\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1041",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advanced Laparoscopy",title:"Advanced Laparoscopy",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The present book, published by InTech, has been written by a number of highly outstanding authors from all over the world. 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Climate change has been recognized as one of the most serious environmental, social, and economic challenges facing the world today. Several studies in Portugal and Spain recognize the tendencies for climate change at regional level [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].
In Alentejo Central, the Intermunicipal Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (PIAAC-AC) [1] has already identified the tendencies and future scenarios of climate change in Alentejo Central until the end of the XXI century, namely the increase in the number of days with very high temperatures, the number of tropical nights and heat waves, and the general decrease in annual rainfall. In this scenario, the concerns with school communities and users of social action services increase.
The project “LIFE-myBUILDINGisGREEN”—“application of nature-based solutions for local adaptation of educational and social buildings to climate change,” developed by CIMAC in partnership with the CARTIF Technology Center (Spain), Diputación de Badajoz, the CSIC—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (Real Jardin Botanico—Spain), and the Porto City Council, focuses on the construction sector, in particular on education and social services buildings in all cities and towns in Europe. It aims the implementation of 3 prototypes (building adaptation) of nature-based solutions (NBS) on walls, roofs, exterior surfaces, and car parking of 3 pilot buildings, one located in Évora—Alentejo Central—South of Portugal, one in the city of Porto in the north of Portugal and one in Solana de los Barros in the Badajoz Province—southwest of Spain. The overall objective is to contribute to improve the resilience in these buildings using NBS and autochthone vegetation. This paper presents the LIFE-MyBuildingisGreen project, its objectives, and expected results [7].
Climate change is now recognized as one of the most serious environmental, social, and economic challenges facing the world. The IPCC’s Fifth Report (2014) [8] identifies that many of the global risks of climate change are concentrated in urban areas. In addition, implementing measures that enhance resilience and enable sustainable development can accelerate processes of adaptation to climate change [9].
Europe’s educational and social service buildings will face multiple challenges in the coming decades, and climate change will add pressure to it. The project focuses on the building sector, specifically on the public buildings dedicated to education and social services existing in all cities and towns in Europe. The impacts of climate change (heat waves and changes in annual and seasonal precipitation patterns) are affecting the health and well-being of children and elderly people who are the main users of these types of buildings [10, 11, 12].
The overall objective of the project is to contribute to increasing the resilience of these buildings by implementing in them NBS as prototypes of climate adaptation and improved well-being. Additionally, other specific objectives are:
Improve knowledge base on the development, assessment, and monitoring of vulnerability to climate change of buildings through developing and testing a common, ready-to-use method in the southern, western, central, and northern European regions.
Analyze and verify the impact of NBS as adaptation measures to climate change in three pilot buildings.
Promote sustainable ecosystem-based adaptation measures and increase the capacity to apply such knowledge in practice through dissemination and demonstration workshops.
Promote the governance of regional authorities, directors and building managers, and the building industry to integrate NBS as part of measures to promote sustainable adaptation in buildings through the development, creation, and dissemination of governance tools and territorial agreements.
Contribute to the development and implementation of a common policy at the UE level on adaptation and climate change by transferring best practices and knowledge base to target groups and stakeholders.
The main actions of the project are:
Selection of 3 pilot buildings by weighting the technical criteria that characterize each building. Analysis of European databases with information relevant to the implementation of NBS in public buildings of education and social services.
Evaluation and analysis of the baseline of each building to determine the initial state of the building and to use it as a reference to assess the impact of the NBS using the indicators proposed within the Project.
Installation and implementation of 3 prototypes based on nature in facades and partition walls, roofs, and exterior surfaces of each selected pilot building. In addition, it will be complemented by the implementation of sustainable measures of induced natural ventilation, seasonal shading (natural and artificial), and the choice of native Mediterranean and Atlantic species.
Monitoring of the impact of the works carried out with the aim of verifying and evaluating the importance of these measures as alternative solutions to climate adaptation for regional authorities at the local level.
Creation of actions and tools of governance that make possible the signing of government agreements, the development of inter-municipal programs, and the integration of the NBS into regulations and multi-year action plans of political, technical, and institutional scope.
Demonstrating the feasibility and transferability of NBS as measures for sustainable adaptation to stakeholders in policy, building, climate change, building, and urban planning at local, national, and European levels. Creation of capacities to improve knowledge about the NBS to the responsible authorities and users, directors, and managers of education and social services centers and the building sector.
Communication and dissemination of the results and good practices of the Project through the website, bulletin board, newsletters, brochures, press articles, and networking at regional, national, and European levels and dissemination activities online with all interest groups and stakeholders.
In the case of Portugal and specifically in Alentejo and Oporto (areas of action of the Project in Portugal), the residential park in 2011 was around 111,826 accommodations. There are more than 120 public buildings of responsibility and municipal management that serve around 238,000 people. Of these, 49 correspond to public elementary schools and the others refer to administrative, institutional, cultural, and sports buildings, scattered throughout Alentejo and Oporto. These buildings house more than 3000 employees. In Portugal, it is the state that assumes the ownership of the buildings of education and social services, but the management and maintenance are carried out in a shared way between the state and the municipalities. The vulnerability to climate change of these buildings, located in regions and municipalities of Spain and Portugal, is a consequence of the high temperatures that are reached inside them between the months of May to October and the constructive characteristics of these buildings [13].
Part of the heating problem of these buildings can be attributed to the construction typology and the materials used. In Spain and Portugal, many of the education and social services centers were built prior to the basic thermal conditions’ regulation (Royal Decree 2429/79, of July 6, which approves the Basic Building Standard NBE- CT-79, on Thermal Conditions in buildings). This document provided the basic design criteria that allowed damping of the thermal wave through the enclosures. It was from that moment when thermal insulation incorporated into double-leaf walls began to be used, achieving a notable improvement in the thermal performance of the facades with respect to the mass walls used in previous years. This regulation was replaced by the current Technical Building Code, in 2006, in which special attention has been given to reducing energy demand with the incorporation of high-performance solutions in the enclosures.
As a result, we find insufficiently thermally insulated buildings, and with little sun protection in window openings, which in hot climates such as those in Spain or Portugal, produces overheating effects in last spring, summer, and early autumn periods [14].
In addition, regulatory and labor regulations establish that the temperature inside these buildings should not be less than 10°C or higher than 27° since it allows risk due to thermal stress and causes health problems for the workers. The company or public authority responsible must take the necessary preventive measures and the work and teaching activity should be paralyzed if the thermal risk is maintained.
In this regard, it is worth mentioning that there is currently a significant climate problem and social impact in the regions of Southern Europe, specifically in Spain and Portugal.
This problem is related to the high temperatures inside education and social services centers that users suffer regularly between May and October, with the decrease in environmental comfort in these buildings and with the worsening conditions of health and well-being of the users. So much so that the aforementioned climate problem is addressed by the digital and written press of countries such as Spain, Portugal, Italy, and France that echo on the front pages of this pressing situation in educational and social centers.
