Comparing efficiency values of the earth shelter building typology
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He is a member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), the Energy Institute, UK and is registered as a chartered petroleum engineer. He has published more than 50 publications on International peer-reviewed Journals and conferences, has contributed to 5 textbooks, and served in many scientific committees.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"92105",title:"Dr.",name:"Mansoor",middleName:null,surname:"Zoveidavianpoor",slug:"mansoor-zoveidavianpoor",fullName:"Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92105/images/system/92105.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor has over 24 years of experience, built upon his technical, operational, and management roles in the industry and academia. Mansoor holds a BSc degree in Geology, MSc, and Ph.D. degrees both in Petroleum Engineering. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"40549",title:"Earth Shelters; A Review of Energy Conservation Properties in Earth Sheltered Housing",doi:"10.5772/51873",slug:"earth-shelters-a-review-of-energy-conservation-properties-in-earth-sheltered-housing",body:'Earth sheltering is an age long traditional practice. In modern times its benefits has prompted new definitions for its practice. With the potential thermal conservation qualities and physical characteristics of earth as a building mass, earth shelters can now be defined as structures built with the use of earth mass against building walls as external thermal mass, which reduces heat loss and maintains a steady indoor air temperature throughout the seasons. The popularity of earth sheltering was advanced mostly by research in energy conservation in residential housing. Originally conceived as dwellings developed by the utilization of caves within the traditional context, its evolution through technologies led to the construction of customized earth dwellings all across the globe. These structures in the past were built by people not schooled in any kind of formal architectural design or with identifiable building techniques rather they depended on the cover the very structure of the earth could provide them for purposes of shelter, warmth and security. Investigations into the traditional earth sheltered dwellings also identified sunken earth houses with characteristics that suggested potentials in passive building insulation which utilizes ground thermal inertia.
In the view of some researchers on earth supported housing, building underground provides energy savings by reducing the yearly heating and cooling loads in comparison with known conventional structures. Not only is the temperature difference between the exterior and interior reduced, but mostly because the building is also protected from the direct solar radiation [1].
One significant value of earth-sheltered housing and the reason for its evaluation is its potential energy savings when compared to conventional aboveground housing. This potential is based on several unique physical characteristics. The first of these characteristics is in the reduction of heat loss due to conduction through the building envelope because of the high density of the earth. According to [2], in an earth sheltered building even at very shallow depths and given normal environmental conditions, the ground temperatures seldom reaches the outdoor air temperatures in the heat of a normal summer day. This condition allows the conducting of less heat into the house due to the reduced temperature differential.
In the case of colder climates, it was noticed that during winters the rate of heat loss in bermed (earth supported) structure was less in comparison to that in on-grade structures. This indicates through results that the floor surface temperature increased by 3° C for a 2.0m deep bermed structure due to lower heat transfer from the building components to the ground, thus suggesting the presence of passive heat supply from the ground even at the extreme cold temperatures of winter [3]. This evidently contributes as a factor for energy saving in earth shelter buildings in cold climates.
Other characteristics include the reduction of air infiltration within the dwelling which is mainly surrounded by earth walls with very little surface area exposed to the outside air. These characteristics have been investigated in previous studies and the analysis on each location provides results and findings in terms of climatic effects, design styles and residential activities of the dwellers that bring about the unique energy saving value of these buildings.
Single unit earth sheltered houses are unique energy conservation ideas based on their earth contact characteristics as mentioned above. In order to achieve the maximum benefits from earth sheltered housing, its application could be examined also at an entirely community scale rather than simply at the scale of individual houses. One of the biggest challenges to the overall performance of earth sheltered housing would be the built conventional surroundings. While contemporary use of earth sheltering is confined to individual homes built on single plots of land or a small cluster of houses which will absolutely be affected by the surrounding conventional structures around, the traditional use encompassed entire communal design or villages that will stay within the same conditions the micro-environment provides. This communal development option is identified to be most effective as isolated pockets of earth sheltered houses do not really reach the scale needed for sustainable development [4]. Earth sheltered mass-housing may thence become the general concept for design and building with earth whereby entire communities are created, enjoying dual land use by locating all housing underground [5]. If a single case of earth sheltering is found to have significant advantages, these advantages can only increase in magnitude if applied to whole communities.
The values of energy conservation in earth shelters are dependent on certain principles. These principles which form the ground rules for the design and construction of earth sheltered dwellings have been existent since prehistoric periods. Earth sheltered homes were primarily developed for shelter, warmth and security for the earliest human dwellers. Most of the recorded cases of these shelters are found extensively in areas like Asia and Northern Africa. In one of the earliest cases in Japan was discovered the oldest human habitation in a layer of earth about 600,000 years old in Kamitakamori, Miyagi Prefecture. Archaeologists from the Tohoku Paleolithic Institute, Tohoku Fukushi University and other institutes believed that the finding may be one of the oldest in the world. There are only a few remains of human dwelling structures from the early Paleolithic period in the world, as early humans such as the Peking-man lived in caves. Researchers believed the dwellings were built by primitive man who appeared some 1.6 million years ago and likely reached Japan 600,000 years ago at the latest, according to the archaeologists. The buildings could have been used as a place to rest, a lookout for hunting, a place to store hunting tools or to conduct religious rites.
In Tunisia, residents of Matmata were discovered to have lived in manmade caves for centuries (Figure 1). Here rooms were carved into the soft rock to create atrium houses that had several excavated rooms with up to 4 to 10 meter high and vaulted ceilings opening out onto a single sunken courtyard. The original objective for going below the ground in this case was to protect the inhabitants from the extremes of daytime North African heat and nighttime cold, typical of this desert region.
Aerial view of a typical Matmata earth shelter dwelling. Image by Tore Kjeilen
However through the years, more modern earth sheltered dwellings were revealed as studies on the earliest forms of human settlements progressed. In China, modern earth shelters habitats were discovered with histories that dated back to before 2000 B.C. This type of habitats were commonly called cave dwellings as they were strictly home units hewed out of the mountains. It is believed that underground housing preceded above ground housing in this area. Studies on these existing Chinese earth habitats presented analytical data on the climatic and topographical relationships to the unique design elements utilized to attain living comfort by the cave shelter dwellers. Such analysis as the rain, wind, sun and seasonal weather conditions that exist in these areas where these dwellings were located possibly necessitated the advantage of its existence in these locations [6]. Analysis on each location also provided results and findings in terms of climatic effects, design styles and residential activities of the dwellers. In the North-west of China, variety of these structures evolved, ranging from the cave dwelling units to the more advanced subterranean types. In the case of the traditional subterranean homes in China (called \'
Research conducted in [6] also provided analytical data on climatic and topographical relationships to the structural design styles with single unit design solution, multi unit designs and finally urban planning initiatives on how to achieve a sunken city that exists beneath rather than above ground level as seen in Figure 2 below. Also fascinating in discovery included methods and techniques of ventilating the building units naturally. Such natural ventilation techniques are viewed today as ideas that advanced the notion of passive aeration of interiors which ultimately is a cost and energy efficient alternative to the whole process of earth sheltered housing.
