Chemical composition of schungit (weight percentage).
\r\n\tThe present book intends to provide to the reader a comprehensive overview of the state of art in empathy studies, embracing the different theoretical points of view and illustrating the advanced research such as the application of new technologies to promote perspective-taking. The critical aspects and the future directions of the study on empathy will also be presented.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-612-2",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-611-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-613-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"4c1042dfe15aa9cea6019524c4cbff38",bookSignature:"Ph.D. Sara Ventura",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11443.jpg",keywords:"Theoretical Model, Skill, Perspective Taking, Training Programs, Practical Implications, Advanced Research, Future Directions, Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, New Trends, Assistive Technology",numberOfDownloads:19,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 1st 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 8th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 7th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 26th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 25th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Passionate researcher in the application of new technologies to psychological treatments, neuro-rehabilitation, human behavior, and the evolution of the human-computer interaction. In 2017 Dr. Ventura won a competitive grant (Santiago Grisolia) at the University of Valencia at LABPSITEC group, where she was awarded her Ph.D. degree, supervised by Prof. Rosa Baños at the University of Valencia, and co-directed by Prof. Giuseppe Riva of the Catholic University of Milan.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"227763",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura",slug:"sara-ventura",fullName:"Sara Ventura",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/227763/images/system/227763.jpg",biography:"Sara Ventura gained a B.Sc in Psychology at the University of Padua (Italy) in 2013 and an M.Sc. in Ergonomic Psychology at the Catholic University of Milan (Italy) in 2015. In 2016, she carried out a postgraduate training at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (Mexico) at the Ciberpsychology lab, working on a rehabilitation protocol for people with acquired brain injury through Virtual Reality. In 2020, Sara gained the Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology at University of Valencia (Spain) working with the LabPsitec group and focusing her research on the study of embodiment and empathy with the support of Virtual Reality. Actually, she is working both with Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna (Italy), and the University of Valencia (Spain) on the fields of embodiment, stroke rehabilitation, empathy and patient care. Her research interests mainly focus on the adoption of new technologies, particularly Virtual/Augmented Reality and Artificial Intelligence for the psycho-social wellbeing with clinical and non-clinical populations, the study of human-computer interaction, and the user experience. She is the author of several scientific papers and various presentations at national and international conferences.",institutionString:"University of Valencia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Valencia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"21",title:"Psychology",slug:"psychology"}],chapters:[{id:"82719",title:"Empathy as a High-Performance Competency",slug:"empathy-as-a-high-performance-competency",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"82888",title:"From Empathy to the Aggression–Compassion Continuum",slug:"from-empathy-to-the-aggression-compassion-continuum",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"191531",title:"Dr.",name:"Neil E.",surname:"Grunberg",slug:"neil-e.-grunberg",fullName:"Neil E. 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Many bacteria have found the way to produce a “silent” infection inside the cells and to avoid from their bactericidal mechanisms. However many methods for diagnosing and treating these and other bacterial infections presently exist, there is an essential need for new and improved approaches for bacterial destruction. Although the therapeutic efficacy of drugs has been well recognized, inefficient delivery could result in insufficient therapeutic index. It is now clear that a nanotechnology-driven approach using nanoparticles to selectively target and destroy pathogenic bacteria can be successfully implemented. Nanotechnology is one approach to overcome challenges of conventional drug delivery systems based on the development and fabrication of nanostructures. Some challenges associated with the technology are as it relates to drug effectiveness, toxicity, stability, pharmacokinetics and drug regulatory control. Localized diseases such as infection and inflammation not only have perforated vasculature but also overexpress some epitopes or receptors that can be used as targets. Thus, nanomedicines can also be actively targeted to these locations. Various types of nanoparticulate systems have been tried as potential drug delivery systems, containing biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, nanocapsules, nanogels, fullerenes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), nanoliposomes, dendrimers, metal nanoparticles and quantum dots. Nanoparticles have been found useful in the development of systemic, oral, pulmonary, transdermal and other administration routes to study drug targeting, the enhancement of drug bioavailability and protection of drug bioactivity and stability. In recent years, encapsulation of antimicrobial drugs in nanoparticle systems has emerged as an innovative and promising alternative that enhances therapeutic effectiveness and minimizes the undesirable side effects of drugs. The major goals in designing nanoparticles as delivery systems are to control particle size, surface properties and release of pharmacologically active agents in order to achieve the site-specific action at the therapeutically optimal rate and dose regimen. This chapter focuses on nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems and clinical applications to treat a variety of bacterial infectious diseases and their potential applications in the field of medicine and biology.
Infectious disease is a clinically obvious disorder resulting from the presence of a pathogenic agent which can either be a virus, bacterium, fungus or parasite. These diseases are also called communicable diseases due to their ability to get transferred from one person to another (malaria, tuberculosis) and also sometimes from one species to another (flu, influenza). Infectious diseases can be vastly classified as: 1) known diseases which are insistently there (e.g., dengue, malaria, tuberculosis); 2) new, previously unknown diseases (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome); and 3) diseases which threaten to enhance in the near future (e.g., avian influenza). These diseases own a great risk as more than half of the deaths happening worldwide can be attributed to these diseases, particularly in developing countries [1]. Parasitism is based on the benefits acquired by a pathogenic bacterium invading the host and causing an infection. A bacterial infection is the process occurring when the microbe manifests its pathogenicity, and thus its capacity of inducing disease, by invading and causing a damage (locally or systemically) of the host organism. Consequently, the infectious disease could result in an acute infection, with a short and severe course, or a chronic, low-grade and long lasting infection [2].
The classification of infectious agents inregards to their infective lifestyles in the host and corresponding pathogenic indications must be precisely described [3]. In the life of a microbe, the intracellularity and extracellularity are unclear designations unless obviously related to the situation where it is living. For a microbial pathogen, what matters is whether intra-or extracellularity is in the basis of the
Classical examples of intracellular pathogens are
The hydrophilic nature of some antibiotics prevents thier capacity to penetrate the cells and, furthermore, the internalized molecules are mostly accumulated in lysosomes, where the bioactivity of the drug is low. Therefore, limited intracellular activity against sensitive bacteria is often found [13, 14]. Thus, the use of drug delivery systems (DDS) has been suggested for passive targeting of infected cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system to enhance the therapeutic index of antimicrobials in the intracellular environment, while minimizing the side effects associated with the systemic administration of the antibiotic [15]. The pathophysiological and anatomical changes of the affected tissues in a disease state offer many possibilities for the delivery of various nanotechnology-based products [16]. Bacteria gains antibiotic resistance due to three reasons namely: 1) modification of active site of the target resulting in reduction in the efficiency of binding of the drug, 2) direct destruction or modification of the antibiotic by enzymes produced by the organism or, 3) efflux of antibiotic from the cell [17]. Nanoparticles (NPs) can target antimicrobial agents to the site of infection, so that higher doses of drug can be given at the infected site, thereby overcoming existing resistance mechanisms with fewer harmful effects upon the patient [18]. As with nanoparticles targeting intracellular bacteria, nanoparticles targeting the site of infection can release high concentrations of antimicrobial drugs at the site of infection, while keeping the total dose of drug administered low. Nanoparticles can be targeted to sites of infection passively or actively. Passively targeted nanoparticles selectively undergo extravasation at sites of infection, where inflammation has led to enhanced blood vessel porousness. Actively targeted nanoparticles contain ligands (e.g. antibodies) that bind receptors (e.g. antigens) at sites of infection [19]. Passive targeting with nanoparticles, however, faces multiple barriers on the way to their target; these include mucosal barriers, nonspecific uptake of the particle and non-specific delivery of the drug (as a result of uncontrolled release) [20]. Passive nanoparticulate targeting of chemotherapeutics to the cells and organs of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) has been a significant area of research for the treatment of chronic infectious diseases. The RES comprises monocyte-lineage immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, as well as the spleen, liver, and kidneys. These components of the RES are consistently implicated as sites of nanoparticle clearance and localization [21]. The few studies that have compared targeted and nontargeted systems have demonstrated that the role of targeting ligands in localization at the target site is application dependent. Targeted delivery to atherosclerotic lesions is greatly enhanced by targeting ligands which impart an improved ability to accumulate at the target site [22]. Many active targeting strategies use the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, so that active and passive targeting mechanisms act synergistically that lead to higher concentration of nanostructures in the infected region than that in healthy tissues [23]. Targeted antimicrobial drug delivery to the site of infection, particularly intracellular infections, using NPs is a sensational prevision in treating infectious diseases [24, 25]. Intracellular microorganisms are taken up by alveolar macrophages (AMs), intracellulary survive or reproduce, and are persistent to the antimicrobial agents. Antibiotics loaded NPs can enter host cells through endocytosis, followed by releasing the payloads to delete intracellular microbes [26, 27]. The need to target drugs to specific sites is increasing day by day as a result of therapeutic and economic factors. Nanoparticulate systems have shown enormous potential in targeted drug delivery, specially to the brain [28].