The solution to this problem cannot go through the application of a Climate Control Program that allows the installation of artificial cooling by means of air conditioners in these public centers, since neither the responsible public authorities nor the European guidelines advise it, because they contribute to global warming, due to its high consumption of electrical energy and emission of CO2 into the atmosphere [15]. In addition, air conditioners have contributed to increasing the percentage of citizens with respiratory problems such as laryngitis or pharyngitis and have exacerbated the chronic processes of the population at risk. To date, the solutions that the administrations responsible for these centers are taking are the regularization of the students teaching hours, allowing parents to take their children ahead of time as a result of the maximum peaks of indoor temperature coinciding with the hours Central of the day. This situation is causing disorganization of schedules that makes it more difficult to reconcile work and family life [11].
In the sense of the framework of a local adaptation strategy against the effects of climate change in these buildings, it must generate governance tools between the different regional and local administrations with responsibilities in the field of education and social welfare, which allows these centers to innovate and rehabilitate by implementing nature-based solutions that allow to respond to periods of potential overheating and minimize unwanted heat gains during the day and night. The application of these NBS tools in public education and social services centers will enable responsible local administrations to fulfill the objective of the Covenant of Mayors for climate and energy, as well as offer natural, and sustainable response related to the environmental comfort and temperature inside these buildings.
Alentejo’s central climate is typical Mediterranean. It is a mesothermal climate type with rainy winter and hot, dry summer. However, the geographical position of the Alentejo Central and the layout of the main relief masses of southern Portugal give its (Mediterranean) climate a certain continental character [1].
In general, Alentejo Central has an air temperature regime, with average annual temperature values around 16°C, with a relatively high annual temperature range in the national context, which is accentuated inland. Winter is cool, with average temperatures slightly below 10°C and average minimum temperatures around 5°C, with January being the coldest month.
The summer in the Alentejo Central is hot or very hot, with the heat conditions inland, as well as in the most sheltered and/or less ventilated places. In this context, average temperatures in the warmer months (July and August) range from 23 to 25°C, with average maximum temperature values exceeding 30°C.
The most significant trends observed from 1971 until 2015 were an increase in the mean annual temperature, with a greater incidence in spring and summer maximums, with a greater frequency of tropical nights. In addition, there has been a reduction in precipitation in summer and autumn and an increase, in this last season, in precipitation events concentrated in short periods.
In general, the climate of Badajoz can be described as the Mediterranean with slight Atlantic-continental nuances. Temperatures are very high in summer and mild in winter, with a substantial incidence of sunlight and long hours of sunshine, with the maximum values in the westernmost part, near Portugal. An essential thermal amplitude stands out, evidencing the marked seasonality typical of the Mediterranean climate. Precipitation is the primary source of humidity for the region. Although the general precipitation balance is negative from all points of view since it is scarce in most of the territory, there is also significant evaporation due to the high temperatures, making these rains even more insufficient [16].
As far as rainfall behavior throughout the year is concerned, in Badajoz, there is an evident dry season, summer. There is rainfall in the rest of the year, although with greater abundance toward the end of autumn and beginning of winter, with less critical rains in the rest of autumn and during spring.
In recent decades in the territory of Badajoz, there has been a tendency to increase the minimum temperature while spring precipitation decreases and autumn precipitation increases. An increase in the number of hot days is occurring, as is a decrease in the number of cold days.
The city of Porto is part of the NW of the Iberian Peninsula, in the coastal strip of the Atlantic Ocean, suffering the influence of the sea currents that dominate the North Atlantic, which find in this area of the Iberian Peninsula the first contact with a continental area. Despite belonging to the Atlantic climatic subtype, the climate in Porto has particular characteristics as a result of the influence and attributes, and positioning of an important barometric apparatus—the Anticyclone of the Azores.
In the last 40 years, there has been a steady pace characterized by a moderately cool winter in the areas closest to the sea and cold or very cold in the most sheltered areas of the interior and at the highest altitudes, a moderately warm summer often influenced by the winds of NW and the morning advection fogs along the coast, and hot or very hot in areas far from the Atlantic moderating action or higher altitude [6]. Precipitation is more frequent and intense in the winter months but can occur throughout the year. Winters in O’Porto have tended to be moderately cool along the coast and cold to very cold inland. While the summers have been moderately warm by the sea, they become hot inland. Precipitation tends to be concentrated toward the end of autumn and the beginning of winter.
Climate scenarios are made through the collection and treatment of future climate information (projections) using different models and for different global climate scenarios, serving as support to identify possible changes in future climate.
As a result of the global problem of climate change, both in Portugal and Spain, studies have been developed to analyze the scenarios that could occur in the future [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. In the different scenarios, the most extreme weather conditions will be reinforced, generating critical variations in the meteorological variables. Temperatures will suffer a general increase in the annual average in the areas studied. Very hot days will increase in summer, autumn, and spring. Rainfall will suffer a decrease, accompanied by shifts in its distribution between the different seasons, with an increase in autumn.
Due to these scenarios and the actual conditions of the educational buildings referred in the introduction, the partnership of the project “MybuildingisGreen” [7] decided to study and implement in each one of the selected buildings the solutions as explained in the next section for the Évora pilot building.
In an increasingly urbanized world, nature—rich in intelligent and efficient solutions to the challenges of cities—has been forgotten in the design and management of urban spaces. Many of the green (vegetation) and blue (water) surfaces have been transformed over time into gray (impermeable) surfaces, with serious implications for the quality of life of the inhabitants and increasing environmental risks.
Currently, some of this natural engineering has been trying to rescue some of this natural engineering for cities in order to ensure sustainable, cost-effective, multifunctional, and flexible solutions to various environmental challenges. This movement recognizes that it is more advantageous—ecologically and economically—to work alongside nature and nature than against it.
The European Union developed the EU Research and Innovation policy agenda on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities [17, 18], which aims to position the EU as a leader in “Innovating with nature” for more sustainable and resilient societies. The EU defines nature-based solutions “as solutions that are inspired and supported by nature, which are cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social, and economic benefits and help build resilience. Such solutions bring more and more diverse nature and natural features and processes into cities, landscapes, and seascapes, through locally adapted resource-efficient and systemic interventions.”
The project My Building is Green aims to strengthen and support cities, and EU within the shift of the old urban paradigm based on gray surfaces, and works to contribute with specific and innovative nature-based solutions (more efficient, more sustainable, and greener) to the adaptation of buildings and improve the bioclimatic comfort and quality of life of users [12, 13, 14], which also act (each school), for example, as inspiration and a starting point for shift and adapt to climate change in cities.
