Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
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We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
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Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6381",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Gerontology",title:"Gerontology",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Aging well and actively is the real objective of human being. This book is an up-to-date and realistic view on physiopathological mechanisms of aging and age-related diseases. The book includes topical contributions from multiple disciplines to support the fundamental goals of extending active life and enhancing its quality.",isbn:"978-1-78923-253-0",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-252-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-444-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69934",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"gerontology",numberOfPages:276,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"bf232563c8fe15ef0848ed6ffb8f832d",bookSignature:"Grazia D’Onofrio, Antonio Greco and Daniele Sancarlo",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6381.jpg",numberOfDownloads:24801,numberOfWosCitations:20,numberOfCrossrefCitations:31,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:59,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:110,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 14th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 5th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 25th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 30th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 28th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"272628",title:"Dr.",name:"Grazia",middleName:null,surname:"D'Onofrio",slug:"grazia-d'onofrio",fullName:"Grazia D'Onofrio",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Fudan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"184079",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniele",middleName:null,surname:"Sancarlo",slug:"daniele-sancarlo",fullName:"Daniele Sancarlo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/184079/images/5671_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Daniele Sancarlo is geriatrician and bioinformatician, he has been working as a researcher at the Complex Unit of Geriatrics Department of Medical Sciences of the Scientific Institute for Research and Clinical Care (IRCCS) “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy sinc 2008. He is author of several scientific articles published prevalently on international journals. In the last years he was involved in several research projects. He is currently participating in the European and Japan-European projects (Horizon 2020) about the development of technological systems to promote the healthy and active ageing. His activities prevalently concern Ambient Assisted Living, multidimensional impairment, mortality prognostic model and dementia.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"184081",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Greco",slug:"antonio-greco",fullName:"Antonio Greco",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/184081/images/5672_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Antonio Greco is a Geriatrician and specialist in Internal Medicine, head of the Complex Unit of Geriatrics Department of Medical Sciences of the Scientific Institute for Research and Clinical Care (IRCCS) “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy. He has been working at this organization since 1991. He is in the steering committee of the Ni-San (Italian network for the sharing of health cost standard) and participated to the emergency interest group of EUGMS. His major fields of interest prevalently concern geriatrics, Ambient Assisted Living, cardiology and evaluation of health costs. Now he is participating to European and Japan-European projects (Horizon 2020) about the development of technological systems to promote the healthy and active ageing. In the last years has participated to several research projects funded by national and international programs.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1241",title:"Aging",slug:"aging"}],chapters:[{id:"60564",title:"Ageing Process and Physiological Changes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76249",slug:"ageing-process-and-physiological-changes",totalDownloads:7026,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:34,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Ageing is a natural process. Everyone must undergo this phase of life at his or her own time and pace. In the broader sense, ageing reflects all the changes taking place over the course of life. These changes start from birth—one grows, develops and attains maturity. To the young, ageing is exciting. Middle age is the time when people notice the age-related changes like greying of hair, wrinkled skin and a fair amount of physical decline. Even the healthiest, aesthetically fit cannot escape these changes. Slow and steady physical impairment and functional disability are noticed resulting in increased dependency in the period of old age. According to World Health Organization, ageing is a course of biological reality which starts at conception and ends with death. It has its own dynamics, much beyond human control. However, this process of ageing is also subject to the constructions by which each society makes sense of old age. In most of the developed countries, the age of 60 is considered equivalent to retirement age and it is said to be the beginning of old age. In this chapter, you understand the details of ageing processes and associated physiological changes.",signatures:"Shilpa Amarya, Kalyani Singh and Manisha Sabharwal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60564",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60564",authors:[{id:"226573",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shilpa",surname:"Amarya",slug:"shilpa-amarya",fullName:"Shilpa Amarya"},{id:"226593",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalyani",surname:"Singh",slug:"kalyani-singh",fullName:"Kalyani Singh"},{id:"243264",title:"Dr.",name:"Manisha",surname:"Sabharwal",slug:"manisha-sabharwal",fullName:"Manisha Sabharwal"}],corrections:null},{id:"57714",title:"Adherence to Medication in Older Adults as a Way to Improve Health Outcomes and Reduce Healthcare System Spending",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72070",slug:"adherence-to-medication-in-older-adults-as-a-way-to-improve-health-outcomes-and-reduce-healthcare-sy",totalDownloads:1878,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Medications are used as the primary approach to prevent and effectively manage the chronic conditions. Non-adherence to medication is recognized as a worldwide public health problem with important implications for the management of chronic diseases, which affects every level of the population, particularly older adults due to the high number of coexisting diseases and consequent polypharmacy. Estimated rates of adherence to long-term medication regimen are of about 50%, and there is no evidence for significant changes in the past 50 years. The consequences of non-adherence include poor clinical outcomes, increased morbidity and mortality and unnecessary healthcare costs. Factors contributing to non-adherence are multifaceted and embrace those that are related to patients, to physicians and to healthcare systems. Cognitive, sensorial and functional decline, poor social support, anxiety, depression symptomatology and reduced health literacy have been linked to medication non-adherence in the elderly patients. Many interventions to improve medication adherence have been described in the study for different clinical conditions; however, most interventions seem to fail in their aims. In this chapter, a revision of the implications of poor adherence as well as its predictors and available tools to improve adherence is performed.",signatures:"Luís Midão, Anna Giardini, Enrica Menditto, Przemyslaw Kardas and\nElísio Costa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57714",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57714",authors:[{id:"181971",title:"Prof.",name:"Elísio",surname:"Costa",slug:"elisio-costa",fullName:"Elísio Costa"},{id:"216343",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Luís",surname:"Midão",slug:"luis-midao",fullName:"Luís Midão"},{id:"225355",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",surname:"Giardini",slug:"anna-giardini",fullName:"Anna Giardini"},{id:"225356",title:"Prof.",name:"Przemyslaw",surname:"Kardas",slug:"przemyslaw-kardas",fullName:"Przemyslaw Kardas"},{id:"225357",title:"Prof.",name:"Enrica",surname:"Menditto",slug:"enrica-menditto",fullName:"Enrica Menditto"}],corrections:null},{id:"59290",title:"Thymic Rejuvenation: Are We There Yet?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74048",slug:"thymic-rejuvenation-are-we-there-yet-",totalDownloads:1094,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Vaccination is an appealing form of immunotherapy for frail senior patients. However, several studies have shown that in contrast to younger adults, older patients do not effectively respond to vaccines. This phenomenon is greatly attributed to immunosenescence, a hallmark of aging defined by a general decline in immunity caused by thymic involution. Historically, the study of thymic involution brought to attention several factors and components involved in thymopoiesis, as contributors to the phenomena. Depicting the underlying cause(s) of the dramatic changes in the production and properties of the naïve T-cell pool in the event of acute thymic injury or due to inovulation can therefore, help focus the efforts on the best strategy to reverse or overcome these hurdles. Here, we discuss some of the well-studied approaches for rejuvenating the thymus, and introduce interleukin-(IL) 21 as the most recent thymo-stimulatory agent in the field.",signatures:"Jamilah Abusarah, Fatemeh Khodayarian, Yun Cui, Abed El-Hakim\nEl-Kadiry and Moutih Rafei",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59290",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59290",authors:[{id:"214579",title:"Dr.",name:"Moutih",surname:"Rafei",slug:"moutih-rafei",fullName:"Moutih Rafei"},{id:"214582",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jamilah",surname:"AbuSarah",slug:"jamilah-abusarah",fullName:"Jamilah AbuSarah"},{id:"214592",title:"Mrs.",name:"Fatemeh",surname:"Khodayarian",slug:"fatemeh-khodayarian",fullName:"Fatemeh Khodayarian"},{id:"214593",title:"MSc.",name:"Yun",surname:"Cui",slug:"yun-cui",fullName:"Yun Cui"},{id:"225451",title:"MSc.",name:"Abed El-Kadiry",surname:"Abed El-Kadiry",slug:"abed-el-kadiry-abed-el-kadiry",fullName:"Abed El-Kadiry Abed El-Kadiry"}],corrections:null},{id:"60424",title:"Characteristics of Hearing in Elderly People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75435",slug:"characteristics-of-hearing-in-elderly-people",totalDownloads:1267,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The authors define the term presbycusis and discuss the prevalence of hearing loss in elderly people, its etiology, and methods of diagnostics (anamnesis, evaluation of the peripheral and central parts of the hearing system). The authors emphasize that central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) significantly impairs speech perception in elderly people and makes difficult the rehabilitation of patients with presbycusis. The possibility of improving speech intelligibility by using auditory training is considered. Improved functioning of the central auditory pathways in hearing aid (HA) users with moderate to moderately severe chronic sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and symptoms of CAPD was shown after the auditory training with the use of two approaches (“bottom-up” and “top-down”). The algorithm of the auditory training was designed based on distinction between nonverbal and verbal stimuli of varying complexity, as well as tasks to improve memory (e.g., memorizing poetry). The benefits of the auditory training in the rehabilitation of HA users with low speech intelligibility were demonstrated. Improvement of speech intelligibility in elderly patients with SNHL proves that plasticity of the auditory regions of the brain remains possible throughout the life. Options of the presbycusis prophylaxis are summarized.",signatures:"Maria Boboshko, Ekaterina Zhilinskaya and Natalia Maltseva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60424",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60424",authors:[{id:"229552",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Boboshko",slug:"maria-boboshko",fullName:"Maria Boboshko"},{id:"229568",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",surname:"Maltseva",slug:"natalia-maltseva",fullName:"Natalia Maltseva"},{id:"232968",title:"Dr.",name:"Ekaterina",surname:"Zhilinskaia",slug:"ekaterina-zhilinskaia",fullName:"Ekaterina Zhilinskaia"}],corrections:null},{id:"60164",title:"The Elderly in the Emergency Department",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75647",slug:"the-elderly-in-the-emergency-department",totalDownloads:4303,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The evaluation, treatment, and prognosis of the elderly hospitalized in an emergency service are different from the adult patient, and it is necessary to know their particularities to provide optimal