Aerial view of an earth shelter neighborhood in
a) Courtyard view of an Atrium type subterranean earth shelter dwelling in
A typical earth shelter home layout in North-western China
With the challenges of global warming and fossil energy reduction, energy saving ideas has become an essential element in building designs and occupation. Since energy conservation is the practice of saving energy use without compromising occupant thermal comfort [7], building below the ground thence presents certain fundamentals that with the aid of research can significantly influence energy conservation efforts in modern housing. From reviews of the basic background of traditional earth sheltered housing, the fundamental objectives for building below the ground and significant energy conservation principles are listed as follows:
Indoor temperature enhancement based on the natural principles of annual heat storage (PAHS) whereby the earth collects free solar heat all summer and cools passively while heating the earth around it, and keeping warm in winter by retrieving the stored heat from the soil in winters. This dual function presents a scenario that makes the practice of earth sheltered housing effective in both hot and cold climates.
Huge temperature differential between the ground temperatures and the outdoor air temperatures. In this case the normal ground temperature seldom reaches the outdoor air temperatures in the heat of a normal hot day, thereby conducting less heat into the house due to the reduced temperature difference.
Building protection from the direct solar radiation, thereby elimination the challenge of direct thermal load due to heat radiation through the building envelope.
Apart from the energy values which the subsurface climate of the earth provides, the other significant characters beneficial to earth shelters includes the major goal of recycling surface space by relocating functions to underground, by this earth shelters liberates valuable surface space for other functional uses and improves ground surface visual environment, open surfaces for landscaping and thus a more greener atmosphere.
The structural make up of a typical earth shelter house is made up of the supporting members and the compacted backfills in which case strength and composition can determine the ability to withstand overhead loads of moisture, dead and live loads, the distribution of which depend on the compaction strength of the backfill or supports.
However in modern designs, the supports are the parts of the house that brace against the side walls of soil and overlaying roof members that are made of backfills as in the case of underground homes. The design method and material choice will determine the resistance to failure of these structural members. In the traditional construction scenario where the earth-soil is used as building material; its strength is determined by the soil stability, which goes to improve the resistance to wind and in most cases rain erosion.
The structural make up of earth homes is mainly made up of the supporting members and the compacted backfills. As earlier mentioned, the strength and composition of the material used as backfill can determine the ability to withstand overhead loads. The supports are the parts of the house that brace against the side walls of soil and overlaying roof members that are made of backfills. The building design method and material choice will determine the resistance to failure of these structural members. In the case where the earth-soil is used as building material, its strength is determined by the soil stability, which goes to improved the resistance to wind and rain erosion. In most earth shelter construction the significant structural areas are the soil, walls and roof area. Apart from serving as a building material, the soil-walls of the shelter trench are regarded as the most valuable structural member of the Earth house structure. It provides the necessary support a normal wall gives in an ordinary house design. Nevertheless, not all soil types are efficient in use for earth sheltered house construction. From studies it is identified that the best soils are granular, such as sand and gravel. These soils compact well for bearing the weight of the construction materials and are very permeable, which means they allow water to drain quickly. The poorest soils are cohesive, like clay, which may expand when wet and has poor permeability. Soil tests, offered through professional testing services, can determine load-bearing capability of soils and possible settlements that may occur after construction. Study in [6] revealed certain traditional considerations for deciding the depth, thickness of mass and curvature of the support ceilings (vault) of the Chinese earth homes which can also be applied in modern day construction of earth shelters (figure 5).
Structural consideration for a typical room space excavation in the Shanxi traditional earth shelters
h =1
½ B₁ = ½ B + H₁ t g (45° - Ø ⁄ 2)
= 3.5 ⁄ 2 + 3 t g (45° - 18°⁄ 2)
½ B₁ = 1.75 + 2.19 = 3.94 m
Then S = Thickness of Earth thermal mass wall
H3 = Extent of depth clearance
Assuming B (room span) = 3.5m and H₁ (room height) = 3m
H3 = Depth from ground surface to ceiling. This should be greater than
The Dotted/shaded area indicates possible fault lines due to the pressure from the overlaying earth mass
Varieties of techniques have been used in the past for earth shelter wall construction. The construction materials for the walls of each type of structure will vary, depending on characteristics of the site, climate, soils, and design. However, general guidelines show that houses more deeply buried require stronger, more durable structural walls. Walls must provide a good surface for waterproofing and insulation to withstand the pressure and moisture of the surrounding ground. When soil is wet or frozen, the pressure on the walls and floors increases as pressure also increases with depth.
For the traditional earth supported homes built in the Chinese and Arid (dessert) climatic regions, there usually is no use for supporting walls as the naturally compressed soil structure already serves the function. However through recent research on improving the state of earth homes for most other climatic regions, the walls of Earth homes can be made of various materials ranging from Compressed Earth bricks to Concrete, while providing cavities and drainage patterns to aid damp proofing. In most earth home designs, the roof is usually the most challenging part of the entire structure. With recent ideas in ecology, the roof of earth shelters assume interesting landscaping functions. Especially for earth supported shelters which already posses the natural materials of earthen walls and members, the roof can also be finished to assume a natural finish too. Since the basic idea of this study is to discover techniques to achieve high performance as possible, the basic structural form for constructing the earth shelter roof is as follows:
A frame strong enough to support the dead load brought by the soil overlay, rain, snow and ice loads where applicable.
A solid deck built over the frame and a waterproof membrane installed on the deck prior to final earth cover.
Treated soil backfill placed on the membrane (as the roof layer) and covered with a fine thick layer of soil. The roof will either grow a vegetation of its own or become a life garden depending on the appropriate type of maintenance.
Reinforced concrete is the most commonly used structural material in earth shelter construction. Products like Grancrete and Hycrete are becoming more readily available. They claim to be environmentally friendly and either reduce or eliminate the need for additional waterproofing. However, these are new products and have not been extensively used in earth shelter construction.
Some other unconventional approaches are also utilized in earth shelter construction. These techniques utilize recycled material of various forms and applications. One of such approaches is referred to as an Earth ship (figure 6). These houses are built to be self-contained and independent; their design allows occupants to grow food inside and to maintain their own water and solar electrical systems [8]. Some builders believe they have proven the design\'s ability to tap into the constant temperature of the earth and store additional energy from the sun in winter. These Earth ships carry out their environmentally conscious theme by employing unusual building materials in the form of recycled automobile tires filled with compacted earth for thermal mass and structure. While the tires form the major structural frames for the building, aluminum or tin cans are used for filling minor walls that are not load-bearing. Foam insulation can be applied to exposed exterior or interior walls and covered with stucco. Interior walls are also dry-walled giving it a conventional look.
An Earth Ship design, using recycled materials
Earth sheltered houses are often constructed with energy conservation and savings in mind. Though techniques of earth shelter construction have not yet become common knowledge, study into the most efficient application of the earth shelter principles reveals classifications of the major typologies that are utilized in the construction of earth houses. These major construction concepts are the Bermed or banked with earth type and the Envelope or True underground type. The energy conservation values of these typologies also vary depending on climate and physical challenges indigenous to each typology (table 1).
a) Elevational (beremed) and in-hill designs, (b) Atrium (bermed) design
Underground earth shelter design
One of the most significant earth sheltered buildings in modern times is the Aloni House (figure 9). It was built in Antiparos Island in Greece and won the Greek Piranesi Award in 2009. The building epitomizes all that a modern time earth shelter represents. It combines all the design types mentioned above within a unique terrain. It also provided courtyard spaces with its landscape appearing to drift naturally into the courtyard thereby allowing for free solar penetration to the desired areas.
