader ship on the sector with an identified environmental negative impact on the desertification of Inner Mongolia highlands due to overgrazing [10, 11].
This quick outlook of the goat sectors around the world between 2000 and 2010 confirmed at a large extent the trends proposed previously. In spite a steady growth of these sectors goats remain a minority sector comparatively to other animal production sectors like for instance the dairy cow milk and cattle sector in a ratio of 1 to 10 for meat and 1 to 35 for goat milk although this ratio should be significantly higher on informal markets [8]. However, it appears that the goat sector like other animal production sectors has followed the same paradigms than during the previous period. People consider often progress only through the prisms of the growth and the improved efficiency of production factors.
Sustainable Development Goals are the global goals adopted by the UN system in 2015 (previously the Millennial Development Goals) as universal call to action to end poverty and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030. 17 SDGs have been integrated that is, they recognize that action in one area will affect outcomes in others, and that development must balance social, economic and environmental sustainability” [12]. Beyond the formula and the slogan, the development of goats could be an important lever among others to reach these goals and improve human condition in many areas.
But simultaneously, in 2015, under the pressure and dissemination of the reports of the International Panel of experts on Climate Change (IPCC, [13]) and the concrete observation of the present effects of the climate change (higher prevalence of hurricanes, floods, drought, big fires, heat waves), a large number of countries firmed the COP 21 Paris agreement. By this agreement, the world realized the dramatic possible incidence of global changing on the humanity’s living conditions at short and middle term. The COP 21 and the following COP fixed goals to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C (3.6°F) above pre-industrial levels; and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C (2.7°F), recognizing that this would substantially reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.
In spite of the denial on the realty and future impact of this climate changing by some countries (USA until 2020, Brazil…) and some experts, they were a minority. The awareness of the danger is now nearly universal and the discussions and debates are more today to the intensity of the measures to take for the mitigation of the increase in Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. CH4 and N2O emissions from manure management, deposition on pasture with enteric fermentation make livestock the main agricultural source. The total emission of GHG at the world level and their sharing is on Table 4. From these data, we see that agriculture and food systems are responsible of nearly 30% of GHG emissions, the main responsible in climate changing and animal production of 15% (+ 12% from deforestation for Animal production). Some studies have estimated that Agriculture, animal production and forests could provide 1/3 of the total potential mitigation of GHG emissions.
Annual GHG emission | % | |
---|---|---|
Total | 37 | 100 |
Agriculture and food systems | 11 | 30 |
Total Animal Production | 5.35 | 14.5 |
Enteric Fermentation –Animal production | 2.1 | 5.4 |
Deforestation due to Animal production | 4.44 | 12 |
The total livestock numbers has kept on growing dramatically in all major categories from 80 to 210% between 1990 and 2018. As animal production is a major responsible of climate changing for many institutions and environmental organizations, the need for the mitigation of the GHG emissions would lead to limit significantly animal production and reduce milk products and meat! There is a real trend to substitute animal for plants in the food systems.
Nevertheless, we have to relativize these drastic orientations. Firstly, the growth in animal numbers, milk and meat production is mainly due to industrial production systems that still increase their level of intensification and are very dependent on not renewable resources. Secondly, the data are global which simplifies the issue; we have to differentiate the characteristics of each production systems and the contribution of each system for climate warning could vary significantly.
Secondly, the recommendations of the experts on climate changing have always insisted that integrated responses should be imagined to link mitigation of GHG and addressing poverty eradication and rural employment while positively contributing to fiber and food security. Other issues have to be taken in account and measures for reducing loss and waste could be very positive.
There is a global consensus to consider that the challenges we are all facing concern all sectors of activity. Table 5 logically shows that the impact of goats on CO2 and CH4 emissions is relatively low compared to, for example, that of dairy cows. 3% and 10% of the total emissions are due respectively to the enteric fermentation of goats and cows respectively. However, ignoring these emissions is impossible and for instance, there is an increase in these emissions in Africa and Asia, whereas they tend to decrease in Europe.