care.",signatures:"Alexander Morales Erazo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60164",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60164",authors:[{id:"224826",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Morales",slug:"alexander-morales",fullName:"Alexander Morales"}],corrections:null},{id:"59658",title:"Ageing Better in the Netherlands",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74748",slug:"ageing-better-in-the-netherlands",totalDownloads:1194,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The Dutch National Care for the Elderly Programme was an initiative organized by the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) between 2008 and 2016. The aim of the programme was to collect knowledge about frail elderly, to assess their needs and to provide person-centred and integrated care better suited to their needs. The budget of EUR 88 million was provided by the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports. Putting the needs of elderly people at the heart of the programme and ensuring their active participation were key to the programme’s success. The programme outcomes included the establishment of eight geriatric networks around the medical universities with 650 organisations and the completion of 218 projects. These projects, involving 43,000 elderly people and 8500 central caregivers, resulted in the completion of 45 PhD theses and the publication of more than 400 articles and the development of 300 practice toolkits, one database and a website, www.beteroud.nl. The Dutch National Care for the Elderly Programme has since developed into a movement and continues under the consortium Ageing Better, made up of eight organisations. Through the use of ambassadors, Ageing Better promotes the message that ageing is not a disease but a new phase of life.",signatures:"Betty Meyboom-de Jong, Klaske Wynia and Anjo Geluk-Bleumink",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59658",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59658",authors:[{id:"224997",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Betty",surname:"Meyboom-De Jong",slug:"betty-meyboom-de-jong",fullName:"Betty Meyboom-De Jong"},{id:"232900",title:"Dr.",name:"Klaske",surname:"Wynia",slug:"klaske-wynia",fullName:"Klaske Wynia"},{id:"232901",title:"Mrs.",name:"Anjo",surname:"Geluk-Bleumink",slug:"anjo-geluk-bleumink",fullName:"Anjo Geluk-Bleumink"}],corrections:null},{id:"60852",title:"The Basics of Biogerontology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76246",slug:"the-basics-of-biogerontology",totalDownloads:1331,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Aging is an enormously complicated process. Despite a great many of theories (among them “Program Theories”, “Combined Theories”, “Damage Theories”, “Inflamm-Aging”, “Garb-Aging” and the “Rising Deleteriome”), so far there is none which is able to explain this phenomenon satisfactorily and completely. A different approach to address the complexity of aging is to characterize the major “Hallmarks of Aging”. These are genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion and an altered intercellular communication. From research on these hallmarks, new avenues were opened on how to interfere with the aging process. Some of these possible therapeutic interventions are described here too.",signatures:"Mark Rinnerthaler and Klaus Richter",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60852",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60852",authors:[{id:"216585",title:"Prof.",name:"Klaus",surname:"Richter",slug:"klaus-richter",fullName:"Klaus Richter"},{id:"216587",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",surname:"Rinnerthaler",slug:"mark-rinnerthaler",fullName:"Mark Rinnerthaler"}],corrections:null},{id:"58588",title:"Cognitive Aging",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71551",slug:"cognitive-aging",totalDownloads:1254,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The study of cognitive function in gerontology is considered relevant because it is an important risk factor for other pathologies in the old age, such as physical disability and dependence, depression, and frailty, mainly because of early pathological changes in cognitive function which are considered a preclinical state that may progress to dementia. In this chapter, cognitive functioning and the dimensions that are included in it (attention, memory, meta-memory, processing speed, executive functions, visuospatial skills, and language) are conceptualized. Additionally, the current evidence is analyzed regarding age-associated changes that are experienced during cognitive aging. These changes, or cognitive decline, are distinguished from those that are part of cognitive pathologies, the most common mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Such pathologies are conceptualized based on the current diagnostic criteria, and controversies and challenges are discussed. Additionally, we analyze the risk factors for cognitive functioning in aging, both modifiable and nonmodifiable ones. A review of the main nonpharmacological intervention techniques used from the gerontology approach is made. It includes the cognitive training in the case of age-related decline or techniques of stimulation and cognitive rehabilitation in the case of mild cognitive impairment or dementia. Finally, we conclude with an analysis of the current state of this topic in the field of gerontology and its relevance in professional practice.",signatures:"Neyda Ma Mendoza-Ruvalcaba, Elva Dolores Arias-Merino, María\nElena Flores-Villavicencio, Melina Rodríguez-Díaz and Irma Fabiola\nDíaz-García",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58588",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58588",authors:[{id:"216415",title:"Dr.",name:"Neyda Ma.",surname:"Mendoza Ruvalcaba",slug:"neyda-ma.-mendoza-ruvalcaba",fullName:"Neyda Ma. Mendoza Ruvalcaba"},{id:"216419",title:"Dr.",name:"Elva Dolores",surname:"Arias Merino",slug:"elva-dolores-arias-merino",fullName:"Elva Dolores Arias Merino"},{id:"216421",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elena",surname:"Flores Villavicencio",slug:"maria-elena-flores-villavicencio",fullName:"Maria Elena Flores Villavicencio"},{id:"216422",title:"Dr.",name:"Irma Fabiola",surname:"Díaz García",slug:"irma-fabiola-diaz-garcia",fullName:"Irma Fabiola Díaz García"},{id:"216423",title:"Dr.",name:"Melina",surname:"Rodríguez Díaz",slug:"melina-rodriguez-diaz",fullName:"Melina Rodríguez Díaz"}],corrections:null},{id:"59227",title:"Differentiating Normal Cognitive Aging from Cognitive Impairment No Dementia: A Focus on Constructive and Visuospatial Abilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73385",slug:"differentiating-normal-cognitive-aging-from-cognitive-impairment-no-dementia-a-focus-on-constructive",totalDownloads:1355,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Constructive and visuospatial abilities in normal and in pathological aging (cognitive impairment, no dementia, CIND) are investigated. The sample includes 188 participants over 60 years of age, divided in 2 groups: healthy subjects (MMSE ≥28), without cognitive complaints, and individuals with CIND (MMSE between 24 and 27 and subjective cognitive complains). Drawing of cube and drawing of house, Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT), and Block design are used to test the hypothesis that short visuoconstructive and visuospatial tests can distinguish normal from pathological cognitive aging in its very early stages. Results proved the discriminative sensitivity of BVRT general assessment criteria and of omissions and distortions in CIND. The diagnostic sensitivity of a modification of Moore and Wike [1984] scoring system for house and cube drawing tasks was confirmed as well. Drawing of cube and house could be used for quick screening of CIND in subjects over 60. Principal component analysis with oblimin rotation was performed to explore the different dimensions in the visuospatial and visuoconstructive abilities in old age. A four-factor structure was established, all four factors explaining 71% of the variance.",signatures:"Radka Ivanova Massaldjieva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59227",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59227",authors:[{id:"75907",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Radka Ivanova",surname:"Massaldjieva",slug:"radka-ivanova-massaldjieva",fullName:"Radka Ivanova Massaldjieva"}],corrections:null},{id:"57952",title:"Neurocognitive Implications of Tangential Speech in Patients with Focal Brain Damage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71904",slug:"neurocognitive-implications-of-tangential-speech-in-patients-with-focal-brain-damage",totalDownloads:1602,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"There are no studies on the neurocognitive implications of tangential speech (TS). This research aims to take a step forward in the study of narrative processing, by evaluating TS in a sample that helps to detect this deficit when it is neurogenic and recently manifested. The relationship between TS, secondary to focal brain injury, and neuropsychological and neuroanatomical variables was explored. A comprehensive neuropsychological battery was administered to 175 volunteers: 95 alert inpatients, without aphasia, without psychiatric history and without TS history, and 80 healthy participants, without TS. Results: TS (prevalence 16%) was independent of type or site of injury. An adverse effect of TS on global neuropsychological performance was observed. This effect was significantly related to attentional errors along with prolonged processing times but not to correct responses. Reliability and validity indices for the present TS screening scale were provided. Conclusion: Present results support the hypothesis that this neurogenic inability to spontaneously find, organize and communicate verbal information, beyond single words, depends on extended brain networks involving processes such as sustained attention, complex-syntax comprehension, the (implicit) interpretation and spontaneous recall of a narrative, and emotional and behavioral alterations. Early TS detection is advisable for prevention and treatment at any age.",signatures:"Nora Silvana Vigliecca",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57952",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57952",authors:[{id:"202008",title:"Dr.",name:"Nora",surname:"Vigliecca",slug:"nora-vigliecca",fullName:"Nora Vigliecca"}],corrections:null},{id:"59471",title:"Decision-Making Experiences and Patterns in Residential Care Homes for Older Residents, Family Members and Care Providers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74267",slug:"decision-making-experiences-and-patterns-in-residential-care-homes-for-older-residents-family-member",totalDownloads:1040,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Aim: To explore the decision-making experiences and processes taking place in residential care homes from older residents, their families and staff members, particularly how residents’ needs were met and their degree of involvement in making decisions.",signatures:"Lisa Pau Le Low",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59471",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59471",authors:[{id:"214550",title:"Dr.",name:"Lisa Pl",surname:"Low",slug:"lisa-pl-low",fullName:"Lisa Pl Low"}],corrections:null},{id:"58594",title:"Role of Nutraceuticals in Modulation of Gut-Brain Axis in Elderly Persons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73005",slug:"role-of-nutraceuticals-in-modulation-of-gut-brain-axis-in-elderly-persons",totalDownloads:1458,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A rather new and somewhat unusual concept connects brain functions to gut microbiota. It is called “gut-brain axis” (or “microbiota-gut-brain axis”) and states that probiotics consumption and a healthy gut microbiota positively influence brain functions related to behavior and cognition. Synergistic with a low chronic grade peripheral inflammation, this faulty barrier exposes the aged brain to negative extra-cerebral signals. Given the quasi-constant failure of pharmacological treatments in neurodegenerative diseases, increased interest is directed toward allopathic medicine, including dietary supplements. Interplay between gut microbiota and central nervous system by immune, neural and metabolic pathways is being explored as a possible modulator of cognitive impairment and behavior disorders. In elderly persons, this axis has been reported to be altered, contributing to systemic inflammation and was also indicated as a possible marker for early frailty in younger population. Currently, there are several clinical trials addressing the relationship between gut microbiota and central nervous system psychiatric disorders and at least one directly investigating whether there is a correlation between composition of gut microbiome, permeability of intestinal barrier and systemic inflammation in patients with dementia. 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1. Introduction
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) is an analytical tool that is used to obtain molecular structural information based on spectral signatures of molecular vibrations. It has been employed in numerous research fields such as chemistry, chemical industries, chemical engineering, pharmaceutical industries, atmospheric chemistry, etc. Thus, it becomes a standard instrument in modern chemical and physical laboratories.
