Cogeneration steam power-desalination plants in Kuwait up to 2003 [1]
Abstract
The gas-steam turbine combined cycle (GTCC) is the preferred power plant type because of its high efficiency and its use of cheap and clean natural gas as fuel. It is also the preferred type in the Arab Gulf countries where it is used as cogeneration power-desalting plant (CPDP). In this chapter, descriptions and analysis of the GTCC components are presented, namely, the gas turbine cycle (compressor, combustor, gas turbine), heat recovery steam generator, and steam turbine. Combinations of the GTCC with thermally driven desalination units to present CPDP are presented. A parametric study to show the effect of using GTCC on several operating parameters on the CPDP is also presented, as well as cost allocation methods of fuel between the two product utilities (electric power and desalted seawater are also presented).
Keywords
- multi stage flash
- multi effect with thermal vapor compression
- reverse osmosis
- steam power plants
- gas turbines
- combined cycle
- cost allocation
- energy and exergy analyses
1. Introduction
The efficiency of power plant (PP) using gas turbine (GT) combined cycle (GTCC) is higher than that of steam cycle PP prevailed as baseload-type plant before 2000, and the GT power cycle that was used as peak load and starting units in these steam PPs. The efficiency of the steam turbine (ST) plants is in the range of 35–40 %, the GT is in the range of 30–36 %, and GTCC is in the range of 45–58 % (Figure 1). This is the main reason for the GTCC to become the preferred-type PP in the Gulf Cooperation Countries (GCC) and worldwide, besides using clean and cheap natural gas (NG) as a fuel. Increasing the PP efficiency reduces the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxide. The GTCC (Figure 2a) includes an upper GT cycle (i.e., compressor, combustion chamber (cc), gas turbine) and bottom steam cycle (i.e., heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), steam turbine (ST), and condenser). The GT cycle produces almost 2/3 of the GTCC electric power (EP) output, with mainly NG used as fuel supplied to the cc. Hot gases exhausted from the GT (typically at 475–600 οC) are directed to HRSG to produce steam. This steam, when at high-enough temperature and pressure, is directed to ST to produce more work without adding more fuel. The ST cycle produces about 1/3 of the GTCC power output. Processed heat (in the form of steam) produced from the HRSG or extracted (or discharged) from the ST can be used to operate desalting plant (DP), district heating absorption cooling, and/or other processes.
Most PPs in the GCC are cogeneration power-desalting plants producing both desalted seawater (DW) and EP in single plants called CPDP. The desalting units are supplied with its needed low-pressure (LP) steam by extracting (or discharging) steam from the ST of the GTCC or directly from the HRSG when the ST is not operated or does not exist. The ST used in the GTCC can be extraction-condensing steam turbine (ECST) or back-pressure steam turbine (BPST) discharging all of its steam to the DP. Examples of recently installed CPDP using GTCC are Shuaiba North in Kuwait, (Figure 2b), Jebel Ali in the UAE, and Ras Girtas and Mesaieed in Qatar.
In Kuwait, all power plants were of steam type before 2003 and were combined with mainly multistage flash (MSF) desalting plants (DP) up to 2003 to form CPDP; see Table 1. The use of ST for power production in Kuwait followed the 1980s general world trend of using ST in the PP, when the share of GTCC plants was very limited. In the 1990s, the share of GTCC increased very rapidly in the world due to extensive improvements in the GTs. These improvements in GT resulted in reliable GTCC technology and low capital cost of the GTCC plants compared to the ST cycle of the same capacity. NG availability at low cost in many parts of the world and the high efficiency of the GTCC (and thus the use of less fuel with less impact on the environment) promoted the share of the GTCC all over the world. Today, the GTCC-type PP becomes the preferred choice of PPs in most areas in the world, particularly in the GCC as shown in Table 2. Moreover, the GTCC equipment costs are less than that of the conventional ST plants.
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Shuwaikh | 1982 | 3 units × 6.5 MIGD | |
Shuaiba | 1971–1975 | 6 turbine × 120 MW | 6 units × 4.4 MIGD |
Doha East | 1978–1979 | 7 turbine × 150 MW | 7 units × 6 MIGD |
Doha West | 1983–1985 | 8 turbine × 300 MW | 4 units × 6 MIGD |
12 units × 7.2 MIGD | |||
Az Zour South | 1988–2001 | 8 turbine × 300 MW | 16 units × 7.2 MIGD |
Sabiya | 2003 | 8 turbine × 300 MW | 8 units × 12.5 MIGD |
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Al-Fujairah | Doosan | 2002 | MSF/RO | 12.5×5/37.5 | GTCC | 656 |
Al-Taweelah A2 | Siemens | 2001 | MSF | 12.5×4 | GTCC | 710 |
Al-Taweelah B | Siemens | 2004 | MSF | 12.5×6 | GTCC | 720 |
Al-Shuweihat S1 | Siemens | 2002 | MSF | 17.0×6 | GTCC | 1500 |
Umm Al-Nar B | Hanjung | 2000 | MSF | 12.5×5 | GTCC | 850 |
Jebel Ali K II | Fisia Itali | 2003 | MSF | 13.5×3 | GTCC | 880 |
Shuaiba II | Doosan | 2003 | MSF | 10.0×10 | GTCC | 500 |
This article presents description of GTCC power plant units, detailing the GT, HRSG, ST, and their combining arrangements with DP to form CPDP. Methods of allocating the fuel supplied to the CPDP using GTCC between the EP and DW are presented.
2. The gas turbine cycle
In the past, STs were the prevailing type of PPs used to satisfy the baseload. GTs were included in these PPs to satisfy peak load and daily operation at time of high power demand lasting few hours in summer months and as emergency system. GTs for peak-load applications operate for short periods, few hours, e.g., 2–500 h/y, with no concern to thermal efficiency, but fast loading and start reliability are the concerns. Emergency GT units have to reach full load in a very short time; and aeroderivative GTs were originally designed to be capable of producing full power from cold metal in 120 seconds. The GT is usually classified as heavy frame industrial and aeroderivative types. Aeroderivative gas turbines use advanced aircraft engine to provide flexible, lightweight, and compact GTs. Heavy frame-type GTs are usually slower in speed, narrower in operating speed range, heavier, larger, have higher air flow, and slower in start-up. Traditionally, preference has been to place heavy frame industrial units in easily accessible baseload applications.
Developments of GT in terms of high unit capacity (up to 400 MW; see Figure 3a), reliability, and efficiency (up to 38 %) extend their use to cover base-load. Many simple GT cycle power plants are operating in the GCC, e.g., 497 MW Ras Abu Fontas (RAF) in Qatar including 6 GT×32 MW, 6×48 MW, and 2×9 MW of GT units. It has also 10×7 MIGD capacity multistage flash (MSF) desalting units with steam supplied from HRSG. The plant was commissioned in 1980. The desalting capacity was reported as 55 MIGD in 2010. The GT combined with ST forms GTCC of higher efficiency than either GT or ST cycle. Another diagram of GT is given in Figure 3b.