Use of antibiotics began with commercial production of penicillin in the late 1940s and claimed to be a great success until the 1970–1980s when newer and even stronger antibiotics were additionally improved [29]. Resistance to antimicrobial drugs becomes a threatening problem not only in hospitals but also in communities, resulting in fewer effective drugs available to control infections by “old” well-known bacteria [30]. Carrier systems allow antibiotics to be delivered selectively to phagocytic cells and to increase their cellular penetration in order to treat intracellular infections, particularly in the case of antibiotics active against microorganisms that produce this type of infection but that have a low intracellular penetration capacity [31]. Nevertheless, significant challenges remain for implementation of clinically viable therapies in this field. New challenges in the development of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems include: the possibility of scale-up processes that bring innovative therapeutic techniques to the market rapidly, and the possibility of obtaining multifunctional systems to carry out several biological and therapeutic requirements [32]. Thus, a drug delivery system should be multifunctional and possess the ability to switch on and switch off specified functions when urgent. Another important requirement is that different properties of the multifunctional drug delivery systems are harmonized in an optimal fashion [33]. Therefore, design, discovery, and delivery of antimicrobial drugs with improved efficacy and avoidance of resistance are extremely requested [34].
The use of NPs as delivery vehicles for antimicrobial agents suggests a new and promising model in the design of effective therapeutics against many pathogenic bacteria [35]. Antimicrobial NPs propose several clinical advantages. First, the surface properties of nanoparticles can be changed for targeted drug delivery for
Although nanoantibiotics promises significant benefits and advances in addressing the key obstacles in treating infectious diseases, there are foreseeable challenges in translating this exciting technology for clinical application [40]. Profound knowledge about the potential toxicity of nanoantibiotics is also needed to guarantee successful clinical translation [41]. The toxic effects of antimicrobial NPs on central nervous system (CNS) are still unknown, and the interactions of NPs with the cells and tissues in CNS are poorly understood [42]. Furthermore, NPs represent size-specific properties that limit the use of currently available
Perfectly, nanoparticulate drug delivery system should selectively accumulate in the necessary organ or tissue and at the same time, penetrate target cells to deliver the bioactive agent [48]. It has been proposed that, organ or tissue accumulation could be achieved by the passive or antibody-mediated active targeting, while the intracellular delivery could be mediated by specified ligands or by cell-penetrating peptides [49-53]. The purpose of drug delivery is to carry out sustained (or slow) and/or controlled drug release and therefore to improve efficacy, safety, and/or patient comfort [54]. Thus, the use of drug delivery systems has been suggested for passive targeting of infected cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system to enhance the therapeutic index of antimicrobials in the intracellular environment, while minimizing the side effects related with the systemic administration of the antibiotic [55]. These systems propose many advantages in drug delivery, mainly focusing on improved safety and efficacy of the drugs, e.g. providing targeted delivery of drugs, improving bioavailability, extending drug or gene effect in target tissue, and improving the stability of therapeutic agents against chemical/enzymatic degradation [56]. The nanoscale size of these delivery systems is the basis for all these advantages [57]. It is therefore assumed that, DDS with enhanced targeting property is highly promising in increasing the efficiency and efficacy of therapy while at the same time minimizing side effects [33].
Polymer-based nanoparticles are submicron-sized polymeric colloidal particles in which a therapeutic agent of interest can be embedded or encapsulated within their polymeric matrix or adsorbed or conjugated onto the surface [59]. The drugs may also be sensitive to gastrointestinal degradation by digestive enzymes. The advantage of using polymeric nanoparticles is to permit encapsulation of bioactive molecules and protect them against enzymatic and hydrolytic degradation [60]. Therapeutically used polymeric nanoparticles are composed of biodegradable or biocompatible materials, such as poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), alginic acid, gelatin and chitosan [61-64]. Polymeric nanocarriers (NCs) may suggest an opportunity to target chlamydial organism within the contents, as NCs have been shown to be excellent intracellular carriers, and can be appropriate to encapsulate a variety of therapeutics containing biomacromolecules. Compared to free drugs, polymeric NCs have many other advantages including improved drug bioavailability, high carrier capacity, the ability to release the payload in a controlled behavior and to adapt to different routes of administration and to concentrate in inflammatory and infectious locations by virtue of their enhanced permeability and preservation. Conjugating NCs with specific moieties have also been shown to enhance their targeting to specific cells and tissues [65]. Polymeric nanoparticles have been extensively explored as means for drug solubilization, stabilization and targeting [66]. Polymeric nanoparticles possess several unique characteristics for antimicrobial drug delivery. Firstly, polymeric nanoparticles are structurally stable and can be synthesized with a sharper size distribution. Secondly, particle properties such as size, zeta potentials, and drug release profiles can be accurately tuned by selecting different polymer lengths, surfactants, and organic solvents during the synthesis. Thirdly, the surface of polymeric nanoparticles typically contains functional groups that can be chemically changed with either drug moieties or targeting ligands [67]. For targeted antimicrobial delivery, polymeric nanoparticles have been repeatedly ornamented with lectin, which is a protein that binds to simple or complex carbohydrates present on most bacterial cell walls. For example, lectin-conjugated gliadin nanoparticles were studied for treating
A hydrogel is a network of hydrophilic polymers that can swell in water and hold a large amount of water while maintaining the structure [69]. Drugs can be loaded into the polymer matrix of these materials and controlled release is dependent on the diffusion coefficient of the drug across the hydrogel network [70]. Amongst the several types of drug delivery systems that have been developed in order to improve effectiveness and biocompatibility, hydrogels are extremely promising. Hydrogels are biocompatible hydrophilic networks that can be constructed from both synthetic and natural materials [71]. In an overall view, hydrogels can be classified based on a variety of characteristics, containing the nature of side groups (neutral or ionic), mechanical and structural features (affine or phantom), method of preparation (homo-or co-polymer), physical structure (amorphous, semicrystalline, hydrogen bonded, supermolecular, and hydrocollodial), and responsiveness to physiologic environment stimuli (pH, ionic strength, temperature, electromagnetic radiation, etc.) [72-75]. Classically, hydrogels have been used to deliver hydrophilic, small-molecule drugs which have high solubilities in both the hydrophilic hydrogel matrix and the aqueous solvent swelling the hydrogel [76]. Hydrogel-based hydrophobic drug delivery is in many respects a more difficult problem given the innate incongruity of the hydrophilic hydrogel network and the hydrophobic drug. A variety of strategies for introducing hydrophobic domains directly into otherwise hydrophilic hydrogel networks have permitted significant improvements in the loading of hydrophobic drugs [76]. Hydrogel/glass composite (Nitric oxide-releasing nanoparticles) NO NPs have also been shown to have a high degree of effectiveness against (Methicillin-resistant
Metal-based nanoparticles of different shapes, sizes (between 10 to 100 nm) have also been investigated as diagnostic and drug delivery systems. Most common metallic nanoparticles contain gold, nickel, silver, iron oxide, zinc oxide, gadolinium, and titanium dioxide particles [79]. Metal nanoparticles, which have a high specific surface area and a high fraction of surface atoms, have been studied extensively because of their unique physicochemical characteristics including catalytic activity, optical properties, electronic properties, antimicrobial activity, and magnetic properties [80-82]. Even though metallic nanoparticles are biocompatible and immobile carriers, a significant fraction of metal particles can be retained and accumulated in the body after drug administration, probably causing toxicity. Consequently, the use of metallic nanoparticles for drug delivery is a concern [83].