In a conventional FT-IR spectrometer, the movable mirror of the Michelson interferometer undergoes a complete movement to produce the interferogram which is Fourier transformed to obtain a spectrum. This technique is used for getting vibrational information of molecules and molecular complexes which help in identification of isomers and conformers and finding molecular interactions such as hydrogen bonding, etc. It takes a certain amount of time for the complete movement of the mirror and thus restricts the application of FT-IR to time-evolving process.
Since its discovery, it has been passed through several modifications especially to reduce the data acquisition time so that molecular changes that happened during a reaction can be investigated in-situ [1]. These modifications include the development of time-resolved FT-IR spectroscopy such as repetitive mode [2], rapid scan [3, 4], and step-scan [3, 5, 6] which covers, typically, time-resolution of 102–10−9 s. Several commercial FT-IR spectrometers are equipped with these options. In the case of repetitive mode measurement, several spectra are recorded in a conventional manner at a particular time interval with the continuous light illumination for photolysis; a typical time resolution that can be obtained with this technique is ∼100 ms. In the case of rapid scan mode [6], it is possible to move the mirror at high speed to record the spectra in a short time of 10’s ms. It enables to record a series of spectra after laser flashes in a time-resolved way. The series of time-resolved difference spectra can be obtained by subtracting the spectrum recorded before laser excitation. In the step-scan FT-IR spectroscopy [6], data acquisition occurs in multiple steps of the movable mirror. At each step, a laser is fired to induce the reaction, and then the IR transient induced by the laser flash is recorded. Interferograms and therefore spectra are reconstructed from a series of transients corresponding to a complete series of mirror stop position [4, 6]. In the last two decays, the step-scan FT-IR spectrometer has been coupled with the imaging technique and applied in the area of biomedical science [7, 8, 9].
The infrared spectra of molecules can be measured in various states of materials - solid, liquid, and gas phases. The former two states’ measurements are common and used in routine studies, but the later mode measurement is uncommon since the experimental requirement is more for acquiring the gas phase spectra. Furthermore, in some cases, it is way difficult to get enough molecules into the gas phase, e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of more than four member rings have shown vapor pressure below 10−6 mmHg at room temperature. However, among these three states, the gas phase spectra provide more valuable information. This is illustrated by comparing spectra of 1,4-butanediol (HO-C4H8-OH) in the gas phase [10] and liquid state [11], see Figure 1a and b.
Figure 1.
Infrared spectra of 1,4-butandiol in the gas phase (a) and liquid state(b). Spectra (b) converted from % transmission mode to absorbance mode. Spectra (a) reproduced from reference [10] with permission; Copyright (2015) ACS. Spectra (b) reproduced from reference [11] with permission; Copyright (2017) RSC.
From Figure 1, we can see that above 3500 cm−1 there are three IR absorption bands in the gas phase spectra of 1,4-butanediol. Among these, the band of higher frequency one is assigned to the free O-H stretching vibration, and the remaining two bands of lower frequency value are assigned to the hydrogen-bonded O-H stretching vibrations which are belonging to the two different conformers [10]. These information are hidden in the corresponding liquid state spectra, only a broad IR absorption band appeared at ∼3300 cm−1; this is what you can find in most textbooks. The other methods of sampling techniques along with instrumentation have been summarized by Marwa El-Azazy [12].
This chapter means to give an overview of the following. From the above discussion, it is clear that for measuring infrared spectra of low vapor pressure compounds, one can use a long-path gas cell to improve the detection limit. Therefore, how the FT-IR spectrometer can be assembled with the gas cell and vacuum lines to investigate the vibrational spectra of molecules and molecular complexes in the gas phase. In addition, if this basic set-up is modified and coupled with the UV laser whether that can be used to monitor photochemical reactions. Furthermore, how, it can be used to obtain quantitative information on free molecules, molecules in a mixture, and reactants and photoproducts in a reaction. Discuss the applications of these methods in the gas phase vibrational spectroscopy of methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (MPAHs), conformation analysis of diols, and monitoring the photochemical reactions of halobenzenes.
2. Instrumentation
The principle and instrumentation of FT-IR spectrometer can be found in many textbooks, including the book written by Griffiths and Haseth [13]. Nevertheless, a brief description is required to make the connectivity. The design of interferometers used for IR spectroscopy is based on the interferometer which was originally designed in 1891 by Michelson [14]. This interferometer is a device that split a beam of radiation into two beams and then recombines the two beams after a path difference has been introduced. A condition thereby created under which interference between two beams can occur. The variation of intensity of the beam emerging from the interferometer is measured as a function of the path difference called retardation which is designated as δ. The schematic diagram of Michelson interferometer, interferogram, and spectrum for monochromatic light source is shown in Figure 2 [15]. Here a constructive interference will occur only when the distance between the movable mirror and the fixed mirror (i.e., δ) is an integral multiple of λ, whereas a destructive interference will take place when δ is an integral multiple of λ/2.
Figure 2.
Optical diagram of a Michelson interferometer with the He-Ne laser running co-axial, interferogram and spectrum for a single frequency light source. The interferometer consists of four major components: A fixed mirror, a moving mirror, BS: Beamsplitter, D: Detector. LD: He-Ne laser detector. Adapted from reference [15]. Copyright (2011) Indian Institute of Science Bangalore (https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/1252).
To obtain an interferogram, I(δ), the detector signal is digitized and recorded as a function of retardation (δ). A reference He-Ne laser is employed to monitor movement of movable mirror. The interferogram intensity of polychromatic source is mathematically described by Eq. (1):
Iδ=∫−∞+∞Bνcos2πνδdνE1
where Bν is the spectral intensity at wave number ν (in cm−1). The Fourier transformation (FT) of Iδ gives the single-beam IR spectrum expressed by Eq. (2):
Bν=∫−∞+∞Iδcos2πνδdδE2
The movable mirror moves continuously in case of continuous scan mode as discuss below.
2.1 Continuous scan interferometry
The continuous-scan is preferably used for the routine static or very slow kinetic measurements. In a continuous-scan FT-IR spectrometer, the moving mirror moves continuously at a constant velocity, V(cm s−1), and the optical path difference at time t(s) is given by δ=2Vtcm. The interferogram data points are digitized at the zero crossings of the He-Ne laser signal as shown in Figure 3 [15]. The use of laser signal ensures that I(δ) is measured at precisely equal intervals of mirror positions and provides an internal wavelength calibration for every scan. Because of continuous movement of the mirror, the interferogram I(δ) changes as a function of time. The Fourier frequency (fF in Hz) of IR light at a wave number ν (in cm−1) is given by:
Figure 3.
