1. Introduction
Radiation pressure force (RPF) indeced by a focused laser beam has bean widely utlized for the manipulation of small particles, and has found more and more applications in various fields including physics [1], biology [2], and optofludics [3, 4]. Accurate prediction of optical force exerted on particles enables better understanding of the physical mechanicsm, and is of great help for the design and improvement of optical tweezers.
Many researches have been devoted to the prediction of radiation pressure force (RPF), and different approaches have been developed for the theoretical calculation of RPF exerted on a homogeneous sphere. The geometrical optics [5-7] and Rayleigh theory [8] are respectively considered for the particles much larger and smaller than the wavelength of incident beam. Since geometrical optics and Rayleigh theory are both approximation theories, rigorous theories based on Maxwell's theory have been considered [9-13]. Generalized Lorenz-Mie Theory (GLMT) [14] has been used to investigate the RPFs exerted on some regular particles[10-13, 15, 16] induced by a Gaussian beam. GLMT can rigorously calculate RPF induced by any beam. To isolate the contribution of various scattering process to RPF, Debye series is introduced [17, 18].
Traditional optical tweezers use Gaussian beams as trapping light sources. This approach works well for the manipulation of microscopic spheres. However, the deveopment of science and technology brings new challenges to optical tweezers, and several approaches have been developed. Holographic methods have been used to increase the strength and dexterity of optical trap [19]. Another approch is the employment of non-Gaussian beam including Laguerre-Gaussian beams [20] and Bessel beams [28]. Laguerre-Gaussian beams have zero on-axis intensity, and can increase the strength of optical trap. Bessel beams consist of a series of concentric rings of decreasing intensity, and have characteristics of non-diffraction and self-reconstruction. A single Bessel beam can be used to simultaneously trap and manipulate, accelerate, rotate, or guide many particles. Bessel beams can trap and manipulate both high-index and low-index particles.
In addition to Laguerre-Gaussian and Bessel beams, there is a speical class of beams which have cylindrical symmetry in both amplitude and polarization, hence the name Cylindrical Vector Beams (CVBs) [29-32]. CVBs are solutions of vector wave equation in the paraxial limit. The special features of CVBs have attracted considerable interest for a variety of novel applications, including lithography, particle acceleration, material processing, high-resolution metrology, atom guiding, optical trapping and manipulation. The most interesting features for optical trapping arise from the focusing properties of CVBs. A radially polarized beam focused by a high numerical aperture objective has a peak at the focus, and can trap a high-index particle. On the contrary, an azimuthally polarized beam has null central intensity, and can trap low-index particle. These two kinds of beams can be experimentally switched.
CVBs can be generated by many methods, which are categorized as active or passive depending on whether amplifying media is used. The simplest mothod is to convert an incident Gaussian beam to a radially polarized beam using a radial polariser. However this method does not produce very high purity tansverse modes. Moer efficient methods use interferometry. Since a CVB can be expressed as the linear superpostion of two Hermite-Gaussian or Laguerre-Gaussian beams with different orientations of polarization. Another efficient method is based on optical fiber [33]. This technique takes advantage of the similarity between the poarization propeties of the modes that propagate inside a step-index optical fiber and CVBs. When TE01 or TM01 is excited in the fibre, it excites a CVB in free space. Fiber-generated CVB, taking Bessel-Gaussian as example, and its applicaions top optical manipulations will be discussed in this chapter.
2. Mathematical description of cylindrical vector beams
Cylindrical vector beams are solutions of vector wave equation
where
where
3. Radiation force induced by CVB
3.1. Optical force on Rayleigh particles
In the Rayleigh regime, particles can be considered as infinitesimal induced dipoles which interact with incident beam. Here we assume that the particle is a microsphere. RPF will be decomposed into scattering force and gradient force.
The oscillating dipole, which is induced by time-harmonic fields, can be considered as an antenna. The antenna will radiate energy. The difference between energy removed from incident beam and energy radiated by the antenna accounts for the change of momentum flux, and hence rusults in a scattering force. The scattering force can be expressed as
with
and
where
When a particle is illuminated by a non-uniform electric field, it will experience a gradient force.