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have found many applications in many fields such as cancer diagnosis and therapy, drug and gene delivery, DNA and ptotein determination, etc. Due to their unique properties of small size, large surface area to volume ratio, high reactivity to the living cells, stability over high temperatures and translocation into the cells [84]. GNPs are suitable for the delivery of drugs to cellular destinations due to their ease of synthesis, functionalization and biocompatibility. GNPs functionalized with targeted specific biomolecules can effectively destroy cancer cells or bacteria [85]. The efficacy of GNPs conjugated to several antibiotics has also been the subject of some studies by Grace and Saha et al. They discovered that GNPs conjugates were more efficient in inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in comparison with the same dosage of antibiotics utilized alone. Their results suggest that GNPs can act as an effective drug carrier in a drug delivery system [86, 87]. Conjugates of gold nanoparticles with antibiotics and antibodies also have been used for selective photothermal killing of protozoa and bacteria [88]. Gu et al. synthesized stable gold nanoparticles covered with vancomycin and showed significant enhancement of antibacterial activity, in comparison with the activity of the free antibiotic [89]. In another report, Selvaraj et al. utilized the anticancer compound 5-fluorouracil bound to GNPs and found that the resulting conjugate was significantly more effective against a range of bacterial and fungal organisms in comparison with alone [90]. Recently, it has been reported that the gentamicin conjugated with gold nanospheres was significantly more effective against
Silver nanoparticles of size smaller than 100 nm contain about 10000–15000 silver atoms [94, 95]. They are prepared by engineering the metallic silver into ultrafine particles by numerous physical methods, which include spark discharging, electrochemical reduction, solution irradiation and cryochemical synthesis [96]. The most widely used and known application of silver nanoparticles is in the medical sciences. These include topical ointments and creams containing silver to prevent infection of burns and open wounds [97]. Among the many different types of metallic and metal oxide NPs, silver nanoparticles have demonstrated to be the most effective against bacteria, viruses, and other eukaryotic microorganisms [98, 99]. Antibacterial properties inhibit the reproduction of bacteria, which is a microbe. The silver nanoparticles can “inactivate proteins, blocking respiration and electron transfer, and subsequently inactivating the bacteria” [100]. The antibacterial properties of the silver nanoparticles depend on the size of the particles; the smaller the particles the better the effect. The particle size is a major factor because the smaller the particle the greater the surface area, which allows for greater interaction with the bacteria [100]. It has been reported that combined use of silver nanoparticles with antibiotics, such as penicillin G, amoxicillin, erythromycin, and vancomycin, resulted in enhanced and synergistic antimicrobial effects against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (e.g.,
Magnetic nanoparticles engineered as drug delivery devices retain the ability to track their movement through the body. This is significant because it allows clinicians to monitor the effectivity of injected therapeutics to reach their target sites [107]. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are magnetic Fe3O4 or Fe2O3 nanocrystals which can interact with external magnetic fields, offering different opportunities in nanomedicine, e.g., as contrast agents in MRI, for magnetic hyperthermal therapies, or as magnetically triggerable drug delivery systems [108]. There are some studies on evaluating the toxicity of magnetite nanoparticles on eukaryote cells, which their results showed negligible toxicity in eukaryote cells of the modified magnetite nanoparticles with different surfactants such as glycine or oleic acid. But the toxicity of magnetite nanoparticles on bacteria cells has not been reported [109]. However, in most of the cases where magnetic nanocarriers have been used, difficulties in achieving these objectives appeared. In turn, magnetic force may not be strong enough to overcome the force of blood flow and to accumulate magnetic drugs only at target site [110]. Therefore, designing magnetic drug delivery systems requires taking into consideration many factors, e.g., magnetic properties and size of particles, strength of magnetic field, drug loading capacity, the place of accessibility of target tissue, or the rate of blood flow [111]. The vancomycin functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for pathogen detection have been investigated by Gu et al. [112]. Vancomycin can be attached to the magnetic nanoparticles surface by activating the–COOH group of vancomycin followed by reaction with the amine groups on the surface of the iron oxide nanoparticles. The vancomycin conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles were utilized as probes to selectively entrap
Silica materials are suitable for several important biological applications, such as drug delivery, imaging, oxygen carrier or controlled release [114]. Silica materials have been proved to be efficient carriers for the local release of antibiotics, which could be of interest in the context of biofilm associated infections, which are a real challenge for the modern medicine [115]. Moreover, mesoporous silica has been found to be relatively “non-toxic” and biocompatible, however of course depending on dose and administration route [116]. Nanoporous silica materials possess large pore volumes and high surface areas, allowing the absorption of large amounts of drugs, thus providing sufficient concentrations for local treatment. The surface of silica materials is reactive due to the presence of silanol groups. This allows for facile modification by silanization reactions and thus opens possibilities for enhancing the drug loading and for controlling the drug release [117]. Till present there are only few reports concerning the application of silica materials, crystalline or amorphous, in the antimicrobial therapy [115]. Zhang et al. suggested a highly-sensitive fluoroimmunoassay for the determination of
Micelles are submicroscopic aggregates of surfactant molecules assembly of amphiphillic block copolymers or polymer-lipid conjugates or other surface-active molecules that self-assemble in aqueous media to form structures with a hydrophobic core [120, 121]. The ability to functionalise the micelles as well as tailor the disintegration behaviour by varying the co-polymer composition are beneficial parameters in making them drug carriers of choice. Their small size (1-50 nm) makes them ideal for intravenous delivery. In addition they are also more stable, when compared to liposomes due to be ability to design them to be chemically stable and biocompatible [122]. One specific feature of micelles is that the amount of drug released can be controlled by an external stimulus like pH, temperature, ultrasound or certain enzymes [123]. Other unique properties of polymeric micelles are that they are easily altered with small functional groups that enhance their targeting potential [124]. Generally, polymeric surfactants are known to be less toxic than low-molecular-weight surfactants, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate. Furthermore, in theory, polymeric micelles are considered very safe in relation to chronic toxicity [125]. The disadvantage for the polymeric micelle systems is the immature technology for drug incorporation in a physical manner. The another disadvantage is much slower extravazation of polymeric carrier systems than that of low molecular weight drugs. This results from a difference in extravazation mechanisms between polymeric carrier systems and low molecular weight drugs [126].
Liposomes are small spherical vesicles in which one or more aqueous parts are completely surrounded by molecules that have hydrophilic and hydrophobic functionality. Liposomes change with composition, size, surface charge and method of preparation. They can be single or in multiple bilayers. Those including one bilayer membrane are called small unilamellar vesicles or large unilamellar vesicles based on their sizes [127]. Nanoparticulate DDS, such as liposomes, are mostly used to enhance the efficacy of drug and DNA delivery and targeting [128, 129]. Liposomes are also the most broadly used antimicrobial drug delivery vehicles because their lipid bilayer structure imitators the cell membrane and can readily fuse with infectious microbes [30]. One of the disadvantages of liposomal antibiotics is the short shelf-lives of lipid vesicles, which limits drug stability. Short shelflives can be conditioned by both physical and chemical processes [130]. There are many advantages of liposomes as antibiotic carriers: improved pharmacokinetics and biodistribution; decreased toxicity; enhanced activity against intracellular pathogens; target selectivity; enhanced activity against extracellular pathogens, in particular to overcome bacterial drug resistance [131]. The ability of liposomes to alter drug distribution depends mostly on their size and surface properties [132]. Thus, liposomal encapsulation of antibiotics helps to increase their therapeutic index with mode of action related to increasing the drug concentration at the site of infection and/or reducing its toxicity [133]. For instance, encapsulation of vancomycin and teicoplanin in liposomes resulted in significantly improved elimination of intracellular methicillin resistant
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were developed at the beginning of 1990s as an alternative carrier system to emulsions, liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles as a colloidal carrier system for controlled drug delivery [20]. SLNs are sub-micron colloidal carriers, ranging from 50 nm to 1 μm, that are composed of physiological lipid dispersed in water or in aqueous surfactant solution [136]. In the last decade SLNs have gained considerable interest as novel particulate drug delivery systems. SLNs are suitable for the incorporation of lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs within the lipid matrix in considerable amounts [137]. SLN consist of a solid lipid matrix at room and body temperature, where the drug is normally incorporated in the submicron size range (below 1
Fullerenes are a new form of carbon, other forms being diamond, graphite, and coal. They can take three forms of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube. Their small size, spherical shape, and hollow interior all provide therapeutic opportunities [146]. The most abundant form of fullerenes is buckminsterfullerene (C60) with 60 carbon atoms arranged in a spherical structure [147]. The shape of the molecule, recognized as truncated icosahedron, resembles that of a football ball, containing 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons, in which every carbon atom forms bond to three other neighbor atoms through sp2 hybridization [148]. Friedman et al and Schinazi et al distinguished that the hydrophobic cleft of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 protease can seamlessly host a C60 molecule [149]. This discovery was the first piece of evidence that fullerenes could have pharmaceutical significance through interactions with biological targets, highlighting the great potential of fullerenes in medicinal applications. Since fullerenes possess unique geometrical shapes, as well as novel photophysical properties, in addition to being efficient radical scavengers, a wide variety of biological applications have been considered [150-152]. Some studies asserted that C60 could be also utilized for the photodynamic inactivation of bacteria, as persuasively demonstrated in studies examining the effects of water-soluble and nanoparticulate C60 on various bacterial strains [153]. The effects were significantly more pronounced in Gram positive
