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Achilias"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"82328",title:"The Impact of the Pandemic Effect on the Aviation in the Environmental Quality of the Air Transport and Travelers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105165",slug:"the-impact-of-the-pandemic-effect-on-the-aviation-in-the-environmental-quality-of-the-air-transport-",body:'In the civil aviation scenario, the pandemic affected the economic circumstances (…) showing the need to reevaluate the demand projections of passengers, aircraft, and load [1]. The efforts of the civil aviation sector are to seek safety guidelines, to intensify the sanitation of surfaces, the use of masks and alcohol gel, frequent hand cleaning with soap/water, the practice respiratory etiquette, and proper ventilation, to keep the environment decontaminated and the ventilation controlled in order to reduce the contagion in airports and planes. Since environmental quality in civil aviation is facing COVID-19 it is necessary to seek comfortable resources in the ventilation itself in an attempt to solve or soften the discomfort during the cruise. The incipient individualization of passengers’ thermal comfort is one of the biggest problems faced by companies in the aviation sector. Exposed, multiple times, to considerable variation of thermal sources and different temperatures of asymmetric airspeed fields, passengers suffer the consequences of neglect with solutions that seek the individual space optimization without compromising the comfort provided in aircraft’s cabins. To evaluate the thermal comfort, one must know the environmental comfort criteria to the relevant thermal environment parameters, along with the methods to its prediction (project phase) or measurement (commissioning and operation phase). From this basic premise, we need to: (a) define which are the main internal climatic parameters of temperature and asymmetric airspeed due to the cabin geometry projected with pitch,1 and what is the restricted average width between the armchairs reducing the space between the passengers; (b) quantify its influence on the passengers, and (c) discern the plane and HVAC system in these parameters.
A large number of researches about thermal comfort was written and published. This extensive research literature was written in international standards [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], with the intent to guide the aeronautical project professionals to project and maintain the internal thermal environment comfortable, being internationally known as indoor climate or indoor air.
In this chapter, we research the thermal comfort and the adaptive comfort standard (ACS) based on variable climatic expectations that shift the locus of thermal regulatory responsibility to the environment of commercial and passengers transport aircraft, and back again to the airplane cabin occupants. The occupants are obligated to become way more active or interactive with the airplane internal cabin to implement the adaptation opportunities offered by the plane to create an acceptable indoor climate for passengers. After elaborating the methodological differences between these two perspectives about the person-environment relationship, the chapter examines the implications of standards and practices of thermal comfort using the computational simulation tool CFD, which allows describing the project guidelines to decision-making during the air distribution planning, considering the aircraft cabin’s geometry. Confident that the obstacles to thermal comfort in the concerned aircraft can be solved with what is observed in simulations made in computational fluid dynamics – capable not only of making predictions about the thermal field and its speed but also of indicating the particle concentration of ventilated environments. The chapter finishes with a discussion about the increase of passengers’ thermal comfort, adapting to variations and adjustments in the thermal environment. Such variations allow the creation and distribution of personalized ventilation that is formed around the passengers, and the best way to control this environment is through insufflation, temperature, and flow rate. Personalized ventilation, through air diffusers, highlights the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), and the thermal comfort research gives a better understanding of the relationship between the human body and surrounding environments. In this regard, passengers play a central role in the aircraft cabins’ internal environments. It is noted that, although experimental researches using mannequins provided valuable information about airflow, speed, temperature, and pollutants concentration, some other detailed information such as the airflow field around a person and the relation between the amount of heat transfer by radiation and the transfer of convective heat between the human body and its surroundings cannot be obtained in experiments. The innovation happened in the past years with the introduction of CFD technology, which developed and made it possible to analyze the microclimate around a human being. It can simulate the passengers’ transient inhalation and exhalation in the processes, having the geometrical representation of the Computational Thermal Manikin (CTMs) which represents the human body, being a significant factor for the ventilation personal study, representing the turbulence, grid generation, and boundary conditions model selection. The researchers conducted in Denmark (Aalborg University and the Technical University of Denmark), Japan (The University of Tokyo), and Germany (Hamburg University of Technology) use computational thermal manikins (CTMs) with the intention of determining indexes that are either unable or at least very hard to be acquired through experiments.
Because the topic is clearly within the jurisdiction, to present some of the results obtained in our investigation, we first bring a brief literature review about the subject. At this point we highlight the work in which we based the present chapter and, which yet not recognized by scientists due to lack of information about the subject, we also present observations taken sometimes from the visits we made to the airlines and theirs web portals from 2014 to 2020, sometimes from the interviews granted by old employees, whose reports mainly focused on the aircraft’s internal environment development in Brazil. In short, being useful to thermal comfort practitioners.
This will allow the identification of the airport, plane, and passengers with contagion control purposes by airborne contamination, we hope that the professionals who work directly in airplanes and airports’ organization and maintenance consider more actively the elements that involve environmental quality and human thermal comfort.