Simple GT cycle (Figures 4a–d) consists of a compressor, turbine, and generator usually mounted on single shaft and combustion chamber (cc). When started, the generator is usually operated as a motor to get sufficient rotor speed. Then, the GT is ignited, and power supply to the generator-motor is switched off. The GT accelerates until it reaches its nominal speed, and generator is synchronized and connected to the power grid. The GT is operated at constant speed to keep constant frequency at the generator output. The load changes are compensated by the adjustment of the input fuel flow to the combustor.
Another arrangement (Figures 5a, b) is to put the compressor and portion of the turbine on one shaft while the other part of the turbine and the generator on another shaft. The compressor with the first part of the turbine is called the gas generator (GG); and the GG output is equal to the compressor-consumed power. The other part of the turbine and generator is called the free turbine, which produces the net GT power output and gives more flexibility. Figure 4b shows GE’s LM2500 Base aeroderivative gas turbine package that has dual fuel (oil and gas) capability; fast load response; 16-stage axial-flow compressor; annular combustor; two-stage, high-pressure, and single-rotor gas turbine; and highly efficient six-stage power turbine.
2.1. Analysis of ideal gas turbine cycle
The simple ideal gas turbine open cycle (see Figure 4c) known as Brayton cycle consists of four processes:
Isentropic compression of ambient air (working fluid) from pressure P1 to P2 by a compressor, with P2/P1= rp, called pressure ratio.
Heat transfer to the working fluid by mixing fuel with the compressed air and combusted in the cc from 2 to 3; usually P2 is assumed equal to P3 for ideal cycle, i.e., isobaric process.
Isentropic expansion of the working fluid in GT turbine from 3 to 4.
The exhausted hot gas is released from the turbine to the atmosphere, and fresh air is used to start or continue the cycle. In fact it is not a real cycle, but process 4-1 can be considered as an isobaric process of heat rejection to atmosphere. The cycle can be represented on both pressure-specific volume (P-v) and temperature-entropy (T-s) diagrams as shown in Figure 4d.
When the air is considered as ideal gas, the property relations for process 1-2 are
where
and then
The required compressor-specific process (work per kg) is
This is negative work (work consumed by the compressor) and is equal also to
T2s and h2s are the absolute temperature and enthalpy at point 2 if the expansion is isentropic (q1-2 = 0).
Heat addition process from 2 to 3 in the combustion chamber is considered ideal with no pressure loss (isobaric), P2 = P3. The heat input qin between 2 and 3 is equal to the enthalpy increase:
It is noticed here that T3 is the highest temperature in the cycle and is called the turbine inlet temperature (TIT). The amount of specific heat input per kg of air is also equal to
where
It is also noticed here that w2-3 = 0.
The property relations of isentropic expansion process in the turbine can be expressed as
The turbine isentropic work is expressed by
This work can also be expressed by enthalpy change as
Since part of the turbine work is used to drive the compressor, the net work output (wnet = wt - wc) is expressed as
It is noticed that the net heat (
The ideal cycle efficiency (net work/heat in) is expressed by
It is noticed that
Then
where
It is noticed that the efficiency depends also on T3 (TIT), pressure ratio rp, and k, the ratio of specific heats at constant pressure to that at constant volume and is equal to 1.4 for air,
Process (2-3): isobaric heat supply, q2-3 = h3 - h2,
Process (3-4): isentropic expansion, wt = cp(T3-T4s). (5)
State (4-1): isobaric heat release,
There are differences between the ideal Brayton cycle and real gas turbine cycle. In the real cycle, the following are included:
Difference between the ambient air condition and the compressor inlet condition at point 1.
There are heat loss and friction losses in the compression and expansion processes, and thus these are not really isentropic processes.
Gas properties vary with temperature and not constants as assumed in the ideal cycle.
There is stagnation pressure loss in the combustion chamber and incomplete combustion.
Some of the air discharged from the compressor is extracted to the turbine for cooling.
The losses in compressors are usually expressed through the following:
By the compressor efficiency defined by
ηc = ideal work of compression/actual work of compression
By assuming the compression is adiabatic but with friction
2.2. The GT performance
The simple cycle in an
The losses in turbines are usually expressed by the turbine efficiency defined by
ηt = actual work of expansion/ideal work of expansion.
Assuming that θ is the ratio of the turbine inlet temperature and compressor inlet temperature, which in this case is θ =
The efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle depends mainly on the TIT (T3) or its dimensionless parameter θ= T3/T1 as well as the pressure ratio rp as shown in Figures 6b–d. The highest cycle temperature is limited by the material and cooling of the first turbine stages; pressure ratio can be optimized to maximize the efficiency for a specific combustor temperature. Besides optimization of the efficiency, the gas turbine is also optimized for power output (Figure 6d). The optimization sets the conditions for the combustor. For the gas turbine cycle in Figure 6 at a combustor outlet temperature at 1,743 K, the optimal pressure ratio for specific power is 14:3 bar and the optimal pressure ratio for efficiency is 25:1 bar. These values are engine specific but show the tendency for optimization. The efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle depends mainly on the TIT (T3) or its dimensionless parameter θ= T3/T1 as well as the pressure ratio rp.
The thermal efficiency always increases with the increase of θ or the TIT, T3, which has limitation with the materials. The pressure ratio rp (P2/P1=P3/P4) affects the cycle efficiency, which increases with rp until it reaches a maximum and then starts to fall. The optimal compression ratio changes with alteration of the compressor and turbine efficiencies.
The specific work, defined by the work per unit mass of the air, increases T3 and reaches a maximum for a certain rp as shown in Figure 6c.
Two distinct losses occur in the combustion chamber: combustion inefficiency and pressure loss.
The first implies an imperfect conversion of the chemical energy in the fuel/air mixture into thermal energy. It is defined as
The typical combustion efficiency is around 0.99 or better.
The thermal efficiency of a real gas turbine cycle is lower than the one of the ideal cycle. In the T-s diagram or in the P-v diagram, respectively, the differences are obvious since there are no more isentropic changes possible.
2.3. Gas Turbine (GT) components
GTs are operating according to Brayton cycle and using the following components.
2.3.1. Air intake
The air to compressor should pass through an air filter to prevent dust from entering the machine and is accelerated in a duct to the compressor. The inlet duct in front of the compressor is usually designed as a diffuser. This decelerates the air at the inlet and converts part of the air kinetic energy into pressure.
Figure 7a shows an air filter installed at the air inlet to the compressor. The inlet air duct can contain an air cooling system. The compression in the GT is a constant volume process. So, the air temperature decrease would increase the air density and mass flow rate, decrease the specific power consumed by the compressor (per unit mass), and increase the GT power output. Figure 7b shows the effect of compressor inlet temperature on the GT output power and heat rate. The air inlet temperature can be decreased by evaporative cooling, fogging, and chilled water system as shown on the psychometric chart given in Figure 7c.