First discovered in the early 1980’s by Tomalia and co-workers, such hyperbranched molecules were called dendrimers [156]. Dendrimers are globular repeatedly branched macromolecules that exhibit controlled patterns of branching with multiple arms extending from a central core [157]. The well defined structure, monodispersity of size, surface functionalization capability, and stability are properties of dendrimers that make them attractive drug carrier candidates [20]. Asymmetric dendrimers are synthesized by coupling dendrons of different generations (G1-G4) to a linear core, which yields a branched dendrimer with a nonuniform orthogonal architecture. This asymmetry allows for tunable structures and molecular weights, with precise control over the number of functional groups available on each dendron for attachment of drugs, imaging agents, and other therapeutic moieties [158]. Dendrimers also possess many unique properties that make them a good nanoparticle platform for antimicrobial drug delivery. They are highly arranged and regularly branched globular macromolecules, with a core, layers of branched repeat units emerging from the core and functional end groups on the outer layer of repeat units [159]. Dendrimer biocides may contain quaternary ammonium salts as functional end groups displaying greater antimicrobial activity against bacteria than small drug molecules, due to a high density of active antimicrobials on the dendrimer surfaces [160]. Dendrimers can be made from a wide variety of biocompatible materials, the most frequently used are polyamidoamine (PAMAM), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polypropylene imine (PPI), polyethyleneimine (PEI), polyethylene glycol (PEG) etc [161]. PAMAM dendrimers are dendritic polymers characterized by regular branching and radial symmetry. PAMAM dendrimers have illustrated useful drug delivery and antimicrobial applications with amino-terminated dendrimers showing high antibacterial efficacy [162]. It is well known that PAMAM dendrimers with primary amine surface functional groups may enter the cellular membrane. Sulfomethoxazole (a sulfonamide derivative poorly soluble and thus presenting low bioavailability) was administered with PAMAM dendrimers
Zeolites are solid hydrated crystalline materials with frame-works comprising silicon, aluminum and oxygen and featuring nano-channels and cages of regular dimensions [164]. Silica is a neutral regular tetrahedronin in which positive charge of silicon ion is balanced by oxygen [165]. The capacity of cation exchange depends on the ratio of silica/alumina in the structure. Generally, zeolits with a low silica/alumina (Si/Al) ratio have higher ion exchange capacity. According Si/Al ratio, there are several types of natural and synthetic zeolites including zeolite-β, zeolite A, zeolite X and zeolite Y, which are the most common commercial adsorbents [165]. Zeolites are minerals with selective pores that can be used to sieve molecules having certain dimensions [166]. Several recent studies showed that the potential of zeolites in medical applications is due to their structural properties and stability in biological environments [167]. Zeolites have also been explored as suitable hosts for the encapsulation of drug molecules, in search for efficient drug delivery sysytems. Both zeolites and drugs have been administrated simultaneously to a patient without loss of the individual pharmacological effect of the drugs [164, 167]. Coating or impregnating zeolite with metallic silver nanoparticles to prepare zeolite composites can enhance the antibacterial ability of materials, and these materials can inhibit bacterial growth effectively [168]. It has been reported that silver embedded zeolite A was found to be antibactrerial against
Quantum dots (QDs) are nanocrystals formed by semiconductor materials, showing attractive photophysical properties, containing high quantum yield, resistance to photobleaching, and harmonic photoluminescence, making them potentially powerful tools in a range of biomedical applications [170, 171]. QDs are typically in the size range between 1 nm and 10 nm, composed of groups II–VI (e.g., CdSe) or II–V (e.g., InP) elements of the periodic table. QDs are highly bright, photostable and possess high quantum yield [172]. Due to their very small size, they possess unique properties and behave in different way than crystals in macro scale [173]. Water-soluble QDs may be cross-linked to biomolecules such antibodies, oligonucleotides, or small molecule ligands to render them specific to biological targets [174]. A variety of techniques have been explored to label cells internally with QDs, using passive uptake, receptor-mediated internalization, chemical transfection, and mechanical delivery. QDs have been loaded passively into cells by exploiting the innate capacity of many cell types to uptake their extracellular space through endocytosis [175, 176]. Krauss group utilized CdSe/ZnS streptavidin-coated QDs to detect solitary pathogenic
Treatment of intracellular bacterial infection remains both a medical and economic challenge. Pathogens thriving or maintaining themselves in cells, or simply taking transient refuge therein, are indeed shielded from many of the humoral and cellular means of defense. They also seem more or less protected against many antibiotics [182]. Various infectious diseases are caused by facultative organisms that are able to survive in phagocytic cells. The intracellular location of these microorganisms protects them from the host defence systems and from some antibiotics with poor penetration into phagocytic cells. Intracellular infections are especially difficult to eradicate because bacteria fight for their survival using several ingenious mechanisms: inhibition of the phagosome–lysosome fusion, resistance to attack by lysosomal enzymes, oxygenated compounds and defensins of the host macrophages, escape from the phagosome into the cytoplasm [183]. Thus, the need for the development of improved antimicrobial chemotherapeutics and prophylaxis strategies is increasing [4]. In spite of the availability of a wide variety of
Tuberculosis, caused by
Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by
Salmonellosis is one of the most serious food-borne diseases affecting humans. It may be considered the most important pandemic zoonosis under natural conditions [204]. Bacteria of the genus
Attractive features, such as increased dissolution velocity, increased saturation solubility, improved bioadhesivity, versatility in surface modification and ease of post-production processing, have widened the applications of nanosuspensions for various routes. One major problem with the intravenous administration of colloidal particles is their interaction with the reticulo-endothelial system [212]. The applications of nanosuspensions in parenteral and oral routes have been very well investigated and applications in pulmonary and ocular delivery have been discovered. However, their applications in buccal, nasal and topical delivery are still awaiting exploration [213].
In recent years, significant research has been done using nanoparticles as oral drug delivery vehicles. Oral delivery of drugs using nanoparticles has been shown to be far superior to the delivery of free drugs in terms of bioavialability, residence time, and biodistribution [214]. Oral drug delivery is the choicest route for drug administration because of its non-invasive nature [215]. The drugs may also be susceptible to gastrointestinal degradation by digestive enzymes. The advantage of using polymeric nanoparticles is to permit encapsulation of bioactive molecules and maintain them against enzymatic and hydrolytic degradation [214] The use of submicron-size particular systems in oral drug delivery, especially peptide drugs, has attracted considerable pharmaceutical interest [216]. The efficacy or proficiency of the orally administered drug commonly depends on its solubility and absorption through the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, a drug candidate that represents poor aqueous solubility and/or decomposition-rate limited absorption is believed to possess low and/or highly variable oral bioavailability [212]. Despite numerous studies providing evidence that oral delivery of encapsulated antigens can efficiently elicit immune responses, up to now, less studies report a protection induced by antigen loaded particles administrated by the oral route against a challenge with the pathogen [217]. Fattal et al. achieved the protection of mice against
Besides its non-invasive nature, pulmonary drug delivery has many other advantages compared to alternative drug delivery strategies, containing a large surface area for solute transport, rapid drug uptake, and improved drug bioavailability [220, 221]. Delivery of antimicrobial agents to the lung via systemic NP administration is persistent and potentially harmful upon systemic exposure to the drugs. Alternatively, various NPs exhibiting preferential accumulation in the lung and other organs have been tried. It was reported that intratracheally administered antibiotics loaded NPs were able to penetrate through the alveolar-capillary barrier into the systemic circulation and accumulate in extrapulmonary organ containing liver, spleen, bone, and kidney [222]. Micronization of drugs plays an important role in improving the drug dosage form and therapeutic efficiency today. If a drug is micronized into microspheres with suitable particle size, it can be addressed directly to the lung by the mechanical prevention of capillary bed in the lungs [223]. Nanosuspensions may demonstrate to be an ideal approach for delivering drugs that display poor solubility in pulmonary secretions [212]. Furthermore, because of the nanoparticulate nature and uniform size distribution of nanosuspensions, it is very likely that in each aerosol droplet at least one drug nanoparticle is contained, leading to even distribution of the drug in the lungs as compared to the microparticulate form of the drug. In regular suspension aerosols many droplets are drug free and others are highly filled with the drug, directing to uneven delivery and circulating of the drug in the lungs. Nanosuspensions could be utilized in all available types of nebulizer [224]. In a recent study, antitubercular drugs (rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide) were incorporated into various formulations of solid lipid particles ranged from 1.1–2.1 μm and formulations were nebulized to guinea pigs by mouth for direct pulmonar delivery [212]. Similarly, conditions such as pulmonary aspergillosis can easily be targeted by using suitable drug candidates, such as amphotericin B, in the form of pulmonary nanosuspensions instead of using stealth liposomes [225].
Nanosuspensions can assay to be a advantage for drugs that show poor solubility in lachrymal fluids. For delivery of such drugs, approaches such as suspensions and ointments have been proposed. Although suspensions present advantages such as extended residence time in a cul-desac (which is desirable for most ocular diseases for effective treatment) and avoidance of the high tonicity produced by water-soluble drugs, their actual performance depends on the native solubility of the drug in lachrymal fluids. Thus, the intrinsic decomposition rate of the drug in lachrymal fluid governs its release and ocular bioavailability [226]. An approach that has recently been investigated to achieve the desired duration of action of the drug is the formulation of polymeric nanosuspensions loaded with the drug [212]. Ocular drug administration via SLN has been reported several times. Ocular drug administration via SLN has been reported several times [227]. Cavalli et al (2002) evaluated SLN as carriers for ocular delivery of tobramycin in rabbit eyes. As a result SLN significantly enhanced the drug bioavalability in the aqueous humor within 6 hours [228]. In addition, poly-cationic polymers may be useful penetration enhancers for ocular drug delivery [229]. De Campos et al. discovered the potential of cyclosporin-A loaded nanoparticles for the management of extraocular disorders, i.e. keratoconjunctivitis sicca or dry eye disease. They reported that the advantages of these systems in ocular drug delivery contain their ability to contact intimately with the corneal and conjunctival surface, thereby increasing delivery to external ocular tissues without compromising inner ocular structures and systemic drug exposure, and to provide these target tissues with long term drug level [230]. De Salamanaca et al. have reported that chitosan nanoparticles readily penetrate conjunctival epithelial cells and are well suffered at the ocular surface of rabbits [231].