The first identification of SARS-CoV-2 in human beings happened in Wuhan, China (2019). In that period there was paralyzation of air traffic in China. Right after the COVID-19 virus had spread to South Korea, caused the cancellation of flights, then to Iran and Italy. In that period, there were already cases of COVID-19 around the world. In March 2020, the United Nations (UN) declared a pandemic caused by the new SARS-CoV-2 virus, impacting the health system in biomedical and epidemiological order on a global scale. This fact imposed social isolation, among other measures, to protect health. At that time airports, ports, and land borders were closed except essential flights (Figure 1).
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in international airports.
In earlier times the aviation sector had already suffered before, in 1976 there was the Ebola virus contamination, affecting human beings and other mammals. There was a union of forces between the civil aviation secretary and the World Health Organization (WHO) to avoid the transmission of the Ebola virus, especially improving the internal environment quality of passenger airplanes.
In 2009, emerged the Flu A H1N1 pandemic and later on with a new sub-type of influenza A (H1N1). In response to the outbreak, on April 25 the World Health Organization declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Then, on April 27, the WHO announced phase 4 (human-to-human transmission) and phase 5 (sustained transmission) pandemic [9], and phase 6 (global spread) on June 11th, 2009. On this date, there were already 30 thousand cases reported in 74 countries.
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the pandemic in March 2020, which was a decisive moment to air traffic that came with a change of attitude for the aerospace industry. However, aviation impacts also occurred in 2001, 2008, and 2010.
On September 11th, 2001 many flights were canceled, both in the United States and in other countries, due to terrorist attacks. In this period the discussions about airport security had begun, nowadays every airport security forms are the result of the standards established at that time.
In 2008 because of the US economic recession tourist and business travel decreased. Generally speaking, the business class customers are loyal company customers. In this same period, there was an increase in oil prices, which was reflected in aviation till 2011.
In 2010, the volcanic eruption in Iceland Eyjafjllajökull disrupted European air transport, especially passengers flights between the US and Europe.
According to Faury, Guillaume (CEO of Airbus), 2020 “We are now in the midst of the gravest crisis the aerospace industry has ever known”. The planes used to conduct many cruises were forced to stand still, which requires maintenance before returning to operation. The airplane’s maintenance, in general, follows the “Parking Mode” (1) easy to get back to service; (2) maintenance (more frequent: engine and main systems); and the “short term” (a) preserve engines; (b) remove fluids; (c) cover all entries (sensors, cracks, engines, mechanical ventilation, etc.); (d) disconnect batteries, and (e) lower the shutters of the windows. The airplanes with outdated technology (with old models and large airplanes) or for sale are stored in deserts such as Victorville, California, and Pinal County, Arizona in the United States (Figure 2).
American aircraft boneyard. Commercial aircrafts in Southern California Logistics Airport (former United States Air Force base), Victorville, California, USA. Source:
It is noted that the coronavirus side effect is the use of better technologies, especially when it comes to air quality. The cargo companies besides cargo-specific planes also have passenger planes that transport a portion of cargo. The Belly Cargo (Long haul Flights) is a cargo plane with passengers that carries out 23% of all the world’s cargo. An important aspect of freight transport is hospital equipment products, this happens because, due to the pandemic, it was necessary to protect the whole hospital teams with suitable materials to assists patients with COVID (such as masks, aprons, hospital equipment products, etc.) which no country had in stock. Most of these products are manufactured in Asia, especially in China. In this regard, air transport is being requested to save lives (Figure 3).
Dissemination of COVID-19.
The Brazilian National Civil Aviation Agency (ANAC) acted to soften the pandemic impacts, reducing the contamination risks to the users and employees through the gradual resumption of operations of the internal and external market, with ANAC Ordinance No. 1126 of 23/4/2020 to combat an infectious agent in the standards for fighting COVID-19 published according to the International Health Regulations, in the Collegiate Board Resolutions, (Resolution—RDC No 02, 2003, Resolution—RDC No 21, 2008 and Resolution—RDC No 56, 2008 and in the guidelines of the Ministry of Health. It follows the international protocol to fight COVID and establishes (1) the central systems in operation as long as the air renewal is open at its maximum capacity, and (2) compliance with the Maintenance, Operation, and Control Plan—PMOC of the installed air conditioning systems, especially the filter, in the airport. In airplanes cleaning occurs in the supervision of the cleaning teams with cleaning and disinfection procedure in each scale, before the boarding of new passengers. With the closing of the doors, whenever possible, the airplanes air conditioning system turned on and the mode without air recirculation selected.
The air conditioning and pressurization systems are responsible for ensuring good health and comfort conditions for aircraft’s occupants since they are the components of environment control.
While in buildings we have homogeneous environments, aircraft are considered non-homogeneous once they present different temperature and velocity gradients [10]. The difference between aircraft and building air conditioning system design is due to the aircraft’s weight and the pressure difference between the outside and inside of the aircraft in high altitudes. When it comes to aircraft air conditioning special equipment capable of handling temperature asymmetries or radiant temperature is necessary.