Hereafter, some innovative solutions developed and projected within the project will be presented. However, it has to be mentioned that there are multiple NBSs that can be applicated for the adaptation of buildings to climate change, according to the type of construction to the climate and the vulnerability expected [7].
This system was created by the CARTIF Team in collaboration with SingularGreen and consists of a multilayer tray to maintain cover vegetation that is encapsulated with a white waterproof sheet to collect rainwater and reduce water loss [7]. The design of the system, including the selection of the appropriate plant species, is done so as not to require the installation of auxiliary irrigation. In the upper part of the encapsulation, there are some holes for planting plant species.
Schematically, the system would be a system of extensive vegetative cover pocketed to make it more resistant to rainfall shortages (Figure 1).
Prototype mBiGWTray: Schema and implementation.
This system allows the installation of the trays on the roof directly occupying 50% of the surface with the vegetal part initially and the rest with a white surface that avoids the excessive capture of thermal energy. The installation is carried out using a checked system in which the planting surfaces alternate with the water collection surfaces.
In the joining area of each module, there are some holes that allow the entrance of water from the zone of collected water toward the zone with the vegetal system.
The bags have a drainage hole at the surface of the tray to allow the greatest amount of water to be stored avoiding the pooling of the substrate in which the roots of the plants are found.
Both the weight of the tray itself and its flat design mean that, in principle, an auxiliary roof anchor system is not necessary. However, if the prevailing winds in the area were very strong, the system could be weighed down using draining aggregate as partial filling of the holes in the tray.
The components of the System are:
The encapsulation material can be made of white EPDM or PVC in order to get adequate durability. In principle, white PVC is selected as the first option by price mainly. The durability of the two materials is similar for this application, both with a 10-year warranty.
The tray is composed of support with cavities to contain the planting substrate of the plants to be included. This is a MODI H50 ventilated pavement plate that is covered with a non-woven felt geotextile and inserted into the capsule. This tray allows structuring the planting of the vegetation, providing rigidity for handling the bagging, and creating spaces for water storage inside.
Between the tray and the geotextile is the material that acts as a substrate that can be both sheep’s wool and sphagnum or other similar materials. This layer allows transport by capillarity from the water storage area to the upper zone.
Above the geotextile is a layer of substrate encapsulated in a light geotextile. In this area, it is where it contains the root part of the vegetation that is integrated into the system.
The characteristics of the selected species are underwater requirement, creeping and surface roots, native species, and species indicated as beneficial for pollinators. A plantation of 16 plants per tray would be carried out. Initially, there would be bands covered with vegetation and bands without vegetation but over the years one could have a complete green cover.
On the other hand, the system is compatible with drip irrigation that can be integrated into the base structure. A more homogeneous vegetation maintenance would be achieved throughout the year. However, the initial design has been carried out so that the implementation of an irrigation system is not necessary and the previous tests that are going to be carried out are aimed in this direction.
This system has been designed to create vertical surfaces with vegetation of very low thickness to create shading with a contribution of humidity to the environment. The system consists of an impermeable sheet on which a nonwoven felt is adhered and a semi-woven substrate is projected. Due to the low substrate thickness, hydroponic irrigation is integrated that is distributed by gravity across the surface of the substrate (Figure 2). In the lower zone, a channel for collecting excess irrigation is integrated and returned to the irrigation station.
mBiGToldo schema and implementation.
Irrigation is done through a hydroponic irrigation station with adequate programming to cover the needs of the vertical garden at all times of the year and the environmental conditions that are to be generated. It is necessary to connect the irrigation station, to be installed under the level of the mBiGToldo, with all the gardens, both to provide the irrigation and to collect [7].
The components of the System are:
Support frame: Structure with the appropriate dimensions made with the material with which the vertical wall structure that will support the prototypes of the facade is built.
Waterproof support. It must be a sheet-shaped material resistant to punching and tearing to facilitate fixing. The currently recommended material is a PVC awning sheet but more sustainable materials are being sought.
Root fixing sheet based on nonwoven felt or rock wool.
Mix of substrate and compatible seeds that is applied by projection.
The characteristics of the selected species will be easily propagated by seeds.
Drip irrigation tube in the upper part and water collection gutter and injected to leftover water collection tube.
The system is only compatible with hydroponic drip irrigation that can be integrated into the support structure of the awning. The design includes a system for collecting excess irrigation water and returning it to the tank for optimization of water consumption.
Among the species that can be used are the
The mBi_GUL is a prototype solution inspired by Green Urban Living System (GUL), an innovative option develop under the Green Urban Living project (greenURBANLIVING), promoted by Amorim Isolamentos, Itecons, Neoturf, and ANQIP, and financed by European Commission through European Regional Development Fund. The Green Urban Living (GUL) is a multifunctional system based on expanded cork agglomerate for the construction of green roofs and living façades (Figure 3).
Prototype layer scheme based on the GUL system (left). Example of an installation using the GUL system. Source: Neoturf (right).
This system was developed within a national project, which aims to develop and validate new roof systems and green façades structured in expanded cork agglomerate (ICB), with a higher environmental and energy profile than conventional solutions and with a high capacity for energy customization and prefabrication. In these eco-designed systems, ICB will simultaneously provide: thermal insulation of the building; drainage functions; retention functions; and carbon capture.
Cork is a raw material that is so perfect that no industrial or technological processes have yet been able to replicate it. It has numerous advantages and benefits due to its key characteristics, and it represents an innovative opportunity to incorporate cork-based materials in green roof systems. Some of the cork’s key characteristics are:
Very light material—Over 50% of its volume is air, which makes it very light, it weighs just 0.16 grams per cubic centimeter and can float.
Elastic and compressible—It is the only solid that, when compressed on one side, does not increase in volume on another; and as a result of its elasticity, it is able to adapt, for example, to variations in temperature and pressure without suffering alterations.
Impermeable to liquids and gases—Thanks to the suberin and ceroids contained in the cell walls, cork is practically impermeable to liquids and gases. Its resistance to moisture enables it to age without deteriorating.
Thermal and acoustic insulator—Cork has low conductivity to heat, noise, and vibration. This is because the gaseous components contained in cork are enclosed in small impermeable compartments, isolated from each other by a moisture-resistant substance.
Fire retardant—Cork is also a natural fire retardant: it burns without a flame and does not emit toxic gases during combustion.
Highly abrasion-resistant—Cork is extremely resistant to abrasion and has a high friction coefficient. Thanks to its honeycomb structure, its resistance to impact or friction is greater than that of other hard surfaces.
Hypoallergenic—Because cork does not absorb dust, it helps protect against allergies and does not pose a risk to asthma sufferers.
Natural touch—The natural texture of cork combines softness and flexibility to the touch with a naturally uneven surface. The variable degree of irregularity is given by the type of cork used and the finish chosen.
The cork also plays an important role in Portuguese Economy, representing 2% of Portuguese total exports, and due to its sustainable, environmental, and economic benefits, it seems to be an excellent material to incorporate in the project, as well as the use of the GUL, in order to test it to the adaptation to a climate change in a school building.