Figure 8a shows an inlet air to compressor using evaporative cooling which used relative humidity and wet bulb temperature that are rather low. This system has the advantage of low capital and operation cost as it can operate on raw water and uses air washer that cleans the inlet air. Figures 8b–d show an inlet air to compressor using fogging system. It is also an evaporative cooling system that is used when relative humidity and wet bulb temperature are rather low. This system uses demineralized water and increases GT performance better than the previous evaporative cooling system.
Figure 9a shows mechanical refrigeration system (direct type) used hot in areas and can bring the air temperature to any specific requirement irrespective of ambient temperature and humidity ratio. This system has the advantage of increasing the GT performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system. However, this system has high initial capital cost and high operation and capital cost. Figure 9b shows the absorption refrigeration system (direct type), which is similar to that of Figure 9a, but with absorption cooling system operated mainly with steam or hot water substituting the mechanical refrigeration system. This systems has also the advantage of increasing the GT performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system, but at higher initial capital cost and high operation and capital cost.
2.3.2. GT compressor
The main parameters of a compressor are the required pressure ratio (rp), volumetric flow rate, consumed power, and permissible shaft length. The used compressors types in GT application are axial, centrifugal, and combination of both. Axial compressors have more stages to reach the same compression ratio achieved by centrifugal type, and thus, axial compressors have a longer shaft than centrifugal ones. Axial compressors have lower changes of flow direction during compression and thus better efficiency (82–90 %) compared to centrifugal (72–82 %). Axial compressors handle much wider range of volume flows, are used in all heavy utility gas turbines, have much lower tendency for flow separation at the inlet blades, and are more reliable in the case of fast load changes. Centrifugal compressors have small-size, short shafts, used only in small gas turbines (less than 5 MW) and high rotor speeds. Combination of axial and centrifugal compressors utilizes axial compressor reliability and the centrifugal compressor high-pressure ratio.
In centrifugal compressor (Figure 10a) the air (to be compressed) enters the impeller center and moves outward by centrifugal force to the compressor discharge diffuser. The rotating impellers accelerate the air velocity, and the air kinetic energy is converted to an increase in static pressure by slowing the flow through a diffuser before being discharged.
Axial compressors have moving (rotor) and fixed (stator) blades (Figure 8b). The arrays of blades are set in rows, usually as pairs: one rotating and one stationary. While rotating airfoils (known as blades or rotors) accelerate the fluid, the stationary airfoils (known as stators or vanes) decelerate the air, i.e., slow it down, and its kinetic energy is converted to pressure energy. The stators redirect the flow direction for the rotor blades of the next stage. The discharge velocity is almost equal to the suction velocity. This process is repeated by several stages depending on the desired output pressure.
The direction of flow is parallel to the direction of the rotation. The design of compressor blades is different than those of turbines. The compressor blades have divergent profile and act as diffuser to increase air pressure. The turbine blades have convergent profile which works as a nozzle, reducing air pressure by changing its pressure energy into kinetic energy. More on axial compressor design is given in Ref. [15]. Although an axial stage may not offer as much of pressure ratio as a centrifugal stage of the same diameter, a multistage axial compressor offers far higher pressure ratio (and therefore mass flow rates and resultant power) than a centrifugal design.
Separation of the air flow from the surface of the blades of the first compressor stage is real problem in axial and centrifugal compressors. Flow separation from the surface of single blades generates high turbulence in the grid and can partly block the flow path of the incoming air aerodynamically. This effect, called a rotating stall, stresses the whole gas turbine structure with oscillating pressure waves.
2.3.3. GT combustor
The compressed air leaving the compressor is directed to the combustion chamber (cc), called combustor, where fuel such as natural gas (or petroleum liquids) is injected. In a combustor (Figure 11a) the fuel chemical energy is converted to thermal energy. So, the combustor combines and mixes air and fuel, ignites them, and contains the mixture during combustion. The combustor contains basically four zones – primary zone, secondary zone, dilution zone, and various wall jets – to manage heat transfer at the combustor boundary as shown in Figure 11b. Air entering the combustor is distributed to four major injection points. The first is through swirl vanes positioned at the combustor front face and typically surround the fuel injection port. The swirl vanes impact a circumferential velocity component to the air and thereby thrust the air radially outward as the air enters the combustor (Figure 11c). This creates a pressure void at the center line and induces a backflow to fill the centerline pressure deficit. This effectively creates, as a result, a recirculation flow that extends approximately one duct diameter downstream and defines the “primary zone” of the combustor.
The combustors are classified as:
Annular (continuous chamber that encircles the air in a plane perpendicular to the air flow) (Figure 12a)
Can-annular (similar to the annular but incorporates several can-shaped combustion chambers rather than a single continuous chamber) (Figures 12b, c)
Silo (silo, frame-type, combustor has one combustion chamber mounted externally to the gas turbine body)
The combustion process in the GT combustor can be classified as diffusion flame combustion or lean-premix staged combustion. In the diffusion flame combustion, the fuel/air mixing and combustion take place simultaneously in the primary combustion zone, and this generates regions of near-stoichiometric fuel/air mixtures where temperatures and NOx generation are very high. In lean-premix combustion, fuel and air are thoroughly mixed in an initial stage resulting in a uniform, lean, unburned fuel/air mixture which is delivered to a secondary stage where the combustion reaction occurs [19]. The combustion process starts with mixing the fuel with air supported by natural or forced turbulences in the airflow through the combustor. Continuous and stabilized combustion process is affected by the speed of fuel and air particles to the reaction zone, transport of flue gas from there, the speed of the chemical reaction in the reaction zone, and the residence time of any particle in the reaction zone. When the air-fuel mixing is slow compared to the chemical reaction rates, the mixing time controls the burning rate.
In diffusion flames, fuel and oxygen are mixed in the reaction zone through molecular and turbulent diffusion and have wide stability rate of combustion process. It has the advantages of relatively simple design of the fuel nozzles. Since the local conditions at the flame front are rich in fuel, diffusion combustion is insensitive against combustion instabilities and keeps on burning and generates regions of near-stoichiometric fuel-air mixtures with very high temperatures even at very lean conditions. The high temperature by diffusion flames leads to the production of large quantities of thermal NOx.
To reduce the reaction temperatures and/or the formation of thermal NOx, premix combustion is developed, where fuel and air are homogeneously mixed in an initial stage to become lean, unburned fuel-air mixture which is delivered to a secondary stage where the combustion reaction takes place. Manufacturers use different types of fuel-air staging, including fuel staging, air staging, or both; however, the same staged, lean-premix principle is applied. Gas turbines using staged combustion are also referred to as Dry Low NOX combustors. The majority of GT currently manufactured are lean-premix staged combustion turbines.