In a good air conditioning system, the airflow must occur at a high speed at the top part of the airplane. In the bottom part, the recirculation is characterized by the mixed air present in the cabin (MV, mixing ventilation). Afterward, the engine must direct the outside air to the inner parts of the cabin, where, under very high temperature and pressure, it will be breathed in. Therefore, besides promoting air conditioning, the pressurization system avoids any discomfort or damage, because of the altitude changes that the cabin undergoes, for the occupants (the fast air change in the cabin eliminates odor and removes any traces of stale air).
Usually, the command cabin controls the pressurization systems that are incorporated in a sealed unit with the luggage compartment. The pressurization system is capable of containing air under higher pressure than the outside atmospheric pressure. Although in high altitudes the aircraft’s external environment does not present viable conditions to the survival of human beings. The air is dry with extremely low temperatures and pressure: according to Lombardo [11, 12], the atmosphere consists of 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen, and 1% other gases in its volume; however, the increase in altitude implies air rarefaction and a decrease of pressure lowering the amount of oxygen necessary for human functions. That is why aircrafts that do not have air conditioning and pressurization system are usually limited to low altitudes.
The pressurization is directly related to the quality of the partial pressure of oxygen available in the breathing air inside the fuselage compartments of the airplane, occupied by the flight crew. Its purpose is to maintain the indoor pressure equal to or greater than the value of the atmospheric pressure at 8000 feet altitude. Because when the airplane flies at higher altitudes, there will be a reduction in fuel consumption.2
The ventilation, one of the functions for which the air conditioning system is designed, consists of a dynamic intake of pressurized air. This function is done with the aid of an airflow fan, a heating operation on the ground, or a compressor when the aircraft has pressurized air ducts installed in the front, the top, or the bottom. The air goes into the main air entrance of the heater and is heated when passing over the radiator surfaces from where it is then distributed.
The refrigeration system, which is located next to the ventilation methods, are installed to ensure comfortable atmospheric conditions to the aircraft regardless of the altitude where the plane is situated. It also works to maintain the appropriate volume of air circulating at the correct temperature and humidity inside the aircraft. The capacity of the refrigeration system depends on the fuselage cavity proportions so that the circulation of air and vapors occurs. In both cases, the treated air is pumped only in the overhead bins region at a high speed and the outlet is made by side air vents in the bottom. Meanwhile, the cabin air conditioning is made by the central air conditioning and heating system, which provides outflows of up to 700 m3/h (412 cfm) and controls the indoor air temperature from 14 to 35°C.
Before being recycled, the recirculated air is filtered by high-performance filters such as HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate air filter), which is capable of retaining 99.97% of the cabin’s airborne particles.
The cabin air circulation and ventilation inside an airplane are carefully designed to disperse and redirect contaminants, changing the entire cabin air volume from 20 to 30 times per hour in airplanes with the E-Jet model [13]. Higher is the frequency of air change, lower is the risk of viral dissemination, however, this air change occurs only when the plane is free-flying. The Airbus Chief Engineer Jean-Brice Dumont highlights the importance of air quality design being extremely clean with air renewal every two or three minutes, about 20 to 30 times per hour.
The distance between countries as well as the time to travel these distances, have decreased with the development of the aeronautic engineering industry applied to air transport. Due to factors such as international scientific conferences, work, sport or artistic events, celebrations, etc. culture and habits dissemination happens more frequently.
In that sense, air quality becomes a priority to avoid infectious pathologies and maintain public health by preserving health safety in airplanes and airports.
According to WHO director-general, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, in a press conference on Wednesday (11/03) “If the countries work to detect and track the disease, isolate the cases and mobilize human resources to respond to COVID-19, it is possible to prevent those places with few cases from becoming centers of virus dissemination and consequently from sustained community transmission.” The director-general also pointed out the WHO guidelines to the countries which follow them: activate and expand the emergency response mechanisms, communicate with the population about the risks and how to protect themselves, find, isolate, test, and treat every case of COVID-19 apart from tracking all the infected.
In this context, keeping strict control on air transport before, during, and after the trip, it is possible to prevent the virus dissemination and its corresponding strains. The precautions before the flight, such as proper face mask usage, packing the luggage with plastic at the airport and/or using alcohol gel before the luggage is placed in the baggage compartment of the plane. As the International Air Transport Association states simple measures, such as the usage of masks by passengers and crewmates, as well as the guidance to use elbows to intercept coughs and sneezes, minimize the risks almost completely.
As the COVID virus could transmit among passengers on touching the infected surfaces and carelessness in using disinfecting substances, the main air companies of the world adopted new cleaning procedures to ensure that the aircraft is scrubbed after each flight, as well as ensuring passengers follow the required health and safety measures.