It was important for LIFE-mybuildingisgreen project to address also the blue areas, from the perspective of water management, which may be due to the increase of the permeable areas (favorable to the infiltration of water into the soil), the reuse of rainwater, and the reduction of water for irrigation.
Following the solutions related to water, it would be important for the project to also contribute to the strengthening of this built urban relationship—permeabilized soil. In this context, urban ponds play an important role in the formation of small aquatic ecosystems of low demand and complexity.
The ponds are masses of standing water or very low current of a permanent or temporary nature, depending on the climate, the geology of the land, and the availability of water. The ponds are characterized by their low depth, total penetration of light into the water, possibility of occurrence of plants throughout their area, and absence of water stratification, and may originate from natural, geological or, ecological processes, or more commonly, as a result of human activities, intentional or not.
Ponds present themselves as a nature-based solution that act in water management in several dimensions: ensure the establishment of an aquatic ecosystem; ensure the availability of water (for fauna and flora); promote biodiversity; increase permeable area; boost water infiltration into the soil; and reduce the need for water for watering.
It has been decided to make systems superimposed on the façade that generate shadows in the gaps, preventing the direct incidence of solar rays, for this purpose canopies or cantilevered elements have been created, made up of NBS, plants, and plant species, in addition, so that the implantation of these elements does not prevent sunlight in the winter months, deciduous species have been used.
They consist of a removable modular substructure of laminated tubular frameworks, which support containers or pots with climbing plants, equipped with an irrigation system through pipelines adapted to the substructure. These systems are mainly constituted by a removable modular substructure of laminated tubular framework, of modules with dimensions 2x2 and 3 meters high, in hot galvanized steel profiles of 60.60 and 120.60, anchored to the façade and to the ground.
Formed by vertical elements (tubular steel pillars) and horizontal elements (crossbars and tubular steel beams), which support their own weight and that of the plant containers. It has been called FAVE (Vegetable Facade), in it, horizontal and vertical surfaces are generated on the holes and in front of them.
Two variants have been adapted in this system:
Containers or pots of guide plants, of the vine type, that upholster and generate surfaces that are opaque to the sun, will be arranged in the tubular framework. Two varieties of vines have been selected as guide plants:
Sketch of mBiFAVE 1″ systems (left). Sketch of mBiFAVE 2″ systems (right).
Vegetated awnings are arranged in the tubular framework, continuous surfaces on racks on which species grow superficially on both sides (Figure 4
The double vegetated awning is made up of:
Rectangular frame of 0.80 × 2.90 mt, made with hot-dip galvanized tubular steel, anchored to the substructure.
Leaf.skin tensioned membrane formed by anti-root PVC sheet fixed by linear clips on the frame.
Hydroponic geotextile substrate.
Lower gutter made of sheet steel, connected to a drain to collect excess water.
Irrigation system is installed at the top from where the water falls by gravity soaking the entire substrate. The water provides the fertilizer, keeping the vegetation in perfect condition.
Mixture of seeds that are projected on the geotextile, after a few months the membrane will be completely upholstered.
Three roof systems have been implemented, whose main function is to reduce the effects of solar radiation in the hot months and reduce energy losses in winter months and thus CO2 emissions and energy consumption in heating, easy to implement and adaptation to any building.
It is implanted on the existing flat roof, separated from it, generating an air chamber between both.
To do this, some racks are arranged, supported on concrete “plots”, on which we place removable “trays” that house a thin extensive roof solution, with an improved substrate in which native species are planted. The system is made up of:
Supports or plots: made in situ with concrete, with a height depending on the roof to achieve horizontal leveling of the frame.
Removable modular frame: made by means of a framework of hot-dip galvanized tubular steel, with approximate dimensions of 4.5 m long x 1 m wide, formed by stringers and crossbars.
Galvanized sheet steel trays: with side tabs for support (Figure 5).
Sketch of mBiCUVE 1″ system (left). The three roof systems: mBiCUVE 1, mBiCUVE 2, and mBiCUVE SUS (right).
A system similar to the mBiCUVE 1 system, as a variant on the racks, large containers would be implanted, at ends and intermediate points, where the two varieties of vines that we have used for planting are planted. Façade systems, mBiFAVE 1.
An extensive cover system is used with an improved substrate, including recycled aggregates for the realization of the cover drainage. A layer of protection, a drainage sheet, a filter, and the improved substrate in which native species are planted are placed on the waterproofing of the roof on which the action is being carried out.
By analyzing the existing conditions, namely strong solar incidence in classrooms and the great thermal discomfort associated with high thermal oscillation, the intervention goes through the installation green wall that will work with vegetation curtain. Also, due to pathologies at the level of existing roofs such as poor waterproofing and nonfunctional pendants, green roofs of three typologies will be installed: extended sloped coverage, extensive coverage with gul system, and a green cover with solar panels—Solar bio roof.
With the concern of closing the water cycle, the surplus of rainwater from two sloping roofs will be routed to two tanks and later, by gravity, to a pond of natural infiltration, located in Horta das Oliveiras. Thus, the water will be returned to the natural soil, being able to recharge the aquifers.
For the monitoring and study of the ecosystem services of green roofs, equipment such as a weather station, various thermal sensors and humidity, and caudameters will be installed.
Green roofing has increasingly established itself as an important element in the strategies of “Nature-based Solutions” for Portuguese cities, thanks to the numerous environmental, financial, and social benefits they present (Figure 6).
Blueprint of green roofs in EB1 do Falcão. In different greens the 3 green roofs prototypes: GUL system, solar bio roof, and sloping green roof (ANCV—Associação Nacional de Coberturas Verdes).
For the success of the implementation of mass green roofs in cities and for their dissemination and acceptance by the professional groups involved and the general population, it is essential that there are examples of model projects promoted by the municipalities themselves as a demonstration of their advantages and promotion of good implementation and maintenance practices.
The GUL roof will be installed with the innovative green roofing system with expanded cork agglomerate—ICB. The cork agglomerate, with 8 cm thickness, will perform the functions of drainage of excess water, thermal insulation, protection of waterproofing, and sound insulation. Using cork as a building material—biomaterial—this system captures carbon in its production cycle.
The substrate profile will be 12 cm and herbaceous species will be planted in alveole. The planting strategy aimed to promote biodiversity in the green cover. Perimeter gravel strips 30 cm wide will be installed.
The SOLAR BIOROOF green roof is a system that combines the installation of solar panels with the existence of vegetation. The substrate profile will have the thickness of 10 cm, where a pre-cultivated Sedum carpet will be installed. Perimeter strips of gravel with variable width between 22 and 30 cm will be performed.