There is a great interest in the development of drug delivery systems that could allow an efficient and sitespecific transport of drugs to the target tissues affected by the disease. One of the most challenging barriers in the body is the blood–brain barrier (BBB) [232]. Endothelial cells of the BBB limit the solute movement into the brain by regulating transport mechanisms at the cell surface. These transport mechanisms help to keep the harmful substances out of the brain in order to maintain homeostasis [233]. Besides the development of simple prodrugs, an emerging approach to circumvent the BBB is the use of liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles or solid lipid nanoparticles, in which the therapeutic drugs can be adsorbed or entrapped [234]. A drug can passively spread through the BBB in a more efficient manner after it is transformed into a more lipophilic prodrug. The same principle can be applied to brain targeting by delivering drugs on nanocarriers with enhanced lipophilicity. Fenart et al demonstrated that when polysaccharide nanoparticles were coated with a lipid bilayer, a 3 to 4-fold improvement in brain uptake without disruption of the BBB integrity was observed [235]. It has been reported that poly (butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles were able to deliver hexapeptide dalargin, doxorubicin and other agents into the brain which is significant because of the great difficulty for drugs to cross the BBB [236]. Recently dendrimers have been evaluated for CNS delivery of antiretrovira (ARVs) too. Polyamidoamine dendrimers loaded with lamivudine, a nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) commonly utilized in HIV treatment, were evaluated for their
In many healthcare facilities around the world, bacterial pathogens that express multiple resistance mechanisms are becoming the norm, complicating treatment and increasing both human morbidity and financial costs. Until now, no antibiotic therapy has been reported to eliminate most intracellular bacteria such us
The problems of increasing the strength of polymer materials are important for both fundamental science and applied research. For example, the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) CKTH rubbers, as representative of organosilicon polymers, are of the great importance in industry. Materials made on the basis of such CKTH rubbers are resistant to temperatures from −90 to +300°С, as they possess high hydrophobicity, chemical inertness, dielectric properties, vibration resistance, resistance to fungi and microorganisms, and resistance to ozone, oxidizers, and ultraviolet rays. Also they are physiologically inert, tissue and hemocompatible, gas permeable (the highest permeability of all known polymers), selective for gas permeability, and easily sterilized. Unlike organic, CKTH silicone rubbers are more economical, reliable, and durable even under extreme conditions; and are also easy to process. However, they have low mechanical strength. Reinforcement of these polymers is usually achieved with fillers. The nature of the interaction of matrix elastomers with fillers is determined by the chemical nature, dispersion, shape, activity of the filler particles, the possibility of chemical bonds between the components of composites, and the relationship between the processes of amplification and structuring. In the works of Mark and coworkers [1, 2], which generalize numerous studies, it is stated that the physical and mechanical properties of synthetic low-molecular-weight siloxane elastomers filled with silica are significantly enhanced. It is of great interest also for the search for new reinforcement fillers to PDMS. One of favorable proposals may be schungit [3]. In the development of advanced composites, it is advisable preliminary to perform the molecular computational modeling, which is an effective method of a virtual analysis of the structural, energetic, and micromechanical properties of micro- and nanomaterials. As reported in [4, 5, 6], the energetic and structural characteristics of elastomer complexes with silica or schungit have been calculated quantum chemically under developed NDDO/sp-spd semi-empirical original program [7]. Numerical calculations on the supercomputer MBC-5000 in the Interdepartmental Supercomputer Center were performed. The microscopic characteristics of nanomechanical behavior, deformation, and strength characteristics of silica or schungit adsorbates with polydimethylsiloxane oligomer molecules during uniaxial tension based on this program in the cluster approximation were examined. It was deduced that one could expect a substantial reinforcement of physical-mechanical properties for such composites.
\nWe used the conclusions of these calculations in the practical synthesis of siloxane composites with schungit and silica. The multistage physical-chemical modification technology for obtaining the active nanostructured schungit filler for rubbers, based on these quantum-chemical calculations, has also been developed.
\nAccording to the results of [8], there is an increase in the tear resistance and in the specific work of the deformation during fracture, with preservation of the increased strength properties of synthetic thermally stable low-molecular-weight silicone elastomers based on CKTH-A, filled with micro- and nanoscale schungit and silica SIPERNAT 360.
\nTo further elucidate the nature of the onset of strengthening effects, knowledge of the distribution of fillers in these elastomeric matrices is necessary. The surface structure of these composites, using atomic force and electron scanning microscopy, in the present chapter was studied as extension of the studies [8, 9, 10, 11].
\nAs the basis of the composite matrix, silicone low-molecular thermal shock resistant synthetic rubber CKTH brand A (silanol terminated polydimethylsiloxane, HO [–Si (CH3)2 O–] n H) was chosen. As a filler of CKTH-A rubber a natural schungit mineral was used (Zazhoginsky deposit, Carbon-Shungite Trade Ltd., Karelia, Russia) [3]. The rock is a natural composite, in the carbon matrix of which are distributed highly dispersed silicate particles and small amounts of other oxides. The chemical composition of schungit, according to [3], used in this work is shown in Table 1.
\nSiO2 | \nTiO2 | \nAl2O3 | \nFeO | \nMgO | \nCaO | \nNa2O | \nK2O | \nS | \nC | \nH2Ocryst | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
57.0 | \n0.2 | \n4.0 | \n2.5 | \n1.2 | \n0.3 | \n0.2 | \n1.5 | \n1.2 | \n29.0 | \n4.2 | \n
Chemical composition of schungit (weight percentage).
Fillers were both the original schungit from provider and the original schungit milled by us in a ball planetary mill PM100 (Retsch, Germany) under different environments. The fillers were added to the CKTN-A rubber according to the compositions given in Table 2, kneaded by hand, and then passed through rolls. The resulting mixtures were evacuated for 15 minutes; then, a catalyst No 68 was introduced with a certain concentration for each composition and again evacuated. The samples were placed in Teflon forms and cured [8]. Table 2 shows the ingredients of the samples used and corresponding code of synthesized composites.
\nComposite ingredients name | \nCode of composites | \n||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
С300 | \nС301 | \nС302 | \nС303 | \nС304 | \nС305 | \nС306 | \nС307 | \nС308 | \n|
Weight percentage | \n|||||||||
CKTH-A rubber | \n100 | \n90 | \n80 | \n70 | \n60 | \n90 | \n80 | \n70 | \n60 | \n
Schungit (original) | \n\n | 10 | \n20 | \n30 | \n40 | \n\n | \n | \n | \n |
Schungit (milled) | \n\n | \n | \n | \n | \n | 10 | \n20 | \n30 | \n40 | \n
Total | \n100 | \n100 | \n100 | \n100 | \n100 | \n100 | \n100 | \n100 | \n100 | \n
Ingredients of the synthesized composites with schungit filler.
CKTN-A composites with silica fillers, precipitated silicon dioxide, and SIPERNAT 360 (Evonik Industries AG, Germany), were prepared analogues to composites with schungit. Table 3 shows the ingredients of the samples studied.
\nNo | \nComposite ingredients name | \nCode of mixture | \n|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
С 300 | \nС 309 | \nС 310 | \nС 311 | \nС 312 | \nС 313 | \n||
Weight percentage | \n|||||||
1 | \nCKTH-A rubber | \n100 | \n80 | \n90 | \n80 | \n70 | \n60 | \n
2 | \nSIPERNAT 360 | \n— | \n20 | \n10 | \n20 | \n30 | \n40 | \n
3 | \nTotal | \n100 | \n100 | \n100 | \n100 | \n100 | \n100 | \n
Ingredients of the synthesized composites with silica filler.
The atomic-force microscope (AFM) easyScan (Nanosurf, Switzerland), operating in a contact mode at ambient conditions, using also the force modulation mode, or in the semi-contact mode with the phase contrast mode, was used. In a semi-contact mode, a SuperSharpSilicon probe (Nanosensors, Switzerland) with a tip radius of about 2 nm was used. Image processing was performed using the SPIP™—advanced software package for processing and analyzing microscopy images at nano- and microscale (Image Metrology, Denmark). The scanning electron microscope (SEM) Merlin (Carl Zeiss, Germany) worked with an accelerating voltage of 5 kV and beam current of 300 pA. Investigations of the physical-mechanical properties of the composites were conducted on universal testing machine UTS-10 (Ulm, Germany), and nanoscale mechanical properties were studied with NanoTest 600 (MicroMaterials, UK) [8].
\nInitially, schungit powder samples, after deposition on the surface of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) from a suspension in toluene, were tested by AFM. The AFM topography and phase contrast images established the particle sizes of the original schungit from provider in the range from 1 to 5 μm. AFM images of the schungit particles deposited on the HOPG after milling in a ball planetary mill PM100 are shown in Figure 1. The agglomerates of nanosized schungit in the range from 50 to 250 nm are clearly detected.
\nAFM images of the schungit agglomerates after milling, deposited on the HOPG surface. Scan XY = 0.646 × 0.646 microns. Left—topography and right—3D view.
AFM images of surface of pure C 300 rubber CKTH-A are shown in Figure 2. The scans visualized typical nodular polymer structure.
\nAFM images of the surface of the pure CKTH -A rubber C 300. Scans XY = 36.9 × 36.9 microns. Left—topography and right—phase contrast.
In Figure 3, an example of AFM scan on sample C 308 from the synthesized composites listed in Table 2 is displayed. The distribution and size of schungit fillers, presented as bright color in the background of polymeric matrix, clearly are visualized.
\nAFM surface images of C 308 composite. Scans 31.5 × 31.5 microns. Left—topography and right—phase contrast.
The AFM images data processing showed that the aggregate sizes of these nanostructured schungit fillers in composite C 308 are located in the range from 50 nm to 2 μm, and the nearest distance between them on average is 300 nm.
\nElectron microscopic photographs of the C 308 composite are shown in Figure 4a and b. The SEM surface topography C 308 composite, prepared in the form of plate samples, is presented in Figure 4a and SEM images of its perpendicular cross section in Figure 4b. It is well known that the quality of many materials in particular of composites depends on a large extent on the homogeneity of the materials realized. Visualized by these methods of AFM and SEM, the composite C 308 surface morphology shows that the nanosized schungit fillers are homogeneously dispersed in the polymer matrix and are well adhered to the polymer matrix. This finding is very important for understanding the reasons of reinforcing the physical-mechanical properties of initial CKTH-A rubber with used nanostructured schungit filler.