2000 | 2010 | 2018 | |
---|---|---|---|
CH4 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.18 |
CO2 | 3,4 | 3.79 | 3.76 |
CH4 | 0.038 | 0.046 | 0.052 |
CO2 | 0.79 | 0,94 | 1,09 |
CH4 | 0,012 | 0,017 | 0,022 |
CO2 | 0,26 | 0,37 | 0,46 |
CH4 | 0,0017 | 0,039 | 0,002 |
CO2 | 0,036 | 0,37 | 0,04 |
CH4 | 0,009 | 0,0087 | 0.0084 |
CO2 | 0,020 | 0,018 | 0,0176 |
CH4 | 0,027 | 0,025 | 0,023 |
CO2 | 0,48 | 0,54 | 0,47 |
Enteric fermentation from goats from 2000 to 2019.
The emissions are in billions tons per year – [8].
In this logic, intensive goat farming wherever it is must really control its emissions such as for dairy cow. In most other situations, goat farming is rather characteristic and emblematic of integrated small-scale farming in domestic economies and agriculture and small herds are often associated. This often involves either extensive systems, based on the use of grassy or shrubby rangelands either small family farms of 2 to 4 heads that consume family residues or fodder resources at the edges of plots. In all cases, we speak of resources that would have no other valuation than through animal production.
In addition, family breeding helps to fertilize crops without mineral fertilizers; we know also that one ha of natural meadow absorbs 1 t of Co2 and one ha of forest 3 t which brings an additional benefit. These systems, often associated with transhumance, also make it possible to depend less on supplementation based on creatures and proteins such as soya.
A simplistic but a more and more widespread view today tends to ban animal production from agricultural and food systems and their future. This militant and extreme vision does not take into account the diversity and complexity of the situations present in particular in the Southern regions and may even have a negative balance in GHG emissions. The few elements we have developed above encourage us to reconsider animal production and a majority of goat systems not as a sector of activity, as an “industry”, but as a component of complex and diversified agro-food systems.
Reconsidering goat farming also implies moving away from the analysis of life cycles based only on the efficiency of each production factor taken individually. These perspectives open up new and numerous fields of research and production of knowledge. We had already underlined the importance of simultaneously mobilizing and combining the contribution of several disciplines [14]. In Human Sciences, we have to understand the conditions for a constructive dialog between the various stakeholders and promote the local organization of activities, the quality of production and the marketing of products.
The analysis of the interactions between animal system and agricultural system should lead to redesigning new technical itineraries. The hybridization of local knowledge with generic science could allow goat activities to be primarily based on human capacities. By favoring an intensification, not of production factors, but of skilled labor, we will favor innovative design systems that will give the goat its full place in these systems [15, 16]. We will also support local policies to generate positive externalities and respond to the challenges of global change and agro ecological transition. Thus, the orientation of goat research must be redefined in a more open and systemic perspective. We know that science, with all society, often remains ideologically locked up to the point that it is almost impossible to question our representations and our paradigms. The ever-present and rather totalitarian processes of cognitive locking in often unconsciously lead to the stifling of all critical thinking [17, 18].
We have enlighten above the path of the futures of goat farming by looking at the present and its challenges, but also by looking back on the past. From these elements, it is thus possible and necessary to envisage in a lucid way what could happen at short and mid-term. We have showed previously that at a large extent, the future of goat farming will depend on the local dynamics of the territories where it is present. It is the strong implication and the broad participation of all the involved actors, which through their dialog will be able to build futures, which are not yet pre-determined today.
But, at a more global level, the future of goat farming will be decided upstream by the future trends of human societies and the main scenarios of change at work with regards to the global change mentioned above. Of course, it would be neither coherent nor legitimate to propose a general foresight on goat farming in the world. Nevertheless, the possible evolution of the place of goats and their role in the dynamics of many rural areas can be explored from the main global trends and policies in the world on one side on the diversity of the goat production systems on the other side [9]. We use for this the global foresight Agrimonde project to explore the possible futures of the world’s agricultural and food systems up to 2050, and too face its key fundamental challenges [7]. The scenarios of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) are the bases of the hypothesis formulated by Agrimonde. The MEA scenarios differ according to the geopolitical configuration (globalization versus regionalization), and the management of environmental issues (proactive versus reactive).