Schematic of data collection in continuous-scan interferometer. Adapted from reference [15]. Copyright (2011) Indian Institute of Science Bangalore (https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/1252).
fF=2VνE3
where V is the mirror velocity in cm s−1. Typically, the slow velocities are chosen for thermal detectors; such as deuterated triglycine sulfate (DTGS), whereas, the fast velocities are chosen for fast detectors, such as a mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) or indium antimonide (InSb) detector, for routine or kinetic measurements.
2.2 Repetitive measurements with FT-IR
The modern FT-IR spectrometer has a provision for the repetitive mode measurement. The data acquisition scheme is similar to normal scan [I(δ) vs δ] which is repeated for many times depending on the requirement to follow up the reaction kinetics completely. Thereby introduced another dimension in in conventional scan mode, and thus it is a three dimensional [I(δ) vs δ and t]. Figure 4 shows the data collection scheme of repetitive mode measurement of the FT-IR. For a set of experiment, say, five interferogram (t1 - t5) correspond to the five spectra at time resolution Δt = (t2 - t1) and each interferogram is an average over many continuous scans as describe in Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Schematic of data collection in repetitive mode of measurements. Interferogram t1 - t5 corresponding to the spectra 1–5, respectively. Each interferogram or thereby spectra correspond to the average over many conventional spectrums.
For a particular spectral resolution, the time resolution is limited by scanning speed of movable mirror and number of co-additions, i.e., no of scans consider for the spectra. This kind of measurements can be used to monitor photochemical and thermally perturbed process without any break. The advantage of this mode measurement is that one can do photolysis and simultaneously keep recording the spectra of sample which is not refresh like in the case molecular beam technique. That means it has capability to monitor photolysis products on-line. This is like a method which can be used to study the photo- and thermo-chemical evolution within a well-defined system. Thus, this methodology is well suited for applied problems.
2.3 Variable path-length long-path gas cell
For measuring infrared spectra of molecules and/or monitoring a photochemical reaction in the gas phase, the well-known method is to couple the gas cell with the FT-IR spectrometer. However, in some cases it is difficult to obtain sufficient amount of compounds into the gas phase from its solid or liquid states for the IR spectroscopic study using a normal gas cell of ∼10 cm (typically) optical path length (OPL). Also, this is true in cases where photolysis product yield is found to be low. In such cases, where concentrations are below the detection limit with the gas cell, the common strategy is to use longer OPL (l) to improve the IR absorbance. This is in accordance with the Lambert–Beer’s law. In other words, a higher detection limit can be achieved by employing a long-path gas cell.
Figure 5a shows a schematic of the variable path-length long-path gas cell which was made according to the “white cell” principle [16]. The cell contains three internal gold-coated mirrors; two (M1 and M2) of them are adjustable attached at the top and one (M3) is fixed at the bottom of the cell called a field mirror. These adjustable mirrors are placed at the radius of curvature of the fixed mirror. At the entrance and exit point of the IR radiation two ZnSe windows are used. Outside of both the windows two adjustable transfer mirrors are used to guide the IR light from the source to the detector through the gas cell.
Figure 5.
(a) Schematic diagram of typical “white cell” [side view]; M1, M2, M3 - mirrors, numbers (1–4) indicate the direction of light. (b) Top view of field mirror (M3); representative light images or spots on this mirror are indicated by numbers.
The OPL of the cell can be varied by changing the position of the adjustable mirror. The beam comes through one window (right-hand side) and reflects back and forth between the field mirror and the adjustable mirrors of the gas cell. After every 4 passes, the beam migrates across top of the field mirror on the input side until it misses that mirror and exits through the exit window. The field mirror shows the migration of the IR beam in the gas cell. The IR beam comes in at the position marked 0 and exits at the position marked 16, see Figure 5b.
Initially, the desired OPL is set roughly by adjusting the position of the adjustable mirror with the help of red knob in Figure 5a and simultaneously counting the He-Ne laser spots on the fixed mirror. From the number of spots as recommended by manufacturer, the IR light OPL can be calculated back. Further fine-tuning of OPL can be done by adjusting mirror slightly forward or backward and looking for the maximum interferogram signal with the empty cell. Before using the multi-pass gas cell for quantitative measurements, one needs to make sure optical path lengths change precisely and follow the linearity in absorbance vs OPL plot. Figure 6 shows the results of such calibration curve obtained using naphthalene as a standard compound. This has been carried out at room temperature. A similar calibration method is applied while setting the precursor amount for the photochemical reaction studies.
Figure 6.
Observed band area (in cm−1) vs optical path length (in m) for naphthalene. Adapted from reference [15] with permission. Copyright (2011) Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore (https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/1252).
2.4 Experimental set-up for the gas phase studies
The description of the experimental set-up can be found in Ref.s [17, 18, 19, 20]. Figure 7 shows how a variable multi-pass long-path gas cell was coupled with the FT-IR spectrometer and vacuum lines. FT-IR spectrometer utilized in this set-up was equipped with a liquid-nitrogen-cooled photovoltaic mercury-cadmium-telluride (PV-LN-MCT) detector and a KBr beamsplitter. The vacuum line can be solely homemade using 1/4″ valves, tubing, and fittings from Swagelok. It is connected to the gas cell, pressure transducer, vacuum pump, Ultra-Torr for the sample tube and bulb, and a gas reservoir cylinder. The sample (solid/liquid) holder is a glass tube/bulb which is attached to the vacuum line using Ultra-Torr fitting and O-ring.
Figure 7.
Schematic diagram of FT-IR spectrometer coupled with a variable multi-pass long-path gas cell and vacuum lines.
The sample can be loaded in a glass tube or bulb depending on the state of the sample. The dissolved gases are removed by applying several cycles of freeze-pump-thaw. The sample vapor was first allowed to expand into the vacuum line and then transfer to the gas cell and mixed with carrier gas argon (Ar, UHP). This is done in cases where solid or liquid samples have sufficient vapor pressure at room temperature but need to have a temperature controlling system to raise the T during sampling and to maintain cell T during FT-IR measurements for samples having low vapor pressure at room. The spectrometer and sample compartment were continuously purged with ultra-high purity (UHP) nitrogen gas during experiments to avoid interference from moisture and carbon dioxide. Argon (Ar) gas kept in the reservoir cylinder is used for cleaning the cell as well as carrier gas.
This setup was used for investigating vibrational spectra of gaseous PAHs and MPAHs. The vapor pressure of such compounds is low at room temperature, ranging from 10−2 to 10−7 mmHg for 2 to 7 rings system [15]. Therefore, cell needs to heat up during sampling and acquiring spectra. For very low (< 10−7 mmHg) vapor pressure compound, the recommended way is to fill the sample bulb with a solid sample and placed it inside the cell. This setup is also used for the conformational analysis of diols in the gas phase. Furthermore, this basic setup has been modified to investigate the photochemical reactions in the gas phase.
2.5 Experimental set-up for photochemical reaction studies
The repetitive mode measurement method of FT-IR was used to monitor the photochemical reaction in the gas phase. Figure 8 shows the experimental setup [21]. The gas cell shown in this setup served as a reactor in this experiment. Its borosilicate glass body was replaced with a Quartz tube to allow UV light for the photolysis. The 266 nm light was generated from the fourth harmonic (1064 nm) of a pulse Nd:YAG laser. In order to increase the photolysis efficiency, a multi-pass arrangement was made for the laser light as well using five UV reflectors. In past, a similar approach has been applied by Eberhard et al. [22]. They used a pair of rectangular UV reflectors in order to make a multi-pass arrangement across the fixed gas cell which was coupled with a step-scan time-resolved FT-IR spectrometer. In this set-up, the reflectors were placed on circular holders which were hanging on a rectangular frame. The frame has a provision for “x” and “y” movements [21]. This reflector set-up was placed parallel to the cell body to benefit six times UV light passes through the gas cell.
Figure 8.
Schematic diagram of FT-IR spectrometer coupled with the variable multi-pass long-path gas cell, vacuum lines and UV laser (ns).
Usually, the laser pulses energy is measured before entering the gas cell. However, inside the cell, the energy is lower due to absorption by cell body material and UV reflector, which is taken into account in the photolysis efficiency estimation. The amount of precursor was set after measuring its infrared spectra as a function of sample pressure so as to keep the absorbance ∼1.2. Typically, a small amount of sample vapor was loaded, as much to keep the IR absorbance value in the working range, in the gas cell for the photolysis studies. The partial pressure of sample inside the gas cell can be estimated from its infrared integrated absorbance as described in Section 3.2.
First measured the infrared spectrum of the precursor without photolysis. The precursor stability, as well as its rate of condensation, was tested prior to photolysis by measuring its infrared spectra for up to several minutes. Then the irradiation was started, and simultaneously infrared spectra were recorded. To monitor the reaction, several spectra at different photolysis time intervals have been recorded using the repeated mode measurements of FT-IR. Point to be noted, the laser light irradiation and repetitive scan measurements were started at the same time manually. The precursor spectra were subtracted with proper weighing factors from the spectra recorded during the photolysis to get the product spectra which are called difference spectra. The depletion and formation of infrared bands in the difference spectra indicate the decomposition of precursor and formation of products, respectively.