Passive solar potential | Excellent | Less effective | ||
Thermal stability | Less effective | Excellent | ||
Natural lighting potential | Effective | Less effective | ||
Wind protection | Less effective | Excellent | ||
Noise protection | Less effective | Excellent | ||
Visual convenience | Excellent (one directional view) | Poor (allows only open sky view) | ||
Appropriate Climate | Effective for temperate | Most effective for tropical | ||
Structural cost | ||||
Intermediate | Less expensive | Most expensive | Least expensive |
Comparing efficiency values of the earth shelter building typology
Images of the Aloni House. (a) view from the hill top, (b) view from the top of the house, (c) opening leading to the courtyard, (d) the central courtyard, (e) interior view of the living room, (f) interior view from the kitchen. (Images by Julia Klimi)
The most significant value of earth shelters and the basis for the exploitation of earth in energy saving building initiatives is its energy preservation potential. This is based on several unique physical characteristics of earth. As stated earlier, the dependability of earth in energy conservation designs is related to the natural principles of annual heat storage; huge temperature differential between the ground temperatures and the outdoor air temperatures and the insulation properties from direct solar radiation. In the cold climates, the significant property is the reduction of heat loss due to conduction through the building envelope. The amount of heat lost in this manner is a function of the thermal transmission coefficient (R-factor) of the envelope and the temperature difference between the inside of the envelope and the outside. While the R-factor for earth is substantially lower than that of other insulating materials, the large amount of earth inherent in earth sheltering can provide an overall R-factor comparable with more highly insulated structures [12].
According to investigations in [12], the temperature differential for conventional above ground structures is the difference between the outside air temperature and the interior temperature maintained for the comfort of its inhabitant. Under extreme conditions, this differential can be as much as 32°C. However, since the daily and seasonal fluctuations of temperature below the surface of the ground never equals that of the air above, therefore the deeper the temperature is taken, the less severe will be the variation. This reduced temperature differential results from the thermal storage capabilities of the soil which moderate extremes of temperature and create seasonal intervals, wherein energy from one season is transferred to the next season as in the principle of PAHS.
It is common knowledge that the sun is one of the most significant determinants in energy efficient building design. The radiant energy from the sun can be used as both active and passive heat generators for a building. Generally in colder climates, the active solar receptor system is oriented directly to the south, whereas all passive solar collection methods are based on trapping the radiant energy of the sun which enters through the openings on the building envelope. In the case of earth sheltered houses, the best site orientation (in cold climates) is the south-side orientation which maximizes the presence of all of the window openings whereas the remaining sides of the building are completely earth covered. The use of passive solar collection in combination with other energy conservation values is a very desirable energy efficient concept in buildings since it does not involve the capital expense that an active solar collector does. Conversely, it is important to note that, while solar radiation is desirable in the heating season of cold climates, they are not as efficient in the cooling season of hotter climates. The effect of wind on the orientation of an earth sheltered structure is a serious energy consideration [13]. Since direct exposure to cold winter winds increases heat loss due to infiltration which consequently creates a wind chill effect, it is desirable to protect a building as much as possible from this exposure. In the north hemisphere the prevailing winter winds are from the northwest. Minimizing window and door openings on the north and west sides of the house in this region will enhance energy performance.
A seasonal storage system can broadly be defined as one which stores energy in one season and delivers that energy in another season. Naturally for seasonal storage systems that function as solar thermal collectors, this means that energy is collected in periods of high radiation as is the case in summer seasons and delivered in winter seasons during periods of low radiation. However to further improve the efficiency of any of the seasonal thermal storage systems, very effective above-ground insulation or super insulation of the building structure is required to minimize heat-loss from the building, thereby improving the amount of heat that needs to be stored and used for space heating.
There are three major types of seasonal (annualized) storage systems that are classified as effective or beneficial to earth shelter buildings. These are:
This system utilizes the earth (soil) adjoining the building as a low-temperature seasonal heat store, thereby reaching temperatures similar to average annual air temperature while drawing upon the already stored heat for space heating. These systems can also be seen as an extension to the building design itself as the design involves some simple but significant differences when compared to conventional above ground buildings.
This also uses soil to store heat, but utilizes active solar collection mechanisms in summer to heat up thermal banks (earth mass) in advance of the heating season. Warm temperature heat stores are generated from low-temperature stores in that solar collectors are used to capture surplus heat in summer and actively raise the temperature of large mass of soil so that heat extraction is made cheaper in winter.
With the development of modern passive solar building design, during the 1970s and 1980s a number of techniques were developed that enabled thermally induced and moisture-protected soil to be used as an effective seasonal storage medium for space heating, with direct conduction as the heat return method. The concept of Passive Annual Heat Storage (PAHS) is such that solar heat is directly captured by the structure\'s spaces and surfaces in summer and then passively transferred through its floors, walls and roof into adjoining thermally-buffered soil by conduction. It is then passively returned to the building\'s spaces through conduction and radiation as those spaces cool in winter. This idea was originally introduced by John Hait [11]. It includes extensive use of natural heat flow methods, and the arrangement of building materials to direct this passive energy from the earth to the building, all without using equipment. PAHS is believed to be one of the most significant ideas for energy conservation in earth sheltered buildings.
Concept of passive annual heat storage system (PAHS):
Globally, the earth receives electromagnetic radiation from the sun which is typically defined as short-wave radiation and emits it at longer wavelengths known typically as long-wave radiation. Figure 10 below shows an analysis of the earth’s shortwave and long-wave energy fluxes produced with details from [14]. This absorption and re-emission of radiation at the earth’s surface level which forms a part of the heat transfer in the earth’s planetary domain yields the idea for the principle of PAHS. When averaged globally and annually, about 49% of the solar radiation striking the earth and its atmosphere is absorbed at the surface (meaning that the atmosphere absorbs 20% of the incoming radiation and the remaining 31% is reflected back to space). This absorbed 49% of the solar radiation presents a premise for energy efficiency in building design. The concept of earth shelter design focuses fundamentally on the utilization of the absorbed/retained heat from this annual absorption and re-emission of radiation for indoor thermal environment control.
Earth’s energy budget diagram showing the short-wave (a) and long-wave (b) energy fluxes
The thermal property of an earth-shelter soil is an essential factor in determining its performance against other conventional above-grond houses. Due to the relatively stable temperature of the soil, the earth shelter house in summer loses heat to the cool earth rather than gaining heat from the surrounding air, and in winter the relatively warm soil offers a much better temperature environment than the subzero air temperatures. This concept is clearly confirmed by examination of the daily and yearly soil temperature fluctuations at various depths. Daily fluctuations are virtually eliminated even at a depth of 20 cm of soil. At greater depths, soil temperature responds only to seasonal changes, and the temperature change occurs after considerable delay [15]. A reasonable level of soil study is necessary in order to facilitate the comparison of the energy needed for construction (soil excavation, dewatering and concrete works) with the energy to be saved in the long run, conditions related to the insulation efficiency of the soil [16]. However the expected efficiency varies with the soil type and its water content which in some cases may have a marked effect on the thermal properties of the soil. The figure below (Figure 11) presents a typical relationship between the annual air temperatures and corresponding temperature fluctuation below the ground surface.