The air circulation in the cabin of the aircraft is done by a tube that captures external air and heats it during the flight by the engines, or by the auxiliary power unit when the airplane is on the ground. By a process of environmental control, the air is pressurized and cooled down to appropriate temperature for passengers and then it joins the recirculated air.
The air in the airplane’s cabin comes from the ceiling, flows to the ground, and drains below the luggage compartment. As the air flows from top to bottom, the risk of dissemination of infectious agents diminishes regarding the front-to-back direction, the longitudinal orientation of the cabin.
The air conditioning and pressurization systems are responsible for ensuring good health and comfort conditions to the aircraft’s occupants since they are the components of environment control.
While in buildings we have homogeneous environments, the aircraft is considered non-homogeneous once they present different temperature and velocity gradients. The difference between aircraft and building air conditioning system projects is due to the aircraft weight and the pressure difference between the outside and inside of aircraft in high altitudes. When it comes to aircraft air conditioning, special equipment, capable of handling temperature asymmetries or radiant temperatures, is necessary.
In a good conditioning system, the airflow must occurs at a high speed at the top part of the airplane. In the bottom part, the recirculation is characterized by the mixed air present in the cabin (MV, mixing ventilation). Afterward, the engine must direct the outside air to the inner parts of the cabin, where, under very high temperature and pressure it will be breathed in. Therefore, besides promoting air conditioning, the pressurization system avoids any discomfort or damage for the occupants because of the fast air change in the cabin due to the altitude changes that the cabin undergoes, which eliminates odors and removes any traces of stale air.
The pressurization is directly related to the quality of partial pressure of oxygen available in the breathing air inside the fuselage compartments of the airplane, occupied by the flight crew. Its purpose is to maintain the indoor pressure equal to or greater than the value of the atmospheric pressure at 8000 feet altitude. Because, if the airplane flies at higher altitudes, there will be a reduction in fuel consumption.
One of the functions for which the air conditioning system is designed, the ventilation, is performed by a blower to help air circulation and by a heater operation on the ground. From a dynamic compressed air valve or a compressor in aircraft which has ducts of pressurized air installed in its front, bottom, or top surfaces. The air goes into the main entrance of the heater and is heated when passing over the radiator surfaces of the heater from which it is then distributed.
The refrigeration system, which is located next to the ventilation methods, is installed to ensure comfortable atmospheric conditions for the aircraft regardless of the altitude the plane is located. They also work to maintain the appropriate volume of air circulating in the correct temperature and humidity inside the aircraft. The capacity of the refrigeration system depends on the fuselage cavity proportions in which the air cycle3 and the vapor cycle4 occur. In both cases, the treated air is pumped only in the overhead bins at a high speed and the outlet is made by inferior exit ducts. In the meanwhile, the cabin air conditioning is given through the air conditioning and heating central system, which provides outflows of up to 700 m3/h (412 cfm) and controls the indoor air temperature from 14°C to 35°C.
According to Conceição [14], the cabin must also have a humidifying system, responsible for maintaining the relative air humidity between 20 and 70% inside the cabin. It also must control the temperature of the walls once again from 14°C to 35°C, by an additional climatization and temperature control system, as shown in Figure 4.
Cross-section of thermal mock-up. Source: Conceição [
Control valves, sensors, and electrical cables regulate the indoor air temperature when activated by air conditioning system valves, located in the cockpit panel (Figure 5). If there is an automatic control malfunction, there must be manual controls available.
Typical air conditioning and pressurization system. Source: ANAC [
It can be seen that the cabin’s air distributor includes air ducts (with rectangular or circular sections when used in air distribution systems (Figure 6), or with other shapes when allocated in the passengers’ individuals air exits and the window defroster), filters and heater exchangers, silencers, unidirectional valves, humidifiers, sensors of mass flux control and meters. The cabin’s pressure sources cover positive displacement compressors (superchargers), centrifugal compressors, and supercharger controls. Supercharger tools working as airflow meters, pressurization valves, pressurization controls, cabin pressure regulator, and also air pressure safety valve.
Typical air distribution system. Source: ANAC [
According to Lombardo [11], the refrigeration machines which operate with air cycle are the predominant systems in aeronautical applications, especially when it comes to passenger transport aircrafts. The option is justified because of the availability of the working fluid (compressed air from the plane’s propulsion system) and also by the fact that the air cycle (air cycle machine or ACM) do not demand the transport of new working fluid, which would require weight and occupied space restrictions. So, the air is partially treated in high-quality filters, similar to those used in hospitals surgery rooms, and thereafter is mixed with the same proportion of external air. The renovation of conditioned air is necessary for long distance flights and with a large number of crew members in the airplane cabin in a closed environment. The airflow must therefore meet thermal comfort requirements through an air conditioning operating system and be compliant with external environmental atmospheric conditions.
Researches related to air conditioner maintenance of airlines such as TAM and Embraer (2014) show that the air distribution is operated by a container that works at 35% of its capacity, meanwhile, the other 65% of the air volume stands still on the floor, without returning to circulate through the cabin. In other words, the clean air is not used in the internal environment of the aircraft and likewise, the same air used before circulates yet again causing many airborne viral pathologies to be transmitted. Besides, in these situations, health problems caused by engine oil particles that were found in the air filters have become common.