\nSEM images of the top surface topography plate C 308 composite (a) and of the plate perpendicular cross section (b). Unite scales: (a) 300 and (b) 200 nanometer, respectively.
AFM surface images of C 311 composite CKTN-A rubber with silica SIPERNAT 360 fillers are shown in Figure 5, and of composite C313 in Figure 6. The internal microstructure and agglomerates sizes of this filler in composites are of the same dimensions as in the case of nanosized schungit filler.
\nAFM images of the surface structure of composite C 311. Scans XY = 36.5 × 36.5 microns. Left—topography and right—phase contrast.
AFM images of the surface structure of composite C 313. Scans XY = 34.8 × 34.8 microns. Left—topography and right—phase contrast.
SEM images of the top surface topography of the plate of the same C 311 composite are shown in Figure 7 and of the plate perpendicular cross section in Figure 8.
\nSEM images of the surface structure of sample C 311. Unite scales: (a) 1 micron and (b) 300 nm, respectively.
SEM pictures of the structure of the cross sections of the surface of sample C 311. Unite scales: (a) 1 micron and (b) 200 nm, respectively.
These SEM images show the same approximate pictures of fillers dispersed distributions in the elastomer matrices and mean values of their aggregate sizes as deduced from AFM measurements; additionally SEM scans of the plate perpendicular cross sections visualized the space arrangement of fillers in these composites.
\nThe application of SEM and AFM methods to visualize topography of surfaces and cross sections of investigated silicone rubber composites with schungit and silica SIPERNAT 360 fillers allowed direct observation of changes in the structure of composite elastomers on the micro- and nanometer range by increasing their concentrations. It is known that in silicone compositions, along with the interactions between the filler and the polymer matrix, there is also a process of agglomeration and structuring of the filler particles [1, 2]. As established by the data of AFM and SEM (Figures 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8), a rather homogeneous distribution of the filler in the elastomeric matrix takes place in the investigated composites. Correlation of these results with the physical-mechanical properties of these materials, studied in [8], makes it possible to understand the cause of the enhancing ability of nanostructured schungit in organosilicon elastomers, due to the formation of a spatial filler network in the polymer matrix. These data make it possible to understand the reasons for the schungit filler manifestation of the reinforcing properties in the CKTH-A rubber, as conditioned not only by the chemical affinity of the amorphous carbon and the silica with the polydimethylsiloxane matrix, but also by a fairly uniform spatial distribution of the filler in the composite. The role of polar hydroxyl groups (OH) bounded to silica part of the schungit (silanol groups) interacting with siloxane segments (Si–O–Si) of matrix is also important, because the formed complex prevents the macroscopic agglomeration of initial schungit particles during the introduction of the polymer. The resulting increase in the interaction surface of the nanostructured filler with the polymer macromolecules leads to an effective reinforcement of the initial polydimethylsiloxane matrix. As reported in [8], the tests of these composites on a machine UTS-10 showed an increase in the tensile strength from about 0.5 MPa in original CKTH-A rubber to 3.6 MPa in C 308 composite, and tear resistance from 1.3 to 7.0 kN/m, respectively. It was also showed that these rubber composites with nanostructured schungit fillers have values of the specific work deformation for destruction belonging to the same regions of magnitude as silica filled composites with the same matrix. These results, when compared with traditional silicon dioxide filler [1, 2], show good effectiveness of the present nanostructured schungit as reinforcement filler in polydimethylsiloxane.
\nThe obtained images of the topography and material contrast of the surface of the composites with silica SIPERNAT 360 fillers also made it possible to visualize a fairly uniform distribution of silica particles in a matrix of silicone rubber. Tests of vulcanizates of these mixtures on a tensile machine UTS-10 showed an increase in the tensile strength from about 0.5 MPa in C300 to 3.0 MPa in C 311 composites, and tear resistance from 1.3 to 3.4 kN/m, respectively, and in C313 composite to 4.1 MPa and 7.1 kN/m accordingly [8]. Studies on the NanoTest 600 measuring system by the method of nanoindentation are in accord with these results. The obtained data make it possible also to understand the reasons for the manifestation of the SIPERNAT 360 filler, with the reinforcing properties in the CKTH-A rubber as conditioned not only by the chemical affinity of the silicon dioxide and the matrix, but also by the fairly uniform spatial distribution of the filler in the composite. The role of polar hydroxyl groups (OH) associated with the filler SIPERNAT 360 (silanol groups) interacting with silicone segments (Si–O–Si) of the SKTN-A silicone analogous to nano schungit is important, with the formation of a hydrogen bond. This also makes it possible to prevent macroscopic agglomeration of the silica when introduced into the polymer, ensuring homogeneity of the filler distribution in the composite. The resulting increase in the interaction surface of the filler with the polymer leads to an effective hardening of the initial silicone matrix.
\nThe experimental verifications of numerical semi-empirical quantum-chemical predictions that nano schungit and silica may be active also in the reinforcement of butadiene-styrene rubbers are shown in [9, 10].
\nThe application of SEM and AFM methods to visualize topography of surfaces and sections of investigated silicone rubber composites with schungit and silica SIPERNAT 360 fillers allowed direct observation of changes in the internal structure of fillers in composite elastomers in the micro- and nanometer range. The correlation of these results with the physical-mechanical properties of the composites is important for the development of the basic principles of reinforcement material strengths. The preliminary direct numerical calculations within the framework of the cluster quantum-chemical approximation of the schungit nanostructure and its components, predicting the effectiveness of its use as a filler in elastomers proved to be valuable for conducting these experiments. The presented experimental results show both theoretical and practical significance of the quantum-chemical approach proposed for computer selection of components for elastomeric composites and ways of modifying their fillers in order to predict the technologies for obtaining materials with improved strength characteristics. This developed computational technique can be applied in similar problems of designing new advanced materials.
\nThe authors declare that they have no “conflict of interest.”
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Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10207",title:"Sexual Abuse",subtitle:"An Interdisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e1ec1d5a7093490df314d7887e0b3809",slug:"sexual-abuse-an-interdisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Ersi Kalfoğlu and Sotirios Kalfoglou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10207.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68678",title:"Dr.",name:"Ersi",middleName:null,surname:"Kalfoglou",slug:"ersi-kalfoglou",fullName:"Ersi Kalfoglou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10914",title:"Effective Elimination of Structural Racism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6a2562646c0fd664aca8335bc3b3e69",slug:"effective-elimination-of-structural-racism",bookSignature:"Erick Guerrero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10914.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"294761",title:"Dr.",name:"Erick",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero",slug:"erick-guerrero",fullName:"Erick Guerrero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:301,seriesByTopicCollection:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],seriesByTopicTotal:3,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"42656",doi:"10.5772/55538",title:"Conceptual Frameworks of Vulnerability Assessments for Natural Disasters Reduction",slug:"conceptual-frameworks-of-vulnerability-assessments-for-natural-disasters-reduction",totalDownloads:10042,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:75,abstract:null,book:{id:"3054",slug:"approaches-to-disaster-management-examining-the-implications-of-hazards-emergencies-and-disasters",title:"Approaches to Disaster Management",fullTitle:"Approaches to Disaster Management - Examining the Implications of Hazards, Emergencies and Disasters"},signatures:"Roxana L. Ciurean, Dagmar Schröter and Thomas Glade",authors:[{id:"163703",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Glade",slug:"thomas-glade",fullName:"Thomas Glade"},{id:"164141",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Roxana",middleName:"Liliana",surname:"Ciurean",slug:"roxana-ciurean",fullName:"Roxana Ciurean"},{id:"164142",title:"Dr.",name:"Dagmar",middleName:null,surname:"Schroeter",slug:"dagmar-schroeter",fullName:"Dagmar Schroeter"}]},{id:"58010",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72304",title:"Fourth Industrial Revolution: Current Practices, Challenges, and Opportunities",slug:"fourth-industrial-revolution-current-practices-challenges-and-opportunities",totalDownloads:6445,totalCrossrefCites:44,totalDimensionsCites:70,abstract:"The globalization and the competitiveness are forcing companies to rethink and to innovate their production processes following the so-called Industry 4.0 paradigm. It represents the integration of tools already used in the past (big data, cloud, robot, 3D printing, simulation, etc.) that are now connected into a global network by transmitting digital data. The implementation of this new paradigm represents a huge change for companies, which are faced with big investments. In order to benefit from the opportunities offered by the smart revolution, companies must have the prerequisites needed to withstand changes generated by “smart” system. In addition, new workers who face the world of work 4.0 must have new skills in automation, digitization, and information technology, without forgetting soft skills. This chapter aims to present the main good practices, challenges, and opportunities related to Industry 4.0 paradigm.",book:{id:"6291",slug:"digital-transformation-in-smart-manufacturing",title:"Digital Transformation in Smart Manufacturing",fullTitle:"Digital Transformation in Smart Manufacturing"},signatures:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Raffaele Cioffi and Federico\nZomparelli",authors:[{id:"161682",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"De Felice",slug:"fabio-de-felice",fullName:"Fabio De Felice"},{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"},{id:"205141",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",middleName:null,surname:"Zomparelli",slug:"federico-zomparelli",fullName:"Federico Zomparelli"},{id:"208748",title:"Dr.",name:"Raffaele",middleName:null,surname:"Cioffi",slug:"raffaele-cioffi",fullName:"Raffaele Cioffi"}]},{id:"35715",doi:"10.5772/38693",title:"The Role and Importance of Cultural Tourism in Modern Tourism Industry",slug:"the-role-and-importance-of-cultural-tourism-in-modern-tourism-industry",totalDownloads:41085,totalCrossrefCites:31,totalDimensionsCites:62,abstract:null,book:{id:"2298",slug:"strategies-for-tourism-industry-micro-and-macro-perspectives",title:"Strategies for Tourism Industry",fullTitle:"Strategies for Tourism Industry - Micro and