Annual temperature fluctuations in Riyadh from below zero to 48 ◦C and expected temperature fluctuation at 3.0m below ground level between 14◦C and 24◦C. (Data taken from [
In earth shelter houses, the overlaying thick earthen layer around much of the building effectively eliminates possibilities of infiltration through the building skin (as is the case in conventional above-ground houses). This can contribute significantly in reducing energy loss due to infiltration, except only through the exposed portions of the structure. Apart from the reduction of infiltration, studies identified that the application of thermal coupling of the earth-soil to the building wall places significant values to the thermal conditions of the earth shelter environment in winters. This process allows for improved thermal storage through the soil into the building walls. Since majority of modern earth shelters are built with concrete which possesses a large thermal storage capacity which can absorb the excess energy from the earth-soil, this absorbed heat is naturally released back into the building whenever the indoor air temperature is below that of the thermal mass. This thermal absorption and releasing process can provide essential heat energy required in the house for days without mechanical heating. The effect of this process is presented below (figure 12) in a thermal investigation study of a berm-type earth sheltered house in Missouri (US) covering a 4 day assessment period under a 6-hourly measurement interval [12].
Temperature stability graph of an earth sheltered house in Missouri (Data taken from [
Determining the thermal performance of the soil for earth shelter construction involves assessing the long-term subsurface environment and above-ground temperature data. Consequently, this requires accurate environmental information on the boundary conditions, one of which is the temperature of the surrounding soil. For instance, in the case of a single basement study, a change in the mean annual ground temperature from 10◦C to 6 ◦C caused a 36% increase in heat loss [17]. Therefore, accurate data regarding diurnal and annual variation of soil temperatures at various depths is necessary to accurately predict the thermal performance of earth sheltered structures.
Study shows that actual data on soil temperatures is not usually abundant. However research has facilitated the evaluation of the underground climate in order to assess the suitability of earth sheltered structures. Algorithms for this calculation of the soil temperatures at various depths have already been developed based on existing field measurements in different regions of the world and by this, the annual pattern of soil temperatures at any depth can be accurately considered as a ‘sine’ wave about the annual average of the ground surface temperature. Accordingly, a mathematical method was developed to predict the long-term annual pattern of soil temperature variations as a function of depth and time for different soils and soil properties that are stable over time and depth [10]. This method is sufficiently accurate in the case certain thermal and physical characteristics are accurately estimated. The equation for estimating subsurface temperatures as a function of depth and day of the year is as follows (with the unit of cosine expressed in rad):
Where:
α = the thermal diffusivity of the soil (
Through this equation, the resulting temperature profile at different depths can now be graphed and compared with the annual average air temperatures. Following the evaluation of the subsurface climate, the calculated soil temperatures can then be used to calculate the heat flux through the building surfaces. The energy efficiency of a wall in contact with the earth at varying depths can thus be investigated for local climatic conditions. This can be done by simulating the heat transfer through a subsurface wall at varying depths using a computer program, and comparing the results with an above-ground wall using the same method. This procedure is a typical preliminary assessment method with minimal input required. The expected results from the simulations provides preliminary insight into the magnitude of reduction of heat flow that the building soil climate can provide in comparison to the above-grade climate and the analysis also provides a faster approach for determining the optimum depth placement for an earth sheltered building.
Although this theory seems rightly beneficial to the energy conservation concepts in earth shelter house construction, it is also right to consider other detrimental factors like the soil\'s heat and cooling losses due to normal thermal transmittance factors. Earth shelters are subjected to heat and cooling losses partly via the soil to the external air, via the soil to the groundwater below or directly to the groundwater. The quantity of loss is calculable in this case and the equation is generated in [18] as follows:
Where:
≈ 0 to -5°C ≈ (
D = depth of groundwater
≈ 1.2 W/mK
Earth is a great moderator of temperature change. When warmed up, it can stay warm a long time without losing much of its heat [9]. Earth does not react as fast to temperature change as air does. This means that for instance if air surface temperatures ranges from -15°C to 35°C through the year (winter through summer), then about 3 meters below, the temperature of the earth will vary only between 10°C to 15°C. This short range in difference explains the ability of earth to maintain stable temperatures throughout the year. This is a significant energy conservation tendency in the case of reducing the load on home heating and air-conditioning systems. With regards to total operating cost (excluding estimates from heat-recovery systems), energy savings of up to 60% to 70% may be realized in residential scale structures within mid-temperate zones. Instances of this were presented in [19] from the energy cost studies undertaken in [20]. In this study, a conventional 135 sq m (9m x 15m) single level residence with a hypothetical subsurface structure of the same dimension was compared. With the use of climate data and energy rates of Denver metropolis in Colorado, the study establish that the underground house provides a 72% energy savings over the surface dwelling (Table 2, 3 and 4).
Measured unit | ||
Heat loss in winter (B.T.U. per hour) | 39,927 | 12,720 |
Heat gain in summer (B.T.U. per hour) | 44,650 | 0 |
Evaluation of rates of heat loss and gain in a typical above ground house and an earth sheltered house [20]
Winter: Gas (m3) Oil (gal.) electricity (kwh) | 2,656.9 m3 ($65.80) 710 ($129.90) 23,157 ($428.80) | 871.5 m3 ($27.60) 233 ($42.60) 7,596 ($191.10) |
Summer Electricity (kwh) | 3,962 ($98.40) | 0 |
Evaluation of annual energy consumption cost in a typical above ground house and an earth sheltered house [20]
Above ground design (AGD) | ($395) | ($459) | ($758) |
Earth sheltered design (ESD) | ($120) | ($135) | ($283) |
Cost conservation comparison between ESD and AGD | 30% | 29% | 37% |
Evaluation of annual cost of environmental control requirements in a typical above ground house and an earth sheltered house [20]
As already discussed earlier, not all soil types are efficient in use for earth sheltered building construction. The choice of construction site is mainly determined by the soil type available in a given geographical area for issues of safety against landslides and other moisture originated hazards. Some types of soil are more suitable than others in the construction of sub-grade buildings. The strength of the soil must be determined for the proposed depth of building below ground level. Though may be desirous, excavations in a very strong soil may be difficult and in the case of rocky ground, may prove impossible. On the other hand, in very weak soils the excavations are easy. In the first two cases, the capital cost and the energy expenditures involved in construction need careful examination [21]. For the third case, however, the excavation may be difficult because high lateral earth pressure requires construction of heavy walls (retaining walls), preferably made of reinforced concrete, which implies increased capital costs and energy consumption. In modern earth sheltered home construction, compaction and permeability values are the most essential standards considered in the backfill process when building a berm or elevational type construction. This is mostly due to the dangers of soil drainage. It has been noted earlier that soil-water content has distinctive effect on the thermal properties of the soil hence may affect the overall energy performance of earth-homes. Choosing a site where the water will naturally drain away from the building is the best way to avoid water pressure against underground walls. In order to improve the energy performance of the earth-soil in temperate, humid or arid tropical scenarios, drainage systems must be designed to draw water away from the structure to reduce the frequency and length of time the water remains in contact with the building\'s exterior. Survey has identified that ideal sites are those of hilly or mountainous terrain. The partially buried (bermed-elevational) earth-sheltered home is identified as most suitable for maximizing passive-solar heating in cold climates, however since water tends to drain down the hill toward the building and off the roof toward the back of the home, it is advisable to build in highly water-permeable soils and to install water drainage systems around the perimeter of the buried walls. Hydrology discusses infiltration as the rate at which water passes into the soil. This is also affected by the ratio of macro to micro-pores of the soil in question. The more macro-pores a soil has the easier it is for water to soak into it and drain away. Soils with coarse particles like sand or gravel or nutty or block soil structures have a high proportion of macro-pores and as a result have high infiltration rates. Soils such as clays have a high proportion of micro-pores and therefore have low infiltration rates. Figure 14 below illustrates different infiltration rates based on soil structure and texture [22].