There is always a trade-off to play with spectral resolution and number of scans per spectra to achieve a maximum temporal resolution. The FT-IR, used in this set-up, required 414 ms per scan at a spectral resolution of 2 cm−1. Therefore, monitoring a photochemical reaction of lifetime 100’s of ms with spectral resolution of 2 cm−1 is possible with this technique.
There are certain advantages to this technique. It can measure a wide spectral range which allows the detection of many species simultaneously. Furthermore, this technique can be used to study the chemical evolution within a well-defined isolated system; which means, it is well suited for applied problems. The disadvantage of this technique is that it suffers a lack of sensitivity as compared to the technique based on molecular beam combined with laser and mass spectrometry. However, one can, to some extent, improves the sensitivity of this technique by using a long-path gas cell. This method is used to investigate the photodegradation pathways of atmospherically and industrially relevant halogenated compounds [2].
3. Quantitative analysis
3.1 Infrared intensity
The quantity of interest in the intensity calculation is the integrated absorption coefficient A (in km mol−1). It can be determined theoretically using Eq. (4) [23]
Ai=42.254∂μ∂Qi2,E4
where ∂μ/∂Qi are the dipole moment derivatives in D (Å amu1/2) evaluated via analytical derivatives computed at the DFT level of theory.
On the other hand, absolute intensity (in cm−2 atm−1) can be obtained experimentally by using the Eq. (5) [24]
Ai=2.303∫logIo/IidνiPil,E5
where l (in cm) is the OPL and Pi’ s are the vapor pressures. It is not possible to get the vapor pressure of PAHs or methyl- and dimethyl-PAHs by conventional pressure gauge system since they are seeded on carrier gas(Ar). Therefore, one can estimate the partial pressures (Pi) under all the bands with the help of the observed band areas and their corresponding calculated intensities by using the same equation. The average pressure obtained from all the bands were then calculated using P=∑inPin where n is the total number of observed bands which was used to calculate the observed band intensities (in cm−2 atm−1). In order to get the experimental intensities in km mol−1, the values in cm−2 atm−1 were multiplied by a factor of 82.056 (T/K).
3.2 Estimation of reactant and photoproducts
The amount of sample (reactant) decay and formation of new products can be measured from the integrated band area of the observed infrared spectra using Eq. (6) [25], which is basically the modified Eq. (5).
Piatm=2.303×82.05×T×10−5×τiAi×l,E6
in which, τi is the integrated absorbance (in cm−1), Ai (in km mol−1) is the absorption coefficient, l (in cm) is the OPL, and T (298 K) is the experimental temperature. Typically, we chose 2–3 absorption lines of a species and averaged the derived partial pressure. In case of rotational-resolved spectra, sum of band areas over all resolved lines is assumed to be equivalent to the unresolved band area within error limit. The derived pressure errors are typically within ±20% due to the fitting errors.
3.3 Photolysis efficiency
The estimation of the photolysis yield is discussed in this section. It helps to know the efficiency of experimental set-up. In order to do that lets take photolysis of (0.43 ± 0.01) torr C6H5Cl at 266 nm as an example. The photolysis decay (x) of precursor (C6H5Cl) is estimated using Eq. (7)
x=nC6H5Cl×σ266nm×FE7
where, n is the amount of C6H5Cl (2.829 × 1017) molecules present in the laser active volume 20.3 cm−3, F is the laser fluence 13.181 × 1016 photon cm−2 pulse−1 [assuming over all 25% loss on measure energy 37 mJ pulse−1 due to cell and UV reflectors absorption and laser active area 0.283 cm2 for ∼6 mm laser light beam diameter], and σ is the absorption cross section of C6H5Cl (4.933 × 10−19 cm2 molecule−1) which is according to the reported ε(266 nm) = 129 cm−1 L mol−1 [26]. According to Eq. (1), the amount of photoexcited C6H5Cl or decay of it’s found to be 1.832 × 1016 molecules pulse−1 in 20.3 cm3. Eventually, this many photoproducts get distributed over the cell volume 1.805 × 103 cm3 and thus value of x is estimated to be 1.015 x 1013 molecules cm−3 pulse−1 which corresponds to 3.129 × 10−4 torr pulse−1. The laser is operated at 10 Hz repetition rate and thus overall accumulated decay of precursor during 53 s photolysis is estimated to be 0.166 torr; that means efficiency is 38.6%. In other words, it’s clear that dropping of 0.166 torr C6H5Cl is the lower limit for observing major photolysis products during first 53 s. More details of this quantitative analysis method can be found in the forthcoming article [21].
4. Applications
This section is dedicated to discussing a few representative applications of the experimental set-ups presented in Figures 7 and 8. In past many system have been investigated using these set-ups: PAHs and MPAHs namely 1- and 2-methylnaphthalenes (MNs) [27]; 1,5-, 1,6-, and 2,6-dimethylnaphthalenes (DMNs) [28]; 2,4-, 2,6-, 2,7-, and 2,8-dimethylquinolines (DMQs) [25]; 1,9-, 2,4-, and 3,9-dimethylphenanthrenes (DMPs) [20]; and fluorene, 1-methylfluorene and 1,8-dimethylfluorne [19]; conformational analysis of diols [10]; hydrogen bonded oligomers of methanol [29]; and photodegradation pathways of halobenzenes [2]. But discussion will be restricted to exemplary a few systems as discussed in the subsequent sections.
4.1 Isomeric identification of methylated-PAHs
Das et al. [28] have reported the gas phase IR spectra of 1,5-DMN, 1,6-DMN, and 2,6-DMN using the technique presented in Figure 7 and assigned their vibrational modes using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Figure 9 shows gas-phase infrared spectra of DMNs. Also, quantitative estimation has done as discussed in Section 3.1; vapor pressure of DMNs were found to be 2.1–2.5 × 10−2 mmHg at 90°C.
Figure 9.
The infrared absorption spectra for (a) 1,5-DMN; (b) 1,6-DMN; and (c) 2,6-DMN at 0.5 cm−1 resolution. Reproduced from reference [28] with permission. Copyright (2008) Elsevier.
Table 1 listed four characteristic bands of the DMNs. These bands may help in their identification in an unknown mixture. The aromatic C-H out-of-plane bending vibration is the strongest among all the bands in DMNs and is easy to identify near 800 cm−1. The DMNs are distinguishable from the position of this band which appears with a clear separation in different DMNs. A set of three bands assigned for the methyl C-H symmetric and asymmetric stretching is the next set of bands that are distinct in all the DMNs. They appear clearly resolved at the high-frequency region of the IR spectrum near 2900 cm−1 with moderate intensities and can be easily marked.
Mode of vibration
1,5-DMNc
1,6-DMNc
2,6-DMNc
Aromatic C-H out-of-plane
783.2 (1.000)
812.8 (1.000)
808.5 (1.000)
Methyl C-H stretching
2882.4a (0.146) 2931.8b (0.107) 2956.9b (0.050)
2874.8a (0.395) 2933.3b (0.395) 2953.8b (0.079)
2880.0a (0.212) 2933.9b (0.549) 2955.2b (0.012)
Table 1.
Comparison of observed aromatic (C-H) out-of-plane bending and methyl C-H symmetrica and asymmetric stretchingb vibrations in DMNs.
cThe band positions are given in cm−1 and the relative intensities in parentheses.
Reproduced from reference [28] with permission. Copyright (2008) Elsevier.
Chakraborty et al. [27] have proposed a similar identification of MNs. A few aromatic C-H stretching and aromatic C-H out-of-plane bending vibrations has been identified in the experimental spectra of MNs as evidenced from reference [27]. Out of these, a few either intense or unique bands have been chosen, as listed in Table 2, for the isomeric identification.
Frequency values are in cm−1. In parenthesis, relative intensities are given.
Reproduced from reference [27] with permission. Copyright (2012) Indian Association for the Cultivation of science.
In 1- and 2-MN, an intense aromatic C-H stretch has been identified at 3076.9 and 3062.9 cm−1, respectively. This band is separated by 14 cm−1 from one isomer to the another. Therefore, this band can be used for the isomeric identification of MN in a complex mixture. One unique band was observed at 1644.6 cm−1 in 2-MN and at 1077.2 cm−1 in 1-MN. These bands are unique to those isomers and are not observed in the other isomer. Another unique band has been identified in the experimental spectra of 1- and 2-MN at 1399.7 and 1134.6 cm−1, respectively, for the aromatic C-H in-plane bending vibration. This band is of low intensity and clearly visible in the recorded spectra of MNs. There are two sets of bands that are identified for aromatic C-H out-of-plane bending vibrations at 978.8 and 788.9 cm−1 in 1-MN and 952.2 and 812.1 cm−1 in 2-MN. The first set of bands is highly intense, whereas the second set is of low intensity. These bands are clearly distinguishable for different isomers of MN. Therefore, spectral bands in the 1800–500 cm−1 region will be helpful for the isomeric identification of MNs in a complex mixture. After careful inspection of the high-intensity aromatic C-H out-of-plane bending vibrations in the region 1800–500 cm−1 and at the aromatic C-H stretching vibrations in the region 3200–2800 cm−1, it is possible to distinguish between the MNs. The isomeric identification through infrared spectra of these compounds, as suggested here, will perhaps be relevant in the field of environmental and atmospheric chemistry.