In premix, mixing of fuel and air occurs far before the reaction zone. Depending on the burner design and the flow velocity, the time from the fuel injection to the moment of ignition is within several milliseconds. This time is used to create a mostly homogeneous mixture, with a fuel concentration within the ignition range of the specific fuel for the given compressor discharge temperature. The typical adiabatic flame temperature, to which a premix combustion system is adjusted, is at 1,750 K. At this temperature, the formation of NOx is still on an acceptable level, while the heat transfer from the flame is high enough to ensure the ignition of the fresh mixture (Figures 13a, b).
In general, there is an operation window for low emissions that range from the primary zone temperatures 1,670 K to 1,900 K (Figure 13b). The upper temperature limit is set by the temperature dependence of NOX and the lower limit by carbon monoxide. The increase in CO for lower temperatures is related to poor combustion and the lean blowout limit for the burner.
2.3.4. GT turbine
The hot gases produced in the combustor are expanded in the turbine (Figures 14a–d) to give mechanical energy that operates the compressor, and the balance produces the electric power (EP). The turbine, similar to the compressor, can be axial or centrifugal type. The axial type is easier to cool, as the turbine is exposed to high thermal stresses by the hot gases entering the turbine. The turbine cooling is crucial as it provides the potential of raising the TIT and thus the efficiency. Gas turbines can be particularly efficient when heat content of the hot gases from the turbine is recovered in HRSG to power a conventional ST in GTCC. The hot gases from the GT can also be used for space or water heating or drive an absorption chiller for cooling the inlet air and increase the power output. Figure 14d shows that the hot gases leaving the GT are high enough to generate steam.
3. The Combined Gas-Steam Turbine Cycle (GTCC)
3.1. The GTCC overview
The exhaust gases leaving the GT can have high temperature (up to 600 οC) and use a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) to generate steam. This steam can operate thermally driven desalting units such as multistage flash (MSF) (Figures 15a, b)) or multi-effect thermal vapor compression (ME-TVC) desalting systems or can operate steam turbine (ST). Combination of GT, HRSG, and ST cycle forms GTCC (Figure 15c) of much higher efficiency than single-cycle PP using GT or ST. A schematic diagram of steam turbine (Rankine) cycle components that can be combined with GT is shown in Figure 16a. Large steam turbine is usually divided into high-pressure (HP), intermediate-pressure (IP), and low-pressure (LP) cylinders (Figure 16b). In GTCC, the GT cycle is called the upper cycle, the steam turbine is called the bottom cycle, and both cycles are shown on T-s diagram in Figure 17a. Modern ST power generation, as shown in Figure 16a, is based on the Rankine cycle which includes the ideal basic cycle processes of (a) isentropic expansion in the steam turbine (ST) from 3-4 and from 5-6; (b) condensation of the steam discharged from the ST in the condenser from 6-1; (c) reversible adiabatic pumping process of condensate from condensing to the HRSG pressures, 1-2; and (d) heat addition at constant pressure in the steam generator (SG) to raise feedwater to saturation temperature, evaporate it, and superheat it from 2-3. In reheat steam cycle, the steam leaving the HP section returns to the SG from 4-5 for further heating before being admitted to the IP cylinder. Reheat is sometimes necessary to raise the steam dryness fraction at the turbine exit than the minimum of 0.88 required by the industry to avoid the blades pitting and raise the efficiency of the LP cylinder.
The use of GTCC to produce both EP gives high-energy utilization factor (UF), up to 80 %, where
The GTCC is usually used for baseload operations because of its high efficiency. The HRSG can have single-, double-, or triple-pressure stages. The HRSG of single and double-pressure stages and their temperature distribution are shown in Figure 17b. A bottoming steam cycle using double-pressure steam HRSG is shown in Figure 18a. A triple-pressure stage HRSG is shown in Figure 18b. Several differences exist between the steam PP cycle using conventional steam generator (SG) (Figure 19a) and steam cycle in the GTCC (Figure 19b) using HRSG of the GT. The ST plant in Figure 19a has 300 MW electric power (EP) output capacity, using reheat cycle where steam leaving the HP cylinder is reheated in the SG before its introduction to the IP cylinder. This cycle has five closed feed heaters and one open feed heater (deaerator), and the steam flow rate leaving the condenser is 197.86 kg/s, about 76 % that of throttling condition (261.1 kg/s).
The ST cycle shown in Figure 19b and with data given in Table 3 is also a reheat cycle of 275 MW output capacity. It utilizes the hot gases leaving three GTs of 164 MW of EP output each. Contrary to the cycle in Figure 19a, the cycle using the HRSG has no feed heaters as all feedwater heating is done in the HRSG, and thus, the steam flow rate leaving the condenser is 438.8 kg/s, about 123.3 % that of throttling condition (355.3 kg/s), and the steam to the ST is admitted from the three stages HRSG to the ST at three points (pressures); see Figures 19a,b .
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Ambient temperature, οF, relative humidity 70 % | |
GT capacity | 3×164.1 MW |
GT fuel | NG |
Total GT output | 492.3 MW |
Steam turbine output | 275.55 MW |
Total gross EP output | 767.850 |
Auxiliary power | 18.45 MW |
Net EP output | 794.4 MW |
Gross GT heat rate, BTU/kWh (LHV), Btu/kWh | 9,310 |
Gross GT fuel consumption (LHV) | 4,583.3 |
NPHR, Btu/kWh, (LHV) | 6,116 |
Net plant efficiency, % (LHV) | 44.8 |
3.2. Steam turbines in GTCC
The steam turbine in the GTCC can be extraction-condensing steam turbine (ECST) (Figure 20a) or back pressure steam turbine (BPST) (Figure 20b). In the ECST, steam is expanded from inlet pressure (say at 100 bar) and high temperature (up to 538 οC) to the condenser pressure (about 10 kPa) below atmospheric pressure. As steam expands, its pressure and temperature decrease, while its specific volume and its volumetric flow rate increase. This requires increasing the blade length of the turbine as steam expands to accommodate the increased volumetric steam flow (Figure 20c). In large-scale steam turbines, the steam volumetric flow is limited by the size of the turbine last stages (see Figure 16b), and this can enforce the use of double-flow condensing steam turbine where the last stage flow is divided between two rows of blades.
In BPST, the steam exits the turbine at the pressure required by the process to be heated as desalination, say 2–3 bar and is higher than that in the end condenser of the ECST cycle, say at 10 kPa. Condensation of discharged steam in industrial processes provides process heat needed for desalination, heating, absorption cooling, or any other processes.
The steam expansion in the ST is usually represented on the enthalpy-entropy (called Mollier chart) as turbine line shown in Figure 21a. For an adiabatic process, the change in enthalpy
One of the main concerns in the design of the ST is its exhaust size selection discharging to the condenser. Lowering the condenser pressure allows more expansion of the steam in the ST, i.e., more decrease in the enthalpy
Some of the GTCC mount the GT and ST on the same shaft (Figures 22a, b). Since the steam turbine comes to operation after heating up the whole steam cycle, a freewheel clutch is installed between the steam turbine and the generator to prevent the GT from spinning up the steam turbine in a cold steam cycle. Due to the freewheel clutch, the shafts of the gas turbine and the steam turbine are spinning up separately, which prevents them from reaching speed ranges that would cause dangerous resonance frequencies. As soon as the boiler is heated up to operation temperature, the control valve is opened and the steam turbine provides its part of power to drive the generator [23].