Through the analysis below, it could be said that a good earth home design site with natural drainage also requires permeable soils. The most permeable soils as identified above are the granular type which consists of a fair amount of sand or gravel while soils with high clay content are less permeable as they expand and contract as moisture levels fluctuate. Nonetheless, it is advisable to perform percolation tests on the construction site\'s soil to determine the earth shelter soil permeability before construction.
Infiltration curves for different soil textures
Thermal integrity factor (TIF) is a combined system for evaluating and comparing the energy performance values of building types. It is expressed in units which allow for direct comparison among such criterion as heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems as well as the effect of various climatic conditions on different housing types. The standard unit for measuring thermal integrity values is Btu/ft2 per degree day of the provided space condition. A TIF of 7.5 Btu/ft2 per heating degree day is considered as representative of a baseline-factor for moderately insulated houses [23], while values in the ranges of 0.6 to 1.1 Btu/ft2 per heating degree day are predicted for super-insulated houses [24]. Early indication of the performance of earth sheltered buildings against the conventional above-ground ones were recorded as far back as the late 1970s and 80s. Measurements were conducted on existing earth sheltered houses in some US cities. In one of the houses located in South Dakota which was monitored during 1978 and 1979, it consumed about 28,000 Btu/ft2 for 8144 heating degree days, which yields a TIF of 3.5 Btu/ft2 per heating degree day. The report on this house went on to note that typical above-ground framed homes in the same location generally required about 10 to 12 Btu/ft2 per heating-degree day. This displays a 70% difference in the TIF of these two homes in the same location. Figure 13 below shows the comparative energy consumption for the above-ground and earth sheltered homes. In some other cases, earth sheltered houses display TIFs of 0 (zero) Btu/ft2 per heating degree day. Below (table 5) are the results of the TIFs for five different buildings in Minnesota all of which recorded TIFs of less than 4.0 [25].
Comparison of monthly total energy usage in conventional above-ground and earth sheltered homes (taken from [
Burnsville | 0.65 | 0.84 | 2.03 | ||||||
Camden | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.89 | 1.20 | 2.65 | 1.92 | |
Seward | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.14 | 3.60 | 2.53 | 3.19 |
Wild River | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.19 | 2.05 | 1.08 | 0.91 | 1.27 |
Willmar | 2.28 | 2.34 | 1.23 | 2.72 | 2.01 |
Monthly thermal integrity factor for five Minnesota earth-sheltered residences
In this study, the following factors were analyzed in the hope of throwing light into the common questions that arise in the discourse of earth sheltered housing:
Energy conservation elements for earth shelter housing,
Thermal integrity values,
Techniques for maximizing the thermal loads necessary for comfort conditions in passively heated or passively cooled earth shelters,
Soil suitability, depth of placement and design techniques that optimizes structural integrity in earth sheltered house construction.
This study also presented some of the valuable analysis and results in earth shelter building evaluations as premise for assessing the potentials of passively heated earth sheltered houses. This is achieved through a review of previous performance assessments of monitored conditions in existing earth sheltered buildings. Through this review, thermal integrity factors (TIF) of existing earth sheltered homes were identified, which when compared with other housing types, perform significantly better than conventional above-ground dwellings. It also looked at both summer and winter impacts of earth shelter house types utilizing the passive approach under the different climate conditions. This study identified that the thermal integrity value of passively heated earth sheltered house is comparable with other energy-efficient approaches such as super-insulated and passive solar constructions which are much better in energy conservation performance than the conventional above-ground constructions. It further presents the criteria for identifying the appropriate soil type (sub-grade materials) needed in building earth sheltered houses with passive thermal approach. These are categorized under thermal inertia properties, bearing capacity and drainage properties. Based on the available information to date, it can be said that earth sheltered houses maintain heating energy consumption that is lesser by up to 75%. This claim appears to be substantiated as earth sheltered house compared to conventional above-ground house presents a lesser calculated or monitored TIF.
Having looked through the benefits and potentials of earth and the overall understanding of its potential for energy conservation through earth-sheltered construction, it is hoped that this review contributes to the information available so far on means of assessing the performance of earth shelters and associated thermal properties that affects it. It is then possible for designers and planners in different regions to have access to a simple framework for assessing its efficiency at the initial planning stages. The resulting outputs can then be used for the heat transfer and energy conservation analysis within the building units. Results from this analysis will provides insight into the degree of passive heating and cooling or reduction in heat flow that the soil climate can provide as compared to the surface climate as well as suggesting parameters for depth placement of earth shelter buildings for more efficient results.
Climate change has reached a critical level [1, 2]. The probability of attributing global climate change to human factors is 95% and the risk of anthropogenic climate change requires the management of our operations [3]. In this sense, around 40% of the EU’s total energy consumption and more than 35% of energy-related greenhouse gas emissions come from buildings [4]. The role of buildings, especially houses, in our lives during the COVID-19 crisis is more critical and the home has become the focal point of the daily life of millions of people in the EU, as more people started working from home. For example, some evidence-based surveys showed a large increase in the share of workers working from home compared to pre-crisis figures; from 30% in Canada to 70% in South Africa [5].
Especially at this point, renovation can turn crisis into opportunities to make our residential buildings suitable for a greener and digital society and to sustain economic recovery. To achieve 55% emission reductions in the 2030 climate target plan, the EU must reduce the greenhouse effect of buildings by 60% gas emissions, final energy consumption by 14%, and energy consumption for heating and cooling by 18% [6]. Moreover, emissions during building construction accounted for a total of 7% of Finland’s greenhouse gas emissions in 2018, and emissions from the use of buildings account for 23% of the total [7]. Therefore, a focus on renovating the existing building stock to make it more energy-efficient and less carbon-intensive becomes urgent as an issue of ecological engineering in the context of circular economy and sustainable development [8, 9].
As in many European countries, Finland’s building stock was mostly constructed before the 1990s, and this energy-poor stock often needs refurbishment to meet new building standards [10, 11]. This old stock, especially residential buildings built in the 1960s and 1980s (Figure 1), requires major renovations to approach a sustainable and carbon-neutral built environment [12, 13]. The renewal of building codes in Finland in recent years has contributed to accelerating the above transformation by aiming to make new construction methods increasingly more ecologically sound, sustainable, and at the same time more energy-efficient [14, 15].
A residential complex in Finland built in the 1960s (source: Wikipedia/Tiia Monto).
Housing and real estate companies play an important role in building renovation that makes older buildings more sustainable, ecological, and energy-efficient [16]. The issue becomes even more important when it is considered that there are over 60,000 flats in Finland, where nearly half of the Finnish population lives [11]. Renovating an apartment by increasing accessibility and energy efficiency is a slow and costly process, requires a lot of capital and government subsidies, and the intensity of fieldwork distracts building occupants and residents living near the construction site [17, 18, 19, 20].
In this context, extra story construction (Figure 2), which is advantageous in many aspects such as financial, environmental, and energy efficiency, stands out as a viable solution. It can cover the costs of property development and renovation to finance the necessary measures, directly increase the energy efficiency and indirectly support the energy renovation using the revenues from it, and finance the construction of a retrofit elevator or new/extended balconies, thereby increasing the sustainability and living comfort [21, 22, 23].
Additional (story) construction: (a) basic; (b) additional construction; and (c) extra story construction.
Reinforced concrete-framed apartments built in Finland between the 1960s and 1980s allow the construction of extra stories, often using lightweight structures. Since these structures have flat roofs, they make it easier to add floors architecturally and technically. In addition, Finland’s current fire regulations enable lightweight extra stories from materials such as wood [24].