The first hypothesis proposed by Agrimonde is that the world will collectively succeed and decide to face the challenges of climate changing, environmental control and apply the principles of sustainable development. This hypothesis leads to a scenario for feeding the planet by preserving eco-systems, reducing GHG emissions and use of fossil energy. We see major changes in how losses will be managed, in dietary habits and in organization of production systems: It will thus mean a substantial change in current habits and trends. This hypothesis asks new questions about how research is tackling the changes in yields and in the areas used for agricultural production, and their extent and their technical, economic, social and environmental consequences. By linking the technical and land-related aspects of the yield-area pairing, it establishes ecological intensification as a major issue. With this hypothesis, agricultural development could become again a driving force of global economic development and poverty alleviation. Rural areas could create many jobs to absorb underemployment caused by automating many functions in administration, finance, travel, etc. In this world, animal production and consumption will significantly decrease globally, but this hypothesis could be a chance for goat farming and more widely pastoral systems. This scenario will be favorable to the development of systems combining agriculture and animal production. Family farming will be more efficient and more integrated. Research would orient its priorities in favor of agro ecological transition with reinforced financial resources. Agriculture will be more attractive to many young people and goat farming will benefit from a positive image; pluri - activity will replace previous trends towards specialization. Efficient extension services will relay the knowledge produced and new technologies; simultaneously, a better control of the management of pastoral herds (goats and other species), particularly in terms of valuing spontaneous resources and fodder could limit overgrazing and erosion. Conversely, we will see the reduction of the most intensive systems, as for other livestock sectors.
The second hypothesis will make still global economic growth a priority to feed the human population. Technological development will allow for a more intensive farming, as well as for an extended use of fertilizers and plant material, much of them genetically modified to prevent environmental impacts. The vast majority of farms, both small and large, will be highly mechanized and industrial. Local know - how will be often replaced by standardized industrial methods and the variety of agricultural species will keep on decreasing. Multinational firms are a predominant feature of this scenario; they will increase their control over plant and animal production, primarily through the development of new genetic strains. In this second hypothesis, awareness of global issues is slower and more controversial but environment and climate changing are also a priority. The general opinion is that technological innovation is the solution face these challenges. New digital technologies will better manage and control the management of herds and their environmental impact. The divide between the most favorable areas for agriculture and livestock farming and the marginal areas would remain predominant. The search for productivity will continue to be the engine of change in areas with the highest potential with a concentration of capital, land and equipment. This trend will favor goat farming with large, high-performance herds in dairy production, but also meat and cashmere; but they will benefit a relatively small number of breeders and social or equity issues will be few integrated in the implemented strategies. In addition, the growth of goat heads will continue in marginal areas under the effect of demographic pressure. Goat farming will thus contribute to the subsistence economy of many populations without benefiting from the support necessary to improve their living conditions. In this scenario, the effects induced by climate change will probably also still impact negatively the poor rural populations.
Between 2000 and today, throughout the world, numerous projects involving goats and in favor of poor rural populations have been implemented with the support of international NGOs, International institutions or private actors. The comparative study carried out in 2013 for IFAD identified success indicators to scale up these projects [9]. It also showed that many of them failed because poor anticipation of the real market for goat products, their bad governance and inadequate funding (often too large for a too short period). The organization of a goat industry consolidated in Europe, America and Asia for milk meat and fibers but the share of the goat stocks and farmers in the informal not profit sector is still dominant.
Given the economic and social climatic challenges that the world will have to meet, goat farming can play an important role in the restructuring of the agricultural systems of many regions. We are indeed in a situation of paradigm change. In terms of research and production of knowledge, we will have to understand better the practices of farmers, and integrate crops and goat farming, to control diseases without antibiotics and to identify what social economic technical performances they need. The organization and development of training will be another important issue.
This conclusion opens up new perspectives for scientific research and interdisciplinary research. Less than ever, there will be a single model of goat development. For each region, it will be necessary to identify the potential of existing production systems, breeds, available food resources, value chains. This will involve new ways of doing research. For example, living labs are a methodology where all the actors involved in a problem participate fully in the research and innovation process [19]. For the goat sector, the implementation of “living labs” type devices could allow the design and full-scale testing of innovative goat systems for new uses for the products and services necessary for them to develop.
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Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. 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