Figure 22a shows the ST mounted on the same shaft of the GT and both use the same generator, one GT and one ST of single- and double-flow LP cylinders as developed by GE. In addition, the steam turbine can be combined with single GT but with separate shafts or several gas turbines and one ST and several shafts as shown in Figures 22a, b.
3.3. Cogeneration steam turbine
Steam can be extracted from ST for processing heat by using a nonautomatic extraction ST that has openings in the turbine casing for steam extraction, with no means for controlling the pressure of the extracted steam. Steam can also be extracted from an automatic extraction steam turbine with openings in the turbine casing for extraction and means for directly regulating the steam flow to the next turbine stages after extraction opening. Automatic extraction turbines are used when there is a need for process steam at specific pressure between turbine inlet and outlet pressures, as in the case of desalination. There is simultaneous control of the desired extraction steam pressure and turbine speed, even though the demand for extraction steam and the power requirements of the driven load may vary over a wide range. Also an induction-extraction ST that can admit and exhaust steam. In extraction condensing steam turbine (ECST), the steam or part of it exits the turbine at a given pressure and may further be used. The 300 MW steam turbine operating in Kuwait provides full steam demand to two MSF desalting units of 7.2 MIGD each when the turbine EP load varies between 300 and 75 MW.
In Kuwait CPDP, the MSF unit gain ratio defined by desalted water (DW) output to heating supply S (i.e., D/S) has a typical value of 8, and the steam pressure at extraction point to the MSF at full load is 3.5 bar and is throttled to the pressure required by the MSF of 2 bar. When the turbine load is lowered, the steam pressure throughout the turbine is also lowered and reaches about 2 bar at the MSF extraction point when the turbine load is 25 % of the 300 MW nominal load. So, a throttling valve between the extraction point and the MSF is installed to keep the pressure to the MSF plant at 2 bar (Figure 19a). If the steam at the extraction point is less than 2 bar, extraction to the MSF is stopped. In this case, if the MSF can work directly from the high pressure steam supply to the turbine after being throttled and desuperheated (Figures 23a, b).
Steam condensation in the DP provides the steam latent heat as the heating source to the DP. The specific work produced by expanding steam from throttling condition of P1 and T1 to the condenser pressure Po and To is represented by the area encircled by ABCDA in Figure 24a and the area BEFC, represents the specific rejected heat. When steam is extracted at P3 to the DP, the specific work per kg of steam is represented by AGHD in Figure 23b, and the area GBCH is the work loss for each kg extracted to the DP. In the Kuwaiti plant, the steam to the MSF unit is extracted from crossover pipe between the intermediate-pressure (IP) and the LP cylinders (Figure 23b). So, the ratio of power to water outputs in CPDP varies as the EP load is always variable and cannot be stored, while water depends on the demand and available storage capacity. So, the EP and DW production ratio is not always constant or matched together.
Steam condensation in the DP provides the steam latent heat as the heating source to the DP. The specific work produced by expanding steam from throttling condition of P1 and T1 to the condenser pressure Po and To is represented by the area encircled by ABCDA in Figure 24a and the area BEFC, the rejected heat. When steam is extracted at P3 as in Figure 24b to the DP, the specific work per kg of steam is represented by AGHD in Figure 24b, and the area GBCH is the work loss for each kg extracted to the DP.
It is noticed here that in BPST, the steam flow to the turbine depends on the turbine load, and thus, the steam discharged to the DP is slave to the turbine load. So, BPST is usually used in baseload operation, and steam to the DP can be supplied from HP steam line, which is very expensive.
3.4. Heat Recovery System Generator (HRSG)
The HRSGs utilize the hot gases leaving the GT to generate steam that can be used to operate thermally driven desalting plants or steam turbines bottoming power cycle. The HRSG can be unfired, supplementary fired or called post-fired (PF), and fully fired. The HRSG can be horizontal or vertical (Figures 25a–d). As given before, the HRSG can have single-, dual-, or triple-pressure level type. The single-pressure stage HRSG has low efficiency, compared to dual-pressure HRSG. In single-pressure HRSG, high efficiency is attained by lowering the stack temperature, and this requires lowering the steam pressure. Lowering the steam pressure lowers the steam cycle efficiency. In dual-pressure designs, lowering stack temperatures would only decrease the first (low)-stage pressure while leaving the second state conditions approximately unchanged. A design parameter of the HRSG is the pinch point (pp), which is the temperature difference between the gas leaving the boiling section and generated steam saturation (or boiling) temperature. The choice of high pp increases the mean temperature difference between the hot gases and water and reduces the heat transfer area but decreases to a certain extent the HRSG efficiency. The low-pressure (LP) generated steam in dual-pressure HRSG can feed the steam turbine at a suitable point or it may be used as process steam for industrial applications (drying, desalination, absorption refrigeration, etc.).
In CPDP, electricity and process heat for desalination are simultaneously produced regardless of gas turbine load; supplementary firing or post-firing (PF) is usually used. In Ras Laffan B CPDP, a very flexible plant design was developed with PF to allow very high thermal power input (maximum 280 MWth) to cope with a wide operational range of GT electrical power and steam production for electricity or desalinated water production. The power island having a total capacity of 1025 MW is equipped with three V943A gas turbines with bypass stack to allow open-cycle operation, three HRSGSs equipped with double PF firing, and two 200 MW range backpressure steam turbines; steam from the power island is fed to four desalination units supplied by Doosan for a total water production of 273,000 m3 per day. Each GT has 310 MW power output at generator terminals, 39.8 % efficiency, and 750 kg/s exhaust gas mass flow rate at 576 °C exhaust gas temperature.
The HRSGs are of the horizontal gas flow, top supported, natural circulation type, with single-pressure stages, and two-staged supplementary firing. The HRSG steam parameters at full GT load are pressure = 85.4 bar and temperature = 563 °C, 636 t/h nominal, and 703 maximum steam flow.
The post-firing modified the steam flow as follows: first firing increased the steam flow to nominal 110 t/h and maximum 145 t/h, and second firing increased the steam flow rate to nominal 150 t/h and 170 t/h.
4. Cost allocation in CPDP utilizing GTCC
This section develops a mathematical model to evaluate the performance of a typical CPDP using typical GTCC plant and how this performance is affected by parameters such as ambient temperature, compression ratio, air-to-fuel ratio, turbine inlet temperature, and stack temperature. The fuel consumed by the GT is allocated to each of the products (EP and DW) on the basis of the first and second laws of thermodynamics [30].