Macro Perspectives"},signatures:"Janos Csapo",authors:[{id:"118766",title:"Dr.",name:"János",middleName:null,surname:"Csapó",slug:"janos-csapo",fullName:"János Csapó"}]},{id:"38973",doi:"10.5772/51460",title:"Risk Management in Construction Projects",slug:"risk-management-in-construction-projects",totalDownloads:102568,totalCrossrefCites:36,totalDimensionsCites:59,abstract:null,book:{id:"2175",slug:"risk-management-current-issues-and-challenges",title:"Risk Management",fullTitle:"Risk Management - Current Issues and Challenges"},signatures:"Nerija Banaitiene and Audrius Banaitis",authors:[{id:"139414",title:"Dr.",name:"Nerija",middleName:null,surname:"Banaitiene",slug:"nerija-banaitiene",fullName:"Nerija Banaitiene"},{id:"149658",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrius",middleName:null,surname:"Banaitis",slug:"audrius-banaitis",fullName:"Audrius Banaitis"}]},{id:"40977",doi:"10.5772/53885",title:"The Emergence of Scientific Reasoning",slug:"the-emergence-of-scientific-reasoning",totalDownloads:4554,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:59,abstract:null,book:{id:"654",slug:"current-topics-in-children-s-learning-and-cognition",title:"Current Topics in Children's Learning and Cognition",fullTitle:"Current Topics in Children's Learning and Cognition"},signatures:"Bradley J. Morris, Steve Croker, Amy M. Masnick and Corinne Zimmerman",authors:[{id:"154336",title:"Prof.",name:"Bradley",middleName:null,surname:"Morris",slug:"bradley-morris",fullName:"Bradley Morris"},{id:"154337",title:"Prof.",name:"Steve",middleName:null,surname:"Croker",slug:"steve-croker",fullName:"Steve Croker"},{id:"154338",title:"Prof.",name:"Amy",middleName:null,surname:"Masnick",slug:"amy-masnick",fullName:"Amy Masnick"},{id:"154339",title:"Prof.",name:"Corinne",middleName:null,surname:"Zimmerman",slug:"corinne-zimmerman",fullName:"Corinne Zimmerman"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58890",title:"Philosophy and Paradigm of Scientific Research",slug:"philosophy-and-paradigm-of-scientific-research",totalDownloads:14074,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Before carrying out the empirical analysis of the role of management culture in corporate social responsibility, identification of the philosophical approach and the paradigm on which the research carried out is based is necessary. Therefore, this chapter deals with the philosophical systems and paradigms of scientific research, the epistemology, evaluating understanding and application of various theories and practices used in the scientific research. The key components of the scientific research paradigm are highlighted. Theories on the basis of which this research was focused on identification of the level of development of the management culture in order to implement corporate social responsibility are identified, and the stages of its implementation are described.",book:{id:"5791",slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",fullTitle:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility"},signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",middleName:null,surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}]},{id:"74550",title:"School Conflicts: Causes and Management Strategies in Classroom Relationships",slug:"school-conflicts-causes-and-management-strategies-in-classroom-relationships",totalDownloads:2328,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Conflicts cannot cease to exist, as they are intrinsic to human beings, forming an integral part of their moral and emotional growth. Likewise, they exist in all schools. The school is inserted in a space where the conflict manifests itself daily and assumes relevance, being the result of the multiple interpersonal relationships that occur in the school context. Thus, conflict is part of school life, which implies that teachers must have the skills to manage conflict constructively. Recognizing the diversity of school conflicts, this chapter aimed to present its causes, highlighting the main ones in the classroom, in the teacher-student relationship. It is important to conflict face and resolve it with skills to manage it properly and constructively, establishing cooperative relationships, and producing integrative solutions. Harmony and appreciation should coexist in a classroom environment and conflict should not interfere, negatively, in the teaching and learning process. This bibliography review underscore the need for during the teachers’ initial training the conflict management skills development.",book:{id:"7827",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",fullTitle:"Interpersonal Relationships"},signatures:"Sabina Valente, Abílio Afonso Lourenço and Zsolt Németh",authors:[{id:"324514",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sabina",middleName:"N.",surname:"Valente",slug:"sabina-valente",fullName:"Sabina Valente"},{id:"326375",title:"Prof.",name:"Abílio Afonso",middleName:"Afonso",surname:"Lourenço",slug:"abilio-afonso-lourenco",fullName:"Abílio Afonso Lourenço"},{id:"329177",title:"Dr.",name:"Zsolt",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"zsolt-nemeth",fullName:"Zsolt Németh"}]},{id:"58969",title:"Corruption, Causes and Consequences",slug:"corruption-causes-and-consequences",totalDownloads:27687,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"Corruption is a constant in the society and occurs in all civilizations; however, it has only been in the past 20 years that this phenomenon has begun being seriously explored. It has many different shapes as well as many various effects, both on the economy and the society at large. Among the most common causes of corruption are the political and economic environment, professional ethics and morality and, of course, habits, customs, tradition and demography. Its effects on the economy (and also on the wider society) are well researched, yet still not completely. Corruption thus inhibits economic growth and affects business operations, employment and investments. It also reduces tax revenue and the effectiveness of various financial assistance programs. The wider society is influenced by a high degree of corruption in terms of lowering of trust in the law and the rule of law, education and consequently the quality of life (access to infrastructure, health care). There also does not exist an unambiguous answer as to how to deal with corruption. Something that works in one country or in one region will not necessarily be successful in another. This chapter tries to answer at least a few questions about corruption and the causes for it, its consequences and how to deal with it successfully.",book:{id:"6487",slug:"trade-and-global-market",title:"Trade and Global Market",fullTitle:"Trade and Global Market"},signatures:"Štefan Šumah",authors:[{id:"228073",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Sumah",slug:"stefan-sumah",fullName:"Stefan Sumah"}]},{id:"55499",title:"Human Resources Management in Nonprofit Organizations: A Case Study of Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts",slug:"human-resources-management-in-nonprofit-organizations-a-case-study-of-istanbul-foundation-for-cultur",totalDownloads:2399,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency and importance of human resources management in nonprofit organizations. The understanding was included to the literature as personnel management at the beginning of the twentieth century and it turned into an approach as human resources management in the 1980s. It could be observed that many organizations, which deem the human as the most critical stakeholder, adopt a traditional way of personnel management in operating human resources. The employees play a key role in the success of an organization. For this reason, subjects such as recruitment, training, development, career management, performance appraisal, occupational health, and safety are the fundamental functions of human resources management. The study examines to what extent these roles are evaluated through a case study. The subject matter of the study is the most powerful culture and art foundation in Turkey. Compared to many other nonprofit organizations, the foundation actively performs a variety of services within a year worldwide. The fact that the total number of employees might rise up to 800, including the field personnel, indicates the need of a good functioning human resources management. The human resources practices of the foundation are examined and evaluated within that scope.",book:{id:"5826",slug:"issues-of-human-resource-management",title:"Issues of Human Resource Management",fullTitle:"Issues of Human Resource Management"},signatures:"Beste Gökçe Parsehyan",authors:[{id:"189113",title:"Dr.",name:"Beste",middleName:null,surname:"Gokce Parsehyan",slug:"beste-gokce-parsehyan",fullName:"Beste Gokce Parsehyan"}]},{id:"59152",title:"Marketing Strategies for the Social Good",slug:"marketing-strategies-for-the-social-good",totalDownloads:1669,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Social network sites (SNS) have proven to be a good environment to promote and sell goods and services, but marketing is more than creating commercial strategies. Social marketing strategies can also be used to promote behavioral change and help individuals transform their lives, achieve well-being, and adopt prosocial behaviors. In this chapter, we seek to analyze with a netnographic study, how SNS are being employed by nonprofits and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) to enable citizens and consumers to participate in different programs and activities that promote social transformation and well-being. A particular interest is to identify how organizations are using behavioral economic tactics to nudge individuals and motivate them to engage in prosocial actions. By providing an understanding on how SNS can provide an adequate environment for the design of social marketing strategies, we believe our work has practical implications both for academicians and marketers who want to contribute in the transformation of consumer behavior and the achievement of well-being and social change.",book:{id:"6583",slug:"marketing",title:"Marketing",fullTitle:"Marketing"},signatures:"Alicia De La Pena",authors:[{id:"196878",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia",middleName:null,surname:"De La Pena",slug:"alicia-de-la-pena",fullName:"Alicia De La Pena"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"4",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83075",title:"Practices and Challenges of Community Services at Debre Markos University, Ethiopia: A Case Study",slug:"practices-and-challenges-of-community-services-at-debre-markos-university-ethiopia-a-case-study",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105896",abstract:"Universities are the main actors that deliver community service in Ethiopia. Community service is among the three pillars of the university’s business along with teaching and research tasks. Employing a qualitative case study design, this research inspects the practices of community services against the ascribed principles and identifes the pitfalls of community service in Debre Markos University. Both primary and secondary data were collected. Primary data were collected through key informants interviews, semistructured interviews, and non-participant observation. Thirteen participants, five through key informant interview and eight through a semistructured interview were addressed. Participants were purposively selected from both the university and the nearby community. Lecturers, vice-presidents, and directors have participated in the interview. Articles, books, different reports, newspapers, and magazines were reviewed and used as sources of secondary data. Thematic data analysis technique was employed to analyze the primary data, and document analysis was used to analyze