For a time-harmonic field, the gradient force can also be expressed in terms of the intensity
where
From Eq. (10), we can find that the gradient force has only ρ component. This is because
3.2. Radiation force exerted on Mie particles
Many practical particles manipulated with optical tweezers, such as bioloical cells, are Mie particles, whose size is in the order of the wavelength of trapping beam. To calculate the radiation force exerted on such particles, a rigorous electromagnetic theory based on the Maxwell equations must be considered. Generalized Lorenz-Mie Thoery (GLMT) developed by Gouesbet et al. can solve the interaction between homogeneous spheres and focused beams with any shape, and has been entended to solve the scattering of shaped beam by multilayered spheres, homogeneous and multilayered cylinders, and homogeneous and multilayered spheroids. GLMT has been applied to the rigorous calculation of radiation pressure and optical torque. In GLMT, the incident beam is described by a set of beam shape coefficients(BSCs), which can be evaluated by integral localized approximation (ILA) [34].
This section is devoted to the GLMT for radiation force exerted on a sphere illuminated by a vetor Bessel-Gaussian beam. The general theory for radiation force based on electromagnetic scattering theory is followed by BSCs for CVB. To clarify the physical interpretation of various features of RPF that are implicit in the GLMT, Debye Series Expansion (DSE) is introduced.
3.2.1. Generization Lorenz-Mie theory
Consider a sphere with radius
When a sphere is illuminated by focused beam, the RPF is proportional to the net momentum removed from the incident beam, and can be expressed in terms of the surface integration of Maxwell stress tensor
where < > represents a time average,
Where the electromagnetic fields
with
where
Similarly, the scattered fields
Where
with
Substituting Eqs. (14) - (19) and (23) - (28) into Eqs. (11) - (12), and after some algebra, we can get the formula for RPFs which can be characterized by radiation pressure cross section (RPCS):
where RPCS
and two transverse cross section
where
with
Note that substituting Eq. (13) into Eqs. (11) - (12) shows that the total RPF can be devided into thress parts:
where
for
for
3.2.2. Beam shape coefficients for CVB
This section is devoted the derivation of BSCs for CVB using ILA. In the ILA, the beam shape coefficients
with
with
Substituting Eq. (47) into Eq. (45), and considering the formula of Bessel function
we can obtain the final expression of BSCs
Here we only derive
3.2.3. Debye series expansion
GLMT is a rigorous electromagnetic theory, and can exactly predict the RPF exerted on a sphere by focused beam. Whereas the solution is complicated combinations of Bessel functions, and the mathematical complexity obscures the physical interpretation of various features of RPF. The DSE, which is a rigorous electromagnetic theory, expresses the Mie scattering coefficients into a series of Fresnel coefficients and gives physical interpretation of different scattering processes. The DSE is an efficient technique to make explicit the physical interpretation of various features of RPF which are implicit in the GLMT. The DSE is firstly presented by Debye in 1908 for the interaction between electromagnetic waves and cylinders. Since then, the DSE for electromagnetic scattering by homogeneous, coated, multilayered spheres, multilayered cylinders at normal incidence, homogeneous, multilayered cylinder at oblique incidence, and spherical gratings are studied. In our previous work, DSE has been employed to the analysis of RPF exerted on a sphere induced by a Gaussian and Bessel beam.
As shown in Fig. 3, when an incoming spherical multipole wave, which is
encounters the interface of the sphere at
Applying the boundary conditions, which reqires continuity of the tangential components of filds at the interface, to the incident, transmitted and reflected waves,we can obtain:
with
Similarly, the consideration of outgoing multipole waves can get
Substituting all Fresnel coefficients into
and after much algebra, we get
where the prime indicates the derivative of the function with respect to its argument.
4. Numerical results and discussions
In this section, the GLMT and DSE will be employed to analyze the RPF exerted on a homogeneous sphere induced by a radially polarized vector Bessel-Gaussian beam. Xu et al. used GLMT to analyze the RPF exerted on a slightly volatile silocone oil of refractive index
We first explore the influence of beam center location on the RPF. In our calculation, we assume the beam center is located on the x axis so that
To clarify the physical explanation of some features of RPCS, it is necessary for us to consider the contribution of each mode
It is shown in Fig. 5 the transverse RPCS
To clarify the physical explanation of some phenomena of RPF, it is necessary to consider the contribution of each mode
5. Conclusions
Rigorous theories including GLMT and DSE for RPF exerted on spheres induced by CVB is derived. The incident beam is described by a set of BSCs which is calculated by integral localized approximation, and the scattering coefficients are expanded using Debye series. For very small particles, namely Rayleigh particles, an approximation model is also given. Such thoery can be easily extended to the RPF exerted on multilayered sphere, and also to the RPF induced by other beams. Debye series is used to isolate the contribution of various scattering process to the RPF. The results are of special importance for the improvement of optical tweezers system.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge support from the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61101068), the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China (Grant No.61225002), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
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