Figure 26 shows a schematic diagram of a typical CPDP using GTCC, which is considered as reference plant considered here. The plant’s design is based on the data given in Table 4 and 50 oC ambient summer temperature and 600 oC temperature of exhaust gases leaving the GT.
No. of units | Fuel type | LHV | Gross output | Ambient temp. | Humidity | Pressure |
3 | NG | 47,806 kJ/kg | 215.5 MW | 50 oC | 30 % | 1.013 bar |
HRSG, type: natural circulation | Desalination: MSF | Steam turbine, ST: BPST | ||||
No. of HRSG | Integral type deaerator | HRSG blowdown | No. of units and capacity | No. of ST | Gross capacity, MW | Cooling SW temperature |
3 | 3 | 1 % | 3×15 MIGD | 1 | 215.7 MW | οC |
GTCC | ||||||
Gross GTCC output, MW | Net GTCC output, MW | |||||
862.2 MW | 819.7 MW |
4.1. Energy analysis
An energy analysis, based on the first law of thermodynamics, is given as follows.
4.1.1. Gas Turbine (GT) cycle
The GT cycle data give 625 oC exhaust gases exit temperature, 50 oC ambient temperature, and 215.5 MW power output for each GT. The isentropic efficiency is 0.85 for the compressor and 0.9 for the turbine. The mechanical efficiency is 0.998 for the turbine and 0.995 for the compressor.
The used fuel is NG having 47.806 MJ/kg low heating value (LHV) and 12.897 kg/s (45 t/h) flow rate. The airflow rate to each GT is 578.62 kg/s. The air-to-fuel ratio (
The compressor work is
The heat gain by the air in is the combustion chamber
The turbine work output is
The GT power output is
The gross GT cycle efficiency based on LHV is
4.1.2. Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)
There are three GTs, three HRSGs, and only one ST. One third (1/3) of feedwater from the steam cycle returns to each HRSG, and the heat gained by this feedwater is equal to that lost by the exhaust gases, then,
where
The superheated steam temperature
For the reference plant, mg = 591.5 kg/s,
The feedwater is heated from its inlet feed temperature to saturation liquid temperature Tsat, evaporated to saturated steam, and then superheated to Ts.
The steam leaving the three HRSGs is directed to the ST at mass flow rate, 3
HRSG by water,
3
HRSG by water, is
This is almost equal the heat loss by hot gases; and the heat input to the steam cycle,
4.1.3. Steam cycle
The steam leaving the three HRSGs is directed to a back-pressure steam turbine (BPST). The steam discharged from the BPST enters the brine heaters of three MSF units.
The throttling condition of the steam inlet to the turbine is 75 bar pressure, 560 οC temperature, and 3,550.7 kJ/kg specific enthalpy. A small part of the expanded steam is extracted from the BPST to operate the steam ejectors of the MSF, at 30.3 bar, 449.3 οC, and 3,342.7 kJ/kg enthalpy, whereas the balance continues to expand and is exhausted to the three MSF units at 2.8 bar, 158.8 οC, and 2,781.5 kJ/kg enthalpy. This steam is desuperheated before entering the MSF units to 2.5 bar, 135 οC, and 2,733.1 kJ/kg enthalpy. The power generated by the BPST is
The power consumed by the steam cycle pumps in the steam cycle is negligible except that of the boiler feedwater pump (BFP), which can be calculated as follows:
The net power generated by the steam turbine is 215.1 MW, and the heat gained by the water in the three HRSGs is 866.46 MW. This gives the ST efficiency as
This efficiency underestimates the performance of the ST cycle. It does not account for the benefit gained by the steam leaving the ST to the MSF to produce desalted seawater and not expanded to an end condenser.
4.1.4. Desalination units
The heating steam mass flow rate to each MSF unit is
The heat consumed by each MSF unit is
where
So, the heat consumed for each 1 m3 of desalted water is qd = = (218.86×1000)/789 = 277 MJ/m3.
It is more rational to express the heat supplied to the MSF by its real value in terms of mechanical equivalent energy. The turbine work loss due to discharging its steam to brine heater of MSF unit and not expanding to an end condenser can be calculated; if this steam was expanded in low-pressure (LP) turbine to condenser pressure at 10 kPa and dryness fraction of 0.9, its enthalpy would be 2,345.5 kJ/kg, and the produced work is
This 42.6 MW is equivalent mechanical work
Another small amount of steam is extracted from the steam turbine at higher pressure to operate the steam ejectors of each MSF plant at 2.5 kg/s flow rate, 30.3 bar pressure, 449.3 οC temperature, and 3,342.5 kJ/kg enthalpy. If this steam was expanded in a turbine to the condensing pressure of 10 kPa and 90 % dryness fraction, its enthalpy would be 2,345.5 kJ/kg, and its work output is
So, the work loss by the steam supplied to one 15 MIGD (789 kg/s) is
and specific work loss is equal to
Since the pumping energy of the MSF is in the range of 4 kWh/m3 (14.4 kJ/kg), the total equivalent mechanical energy (counting for pumping and thermal energy) to produce 1 m3 of desalted water is
So, the equivalent mechanical energy required to produce DW at the rate of 45 MIGD (2,367 kg/s) can be calculated as follows:
This 170.424 MW consists of 34.1 MW for pumping energy and 136.34 MW for thermal energy.
The pumping energy of the BFP as well as for the MSF should be subtracted from the total power output of the turbines to become
4.1.5. Total cycle
The fuel energy consumed by the three GT units is
The total power output from the GTCC is 3 WGT + WST = 645 + 215.1 = 960.1 MW and the GTCC overall efficiency ηt = 960.1/1849.5 = 0.465.
Again, this efficiency underestimates the performance of the GTCC, since it does not account for the heat gained by the 3 MSF units.
Another term is usually considered and known as the utilization factor (UF):
where
In fact, the UF overestimates the performance of the CPDP since it adds the work by both GTs and ST (high-quality energy) to heat supplied to the MSF units 3
A new modified total efficiency
So, an energy balance of the given CPDP using GTCC and MSF units shows that
Total work output by 3 WGT + WST – Wpump - WBFP=3×215+ 215.1- 34.1- 4.3 = 821.7 MW (44.4 % net efficiency).
Heat added to 3 MSF units, Qdes,t =3 × Qde = 3×218.86 = 656.58MW (35.51 % of total heat input).
The heat rejected to the environment in the form of hot gases leaving the three stacks of the HRSGs is
where
The balance will be unaccounted energy losses,
Figure 28 shows the energy balance of the given GTCC and MSF units.
The high stack temperature (183 °C) is due to the high feedwater temperature returning back from the MSF desalting units at 142 °C.
If GTCC is chosen without desalting plant, lower feedwater temperature is chosen and the stack temperature when NG without sulfur content was used;
5. Exergy analysis
An exergy analysis, based on the second law of thermodynamics, is conducted here for the cases considered before.