Given the possible damages to passengers’ health, there were established flow standards for air conditioning systems. Maintaining the internal air quality demands that the renewal tax of the external air be high. In the same way, it is fundamental that the supply of external and recirculated air occurs in the appropriate temperature and relative humidity conditions. The temperature control of the cabin’s interior avoids areas with stagnated air, as well as enables the dissipation of contaminants and odors.
Efforts to maintain the good air quality inside the cabins turn out to be especially important as Quinyan Chen and her partners’ researches in the Purdue University College of Engineering (USA) pointed out that ventilation causes the dispersion of contaminants from expiratory activities (for example sneezing, coughing, talking or breathing). Presenting their studies about the main characteristics of particles dissemination in airplane cabins, researchers demonstrated how they can be involved in contamination events. Nevertheless, they suggested the relevance of paying attention to the subject, since there is little research about personalized ventilation systems that can be used along with a mixed ventilation system. It is known that before being supplied to the cabin, the recirculated air is filtered through equipment with high-efficiency particles. Those air filters also known as HEPA filters must be capable of reducing the risks of a cross and longitudinal infection of the airflow supply [15]. Next, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of the airflow will be used to determine air conditioning coefficients in commercial passenger airplanes.
The aircraft cabin e-170 uses the normal ventilation system with a longitudinal direction. In this chapter, it will be applied and validated, in a testing phase, in mock-ups, with digital thermal manikins controlled by the Autodesk software with a Computational Fluids Dynamic (CFD) tool in order to determinate the temperature and speed coefficients and their corresponding thermal loads.
The tests include three steps: construction of the aircraft prototype; model construction of the empty cabin, with passengers standing and with the digital manikins seated; analyzing the actual air conditioning system to define the cabins’ thermal environment characteristics inside a commercial aircraft for passengers transport.
Prototype construction of the aircraft e-170 with the internal layout of armchair, luggage rack. A digital mock-up will be used for the tests to reproduce the cabin section of a commercial airplane with the dimensions of 3 × 3 × 2.5 m in height Figure 7.
Prototype construction of the aircraft e-170.
The construction of the passengers digital model is made from the use of the digital thermal manikin, built using the software “Solid Works”, it helps in the anthropometric analysis of the armchair to evaluate the equivalent temperatures. The thermal manikin has 1.70 m in height, which allows a more representative temperature modeling of the surface of the body, to verify the passengers’ comfort and discomfort. The thermal manikin, for now described to the passenger as a digital-physical model controlled by three control modes: constant temperature (air temperature and speed), constant power, and Fanger’s comfort equation.
Fanger’s method will be used to verify the thermal exchanges and the thermal balance of the human body, in other words, the “CLO-FANGER-MET” method with the influence of atmospheric pressure. The air temperature and speed are measured in the cabins’ thermal environment Figure 8.
Digital model construction of the passenger.
The air quality and its impact on humans during the cruise are determined by the aeronautical comfort design and have strong influences on the thermal conditions of the passenger. The air recirculation used before the airborne pathologies by various types of viruses. For example, according to researches presented during the Roomvent Congress, 2014, ventilation is related to the circulation of contaminants in airplanes cabins which from expiratory activities, cause cross-contamination events. Belonging to the list of studies about environmental comfort this research therefore, evaluates the actual thermal behavior of the airplane commercial user. In the face of the need to investigate air diffusers, responsible for the crew discomfort and for the transmission of diseases such as the so-called SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), and the challenges that are imposed on the intentions to design a healthy and comfortable environment in the cabins, we analyze the air distribution in the interior project of such cabins. The research focuses around the armchair and duct shapes with the use of the Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) tool.
The results of this chapter present a model based on computation that can predict the temperature and airflow as well as the parameters of environmental air distribution in commercial airplanes cabins, in empty cabins, and with passengers seated or standing. The model is known as CFD (Computational Fluid-Dynamic Model). The purpose of this item is to present to the reader some of the main fundamentals that are necessary for the applications of CFD related to internal environmental technology in commercial aircrafts.
This item presents the information used in the data entry for the CFD commercial airplane e-170 cabin simulation: Figure 9.
Mesh refinement.
The results of this chapter present a model based on computation parameters that the air distribution and environment temperature in the commercial aircraft cabin are the passengers breathing, empty cabin, and with the passenger seated or standing. The purpose of this item is to present to the reader some of the main fundamentals that are necessary for the applications of CFD related to the internal environmental technology for commercial aircrafts.
The passangers breathing inside the plane’s cabin is presented in Figure 10.
Shows the air breathed by passengers.