The fixation of the solar panels will be carried out through solar bases with ballast, without drilling the slab, ensuring the tightness of the slab. The ballast will consist of 7 cm of river gravel. A counterweight life system is planned to be installed. This system consists of anchoring bases and steel cable, where the operators will have to secure themselves through sliding carts and harnesses. This system is also not intrusive, also ensuring the preservation of waterproofing.
The sloping green cover will be performed using the green roofing system up to 20° slope that holds supports to be installed along the lowest point of the cover. The substrate profile will be 10 cm and will be populated by the genus sedum in pre-cultivated carpet.
The excess water from the roofing system will be routed to a water tank.
Green facades for a pleasant atmosphere. Putting vegetation on the facades is so far something that is usually left to chance. Attractive growth systems can be built for micro-vertical gardens with some easy-to-assemble components made of high-quality stainless steel.
Green facades are attractive, ecologically sensitive, and useful. They create a shadow area on the façade which makes the temperature more mild. In the case of the EB 1 do Falcão, due to the sun exposure and size of the windows, the thermal conditions felt inside the building cause discomfort during the warmer months, especially in the classrooms. To lower the temperature, it was suggested the implementation of a wall of steel cables covered by a deciduous vine.
The species selected is
The vine is placed from 60 to 60 cm, being placed 10 feet along the façade, in a 50 cm wide construction site, supported by squares connected to the upper area of the façade from that extend stainless steel cables with a thickness of 6 mm and length of 6 meters. These cables have an intermediate attachment point on the balcony slab. As it is a small construction site, irrigation has been implemented using the drop-by-drop system.
The vegetation must be pruned to maintain its growth within the area assigned to it, at its base should be placed mulch and the weeds will have to be plucked.
The green wall structure should be composed of a cement or buried concrete base structure, about 20 cm. This 570 cm long piece will serve as a base anchorage for the steel cables installed by placing a 60-in-60 M10 eye. The 6 mm steel cable will be supported by two eyelets at each end, locking the cable with four 6 mm, two-wire cables at each end. Central fixation is placed through a third eye nailed to the building.
The construction of artificial lakes, creating water reserves for biodiverse purposes, are examples of fundamental hydraulic works in rational water management. In order to reduce the water losses of these structures, appropriate waterproofing techniques should be used (Figure 7).
Details of the mBiGPond—profile and top view of the pond.
The waterproofing of the pond is carried out with the placement of a geotextile fabric to prevent the rupture of the waterproofing screen. The water coming from two covers of the EB1 do Falcão, one with vegetation and the other without, is directed from the retention tanks to the lower level where the pond is located.
The vegetation proposed for this area will serve as a remediation plant, thus helping to maintain the quality of the water that is being infiltrated into the soil.
This space is of great importance because it creates a biodiverse area, where plants of riparian characteristics will arise and that small amphibians and insects can enjoy.
Both spaces will be areas of excellent learning opportunity for the students of the EB1 do Falcão, as they will be able to observe the natural dynamics present in this project, the change and cycles of nature, the emergence of new wildlife in the area of the pond, and the reduction of temperature inside their rooms, thus allowing greater thermal comfort.
With the execution of this project, the following results are expected:
Climate adaptation of the pilot buildings (three educational centers) through the implementation of NBS prototypes.
Well-being improvement and thermal comfort for around 1.000 citizens in the 3 pilot buildings and communities.
The elaboration of Reference Reports and Good Practice Manuals on the application of NBS in public buildings of education services for the 3 climatic risk areas of the EU.
For the entire Project it is expected to reduce the production of 27 Ton of CO2/year and 144 kg of NOx (reduction 20% and 7% respectively).
It will be collected about 2.700 m3/project of rainfall that represents 30% of each building.
Increase in the area of green areas in each building by approximately 0.5 ha.
Reduction of 50% of the energy costs for cooling and 10% for heating. This amount to 1000€/building.
Integration of NBS into regulations, action plans, and environmental programs
Execution of expert meetings, demonstration workshops, expert workshops, online seminars and transnational conferences, stakeholders training, website, publication of articles, connection with media associations, and videos.
The overall conclusion is that NBS can be a technical and scientific solution for this type of building allowing a more affordable and energy-efficient solution for the adaptation to climate change in Mediterranean regions.
It is already observed that the climate is changing, locally proved by the PIAAC study so it is time to act in order to use Mother Nature’s knowledge to prevent more damage to Earth’s environment.
Of particular relevance is the application in two study areas, Alentejo and Badajoz, since they correspond to two territories with the lowest population density and the lowest GDP in Portugal and Spain. In addition, these areas are suffering severe depopulation and economic crisis in their rural areas, so these technologies can help improve their social conditions.
IntechOpen - where academia and industry create content with global impact
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Subtle changes that occur over time in periodontal tissues that are below the detection limit of visual examination or periodontal probing can be found and tracked accurately over time using 3D imaging, fluorescence spectroscopy, and optical coherence tomography. During debridement of teeth and dental implants, the effective removal of subgingival microbial biofilms and dental calculus deposits can be enhanced using magnifying loupes and operating microscopes and by novel methods based on the interactions of light with bacterial deposits, such as differential reflectometry and light-induced fluorescence. While such techniques can also be used using initial case assessment, their primary purpose is for checking debridement procedures, since the point when bacterial deposits are no longer present represents an endpoint for treatment. The concept of real-time feedback has been developed, using fluorescence readings to control the removal of deposits. Overall, optical methods can support traditional periodontal diagnosis and improve treatment planning and clinical periodontal care.",book:{id:"7244",slug:"periodontology-and-dental-implantology",title:"Periodontology and Dental Implantology",fullTitle:"Periodontology and Dental Implantology"},signatures:"Fardad Shakibaie and Laurence Walsh",authors:[{id:"179467",title:"Prof.",name:"Laurence",middleName:null,surname:"Walsh",slug:"laurence-walsh",fullName:"Laurence Walsh"},{id:"235443",title:"Dr.",name:"Fardad",middleName:null,surname:"Shakibaie",slug:"fardad-shakibaie",fullName:"Fardad Shakibaie"}]},{id:"24363",title:"Biomechanics of Tooth-Movement: Current Look at Orthodontic Fundamental",slug:"biomechanics-of-tooth-movement-current-look-at-orthodontic-fundamental",totalDownloads:26810,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"277",slug:"principles-in-contemporary-orthodontics",title:"Principles in Contemporary Orthodontics",fullTitle:"Principles in Contemporary Orthodontics"},signatures:"Joanna Antoszewska and Nazan Küçükkeles",authors:[{id:"50158",title:"Prof.",name:"Joanna",middleName:null,surname:"Antoszewska",slug:"joanna-antoszewska",fullName:"Joanna Antoszewska"}]},{id:"71271",title:"Flap Techniques in Dentoalveolar Surgery",slug:"flap-techniques-in-dentoalveolar-surgery",totalDownloads:2611,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Most dentoalveolar procedures involve the reflection of mucosal flaps. 