The materials used in renovation should be renewable, recyclable, and long-lasting and their production should be sustainable and ecologically sound in nature, consuming minimum energy and producing as few emissions as possible as an ecological engineering solution [25, 26]. In this sense, timber is one of our best partners in tackling the climate crisis due to its potential eco-friendly properties, for example low-carbon emissions, and is at the forefront of addressing European climate policy [27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33]. Moreover, wood offers light prefabricated alternatives to meet the special design needs with its wide thermal insulation and size options [34, 35].
The reform of the legislation on building and construction also prepares for a transition toward low-carbon building. In the future, carbon reduction must be taken into account in the whole life cycle of a building, that is in new buildings and renovation and demolition [36]. In this case, extra story construction stands out as a sustainable and practical alternative.
To date, no study in the literature provides a comprehensive understanding of this sustainable approach, especially in housing facilities. In this chapter, the various phases, advantages, and disadvantages of the wooden extra story are examined from the perspective of housing and real estate companies by interviews. These interviews underlined the main points in the four stages of extra story construction—(1) feasibility study; (2) project planning; (3) implementation planning; and (4) construction.
It is worth noting here that as a recently matured discipline, ecological engineering or ecotechnology is a combination of applied ecology, environmental engineering, biotechnology, systems control, and complexity sciences and has a wide range of applications such as conservation and restoration of natural habitats [37, 38]. Ecological engineering has become an important tool, especially today, with the use of sustainable materials to tackle climate change challenges. Considering that more than one-third of energy-related greenhouse gas emissions originate from buildings, renovation of buildings with wooden extra stories will make a significant contribution to combating the climate crisis in the context of ecological engineering.
In this chapter, wood and timber refer to engineered wood products such as cross-laminated timber [(CLT) a prefabricated multi-layer EWP, manufactured from at least three layers of boards by gluing their surfaces together with an adhesive under pressure], laminated veneer lumber [(LVL) made by bonding together thin vertical softwood veneers with their grain parallel to the longitudinal axis of the section, under heat and pressure)], and glue-laminated timber (glulam) [(GL) made by gluing together several graded timber laminations with their grain parallel to the longitudinal axis of the section)].
The terms extra floor, roof, or elevation are used when the roof shape of the building changes, the height increases, and the number of floors of the buildings increases. As in many examples in Finland (Figure 3), one of the effective ways to improve the property is to change the use of buildings (Figure 4) as well as to construct extra floors [39]. Moreover, extra stories are currently being built by using modern construction methods with lightweight prefabricated elements, and buildings constructed in Finland in the 1960s and 1980s can usually support one or two extra stories [40].
Extra story construction examples from Finland.
Roof and ground floor renovations and building usage changes to increase efficiency. The building’s internal storage facilities have been moved to a new outbuilding.
Extra story construction has many benefits such as [41]—(i) from an environmental point of view, as an ecologically sensitive engineering solution, renovation and improvement operations with extra stories were more than 20% lower in carbon footprint compared to demolition and new construction [39], thus it increases the income of the property owners, resulting in a beneficial development of the building stock; (ii) from a financial standpoint, its revenues can be used to finance the renovation of existing property, such as the renovation of an elevator (Figure 5), to improve the building’s accessibility and commercial conditions; (iii) in terms of energy efficiency, extra story construction does not significantly increase the overall energy consumption of the building, although it significantly increase the total floor area and as passive energy efficient structures, it can significantly improve the energy efficiency of old buildings, especially if the upper floors have not been renovated for a long time; (iv) from esthetical point of view, it can significantly affect the architectural features of the building and improve the facade appearance; and (v) from a social (sustainability) point of view, that is understanding people’s needs and desires (e.g., [42, 43]), extra story construction that meets the demands of residents, where Finnish suburban residents generally have a positive attitude toward this sustainable solution [44]. On the other hand, according to some studies in the literature (e.g., [45, 46, 47]), the lack of cost-competitiveness of wood compared to conventional materials such as steel and concrete can be considered a disadvantage of wood in the construction of extra stories.
A retrofit elevator can affect the architectural appearance of the building as well as accessibility.
The materials used in renovations should be renewable, recyclable, and long-lasting and their production should consume only a minimum amount of energy and produce as few emissions as possible to ensure the sustainable ecology of the business [48]. Studies indicate that wood-based products are associated with far fewer greenhouse gas emissions over their lifetime than traditional building materials such as concrete and steel [49, 50, 51, 52]. While concrete production accounts for around 8% of world CO2 emissions [53], wood construction represents a lower concrete energy consumption compared to steel and concrete production [29]. Buildings using steel and concrete contain and consume 12- and 20% more energy, respectively than wooden buildings [27]. Moreover, products made from sustainably sourced wood replace other fossil-intensive substitutes, like concrete and steel [54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59].
Prefabricated timber frame offers lightweight and customizable solutions with multiple thermal insulation options to meet specific design needs [35, 60, 61, 62]. Prefabrication is highly efficient [63], high quality [64], and low cost [65], contributing to more than 50% minimization of construction waste and 70% wood formwork savings [66, 67, 68, 69, 70], compared to traditional construction methods. While prefabrication offers environmental friendly solutions with low carbon-emission and high utilization technology, it also reduces carbon emissions during transportation and ultimately contributes to an ecologically sound engineering approach [71, 72].
This chapter was conducted in the form of a literature review including international peer-reviewed journals and similar research projects, and interviews professionals involved in the construction of extra stories during the PKRKP project (construction of wooden apartment buildings for growth in Pirkanmaa between 2019 and 2021). This project includes the city of Metsäkeskus and Tampere, as well as 14 municipalities and 15 companies in the Pirkanmaa region.
It is worth mentioning here that this chapter focused on housing and real estate companies. As responsible parties, they play a critical role in renovating and maintaining old apartments in Finland [16], where around half of the Finnish population lives [73]. In this study, semi-structured interviews were moderated as the process allowed for interviewer and interviewee interactions and various views encouraged the generations of new ideas beyond those originally explored [74].
Interviews were conducted with seven construction professionals who are part of a wooden extra story construction project and a housing company. The participants were—1. property development manager (from contractor side); 2. extra story construction consultant (from developer side) 3. city planner (from municipality); 4. project director/city planning (from municipality); 5. project director/city planning (from municipality); 6. CEO, associate, architect (from architectural design office); 7. CEO, associate, housing manager (from housing company side); and 8. member of the board of directors of a housing company (from housing company).
During interviews, the board of directors/representatives of the housing company were asked about mapping the progress of the project and the current situation, project burdens, the outcome of the project. The planning authority (city planner) was asked about city strategy and city plan change. The architect/chief designer was asked about project progress—contacting the housing company and combining extra story construction and building renovation. The housing manager was asked about project progress, and combining extra story construction, and building renovation. Extra story construction consultant was asked about project progress—contacting the housing company. Builders/contractors were asked about their organizational background. All participants were asked to report whether they had any other thoughts other than the specified themes in the other remarks section.
Interviews underlined the main points in the four stages of extra story construction—(1) feasibility study; (2) project planning; (3) implementation planning; and (4) construction, as summarized below.
The interviews highlighted the following key findings regarding four main phases of extra floor construction.