The representation of the empty cabin with the representation of the air supply diffuser going from the top part to the bottom one with the cabin height of 0–1.70 m and 0–1.50 m length is presented in Figure 11. Figure 12 identifies the magnitude velocity from 0 to 0.9 m/min noticing that the maximum airspeed is concentrated close to the gasper outlet, decreasing its speed throughout the path to the air outlet at the bottom of the cabin. The air temperature in degree Celsius is presented in Figure 13, ranging from 22°C to 28°C, notice that this temperature is used for tropical climate inhabitants, different from the countries located in Scandinavia, where temperature above 18°C is the upper limit in summer. The air supply diffuser using a computational mesh through the cabin is shown in Figure 14. Figures 15 and 16 demonstrate, as an example, the points of a constant air temperature value and speed for an empty cabin.
Air supply diffuser representation using a computational mesh to demonstrate a Fluid Domain mesh.
Airspeed in the empty cabin.
Air temperature in the empty cabin.
Air supply diffuser representation using a computational mesh.
Iso surface are surfaces that represent points of a constant number. For example, temperature and airspeed.
Iso surface are surfaces that represent points of a constant number. For example, temperature and airspeed.
The airspeed with the passenger standing is represented in Figure 17 with a variation of magnitude velocity from 0 to 0.11 m/s. Figure 18 presents the air surface and Figure 19 identifies the air temperature between 24.88 and 27.04°C. Demonstrated in Figure 20 is the image from the perspective of the cabin. The cabin refining mesh is presented in Figure 21.
Airspeed with passenger standing.
Iso surface of the cabin with passenger standing.
Cabins temperature exhibition with passenger standing.
Iso surface of the airflow line with passenger standing.
Cabins mesh refinement with passenger standing.
A seated passenger in the cabin has an isometric view with Magnitude Velocity from 0 to 0.007 m/s in Figure 22. In Figure 23 the airspeed with the passenger seated (0.35–0.49 m/s) with the airflow going from the top part to the bottom part of the cabin. The air temperature with front view is shown in Figure 24 with a variation of 23.4–27.4°C and the airspeed with a variation of 0–0.37 m/s in Figure 25 and with airspeed ranging from 0 to 0.89 m/s in Figure 26. Seated passenger mesh refinement is presented in Figure 27.
Isometric view of passenger seated airspeed.
Airspeed with a seated passenger (0.35–0.49 m/s).
Air temperature with a seated passenger (23.4–27.4°C).
seated passenger airspeed (0–0.37 m/s).
Seated passenger airspeed (0–0.89 m/s).
Seated passenger refinement mesh.
The air quality and its impact on humans during the cruise are determined by the aeronautical comfort design and have strong influences on the thermal conditions of the passengers. The air recirculation used before the cause of airborne pathologies by various types of viruses. For example, according to researches presented during the Roomvent Congress, 2014, ventilation is related to the circulation of contaminants in airplanes cabins that from expiratory activities, cause cross-contamination events. Belonging to the list of studies about environmental comfort this research therefore, evaluates the actual thermal behavior of the airplane commercial user. In the face of the need to investigate air diffusers, responsible for the crew discomfort and for the transmission of diseases such as the so-called SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), and the challenges that are imposed on the intentions to design a healthy and comfortable environment in the cabins, we analyze the air distribution in the interior project of such cabins. The research focuses on the armchair and duct shapes with the use of the Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) tool. The CFD simulation used the software Autodesk Geometry/Mesh/Solver/Post processing.
Through CFD simulations it was found that the air exits run from the top part to the bottom part of the plane.
Figure 28 shows the effect of the air current circulation and dispersion of particles throughout the aircraft cabin. This demonstrates that it is important to use personalized ventilation during the covid-19 pandemic period. According to Anvisa [16], the airflow of the gasper must be directed straight between passengers to avoid that they inhale the air from one another, avoiding disease dissemination.
Mask usage during flight.
The aeronautical project quality is essential for providing passengers with acceptable environmental conditions in order to achieve their thermal comfort. The research demonstrates the utmost importance of the aeronautical community (industries, research labs, and universities) in the fluids modeling field and the practical applications in the industry’s daily job.
This research results present models based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with parameters analysis of temperature and airspeed distributed in a real environment with a cabin sometimes empty, sometimes with passengers standing and/or seated.
It was verified that the temperature and airspeed are influenced by passengers’ behavior, whether they are seated or standing in the plane’s cabin. Breathing influences the airflow, being able to cause contamination in its environment. So, ventilation from the roof of the cabin promotes more particle dispersion throughout its area.
Another significant aspect to highlight is the importance of achieving the plane’s thermal comfort in a cruise. Having an adequate air conditioning system that contributes to the well-being, health, and the aircraft’s users’ health, as well as the other aspects that influence the passengers’ environmental comfort, when based on the cabins’ geometry, the armchairs positioning and ergonomics will also contribute positively in the aircraft’s mechanic system. We suggest the use of the air insufflation systems to avoid contamination through the air in the interior of the cabin.