5.1. Compressor
The exergy destruction (irreversibility) in the compressor can be presented as follows:
where
The second law efficiency of the compressor is expressed as
5.2. Combustion Chamber (cc)
The main exergy loss (or destruction) of the GT cycle occurs in the combustion chamber (cc) of the GT cycle. An exergy balance in the combustion chamber gives
The
For each GT, the value of (
Thus, the exergy destruction I
εcc = Exergy gain/Exergy input =426.19/716.17 =0.595
This is much lower than the combustion chamber energy efficiency, ηcc, based on the thermodynamics first law and is usually assumed equal to 0.99.
5.3. Gas turbine
An exergy balance around the GT cycle gives
Since
This
The exergy difference utilized to produce the
For the three GTs, this exergy difference is 3 ×241.5 = 724.5 MW.
So, the effectiveness of the GT, ε
and the exergy destruction in the turbine, compressor due to friction is
The effectiveness of the GT cycle, when used as simple GT cycle is
When GTCC is used, the exergy of the exhaust gases
5.4. Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)
In heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), the heat of hot gases leaving the GT is transferred to feedwater in deaerator, economizer, evaporator, and superheater and the heat transfer in the HRSG.
An exergy balance around the HRSG gives
where Δ
Then,
So, the exergy difference gained by water in 3 HRSG = 3 ×116.438 = 349.314 MW, and this is the exergy input to the steam cycle including the three MSF units.
5.5. Steam turbine cycle
The exergy difference across the ST cycle, ⊗
where ssi and sse are the specific entropy of steam at the turbine inlet and outlet, respectively.
Then the exergy loss in the ST is
5.6. Desalination system
The exergy difference between the discharged steams from the turbine to the condensate from the brine heaters of one MSF unit, ∆
where msd and (
So, an exergy balance of the given CPDP using GTCC and MSF units shows that there are unaccounted losses due to steam extracted at moderately high pressure to operate the steam ejectors of the MSF units, and others and can be calculated as follows:
5.7. Exergy distribution of the overall GTCC
Exergy balance of the given CPDP using GTCC and MSF units is conducted for the whole GTCC cycle.
The fuel exergy of the fuel supplied for the three GTs is
This fuel exergy is used to produce the power output power from the three GT= 3× 215 = 646.5 MW.
So, the exergy loss from the GT cycles is
The exergy destruction in the three HRSG can be calculated as follows:
The fuel exergy is utilized to produce output power from the steam turbine is
The fuel exergy used to produce 45 MIGD from 3 MSF units is
The exergy destruction in the steam turbine is
There are unaccounted losses due to steam extracted at moderately high pressure to operate the steam ejectors of the MSF units, and others and can be calculated as follows:
6. Fuel allocation between the EP and DW production
There are two methods to allocate the fuel between the EP and DW production, while the second is exergy method.
6.1. Work loss method
The first method is the work loss method. As mentioned, there is work loss due to discharging steam to the MSF units instead of its expansion to the condensing turbine. The CPDP outputs are
3So, the fuel charged to desalination to the total fuel supply should be
The specific fuel energy charged to produce 1 m3 can be calculated as follows:
The fuel charged to produce the net power output can be calculated as
6.2. Exergy method
The aim of combining the 3 MSF units with the GTCC is to supply these units with its heat needs, 3
The pumping work
This almost the same work was charged to the desalting units in the method of lost work, and there is no need to repeat the share of desalting in the fuel energy again.
It is clear that both methods give very close results, but the first method is easier and understandable by practitioner engineers.
6.3. Desalinated water cost
Since all combined cycle power plants in Kuwait were dual fuel (i.e., can be operated either by natural gas or heavy oil), the cost of desalinated water is evaluated in this section based on the current oil and natural gas prices. Hence, the desalinated water produced by this plant will be estimated based on two different types of fuel as follows:
The oil price is 60 $/bbl and the low heating value of the oil is LHVoil = 42229 kJ/kg; so, the energy content in 1 barrel of oil (density of 900 kg/m3) can be calculated as follows:
When the gas price is $2/MMBTU which is equivalent to 1.895 $/GJ and LHVNG= 47806 kJ/kg.
The following assumption is assumed for the analysis: steady state operation.
7. Sensitivity analysis
The developed equations were used to evaluate the performance of the reference CPDP using the GTCC in this section. A simplified schematic diagram of plant is shown in Figure 30, while state point conditions of the model are given in Table 5.
The model was tested against the available data of Al-Shuaiba CCPP, and the results showed good agreements as shown in Table 4. This model can also be used for simulation and/or parametric studies of the plants in order to evaluate its performance. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to investigate the effects of some combined cycle parameters on the overall efficiency, specific fuel energy to desalination, as well as the desalinated water cost. The selected parameters are ambient air temperature, compression ratio, and air-to-fuel ratio, turbine inlet temperature, and stuck temperature.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 | 578.4 | 1.013 | 50 | 323.6 | 5.776 | -1398 |
2 | 578.4 | 17.73 | 478.4 | 768.9 | 5.827 | -967.6 |
3 | 591.3 | 17.73 | 1297 | 1720 | 6.678 | -269.6 |
4 | 591.3 | 1.013 | 625 | 930.8 | 6.845 | -1109 |
5 | 3 × 591.3 | 1.013 | 183 | 458.1 | 6.125 | -1367 |
6 | 293.58 | 75 | 560 | 3520 | 6.941 | 1481 |
7 | 3 × 2.5 | 30.3 | 449.3 | 3342 | 7.076 | 1233 |
8 | 286.08 | 2.8 | 158.8 | 2781 | 7.155 | 648.4 |
9 | 293.58 | 13 | 118 | 495.4 | 1.503 | 47.39 |
10 | 293.58 | 6.8 | 142.3 | 598.7 | 1.761 | 73.81 |
11 | 293.58 | 87.2 | 142.3 | 603.9 | 1.753 | 81.5 |
|
|
|
Gas turbine, 3 GT | ||
578.62 | 578.62 | Air mass flow rate, kg/s |
44.86 | 44.86 | Air-to-fuel ratio, A:F |
17.5 | NA | Pressure ratio, |
1297 | NA | Turbine inlet temperature, oC |
625 | 625 | Exhaust gas temperature, oC |
88.3 | NA | Compressor isentropic efficiency, % |
85 | NA | Turbine isentropic efficiency, % |
215.6 | 215.5 | Power output, MW |
35 | NA | Gas turbine cycle efficiency, % |
Steam turbine, 1 ST | ||
293.58 | 293.58 | Steam mass flow rate, kg/s |
75 | 75 | High turbine inlet pressure, bar |
560 | 560 | High turbine inlet temperature, oC |
2.8 | 2.8 | Inlet pressure to MSF, bar |
158.8 | 158.8 | Inlet temperature to MSF, oC |
215.5 | 215.7 | Power output, MW |
24.88 | NA | Steam turbine cycle efficiency, % |
Heat recovery steam generator, 3 HRSG | ||
6.8 | 6.8 | Feedwater pressure, bar |
142.6 | 142.3 | Feedwater temperature, oC |
20 | 20 | Pinch point temperature difference, oC |
183 | 183.1 | Stack temperature, oC |
Desalination unit, 3 MSF | ||
8.06 | 8 | Gain ratio |
789 | 789 | Distillate output, kg/s |
2.5 | 2.5 | Inlet pressure to MSF, bar |
135 | 135 | Inlet temperature to MSF oC |
2.5 | 2.5 | Steam flow rate to ejector, kg/s |
30 | 30 | Inlet pressure to ejector, bar |
450 | 449.3 | Inlet temperature to ejector, oC |
GTCC | ||
46.66 | 46.7 | Combined cycle efficiency, % |
The effect of ambient air temperature on the fuel allocation between the electric power and desalinated seawater production is presented in Figure 31. It shows that as the ambient air temperature increases, the allocated fuel to the electric power decreases, and this led to increase the allocated fuel to desalination. Figure 32 shows the effect of ambient temperature on the combined cycle efficiency at different compression ratios. It is clear that the cycle efficiency is the highest at maximum pressure ratio and minimum ambient temperature. On the other hand, the effect of air-to-fuel ratio is limited as shown in Figure 33.