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Yet the common flap’s principles are fundamental for all types of flaps regardless of their application, namely, it should provide wide exposure, clear vision, good access, and assure rich vascularity and good final aesthetic outcome.",book:{id:"9387",slug:"oral-diseases",title:"Oral Diseases",fullTitle:"Oral Diseases"},signatures:"Randa Abdulmoein AlFotawi",authors:[{id:"308701",title:"Dr.",name:"Randa",middleName:"Abdulmoein",surname:"Alfotawi",slug:"randa-alfotawi",fullName:"Randa Alfotawi"}]},{id:"65088",title:"Evaluation and Management of Mandibular Fracture",slug:"evaluation-and-management-of-mandibular-fracture",totalDownloads:2895,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The mandibular bone is an important component of the facial bone, which has a unique role in digestive system, speech, and facial esthetics. For these important functions of mandibular bone, it is vital that surgeons should not only treat function but also consider the esthetics together. Mandibular fractures are among the most common traumatic injuries of the maxillofacial region. Even though treatment modalities are well established and being practiced for a long time, untreated and postoperative complications still decrease the patient’s quality of life. This chapter aims to describe the cause, clinical presentations, diagnoses, and current treatment methods on the basis of resent literature.",book:{id:"7572",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry"},signatures:"Guhan Dergin, Yusuf Emes and Buket Aybar",authors:[{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin"},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes"},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar"}]},{id:"56461",title:"Permanent Maxillary and Mandibular Incisors",slug:"permanent-maxillary-and-mandibular-incisors",totalDownloads:2699,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The permanent incisors are the front teeth that erupt between 6 and 8 years of age. They are eight in number, four upper and four lower, two centrals and two laterals. They have sharp biting surfaces designed for shearing and cutting of food materials into small chewable pieces. They are the teeth most visible to the others during eating, smiling and talking, and thus, they have high aesthetic value for the individuals. The unique characteristics, arch position, function, development and chronological age of each tooth will be highlighted. In addition, the different aspects with their geometric outlines, outlines and surface anatomy of these teeth will be described. A brief explanation about the pulp cavity, tooth socket and normal occlusion for each tooth will be included.",book:{id:"5814",slug:"dental-anatomy",title:"Dental Anatomy",fullTitle:"Dental Anatomy"},signatures:"Mohammed E. Grawish, Lamyaa M. Grawish and Hala M. Grawish",authors:[{id:"82989",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:"E",surname:"Grawish",slug:"mohammed-grawish",fullName:"Mohammed Grawish"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"174",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"80964",title:"Upper Airway Expansion in Disabled Children",slug:"upper-airway-expansion-in-disabled-children",totalDownloads:43,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102830",abstract:"Breathing is essential for life in all of its stages. Cellular, mitochondrial respiration requires an adequate supply of oxygen, provided by the air we breathe, after airway conduction, treatment by the lungs, and transport to tissues. At different stages of life, pediatric dentists and orthodontists can intervene in the upper airway, expanding it, which helps with ventilation. The greater airway space, if used, contributes in different ways to the child’s development and the recovery of respiratory problems and should always be present as a weapon that physicians and the population should know. The value of the techniques becomes even more important when applied to children and young people with disabilities who can significantly improve their development and performance. Rapid Maxillary Expansion and Extraoral Traction Appliances are two important pediatric resources to treat these children. Clinical practice of the authors, is discussed, emphasizing the importance of early intervention and the need for multi and interdisciplinary collaboration in the follow-up of disabled people.",book:{id:"10827",title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg"},signatures:"David Andrade, Joana Andrade, Maria-João Palha, Cristina Areias, Paula Macedo, Ana Norton, Miguel Palha, Lurdes Morais, Dóris Rocha Ruiz and Sônia Groisman"},{id:"80963",title:"Pain Perception in Patients Treated with Ligating/Self-Ligating Brackets versus Patients Treated with Aligners",slug:"pain-perception-in-patients-treated-with-ligating-self-ligating-brackets-versus-patients-treated-wit",totalDownloads:31,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102796",abstract:"This study compared the perception of pain experienced by patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with conventional, self-ligating brackets and aligners, and investigated the impact that pain had on their daily lives. 346 consecutive patients were included in the study: 115 patients treated with conventional brackets, 112 Patients treated with self-ligating brackets, and 119 patients treated with aligners. The quantitative aspect of pain was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale, while the qualitative aspect of pain was evaluated using the Moroccan Short Form of McGILL Pain questionnaire. In all three groups experienced pain after activation tended to decrease in the following week. This pain was greater in patients with conventional braces and less in patients with aligners. Using the M-SF-MPQ to describe the qualitative aspect of the pain revealed that the “cramping مزير,” “aching تيألم ” aspect was most accentuated in the 3 groups. Medication intake was correlated with the intensity of pain experienced in all 3 systems. As for the impact of pain on daily activities, patients in groups of conventional and self-ligating braces showed more pain than those in the aligners group. Overall, aligners were less painful than conventional and self-ligating appliances. Patients did not suffer from an alteration in their quality of life due to orthodontic treatment.",book:{id:"10780",title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg"},signatures:"Farid Bourzgui, Rania Fastani, Salwa Khairat, Samir Diouny, Mohamed El Had, Zineb Serhier and Mohamed Bennani Othmani"},{id:"80839",title:"Herbs and Oral Health",slug:"herbs-and-oral-health",totalDownloads:68,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103715",abstract:"Herbal medicine has long been used to prevent and control disease, and it can minimize the potential side effects of chemical products. However, side effects from herbs do exist. Most of the challenges with herbal medicine revolves around inadequate information about the effect of herbs in the oral cavity, the mechanism of action, and potential side effects. There are several herbs described in this chapter have anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal in oral micro-organisms. It includes aloe vera, ginger, clove, cinnamon, garlic, neem, miswak, turmeric, tulsi, green tea, chamomile, fenugreek, anise plant, peppermint, bloodroot, caraway, eucalyptus, phyllanthus emblica, black seed, myrrh, rosemary, sage, and thyme; some may act as an alternative management option to current treatments for oral conditions such as caries prevention, gingivitis, periodontitis, oral burn, ulcers and inflammation, after extraction, dry mouth, pain reduction, anesthesia, intracanal medications, ill-fitting dentures, peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. It can be used in several forms such as mouthwashes, toothpastes, topical agents or local drug delivery devices. However, more research is needed to understand their mechanisms and potential side effects.",book:{id:"10827",title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg"},signatures:"Zuhair S. Natto"},{id:"80441",title:"Periodontitis and Heart Disease: Current Perspectives on the Associative Relationships and Preventive Impact",slug:"periodontitis-and-heart-disease-current-perspectives-on-the-associative-relationships-and-preventive",totalDownloads:65,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102669",abstract:"Due to the important advancement and the accumulation of new evidence on the periodontitis-cardiovascular disease (CVD) relationship as well as the major medical, economic and social burden caused by both diseases this chapter aims to review existing epidemiological and pathogenetic links related to this topic. Also, this chapter aims to highlight the impact of the periodontitis-CVD relationships on clinical practice and on the preventive approaches targeting to decrease the impact of periodontitis on CVD. Periodontitis is an infectious disease eliciting local and general inflammation, which leads to periodontal destruction and systemic involvement. Several pathways could explain the link between periodontitis and CVD such as bacteraemia, chronic persistent systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. The first step in the treatment of periodontitis addresses the elimination of microbial components, which lead to a decrease in local and systemic inflammation. Periodontal therapy seems to positively impact CVD. Specialists should inform patients with CVD on the negative impact of periodontitis on their systemic status and refer patients to the periodontist for an extensive examination as routine management of CVD. Some possible risks of periodontal therapy should be considered in patients undergoing antithrombotic medication.",book:{id:"10827",title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg"},signatures:"Alexandra Roman, Andrada Soancă, Bogdan Caloian, Alexandru Bucur, Gabriela Valentina Caracostea, Andreia