As this research’s results demonstrate, simulations in CFD showed that there are three variables, and they must be considered to better evaluate the thermal comfort and indoor air quality in an aircraft cabin, which are- the profile of different temperatures, the airspeed, and human breathing. Therefore, the airflow circulation from the upper (ceiling) to the lower air supply duct (floor) promotes a wider dispersion of particles throughout the cabin that is associated with the characteristics of the mixing of this ventilation through passengers and the airplane’s seats. However, it is also important to investigate the airspeed and temperature associated with air humidity.
The use of personalized ventilation is important during the pandemic period of COVID-19, for instance, when the gasper is opened, the airflow must pass between passengers, the air circulation must be oriented directed to the floor’s lower duct. Another precaution that helps to protect the passengers is the use of masks and facial protectors during the flights, which must have non-ventilation and be approved by government agencies. Another security measure adopted to protect the people is to remain at a distance from others and always use alcohol gel.
The concern with passenger air transport relates to public health and safety aspects which must be analyzed in order to have a faster response for such risks. This is fundamental so that measures, such as prevention and vaccine development, in addition to efforts to mitigate COVID-19 transmission and dissemination, can be effective. Technical and scientific researches, as well as public policies to aid and enforce these measures must be constant and applied to the aeronautics industry everywhere in the world, with decisions made according to international health regulations. An additional investigation must be carried on about contamination of material carried in the aircraft.
English version by: Samantha A.L. Takatui, Mayor Edson da Silva and Eng. Nilson Carneiro, Prefeitura Municipal de Araraquara, São Paulo, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, PPGEU, Instituto de Pesquisa Tecnológica do Estado de São Paulo, IPT e Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos.
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
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\n\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
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\n\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
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Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Analytical method validation, thinking about the maximum relevant processes for checking the best parameters of analytical methods, using numerous relevant overall performance indicators inclusive of selectivity, specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity, range, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), ruggedness, and robustness are severely discussed in an effort to prevent their misguided utilization and ensure scientific correctness and consistency among publications.",book:{id:"6379",slug:"calibration-and-validation-of-analytical-methods-a-sampling-of-current-approaches",title:"Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods",fullTitle:"Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods - A Sampling of Current Approaches"},signatures:"Tentu Nageswara Rao",authors:[{id:"220824",title:"Dr.",name:"Tentu",middleName:null,surname:"Nageswara Rao",slug:"tentu-nageswara-rao",fullName:"Tentu Nageswara Rao"}]},{id:"58596",title:"Linearity of Calibration Curves for Analytical Methods: A Review of Criteria for Assessment of Method Reliability",slug:"linearity-of-calibration-curves-for-analytical-methods-a-review-of-criteria-for-assessment-of-method",totalDownloads:7983,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:42,abstract:"Calibration curve is a regression model used to predict the unknown concentrations of analytes of interest based on the response of the instrument to the known standards. 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Despite the highly regulated area, some challenges still exist regarding the validation of some analytical methods including methods when no analyte-free matrix is available.",book:{id:"6379",slug:"calibration-and-validation-of-analytical-methods-a-sampling-of-current-approaches",title:"Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods",fullTitle:"Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods - A Sampling of Current Approaches"},signatures:"Seyed Mojtaba Moosavi and Sussan Ghassabian",authors:[{id:"216099",title:"Dr.",name:"Sussan",middleName:null,surname:"Ghassabian",slug:"sussan-ghassabian",fullName:"Sussan Ghassabian"},{id:"216101",title:"Mr.",name:"Seyed Mojtaba",middleName:null,surname:"Moosavi",slug:"seyed-mojtaba-moosavi",fullName:"Seyed Mojtaba Moosavi"}]},{id:"64643",title:"Derivatization Methods in GC and GC/MS",slug:"derivatization-methods-in-gc-and-gc-ms",totalDownloads:5997,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:33,abstract:"The first part of this chapter presents the main objectives for performing derivatization of a sample to be analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The derivatization is typically done to change the analyte properties for a better separation and also for enhancing the method sensitivity. In GC/MS, derivatization may improve the capability of compound identification. Examples illustrating such improvements are included. The second part describes several types of derivatization that are more frequently used in analytical practice. These include alkylation (e.g., methylation), formation of aryl derivatives, silylation (e.g., formation of trimethylsilyl derivatives), acylation (e.g., reactions with acyl chlorides or with chloroformates), and several other types of derivatizations. The chapter also presents typical derivatizations for analytes with specific functional groups and discusses artifact formation in certain derivatization reactions.",book:{id:"6831",slug:"gas-chromatography-derivatization-sample-preparation-application",title:"Gas Chromatography",fullTitle:"Gas Chromatography - Derivatization, Sample Preparation, Application"},signatures:"Serban C. Moldoveanu and Victor David",authors:[{id:"91597",title:"Dr.",name:"Serban",middleName:null,surname:"Moldoveanu",slug:"serban-moldoveanu",fullName:"Serban