Features for the feasibility study phase, in which the construction conditions of the extra stories are scrutinized and professionals in the construction and real estate sectors are contacted, are as follows:
City planning | It is important to determine the possibilities of permits or deviations from the city plan. These issues include how the extra floors relate to the surrounding buildings and the shading effect. |
Parking space | The amount of parking required for the area is determined on a case-by-case basis by city authorities. |
Information flow | Information provided in the drawings may vary from site to site. Completion of building drawings can be costly if the information is sought from the city’s building inspectorate. |
Load-bearing capacity | The housing or real estate company must compile existing drawings of the building to inspect the structure. Load-bearing capacity can be calculated directly from the drawings but also may require structural analysis. |
Existing regulations | New regulations may affect operations; for example, if extra stories are added to an apartment without an elevator, retrofit elevators are needed. |
Themes for the project planning phase, in which the conditions of the project are determined, considerations are as follows:
Sale of building right | When an additional extension building right is sold to a third party, a recourse fee is allocated to the shares; also, a separate compensation may be determined which may include the costs and extra stories used in the project. |
Building codes | They affect the implementation of the project, regardless of the building material from which the extra stories are constructed. For example, Finnish fire codes must be considered at an early stage, especially when designing a wooden extension where the codes allow the construction of two wooden extra stories. |
In the implementation planning phase, in which measures are taken to increase the building right, considerations are as follows:
City plan change | The permission of the landowner and material showing the effect of the extra story on the immediate surroundings of the property is required. Such studies may include elevation plans and drawings of their suitability in the immediate environment, a site drawing, and a building stock inventory. |
Building right | In case the building right of the extra stories is sold to an external developer, a tender can be made after the building right has been added to the land. |
Terms and conditions | The company managing the property to be extended vertically may set conditions for the sale of the building right. The terms and conditions can protect the interests of the company. |
In the construction phase, issues are as follows:
Effective information flow | Residents and stakeholders should be kept informed of construction site progress, schedules, and potential times when construction significantly impairs residents’ comfort of life. |
Appointing a representative | In planning critical milestones, such as demolition work, it is an effective method for a housing or real estate company representative to attend site meetings and negotiate available times for work to minimize inconvenience from construction to residents. |
Due to the lack of research on extra floor construction, it was not possible to provide a discussion of the similarities and dissimilarities of the Finnish practice with the applications in other regions. This chapter analyzed the different stages and advantages of wooden extra story construction from the standpoints of Finnish housing and real estate companies through interviews with professionals who have worked in these projects.
The key points from this chapter on the four phases of the wood extra story can be summarized as follows—(a) in the feasibility study, project planning primarily focuses on property condition and potential improvement targets, as well as other considerations, for example compliance with current regulations and parking arrangements; (b) in project planning, application of extra stories, is thoroughly examined, construction costs, profits and the sale of building rights are discussed; (c) in implementation planning, issues related to building rights, city plan change, and conditions of the company that manages the property play an important role; and (d) during construction, frequent information updates are made to residents regarding the site arrangements and the construction program.
Wooden extra story construction, which necessitates commitment, investment, and cooperation between interested parties, has great potential in construction technology, commissioning mechanisms, and ecological engineering solutions. Additionally, this sustainable approach with prefabricated timber solutions has many benefits in terms of economic, energy efficiency, esthetics, and environmental. In this sense, it is thought that this study will increase the popularity and prevalence of wooden extra stories, as in the case of Finland, thus contributing to the greater use of more sustainable materials in renovation projects and contributing to the ecologically sensitive engineering approaches to meet the challenges arising from climate change.
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\\n\\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - AUTHOR
\\n\\nAll Authors are obliged to declare every existing or potential Conflict of Interest, including financial or personal factors, as well as any relationship which could influence their scientific work. Authors must declare Conflicts of Interest at the time of manuscript submission, although they may exceptionally do so at any point during manuscript review. For jointly prepared manuscripts, the corresponding Author is obliged to declare potential Conflicts of Interest of any other Authors who have contributed to the manuscript.
\\n\\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST – ACADEMIC EDITOR
\\n\\nEditors can also have Conflicts of Interest. Editors are expected to maintain the highest standards of conduct, which are outlined in our Best Practice Guidelines (templates for Best Practice Guidelines). Among other obligations, it is essential that Editors make transparent declarations of any possible Conflicts of Interest that they might have.
\\n\\nAvoidance Measures for Academic Editors of Conflicts of Interest:
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\\n\\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - REVIEWER
\\n\\nAll Reviewers are required to declare possible Conflicts of Interest at the beginning of the evaluation process. If a Reviewer feels he or she might have any material, financial or any other conflict of interest with regards to the manuscript being reviewed, he or she is required to declare such concern and, if necessary, request exclusion from any further involvement in the evaluation process. A Reviewer's potential Conflicts of Interest are declared in the review report and presented to the Academic Editor, who then assesses whether or not the declared potential or actual Conflicts of Interest had, or could be perceived to have had, any significant impact on the review itself.
\\n\\nEXAMPLES OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
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\\n\\nNON-FINANCIAL
\\n\\nAuthors are required to declare all potentially relevant non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that may have had an influence on their scientific work.
\\n\\nAcademic Editors and Reviewers are required to declare any non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that could influence their fair and balanced evaluation of manuscripts. If such conflict exists with regards to a submitted manuscript, Academic Editors and Reviewers should exclude themselves from handling it.
\\n\\nAll Authors, Academic Editors, and Reviewers are required to declare all possible financial and material Conflicts of Interest in the last five years, although it is advisable to declare less recent Conflicts of Interest as well.
\\n\\nEXAMPLES:
\\n\\nAuthors should declare if they were or they still are Academic Editors of the publications in which they wish to publish their work.
\\n\\nAuthors should declare if they are board members of an organization that could benefit financially or materially from the publication of their work.
\\n\\nAcademic Editors should declare if they were coauthors or they have worked on the research project with the Author who has submitted a manuscript.
\\n\\nAcademic Editors should declare if the Author of a submitted manuscript is affiliated with the same department, faculty, institute, or company as they are.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"In each instance of a possible Conflict of Interest, IntechOpen aims to disclose the situation in as transparent a way as possible in order to allow readers to judge whether a particular potential Conflict of Interest has influenced the Work of any individual Author, Editor, or Reviewer. IntechOpen takes all possible Conflicts of Interest into account during the review process and ensures maximum transparency in implementing its policies.
\n\nA Conflict of Interest is a situation in which a person's professional judgment may be influenced by a range of factors, including financial gain, material interest, or some other personal or professional interest. For IntechOpen as a publisher, it is essential that all possible Conflicts of Interest are avoided. Each contributor, whether an Author, Editor, or Reviewer, who suspects they may have a Conflict of Interest, is obliged to declare that concern in order to make the publisher and the readership aware of any potential influence on the work being undertaken.
\n\nA Conflict of Interest can be identified at different phases of the publishing process.
\n\nIntechOpen requires:
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - AUTHOR
\n\nAll Authors are obliged to declare every existing or potential Conflict of Interest, including financial or personal factors, as well as any relationship which could influence their scientific work. Authors must declare Conflicts of Interest at the time of manuscript submission, although they may exceptionally do so at any point during manuscript review. For jointly prepared manuscripts, the corresponding Author is obliged to declare potential Conflicts of Interest of any other Authors who have contributed to the manuscript.
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST – ACADEMIC EDITOR
\n\nEditors can also have Conflicts of Interest. Editors are expected to maintain the highest standards of conduct, which are outlined in our Best Practice Guidelines (templates for Best Practice Guidelines). Among other obligations, it is essential that Editors make transparent declarations of any possible Conflicts of Interest that they might have.