Paraschiva Preda, Dora Maria Popescu, Iulia Cristina Micu, Petra Șurlin, Andreea Ciurea, Diana Oneț, Mircea Viorel Ciurea, Dragoș Alexandru Țermure and Marius Negucioiu"},{id:"79498",title:"Oral Aspects and Dental Management of Special Needs Patient",slug:"oral-aspects-and-dental-management-of-special-needs-patient",totalDownloads:108,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101067",abstract:"Individuals with special needs are the most underserved regarding healthcare needs in almost all populations. Special needs patients with intellectual disability have muscle coordination disorder, impaired oral motor function, drooling, weak muscles that cause chewing and swallowing problems. Also, soft diet consumption makes this population more prone to dental disease. They have more caries, missing teeth, orthodontic and periodontal problems. Besides more difficulties obtaining professional dental care than other segments of the population. Though many countries developed community-based systems to improve oral health for people with special needs, providing good oral health mainly depends on the effort of the families. Therefore the education of the caregiver about oral hygiene provision is also critical for the special needs patient to enjoy a lifetime of oral health the same as other members of the society.",book:{id:"10827",title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg"},signatures:"Pinar Kiymet Karataban"},{id:"79699",title:"Metabolomics Distinction of Cigarette Smokers from Non-Smokers Using Non-Stationary Benchtop Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Analysis of Human Saliva",slug:"metabolomics-distinction-of-cigarette-smokers-from-non-smokers-using-non-stationary-benchtop-nuclear",totalDownloads:55,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101414",abstract:"Implementations of high-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) facilities into metabolomics studies are unfortunately restricted by their large dimensions, high costings, and specialist technical staff requirements. Therefore, here the application and practical advantages offered by low-field (60 MHz), compact NMR spectrometers for probing the metabolic profiles of human saliva was explored, as was their value in salivary metabolomics studies. Saliva samples were collected from cigarette smoking (n = 11) and non-smoking (n = 31) human participants. 1H NMR spectra were acquired on both low-field (60 MHz) and medium-field (400 MHz) spectrometers. Metabolomics analyses were employed to evaluate the consistencies of salivary metabolite levels determined, and their abilities to distinguish between smokers and non-smokers. Low-field 1H NMR analysis detected up to 15, albeit permitted the reliable quantification of 5, potentially key diagnostic biomolecules simultaneously (LLOQ values 250–400 μmol/L), although these were limited to those with the most prominent resonances. Such low-field profiles were also found to be suitable for salivary metabolomics investigations, which confirmed the successful discrimination between smoking and non-smoking participant sample donors. Differences observed between these groups were largely ascribable to upregulated salivary levels of methanol, and its metabolite formate, in the smoking group, but higher smoking-mediated concentrations of acetate, propionate and glycine may arise from a diminished salivary flow-rate in these participants. In conclusion, determination of salivary biomolecules using low-field, benchtop 1H NMR analysis techniques were found to be valuable for bioanalytical and metabolomics investigations. Future perspectives for the applications of this non-stationary NMR technique, for example for the on-site ‘point-of-care’ testing of saliva samples for diagnostic oral disease screening purposes at dental surgeries and community pharmacies, are considered.",book:{id:"10827",title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg"},signatures:"Benita C. Percival, Angela Wann, Sophie Taylor, Mark Edgar, Miles Gibson and Martin Grootveld"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:36},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/22.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 28th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"356540",title:"Prof.",name:"Taufiq",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhry",slug:"taufiq-choudhry",fullName:"Taufiq Choudhry",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000036X2hvQAC/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:58:03.jpg",biography:"Prof. Choudhry holds a BSc degree in Economics from the University of Iowa, as well as a Masters and Ph.D. in Applied Economics from Clemson University, USA. In January 2006, he became a Professor of Finance at the University of Southampton Business School. He was previously a Professor of Finance at the University of Bradford Management School. He has over 80 articles published in international finance and economics journals. His research interests and specialties include financial econometrics, financial economics, international economics and finance, housing markets, financial markets, among others.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Southampton",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/86.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. Dr. Bobek is a member of the editorial boards of six international journals and a member of the Strategic Council of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. He has a long history in academia, consulting, and entrepreneurship. His own consulting firm, Palemid, has managed twenty significant projects, such as Cooperation Program Interreg V-A (Slovenia-Austria) and Capacity Building for the Serbian Chamber of Enforcement Agents. He has also participated in many international projects in Italy, Germany, Great Britain, the United States, Spain, Turkey, France, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, Malaysia, and China. Dr. Bobek is also a co-founder of the Academy of Regional Management in Slovenia.",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria",institution:{name:"Universities of Applied Sciences Joanneum",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Austria"}}},editorTwo:{id:"293992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Horvat",slug:"tatjana-horvat",fullName:"Tatjana Horvat",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hXb0hQAC/Profile_Picture_1642419002203",biography:"Tatjana Horvat works as a professor for accountant and auditing at the University of Primorska, Slovenia. She is a Certified State Internal Auditor (licensed by Ministry of Finance RS) and Certified Internal Auditor for Business Sector and Certified accountant (licensed by Slovenian Institute of Auditors). At the Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, she is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting. At the leading business newspaper Finance in Slovenia (Swedish ownership), she is the editor and head of the area for business, finance, tax-related articles, and educational programs.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Primorska",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"87",title:"Economics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/87.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"327730",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jaime-ortiz",fullName:"Jaime Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002zaOKZQA2/Profile_Picture_1642145584421",biography:"Dr. Jaime Ortiz holds degrees from Chile, the Netherlands, and the United States. He has held tenured faculty, distinguished professorship, and executive leadership appointments in several universities around the world. Dr. Ortiz has previously worked for international organizations and non-government entities in economic and business matters, and he has university-wide globalization engagement in more than thirty-six countries. He has advised, among others, the United Nations Development Program, Inter-American Development Bank, Organization of American States, Pre-investment Organization of Latin America and the Caribbean, Technical Cooperation of the Suisse Government, and the World Bank. Dr. Ortiz is the author, co-author, or editor of books, book chapters, textbooks, research monographs and technical reports, and refereed journal articles. He is listed in Who’s Who in the World, Who’s Who in America, Who’s Who in Finance and Business, Who’s Who in Business Higher Education, Who’s Who in American Education, and Who’s Who Directory of Economists. Dr. Ortiz has been a Fulbright Scholar and an MSI Leadership Fellow with the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. His teaching interests revolve around global economies and markets while his research focuses on topics related to development and growth, global business decisions, and the economics of technical innovation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Houston",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"88",title:"Marketing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/88.