Similarly, a few characteristic infrared absorptions have been found for other series of methylated PAHs such as DMPs and DMQs. The details assignment and isomeric identifications for these systems are beyond the scope of discussion here. Therefore, interested readers are directed to go through reference [20, 25].
4.2 Conformational analysis using steady state measurements
Das et al. [10] applied the technique presented in Figure 7 to measure the infrared spectra of 1,2-ethandiol (1,2-ED) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) in the gas phase at different T’s. The corresponding observed spectra are presented in Figures 10A and 11A′ and compared with the simulated spectra constructed based on a mixture of conformers, Figures 10B and 11B′ and done the conformational analysis.
Figure 10.
The experimental IR absorption spectra of 1,2-ED in the gas phase at 303 K (A) and stimulated spectrum of a mixture of stable conformers tGg′, gGg′, g′Gg′, tTt, tTg, gTg′, gTg, gGg, tGt, and tGg (B). B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ calculated anharmonic intensities in the individual spectra of conformers were weighted by the population of the respective conformer. The simulated spectrum (B) was obtained using Gaussian functions centered at the anharmonic frequencies and with a bandwidth at half-height of 35 cm−1. The O-H stretching region marked with gray. Reproduced from reference [10] with permission. Copyright (2015) ACS.
Figure 11.
Experimental IR absorption spectra of 1,4-BD in the gas phase at 313 K (A′), stimulated spectrum of a mixture of conformers g′GG′Gt, gG′G′Gt, tG′TGt, g′TTGt, gGTGt, tTTTt, tGGGt, tTGG′t, gTGGt, and tTGTt (B′). B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ calculated anharmonic intensities in the individual spectra of conformers were weighted by the population of the respective conformer [10]. The simulated spectrum (B′) was obtained using Gaussian functions centered at the anharmonic frequencies and with a band width at half-height of 35 cm−1. The O-H stretching region marked with gray. Reproduced from reference [10] with permission. Copyright (2015) ACS.
A statistical thermodynamic population analysis at experimental temperatures have done with the chosen 10 conformers of 1,2-ED (tGg′, gGg′, g′Gg′, tTt, tTg, gTg′, gTg, gGg, tGt, and tGg) and 1,4-BD (g′GG′Gt, gG′G′Gt, tG′TGt, g′TTGt, gGTGt, tTTTt, tGGGt, tTGG′t, gTGGt, and tTGTt). The purpose of the theoretical population analysis is to predict which conformers contribute to the experimentally measured vibrational spectra. The standard statistical mechanical relations were used to calculate the free energies of chosen conformers of 1,2-ED and 1,4-BD using DFT (B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ). Then, the fractional gas phase equilibrium population [10, 30, 31, 32], P(M) of a conformer M is calculated according to the Boltzmann distribution
PM=exp−∆GMRT∑iexp−∆GiRTE8
where i spans all the conformers of 1,2-ED and 1,4-BD, respectively. The calculated P(M) at experimental temperatures were multiplied by 100 in to order to get the percentage population. It was assumed that population of each conformer corresponds to its weight at the experimental temperatures. The stimulated spectrum Figure 10B of 1,2-ED is a mixture of conformers tGg′, gGg′, g′Gg′, tTt, tTg, gTg′, gTg, gGg, tGt, and tGg with a contribution of 55.5, 22.6, 13.4, 0.5, 2.8, 1.3, 0.4, 1.0, 1.0, and 1.5%, respectively. Similarly, the populations estimated with the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ method were found to be 12.8, 4.4, 21.8, 26.8, 18.8, 3.3, 1.9, 5.1, 3.9, and 1.2% for g′GG′Gt, gG′G′Gt, tG′TGt, g′TTGt, gGTGt, tTTTt, tGGGt, tTGG′t, gTGGt, and tTGTt conformers, respectively. It has been found that most stable hydrogen bonded conformers of 1,4-BD are less populated than some of the non-hydrogen bonded conformers. Even for the 1,4-BD, the relative population of the g′GG′Gt conformer [10], which has strong intramolecular hydrogen bond, is less than what is predicted. It has been proposed that perhaps the intramolecular hydrogen bond is not the only factor governing the relative stability of the hydrogen bonded conformers of diols.
This comparative study has revealed a few notable things. First of all, experimental observed spectra are a mixture of hydrogen and non-hydrogen bonded conformers of diols. Second thing is that it helps in finding what is the weighting factor by which individual conformer contributed to the measure spectra that indirectly indicating in what % each conformer exist in a mixture. Furthermore, based on this comparative study, it has been concluded that strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding exists in 1,4-BD but it appears to be weak intramolecular hydrogen bonding in 1,2-ED at temperatures of 303, 313 and 323 K in the gas phase [10].
4.3 Photochemistry with time resolved set-up
Using gas phase time-resolved FT-IR set-up described in Section 2.6, the very first system that has been studied by Behera et al. [2] is the photodegradation of chlorobenzene (C6H5Cl). During this measurement, spectrometer has been set to acquired 5 spectra at 120 sec intervals for a total period of about 9 min with a spectral resolution 2 cm−1 and averaged over 128 scans. Figure 12a shows the spectra of precursor (C6H5Cl) which is obtained based on normal scan measurement, whereas spectra in Figure 12b–f, obtained during 53, 173, 293, 413, and 533 s photolysis of C6H5Cl were based on repetitive mode measurement.
Figure 12.
(a) Infrared absorption spectra of 0.43 ± 0.01 torr C6H5Cl seeded in 142 torr argon (Ar). Difference spectra (b–f) were measured during 53, 173, 293, 413, and 533 sec photolysis at 266 nm. Infrared absorption band indicated by A, B, C, and D are assigned to hydrochloric acid (HCl), acetylene (C2H2), 1,3-butadiyne (C4H2), and phenol (C6H5OH), respectively. Reproduced from reference [2] with permission. Copyright (2021) Elsevier.
Following 266 nm photolysis of C6H5Cl, the ro-vibrational lines were observed in the region 3060–2625 cm−1, at 3317.8/ 3262.7 cm−1 and 1346.2/1301.2 cm−1, and at 3341.2 and 1232.7 cm−1. These infrared features are assigned to the hydrochloric acid, acetylene, and 1,3-butadiyne, respectively. Identification of acetylene and 1,3-butadiyne but not expected HCl co-product ortho-benzyne (o-C6H4) indicates, possibly, o-C6H4 further degraded into acetylene and 1,3-butadiyne. The calculated potential energy surfaces for the possible degradation channels of C6H5Cl shown that HCl elimination and C-Cl bond fission are major degradation paths.
Further quantitative analysis has done using the measured infrared absorbance for the precursor and various photoproducts and Eq. (5). The results of this analysis have been presented in Figure 13.
Figure 13.
(a) Decay of chlorobenzene (C6H5Cl) and growth of products (b) hydrochloric acid (HCl), (c) acetylene (C2H2), and (d) 1,3-butadiyne (C4H2) as a function of 266 nm photolysis time. The plot is based on repetitive mode measurements, see Figure 12 and Eq. (5) in the main text. Reproduced from reference [2] with permission. Copyright (2021) Elsevier.
Accordingly, the initial pressure of precursor is estimated to be 0.427 ± 0.013 torr. During first 53 s photolysis the concentration of C6H5Cl is decreased by (0.0128 ± 0.241 × 10−3) torr and formation of primary product HCl is estimated to be (0.00645 ± 0.19894 × 10−4) torr as reflected in Figure 13. This clearly indicates that, the experimental branching ratio for the HCl elimination and C-Cl bond fission paths of C6H5Cl is 1:1. This is consistent with the calculate energetics which indicates that the energy required for the C-Cl bond fission is closed to the HCl elimination barrier of C6H5Cl. Further details assignment of photodegraded products and reaction mechanism can be found in recent publication [2].
This gas phase time resolved technique was successfully applied to investigate the photodegradation of C6H5Br at 266 nm.
5. Conclusions
These studies have provided an experimental verification of low concentration infrared spectroscopic measurements using multi-pass long-path gas cell coupled with the FT-IR spectrometer. This is essential for the detection of atmospherically and astronomically important PAHs and MPAHs. The low concentration measurement is also essential for the detection of intramolecular hydrogen bonded conformers in a gaseous mixture. Furthermore, even its required for the detection of photoproducts in a mixture of reactant and products.
The benchmark data on vibrational signatures of some of the MPAHs are expected to help in identification of them in a complex mixture from various sources. These studies also provide the spectroscopic method of quantification of gaseous MPAHs which will eventually help in quantification of them so that worldwide emission rate and adverse effects on human being can be monitored.
The gas phase infrared spectra are expected to provide more information as compared to solid or liquid state spectra. This has been inferred based on comparison of gas phase spectra and its corresponding liquid phase spectra of diols. Also, experimental spectra can be reconstructed after properly weightage of calculated spectrum for various conformers which helps in finding % contribution of various conformers of diols in a complex mixture. Perhaps, this is something, similar to the method called multivariate analysis.