the data gained from secondary sources. The results show that, though community service is rendered since 2006 at Debre Markos University, there are still limitations in adhering to the principles of community service. These include shortage of budget, low level of University-Industry Linkage (UIL), less commitment of the staff, and the low level of monitoring and evaluation.",book:{id:"11602",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg"},signatures:"Adane Mengist"},{id:"83053",title:"Apologies in L2 French in Canadian Context",slug:"apologies-in-l2-french-in-canadian-context",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106557",abstract:"This article presents the results of an analysis of apology strategies in native and non-native French in Canadian context. The data used were obtained through a Discourse Completion Task questionnaire that was completed by a group of native French speakers (FL1) and a group of learners of French as a second language (FL2). The goal was to identify and compare pragmatic and linguistic choices made by both groups when apologizing in three different situations. Several differences and similarities emerged between the two groups regarding the use of exclamations to introduce apologies, direct apologies, indirect apologies, and supportive acts. For instance, it was found that the FL1 speakers used “expressions of regret”, “offers of apology” 15 and “requests for forgiveness” to apologize directly, while the FL2 speaking informants used 16 only “expressions of regret” and “offers of apology”. While the respondents of both groups 17 mostly chose “offers of repair” to apologize indirectly, they displayed divergent preferences 18 regarding the use of other indirect apology strategies. Differences were also documented 19 with respect to the use of intensification devices in direct apologies and the use of supportive acts. Implications of the findings for L2 French pedagogy were also discussed.",book:{id:"11480",title:"Second Language Acquisition - Learning Theories and Recent Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11480.jpg"},signatures:"Bernard Mulo Farenkia"},{id:"83049",title:"An Ethnographic Study on Sense of a Community: The “Awramba” Experience",slug:"an-ethnographic-study-on-sense-of-a-community-the-awramba-experience",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105953",abstract:"The study was conducted on “Awramba” Community who are living in “Amhara” region, south “Gondor” Zone, Ethiopia. The general objective of this study was to capture an understanding of sense of community in “Awramba” community. The study tried to answer the following questions: How the community was established? What are the criteria to be part of the community? What are the shared values of social practice that has survived for the test of time? What is the historical background of the “Awramba” Community? The researcher used realist ethnography method to achieve the above objective and to answer the questions. In-depth interview and observational guide techniques were applied to collect reliable data for the study. The observation and in-depth interview data were analyzed qualitatively. The study showed the following themes: Membership criteria of the community are based on adhering to the community norm. They have a strong sense of community based on shared story, cooperative work, marriage and mourning values, religious view, gender equality, commitment to be honest, and solving their problem by themselves. The emotional connection of the “Awramba” community is strengthened by their common celebration of the yearly anniversary of New Year and scheduled meeting.",book:{id:"11429",title:"Sustainability, Ecology, and Religions of the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11429.jpg"},signatures:"Nassir-Maru Yesuf"},{id:"83027",title:"Coping Strategies and Meta-Worry in Adolescents’ Adjustment during COVID-19 Pandemic",slug:"coping-strategies-and-meta-worry-in-adolescents-adjustment-during-covid-19-pandemic",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106258",abstract:"With the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, several limitations and stressful changes have been introduced in adolescent’s daily life. Particularly, Italian teenagers were the first among western populations to experience fears of infection, home confinement, and social restrictions due to a long lockdown period (10 weeks). This study explores the role of coping strategies (task-oriented, emotion-oriented, and avoidance coping) and meta-beliefs about worry as vulnerability factors associated with adolescents’ anxiety. A community sample of adolescents (N = 284, aged 16–18 y.o.) answered questionnaires assessing anxiety symptoms (RCMAS-2), meta-cognitive beliefs and processes about worry (MCQ-C), and coping strategies (CISS). Results show that 37% of participants report clinically elevated anxiety. Emotion-centered coping predicted higher anxiety, whereas task-centered coping resulted associated with decreased anxiety. Cognitive monitoring about their own worry contributes, but to a lesser extent, to higher levels of anxiety. The implications for the intervention are discussed, especially the need to enhance the coping skills of adolescents and mitigate the stress of the COVID-19 pandemic, which could last for a long time.",book:{id:"10671",title:"Adolescences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10671.jpg"},signatures:"Loredana Benedetto, Ilenia Schipilliti and Massimo Ingrassia"},{id:"83023",title:"Gestational Tryptophan Fluctuation Underlying Ontogenetic Origin of Neuropsychiatric Disorders",slug:"gestational-tryptophan-fluctuation-underlying-ontogenetic-origin-of-neuropsychiatric-disorders",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106421",abstract:"Neuropsychiatry underlies personality development and social functioning. Borderline personality disorder exhibits high trait aggression and is associated with tryptophan hydroxylase polymorphisms. The acute tryptophan depletion reduces plasma and cerebrospinal fluid tryptophan availability and brain serotonin concentrations, leading to alterations in personality and trait-related behaviors. Tryptophan is essential for fatal neurodevelopment and immunomodulation in pregnancy. Gestational tryptophan fluctuation induced by maternal metabolic disorders or drug administrations may account for the maternal-fetal transmission determining neurogenesis and microbial development, consequentially shaping the long-standing patterns of thinking and behavior. However, it is not possible to assess the gestational tryptophan exposure effects on fetal brain and gastrointestinal system in humans for ethical reasons. The maternal–fetal microbe transmission in rodents during gestation, vaginal delivery, and breastfeeding is inevitable. Chicken embryo may be an alternative and evidence from the chicken embryo model reveals that gestational tryptophan fluctuation, i.e., exposed to excessive tryptophan or its metabolite, serotonin, attenuates aggressiveness and affects peer sociometric status. This chapter discusses the gestational tryptophan fluctuation as a risk factor of personality disorders in offspring and the prevention of personality disorders by dietary tryptophan control and medication therapy management during pregnancy.",book:{id:"11782",title:"Personality Traits - The Role in Psychopathology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11782.jpg"},signatures:"Xiaohong Huang, Xiaohua Li and Heng-Wei Cheng"},{id:"83014",title:"Culture: A Pillar of Organizational Sustainability",slug:"culture-a-pillar-of-organizational-sustainability",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106523",abstract:"Sustainability is a concern that permeates all levels of society and is premised on meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. More recently, policies and research have emerged that guide organizations to align their activities with the broader sustainable development agendas, including cultural issues, not just economic, social, and environmental ones. Culture is the material and immaterial attribute of society. It incorporates social organizations, literature, religion, myths, beliefs, behaviors and entrepreneurial practices of the productive segment, use of technology, and expressive art forms on which future generations depend. Thus, cultural sustainability is a fundamental issue and is configured as the fourth pillar of sustainability, equal to social, economic, and environmental issues, which has to do with the ability to sustain or continue with cultural beliefs and practices, preserve cultural heritage as its entity, and try to answer whether any culture will exist in the future. The importance of cultural sustainability lies in its power to influence people. Their beliefs are in the decisions made by society. 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Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. 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Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. 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He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"11",type:"subseries",title:"Cell Physiology",keywords:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease, Free Radicals, Tumor Metastasis, Antioxidants, Essential Fatty Acids, Melatonin, Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology",scope:"\r\n\tThe integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, as well as the expression, structure, and function of molecular and cellular components, is essential for modern physiology. The following concerns will be addressed in this Cell Physiology subject, which will consider all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver; gut, kidney, eye) and their interactions: (1) Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease (2) Free Radicals (3) Tumor Metastasis (4) Antioxidants (5) Essential Fatty Acids (6) Melatonin and (7) Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11407,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. 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Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"186048",title:"Prof.",name:"Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Drenjančević",slug:"ines-drenjancevic",fullName:"Ines Drenjančević",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186048/images/5818_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Osijek",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/79615/images/system/79615.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"84459",title:"Prof.",name:"Valerie",middleName:null,surname:"Chappe",slug:"valerie-chappe",fullName:"Valerie Chappe",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/84459/images/system/84459.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalhousie University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"83075",title:"Practices and Challenges of Community Services at Debre Markos University, Ethiopia: A Case Study",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105896",signatures:"Adane Mengist",slug:"practices-and-challenges-of-community-services-at-debre-markos-university-ethiopia-a-case-study",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82858",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility a Case of the Provision of Recreational Facilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105608",signatures:"Peter Musa Wash, Shida Irwana Omar, Badaruddin Mohamed and Mohd Ismail Isa",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-a-case-of-the-provision-of-recreational-facilities",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? 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We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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