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"203609",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Hanna",middleName:null,surname:"Gorska-Warsewicz",slug:"hanna-gorska-warsewicz",fullName:"Hanna Gorska-Warsewicz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSD9pQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-14T11:58:32.jpeg",biography:"Hanna Górska-Warsewicz, Ph.D. is Associate Professor at Warsaw University of Life Sciences and Head of Department of Food Market and Consumption Research. She specializes in the subject of brands, brand equity, and brand management in production, service, and trade enterprises. She combines this subject with marketing and marketing management in both theoretical and practical aspects. Prof. Hanna Górska-Warsewicz also analyzes brands in the context of trademarks, legal regulations and the protection of intangible. She is an author or co-author of over 200 publications in this field, including 8 books. She works with the business sector and has participated in projects for the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and the Ministry of Education and Science in Poland.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Warsaw University of Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82858",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility a Case of the Provision of Recreational Facilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105608",signatures:"Peter Musa Wash, Shida Irwana Omar, Badaruddin Mohamed and Mohd Ismail Isa",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-a-case-of-the-provision-of-recreational-facilities",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82786",title:"Discussion of Purchasing Virtual Digital Nature and Tourism",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105869",signatures:"Hiroko Oe and Yasuyuki Yamaoka",slug:"discussion-of-purchasing-virtual-digital-nature-and-tourism",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}},{id:"82289",title:"Consumer Culture and Abundance of Choices: Having More, Feeling Blue",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105607",signatures:"Ondřej Roubal",slug:"consumer-culture-and-abundance-of-choices-having-more-feeling-blue",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}},{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. 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He is an academic staff member of the Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Selçuk University, Turkey. He manages several studies on sperms and embryos and is an editorial board member for several international journals. His studies include sperm cryobiology, in vitro fertilization, and embryo production in animals.",institutionString:"Selçuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine",institution:null},{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",biography:"Yusuf Bozkurt has a BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. from Ankara University, Turkey. He is currently a Professor of Biotechnology of Reproduction in the field of Aquaculture, İskenderun Technical University, Turkey. His research interests include reproductive biology and biotechnology with an emphasis on cryo-conservation. He is on the editorial board of several international peer-reviewed journals and has published many papers. Additionally, he has participated in many international and national congresses, seminars, and workshops with oral and poster presentations. He is an active member of many local and international organizations.",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",biography:"Dr. Sergey Tkachev is a senior research scientist at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Russia, and at the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. He received his Ph.D. in Molecular Biology with his thesis “Genetic variability of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in natural foci of Novosibirsk city and its suburbs.” His primary field is molecular virology with research emphasis on vector-borne viruses, especially tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kemerovo virus and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, rabies virus, molecular genetics, biology, and epidemiology of virus pathogens.",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",biography:"Amlan K. Patra, FRSB, obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India, in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences. He has more than twenty years of research and teaching experience. He held previous positions at the American Institute for Goat Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA, and Free University of Berlin, Germany. His research focuses on animal nutrition, particularly ruminants and poultry nutrition, gastrointestinal electrophysiology, meta-analysis and modeling in nutrition, and livestock–environment interaction. He has authored around 175 articles in journals, book chapters, and proceedings. 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Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"350704",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Camila",middleName:"Silva Costa",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"camila-ferreira",fullName:"Camila Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350704/images/17280_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the Fluminense Federal University, specialist in Equine Reproduction at the Brazilian Veterinary Institute (IBVET) and Master in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction at the Fluminense Federal University. She has experience in analyzing zootechnical indices in dairy cattle and organizing events related to Veterinary Medicine through extension grants. I have experience in the field of diagnostic imaging and animal reproduction in veterinary medicine through monitoring and scientific initiation scholarships. I worked at the Equus Central Reproduction Equine located in Santo Antônio de Jesus – BA in the 2016/2017 breeding season. I am currently a doctoral student with a scholarship from CAPES of the Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences) at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) with a research project with an emphasis on equine endometritis.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain.Dr. Satué is accredited as a Private University Doctor Professor, Doctor Assistant, and Contracted Doctor by AVAP (Agència Valenciana d'Avaluació i Prospectiva) and currently, as a full professor by ANECA (since January 2022). To date, Katy has taught 22 years in the Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery at the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in undergraduate courses in Veterinary Medicine (General Pathology, integrated into the Applied Basis of Veterinary Medicine module of the 2nd year, Clinical Equine I of 3rd year, and Equine Clinic II of 4th year). Dr. Satué research activity is in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry, and Immunology in the Spanish Purebred mare. She has directed 5 Doctoral Theses and 5 Diplomas of Advanced Studies, and participated in 11 research projects as a collaborating researcher. She has written 2 books and 14 book chapters in international publishers related to the area, and 68 scientific publications in international journals. Dr. Satué has attended 63 congresses, participating with 132 communications in international congresses and 19 in national congresses related to the area. Dr. Satué is a scientific reviewer for various prestigious international journals such as Animals, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology, among others. Since 2014 she has been responsible for the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University Veterinary Clinical Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"439435",title:"Dr.",name:"Feda S.",middleName:null,surname:"Aljaser",slug:"feda-s.-aljaser",fullName:"Feda S. Aljaser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"423023",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosra",middleName:null,surname:"Soltan",slug:"yosra-soltan",fullName:"Yosra Soltan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"349788",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia Nery",middleName:null,surname:"Sompie",slug:"florencia-nery-sompie",fullName:"Florencia Nery Sompie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sam Ratulangi University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"428600",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"García-Alarcón",slug:"adriana-garcia-alarcon",fullName:"Adriana García-Alarcón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428599",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabino",middleName:null,surname:"De La Rosa-Cruz",slug:"gabino-de-la-rosa-cruz",fullName:"Gabino De La Rosa-Cruz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428601",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Campuzano-Caballero",slug:"juan-carlos-campuzano-caballero",fullName:"Juan Carlos Campuzano-Caballero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"18",type:"subseries",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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