The repetitive mode time resolved FT-IR coupled with laser was successful to probe the HCl elimination channel in the UV photolysis of C6H5Cl combined with ab initio calculations. The secondary products C2H2 and C4H2 was observed in conjunction with the primary product HCl. These secondary products play important roles to obscure the results from the primary processes particularly when low time resolution measurement was involved. The experimental conditions like continuous photolysis of chlorobenzene seeded in a buffer gas mimic the reaction in the atmosphere.
The future potential application such technique is in the pharmaceutical industries to find the drug degradation. The study of the photodegradation behavior of pharmaceuticals in the environment is a key issue in terms of the formation of toxic products. Therefore, information on drug degraded products is crucial to understand the environmental fate of contaminants and to establish the important degradation pathways. This can be done using this low time-resolved FT-IR spectroscopy.
Acknowledgments
My sincere thanks to Prof. Puspendu K. Das and Prof. E. Arunan of the Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry (IPC), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, for allowing us to use their lab and departmental facilities. My sincere thanks to Dr. Shubhadip Chakraborty and Dr. Bedabyas Behera for their contribution of some part of their work as cited. The spectrometer used in the experiment was supported by the FIST program of the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Das thank Center for Advanced Research Studies, Ganpat University (CARS-GUNI) for providing working platform. Also, thanks to all authors for given permission to use their published work either in the form of data or figure.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"continuous scan FT-IR, repetitive mode time-resolved FT-IR, isomeric identification, conformational analysis, atmospheric photochemistry, drug degradation",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/83036.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/83036.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/83036",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/83036",totalDownloads:5,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"July 11th 2022",datePrePublished:"August 17th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"August 9th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"This chapter intends to cover the instrumentation of gas phase Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), its recent advancement, and applications. The major focus have been given to the principle and data acquisition scheme of the repetitive mode measurement method of FT-IR spectrometer. The application of this spectroscopy in the isomeric identification of the methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MPAHs) and the conformational analysis of diols have been discussed. Furthermore, the application of the repetitive measurement mode of FT-IR combined with the UV laser in monitoring the atmospherically relevant photochemical reactions has been covered. In conclusion, this chapter briefly summarizes the current applications and discusses future applications of this technique in following drug degradation.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/83036",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/83036",signatures:"Prasanta Das",book:{id:"11564",type:"book",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy - Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Infrared Spectroscopy - Perspectives and Applications",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Marwa El-Azazy, Dr. Khalid Al-Saad and Dr. Ahmed El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11564.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80356-282-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-281-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-283-4",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"198210",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"El-Azazy",slug:"marwa-el-azazy",fullName:"Marwa El-Azazy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Instrumentation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Continuous scan interferometry",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Repetitive measurements with FT-IR",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Variable path-length long-path gas cell",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4 Experimental set-up for the gas phase studies",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"2.5 Experimental set-up for photochemical reaction studies",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8",title:"3. Quantitative analysis",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.1 Infrared intensity",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"3.2 Estimation of reactant and photoproducts",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"3.3 Photolysis efficiency",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12",title:"4. Applications",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"4.1 Isomeric identification of methylated-PAHs",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"4.2 Conformational analysis using steady state measurements",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"4.3 Photochemistry with time resolved set-up",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16",title:"5. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_17",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_20",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Hughey KD, Tonkyn RG, Harper WW, Young VL, Myers TL, Johnson TJ. Preliminary studies of UV photolysis of gas-phase CH3I in air: Time-resolved infrared identification of methanol and formaldehyde products. Chemical Physics Letters. 2021;768:138403. DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.021.138403'},{id:"B2",body:'Behera B, Das P. HCl elimination in the photolysis of chlorobenzene at 266 nm: An FT-IR spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Study. Chemical Physics Letters. 2021;774:138601. 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DOI: 10.1364/AO.4.000883'},{id:"B17",body:'Das P, Chakraborty S. Gas Phase Infrared Spectra of PAHs and Methylated-PAHs. Germany: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing; 2018'},{id:"B18",body:'Behera B, Das PK. Blue- and red-shifting hydrogen bonding: A gas phase FT-IR and Ab initio study of RR′CO…DCCl3 and RR′S…DCCl3 complexes. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A. 2019;123:1830-1839. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11962'},{id:"B19",body:'Chakraborty S, Das P, Manogaran S, Das PK. Vibrational spectra of fluorine, 1-methylfluorene and 1,8-dimethylfluorene. Vibrational Spectroscopy. 2013;68:162-169. DOI: 10.1016/j.vibspec.2013.07.001'},{id:"B20",body:'Das P, Arunan E, Das PK. Infrared spectra of dimethylphenanthrenes in the gas phase. Journal of Physical ChemistryA. 2012;116:5769-5778'},{id:"B21",body:'Behera B, Das P. A spectroscopic method for monitoring photochemical reactions in the gas phase. MethodsX 2022'},{id:"B22",body:'Eberhard J, Yeh PS, Lee YP. Laser-photolysis/time-resolved Fourier-transform absorption spectroscopy: Formation and quenching of HCl(ν) in the chain reaction Cl/Cl2/H2. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 1997;107:6499-6502. DOI: 10.1063/1.474264'},{id:"B23",body:'Stoppa P, Charmet AP, Tasinato N, Giorgianni S, Gambi A. Infrared spectra, integrated band intensities, and anharmonic force field of H2C=CHF. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 2009;113:1497-1504'},{id:"B24",body:'Galabov BS, Dudev T. Vibrational intensities. In: Durig JR, editor. Vibrational Spectra and Structure. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2002. pp. 1-23'},{id:"B25",body:'Das P, Manogaran S, Arunan E, Das PK. Infrared spectra of dimethylquinolines in the Gas Phase: Experiment and Theory. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A. 2010;114:8351-8358. DOI: 10.1021/jp1056896'},{id:"B26",body:'Robertson WW, Matsen FA. Molecular orbital theory and the near ultraviolet adsorption spectrum of monosubstitute benzenes. IV. The phenyl halides and the inductive effect. Journal of American Chemical Society. 1950;72:5252-5256. DOI: 10.1021/ja01167a130'},{id:"B27",body:'Chakraborty S, Das P, Das PK. Isomeric identification of methylated naphthaenes using gas phase infrared spectroscopy. Indian Journal of Physics. 2012;86:209-218. DOI: 10.1007/s12648-012-0042-1'},{id:"B28",body:'Das P, Arunan E, Das PK. Infrared spectra of dimethylnaphthalenes in the gas phase. Vibrational Spectroscopy. 2008;47:1-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.vibspec.2008.01.002'},{id:"B29",body:'Behera B, Chakraborty S. Room Temperature gas phase infrared spectra of H-bonded oligomers of methanol. Vibrational Spectroscopy. 2020;106:102981. DOI: 10.1016/j.vibspec.2019.102981'},{id:"B30",body:'Jesus AJL, Rosado MS, Reva I, Fausto R, Eusebio MES, Redinha JS. Structure of isolated 1,4-butanediol: Combination of MP2 calculations, NBO analysis, and matrix-isolation infrared spectroscopy. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A. 2008;112:4669-4678. DOI: 10.1021/jp7116196'},{id:"B31",body:'Howard DL, Jorgensen P, Kjaergaard HG. Weak intramolecular interaction in ethylene glycol identified by vapor phase OH-stretching overtone spectroscopy. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2005;127:17096-17103. DOI: 10.1021/ja055827d'},{id:"B32",body:'Cramer CJ, Truhlar DG. Quantum chemical conformational analysis of 1,2-ethanediol: Correlation and solvation effects on the tendency to form internal hydrogen bonds in the gas phase and in aquesous solution. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1994;116:3892-3900. DOI: 10.1021/ja00088a027'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Prasanta Das",address:"pdas2004@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Ganpat University, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