Moldoveanu"},{id:"278733",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"David",slug:"victor-david",fullName:"Victor David"}]},{id:"66518",title:"Sample Preparation Techniques for Gas Chromatography",slug:"sample-preparation-techniques-for-gas-chromatography",totalDownloads:5142,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"In gas chromatography (GC), the sample is vaporized and injected onto the head of a chromatographic column. Elution is brought about by the flow of an inert gaseous mobile phase such as helium, argon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen. In GC, the mobile phase does not interact with molecules of the analyte, and it only transports the analyte through the column. In two general kinds of GC, gas-solid chromatography (GSC) and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), the mechanisms of analyte retention in the column are thoroughly different. In GLC, the analyte has been participated between a gaseous mobile phase and a liquid stationary phase. While in GSC, the retention of analytes is the consequence of its physical adsorption onto a solid stationary phase. In comparing of GLC and GSC, more widespread use of GLC has been found in all fields of science. This is mainly due to the semipermanent retention of active or polar molecules and the severe tailing of elution peaks, which is a consequence of the nonlinear character of adsorption process, in GSC. In GC, column efficiency requires that sample be of suitable size and be introduced as a plug of vapor. So, the sample preparation is a very important step in GC. The sample should be injected into a flash vaporizer port located at the head of the column, and its temperature is about 50°C above the boiling point of the least volatile component of the sample. So, the components of the sample should be easily vaporized in this temperature, and they should have high heat resistance not to be decomposed. Both of liquid and solid samples can be introduced to the column. But solid samples are ordinarily introduced as solutions or sealed into thin-walled vials that can be inserted at the head of the column and punctured or crushed from the outside. In order to separate and analyze the gaseous, liquid, and volatile solid samples directly, GC is a suitable analytical equipment. When the analyte sample is nonvolatile, the derivatization and pyrolysis GC techniques are crucial. Gas chromatography can be applied to the solution of many problems in various fields such as drugs and pharmaceuticals, environmental studies like air and clinical samples, petroleum industry, pesticides and their residues, and foods. On the other hand, most samples are not ready for direct introduction into instruments. For organics and volatile organics, the sample preparation procedures can be named as extraction, cleanup, derivatization, transfer to vapor phase, and concentration. So, the basic concept of a sample preparation method is to convert a real matrix into a sample in a format that is suitable for analysis by a separation or other analytical techniques. The goals of sample treatment step are as follows: (1) The capability of using smaller amounts of initial sample, especially for trace analysis. (2) Achieving higher specificity and selectivity in analytical determinations. (3) To improve the potential for automation or online methods and minimize the manual operations. (4) The usage of no or small volumes of organic solvents in order to approach the green chemistry techniques with less wastes and more friendly environment. On the other hand, different samples possess a variety of sample treatment methods, for example: (1) In order to treat solid samples and separate a purpose analyte, some enhanced solvent extraction methods include pressurized liquid extraction, microwave- and sonic wave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and superheated water extraction. (2) For analytes in solution, the sample preparation can be attributed to the analyte trapping methods such as -phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, and stir bar extractions. (3) Also, the extraction of the analytes into a liquid phase can be achieved by other methods like membrane extraction, single-drop microextraction (SDME), and purge and trap. (4) For separation of analytes in the gas phase, trapping analytes from vapor samples and headspace analysis are used. As a result, sample preparation is not only a critical step but also possesses different ways to treat and convert matrix into a suitable sample to inject GC.",book:{id:"6831",slug:"gas-chromatography-derivatization-sample-preparation-application",title:"Gas Chromatography",fullTitle:"Gas Chromatography - Derivatization, Sample Preparation, Application"},signatures:"Foujan Falaki",authors:[{id:"269763",title:"Dr.",name:"Foujan",middleName:null,surname:"Falaki",slug:"foujan-falaki",fullName:"Foujan Falaki"}]},{id:"40383",title:"Analytical Methods for Quantification of Drug Metabolites in Biological Samples",slug:"analytical-methods-for-quantification-of-drug-metabolites-in-biological-samples",totalDownloads:11801,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"2327",slug:"chromatography-the-most-versatile-method-of-chemical-analysis",title:"Chromatography",fullTitle:"Chromatography - The Most Versatile Method of Chemical Analysis"},signatures:"Robert Roškar and Tina Trdan Lušin",authors:[{id:"144516",title:"MSc.",name:"Tina",middleName:null,surname:"Trdan Lušin",slug:"tina-trdan-lusin",fullName:"Tina Trdan Lušin"},{id:"148490",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Roškar",slug:"robert-roskar",fullName:"Robert Roškar"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"481",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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She has been a faculty member at the University of California, Riverside in the School of Education since 2016. Her research focuses on translational studies to explore the reward system in ASD, as well as how anxiety contributes to social challenges in ASD. She also investigates how behavioral interventions affect neural activity, behavior, and school performance in children with ASD. She is also involved in the diagnosis of children with ASD and is a licensed clinical psychologist in California. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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