Figure 34 shows the effect of ambient and turbine inlet temperatures (TIT) on the specific fuel energy to desalination. It shows that the specific fuel energy to desalination increases at high ambient temperatures, while it decreases at higher turbine inlet temperatures.
On the other hand, the effect of stack temperatures on the heat rejection into environment as well as on the exergy destruction of HRSG is depicted in Figure 35. It is clear that as the stack temperatures increases, the heat rejection into the environment will increase and consequently the exergy destruction in HRSG will decrease.
The main real problem by this plant is the high stack temperature of 183 oC because the high feedwater returns from the MSF desalting units at 135 oC. If the stack temperature is reduced to 110 oC, the heat gained by the water in the HRSG temperature is increased to 16.5 %, and the ST output would increase to 251.32 MW. The difference between this ST output and actual output of 215.7 by the ST or 35.62 should be charged as well to the desalting process. Again for net efficiency of 44 %, the fuel energy of 80.955 MW should be added to the 188.8 MW calculated before, or the fuel charged for thermal energy would be 269.75 or 113 MJ/m3.
Although the effect of steam turbine inlet pressure on the specific fuel energy to desalination is negligible, it will slightly be affected by the types of fuel as shown in Figure 37.
Figure 38 shows the effect of ambient temperature on the specific fuel energy to desalination when different types of fuel are used. Since there is a large difference in price per unit of energy between oil and natural gas, the cost of desalinated water is strongly affected by the fuel type as shown in Figure 39.
8. Conclusion
A general overview on the CPDP using GTCC is presented including description and analysis of the GTCC component. Energy and exergy analyses, based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics, respectively, were conducted on CPDP using GTCC connected with MSF desalting system. The concept of work loss due to exhausting steam from the ST at higher pressure and temperatures compared to end condenser condition was introduced and calculated. The exergy at different points of both GT and ST cycles and HRSG and the exergy destructions in several components were calculated. The main exergy loss was found in the GT combustion chambers. The fuel energy allocation between the desalting process and power production was conducted, based on the work loss and exergy methods. Both methods gave almost the same results. The main problem detected from the design of the given plant the high stack temperature of 183 oC of the HRSG to match that of high feedwater returning from the MSF desalting units at 135 oC. In GTCC using condensing turbines and NG with no sulfur, the typical HRSG stack temperature is 100 oC. The decrease of the stack temperature is reduced from 183 oC to 100 oC, which would increase the heat gain by the HRSG and ST work output about 19 %. This means that ST work output would be 256.6 MW. The difference between this ST output and actual output of 215.7 by the ST or 40.9 MW should be charged to also to the desalting process. Again, for net efficiency of 44 %, the fuel energy of 92.94 MW should be added to the 188.8 MW calculated before, or the fuel charged for thermal energy would be 281.82 MW or 119 MJ/m3.
Sensitivity analysis shows that the pressure ratio, inlet air temperature, turbine inlet temperature, and stack temperature have a significant role in the combined cycle performance. It shows also that the cost of desalinated water is strongly affected by the fuel type because there is a large difference in price per unit of energy between oil and natural gas.
Nomenclature
a | specific exergy, kJ/kg |
A | stream availability, mass flow rate×specific exergy, kW or MJ |
B | brine flow, kg/s |
BH | brine heater |
BPST | back pressure steam turbine |
CPDP | cogeneration power-desalting plant |
D | distillate output flow rate, kg/s or MIGD |
DP | desalting plant |
DW | desalted seawater |
ECST | extraction condensing steam turbine |
EP | electric power |
F | seawater feed flow rate, kg/s |
FH | feed heater |
GCC | Gulf Cooperation Countries |
GR | gain ratio, distillate D per heating steam S, D:S |
GT | gas turbine |
GTCC | gas-steam turbine combined cycle |
h | specific enthalpy, kJ/kg |
H | heat rate (3,600/h), kJ/kWh |
HHV | fuel high heating value, kJ/kg |
HP | high pressure |
HRSG | heat recovery steam generator |
IP | intermediate pressure |
kWh | 3,600 kJ/s |
L | latent heat of vaporization, kJ/kg |
LHV | fuel low heating value, kJ/kg |
LP | low pressure |
m | mass flow rate, kg/s |
MED | multi-effect distillation system |
ME-TVC | multi-effect thermal vapor compression desalting system |
MIGD | million imperial gallons per day (4,546 m3/day or 52.616 kg/s) |
MSF | multistage flash desalination |
MVC | mechanical vapor compression desalting system |
MW | megawatts |
net | net output |
P | pressure, kPa or bar |
PP | power plant |
PR | performance ratio, kg of distillate/2,330 kJ of heat |
Q | rate of heat addition or rejection |
RO | reverse osmosis |
Sd | steam supply to desalting plant |
SG | steam generator |
SPD | single-purpose desalting plant |
SPP | separate power plant |
ST | steam turbine |
SWRO | seawater reverse osmosis |
TC | thermal compressor |
TTD | terminal temperature difference |
TVC | thermal vapor compression desalting system |
v | specific volume, m3/kg |
W | power output |
Wcp | cycle work |
Wd | equivalent work of heat supply to desalting units |
Wnp | net power output |
Wp | pumping work of desalting unit |
ε | second law efficiency or effectiveness |
ηb | boiler efficiency |
ηis | isentropic efficiency of pump or turbine |
b | boiler or brine |
bd | blowdown stream |
cw | cooling seawater |
d | desalting unit, discharge vapor, or distillate |
|
extracted steam |
e | environment |
f | saturated liquid properties, feed heaters, or fuel |
g | saturated vapor properties |
pp | power plant |
r | reheat |
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