\n\nAvoidance Measures for Academic Editors of Conflicts of Interest:
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\n\nIf a manuscript is submitted by an Author who is a member of an Academic Editor's family or is personally or professionally related to the Academic Editor in any way, either as a friend, colleague, student or mentor, the work will be handled by a different Academic Editor who is not in any way connected to the Author.
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - REVIEWER
\n\nAll Reviewers are required to declare possible Conflicts of Interest at the beginning of the evaluation process. If a Reviewer feels he or she might have any material, financial or any other conflict of interest with regards to the manuscript being reviewed, he or she is required to declare such concern and, if necessary, request exclusion from any further involvement in the evaluation process. A Reviewer's potential Conflicts of Interest are declared in the review report and presented to the Academic Editor, who then assesses whether or not the declared potential or actual Conflicts of Interest had, or could be perceived to have had, any significant impact on the review itself.
\n\nEXAMPLES OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
\n\nFINANCIAL AND MATERIAL
\n\nNON-FINANCIAL
\n\nAuthors are required to declare all potentially relevant non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that may have had an influence on their scientific work.
\n\nAcademic Editors and Reviewers are required to declare any non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that could influence their fair and balanced evaluation of manuscripts. If such conflict exists with regards to a submitted manuscript, Academic Editors and Reviewers should exclude themselves from handling it.
\n\nAll Authors, Academic Editors, and Reviewers are required to declare all possible financial and material Conflicts of Interest in the last five years, although it is advisable to declare less recent Conflicts of Interest as well.
\n\nEXAMPLES:
\n\nAuthors should declare if they were or they still are Academic Editors of the publications in which they wish to publish their work.
\n\nAuthors should declare if they are board members of an organization that could benefit financially or materially from the publication of their work.
\n\nAcademic Editors should declare if they were coauthors or they have worked on the research project with the Author who has submitted a manuscript.
\n\nAcademic Editors should declare if the Author of a submitted manuscript is affiliated with the same department, faculty, institute, or company as they are.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
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This system can be enhanced to encompass the imaginary numbers set after the addition of three novel axioms. As a result, any random experiment can be executed in the complex probabilities set C which is the sum of the real probabilities set R and the imaginary probabilities set M. We aim here to incorporate supplementary imaginary dimensions to the random experiment occurring in the “real” laboratory in R and therefore to compute all the probabilities in the sets R, M, and C. Accordingly, the probability in the whole set C = R + M is constantly equivalent to one independently of the distribution of the input random variable in R, and subsequently the output of the stochastic experiment in R can be determined absolutely in C. This is the consequence of the fact that the probability in C is computed after the subtraction of the chaotic factor from the degree of our knowledge of the nondeterministic experiment. 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Although this is a trivial problem in theory, in the practice of OMA, this is a troublesome problem. Errors, such as truncation errors, measurement noise, modeling errors, estimation errors make the separation difficult if not impossible. This leads to the appearance of nonphysical modes, and their separation from physical modes is difficult. An engineering solution to this problem is based on the so-called stability diagram which shows alignments for physical modes. This still does not solve the problem since it is rare to find modes stable in the same order. Moreover, nonphysical modes may also stabilize. Recently, the stochastic modal appropriation (SMA) algorithm was introduced as a valid competitor for existing OMA algorithms. This algorithm is based on isolating the modes mode by mode with the advantage that the modal parameters are identified simultaneously in a single step for a given mode. This is conceptually similar to ground vibration testing (GVT). SMA is based on the data correlation sequence which enjoys a special physical structure making the identification of nonphysical modes impossible under the isolating conditions. After elaborating the theory behind SMA, we illustrate these advantages on a simulated system as well as on an experimental case.",book:{id:"11066",slug:"the-monte-carlo-methods-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"The Monte Carlo Methods",fullTitle:"The Monte Carlo Methods - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Maher Abdelghani",authors:[{id:"417124",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Maher",middleName:null,surname:"Abdelghani",slug:"maher-abdelghani",fullName:"Maher Abdelghani"}]},{id:"80243",title:"Applications of Simulation Codes Based on Monte Carlo Method for Radiotherapy",slug:"applications-of-simulation-codes-based-on-monte-carlo-method-for-radiotherapy",totalDownloads:77,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Monte Carlo simulations have been applied to determine and study different parameters that are challenged in experimental measurements, due to its capability in simulating the radiation transport with a probability distribution to interact with electrosferic electrons and some cases with the nucleus from an arbitrary material, which such particle track or history can carry out physical quantities providing data from a studied or investigating quantities. For this reason, simulation codes, based on Monte Carlo, have been proposed. The codes currently available are MNCP, EGSnrc, Geant, FLUKA, PENELOPE, as well as GAMOS and TOPAS. These simulation codes have become a tool for dose and dose distributions, essentially, but also for other applications such as design clinical, tool for commissioning of an accelerator linear, shielding, radiation protection, some radiobiologic aspect, treatment planning systems, prediction of data from results of simulation scenarios. In this chapter will be present some applications for radiotherapy procedures with use, specifically, megavoltage x-rays and electrons beams, in scenarios with homogeneous and anatomical phantoms for determining dose, dose distribution, as well dosimetric parameters through the PENELOPE and TOPAS code.",book:{id:"11066",slug:"the-monte-carlo-methods-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"The Monte Carlo Methods",fullTitle:"The Monte Carlo Methods - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Iury Mergen Knoll, Ana Quevedo and Mirko Salomón Alva Sánchez",authors:[{id:"307138",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirko Salomón",middleName:null,surname:"Alva-Sánchez",slug:"mirko-salomon-alva-sanchez",fullName:"Mirko Salomón Alva-Sánchez"},{id:"416560",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Quevedo",slug:"ana-quevedo",fullName:"Ana Quevedo"},{id:"440449",title:"BSc.",name:"Iury",middleName:null,surname:"Mergen Knoll",slug:"iury-mergen-knoll",fullName:"Iury Mergen Knoll"}]},{id:"38552",title:"A Simulated Annealing Algorithm for the Satisfiability Problem Using Dynamic Markov Chains with Linear Regression Equilibrium",slug:"a-simulated-annealing-algorithm-for-the-satisfiability-problem-using-dynamic-markov-chains-with-line",totalDownloads:2767,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"3003",slug:"simulated-annealing-advances-applications-and-hybridizations",title:"Simulated Annealing",fullTitle:"Simulated Annealing - 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 26th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11400,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11401,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. 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His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. 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Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science and Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013. She relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the National Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to October 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is currently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology – Kandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI) Ambassador to Sri Lanka.",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"4",type:"subseries",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11400,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. 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models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence"},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness"},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR"},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization"},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence"},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713",scope:"\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems.
\r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
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",annualVolume:11967,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",editor:{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRAXrQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T15:50:19.jpg",institutionString:"Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Spain",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"177015",title:"Prof.",name:"Elke Jurandy",middleName:null,surname:"Bran Nogueira Cardoso",fullName:"Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira Cardoso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGxzQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-25T08:32:33.jpg",institutionString:"Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil",institution:null},{id:"211260",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Ricart",fullName:"Sandra Ricart",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/211260/images/system/211260.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",keywords:"Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Fauna, Taxonomy, Invasive species, Destruction of habitats, Overexploitation of natural resources, Pollution, Global warming, Conservation of natural spaces, Bioremediation",scope:"