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Over the past few decades, no major new types of antibiotics have been produced and almost all known antibiotics are increasingly losing their activity against pathogenic microorganisms. The levels of multi-drug resistant bacteria have also increased. It is known that worldwide, more than 60% of all antibiotics that are produced find their use in animal production for both therapeutic and non-therapeutic purposes. The use of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry has been linked to the development and spread of resistant bacteria. Poultry products are among the highest consumed products worldwide but a lot of essential antibiotics are employed during poultry production in several countries; threatening the safety of such products (through antimicrobial residues) and the increased possibility of development and spread of microbial resistance in poultry settings. This chapter documents some of the studies on antibiotic usage in poultry farming; with specific focus on some selected bacterial species, their economic importance to poultry farming and reports of resistances of isolated species from poultry settings (farms and poultry products) to essential antibiotics.",book:{id:"6978",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-global-threat",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",fullTitle:"Antimicrobial Resistance - A Global Threat"},signatures:"Christian Agyare, Vivian Etsiapa Boamah, Crystal Ngofi Zumbi and\nFrank Boateng Osei",authors:[{id:"182058",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Agyare",slug:"christian-agyare",fullName:"Christian Agyare"},{id:"261271",title:"MSc.",name:"Crystal Ngofi",middleName:null,surname:"Zumbi",slug:"crystal-ngofi-zumbi",fullName:"Crystal Ngofi Zumbi"},{id:"261272",title:"MSc.",name:"Frank Boateng",middleName:null,surname:"Osei",slug:"frank-boateng-osei",fullName:"Frank Boateng Osei"},{id:"261273",title:"Dr.",name:"Vivian Etsiapa",middleName:null,surname:"Boamah",slug:"vivian-etsiapa-boamah",fullName:"Vivian Etsiapa Boamah"}]},{id:"39599",doi:"10.5772/50046",title:"Encapsulation Technology to Protect Probiotic Bacteria",slug:"encapsulation-technology-to-protect-probiotic-bacteria",totalDownloads:12461,totalCrossrefCites:45,totalDimensionsCites:87,abstract:null,book:{id:"3145",slug:"probiotics",title:"Probiotics",fullTitle:"Probiotics"},signatures:"María Chávarri, Izaskun Marañón and María Carmen Villarán",authors:[{id:"150285",title:"Dr.",name:"María",middleName:null,surname:"Chávarri Hueda",slug:"maria-chavarri-hueda",fullName:"María Chávarri Hueda"},{id:"151613",title:"MSc.",name:"Izaskun",middleName:null,surname:"Marañon",slug:"izaskun-maranon",fullName:"Izaskun Marañon"},{id:"151621",title:"Dr.",name:"Mª Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Villarán",slug:"ma-carmen-villaran",fullName:"Mª Carmen Villarán"}]},{id:"39607",doi:"10.5772/50121",title:"Recent Application of Probiotics in Food and Agricultural Science",slug:"recent-application-of-probiotics-in-food-and-agricultural-science",totalDownloads:10177,totalCrossrefCites:32,totalDimensionsCites:78,abstract:null,book:{id:"3145",slug:"probiotics",title:"Probiotics",fullTitle:"Probiotics"},signatures:"Danfeng Song, Salam Ibrahim and Saeed Hayek",authors:[{id:"107905",title:"Prof.",name:"Salam",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"salam-ibrahim",fullName:"Salam Ibrahim"},{id:"150202",title:"Dr.",name:"Danfeng",middleName:null,surname:"Song",slug:"danfeng-song",fullName:"Danfeng Song"},{id:"151025",title:"MSc.",name:"Saeed",middleName:null,surname:"Hayek",slug:"saeed-hayek",fullName:"Saeed Hayek"}]},{id:"51065",doi:"10.5772/63499",title:"Role of the Biofilms in Wastewater Treatment",slug:"role-of-the-biofilms-in-wastewater-treatment",totalDownloads:6856,totalCrossrefCites:28,totalDimensionsCites:63,abstract:"Biological wastewater treatment systems play an important role in improving water quality and human health. This chapter thus briefly discusses different biological methods, specially biofilm technologies, the development of biofilms on different filter media, factors affecting their development as well as their structure and function. It also tackles various conventional and modern molecular techniques for detailed exploration of the composition, diversity and dynamics of biofilms. These data are crucial to improve the performance, robustness and stability of biofilm-based wastewater treatment technologies.",book:{id:"5197",slug:"microbial-biofilms-importance-and-applications",title:"Microbial Biofilms",fullTitle:"Microbial Biofilms - Importance and Applications"},signatures:"Shama Sehar and Iffat Naz",authors:[{id:"180364",title:"Dr.",name:"Iffat",middleName:null,surname:"Naz",slug:"iffat-naz",fullName:"Iffat Naz"},{id:"183345",title:"Dr.",name:"Shama",middleName:null,surname:"Sehar",slug:"shama-sehar",fullName:"Shama Sehar"}]},{id:"49246",doi:"10.5772/61300",title:"Chitosan as a Biomaterial — Structure, Properties, and Electrospun Nanofibers",slug:"chitosan-as-a-biomaterial-structure-properties-and-electrospun-nanofibers",totalDownloads:4727,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:63,abstract:"Chitosan is a polysaccharide derived from chitin; chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in the world, after cellulose. Chitosan is biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic, so that it can be usedin medicalapplications such as antimicrobial and wound healing biomaterials. It also used as chelating agent due to its ability to bind with cholesterol, fats, proteins and metal ions.",book:{id:"4648",slug:"concepts-compounds-and-the-alternatives-of-antibacterials",title:"Concepts, Compounds and the Alternatives of Antibacterials",fullTitle:"Concepts, Compounds and the Alternatives of Antibacterials"},signatures:"H. M. Ibrahim and E.M.R. 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Aggregation continues with the maturation of biofilm. Dispersion is started by certain conditions such as phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs). By this way, sessile bacteria turn back into planktonic form. Bacteria embedded in biofilm (sessile form) are more resistant to antimicrobials than planktonic bacteria. So it is hard to treat biofilm-embedded bacteria than planktonic forms. For this reason, it is important to detect biofilm. There are a few biofilm detection and biofilm production methods on prosthetics, methods for screening antibacterial effect of agents against biofilm-embedded microorganism and antibiofilm effect of agents against biofilm production and mature biofilm. The aim of this chapter is to overview direct and indirect methods such as microscopy, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and Congo red agar, tube method, microtiter plate assay, checkerboard assay, plate counting, polymerase chain reaction, mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF, and biological assays used by antibiofilm researches.",book:{id:"8427",slug:"antimicrobials-antibiotic-resistance-antibiofilm-strategies-and-activity-methods",title:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods",fullTitle:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods"},signatures:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu",authors:[{id:"179460",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sahra",middleName:null,surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"}]},{id:"62553",title:"Antibiotic Use in Poultry Production and Its Effects on Bacterial Resistance",slug:"antibiotic-use-in-poultry-production-and-its-effects-on-bacterial-resistance",totalDownloads:7339,totalCrossrefCites:43,totalDimensionsCites:92,abstract:"A surge in the development and spread of antibiotic resistance has become a major cause for concern. Over the past few decades, no major new types of antibiotics have been produced and almost all known antibiotics are increasingly losing their activity against pathogenic microorganisms. The levels of multi-drug resistant bacteria have also increased. It is known that worldwide, more than 60% of all antibiotics that are produced find their use in animal production for both therapeutic and non-therapeutic purposes. The use of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry has been linked to the development and spread of resistant bacteria. Poultry products are among the highest consumed products worldwide but a lot of essential antibiotics are employed during poultry production in several countries; threatening the safety of such products (through antimicrobial residues) and the increased possibility of development and spread of microbial resistance in poultry settings. This chapter documents some of the studies on antibiotic usage in poultry farming; with specific focus on some selected bacterial species, their economic importance to poultry farming and reports of resistances of isolated species from poultry settings (farms and poultry products) to essential antibiotics.",book:{id:"6978",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-global-threat",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",fullTitle:"Antimicrobial Resistance - A Global Threat"},signatures:"Christian Agyare, Vivian Etsiapa Boamah, Crystal Ngofi Zumbi and\nFrank Boateng Osei",authors:[{id:"182058",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Agyare",slug:"christian-agyare",fullName:"Christian Agyare"},{id:"261271",title:"MSc.",name:"Crystal Ngofi",middleName:null,surname:"Zumbi",slug:"crystal-ngofi-zumbi",fullName:"Crystal Ngofi Zumbi"},{id:"261272",title:"MSc.",name:"Frank Boateng",middleName:null,surname:"Osei",slug:"frank-boateng-osei",fullName:"Frank Boateng Osei"},{id:"261273",title:"Dr.",name:"Vivian Etsiapa",middleName:null,surname:"Boamah",slug:"vivian-etsiapa-boamah",fullName:"Vivian Etsiapa Boamah"}]},{id:"65914",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Action Mechanisms of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-action-mechanisms-of-antibiotics-and-antibiotic-resistance",totalDownloads:4436,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"8427",slug:"antimicrobials-antibiotic-resistance-antibiofilm-strategies-and-activity-methods",title:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods",fullTitle:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods"},signatures:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu, Nesrin Gareayaghi and Bekir S. Kocazeybek",authors:[{id:"179460",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sahra",middleName:null,surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"},{id:"248288",title:"Prof.",name:"Bekir",middleName:null,surname:"Kocazeybek",slug:"bekir-kocazeybek",fullName:"Bekir Kocazeybek"},{id:"406463",title:"Dr.",name:"Nesrin",middleName:null,surname:"Gareayaghi",slug:"nesrin-gareayaghi",fullName:"Nesrin Gareayaghi"}]},{id:"50992",title:"Probiotics: A Comprehensive Review of Their Classification, Mode of Action and Role in Human Nutrition",slug:"probiotics-a-comprehensive-review-of-their-classification-mode-of-action-and-role-in-human-nutrition",totalDownloads:5438,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"Probiotics are live microorganisms that live in gastrointestinal (GI) tract and are beneficial for their hosts and prevent certain diseases. In this chapter, after a complete introduction to probiotics, definition, mechanism of action, and their classification, currently used organisms will be discussed in detail. Moreover, different kinds of nutritional synthetic products of probiotics along with their safety and drug interaction will be noticed. This chapter mentions all clinical trial studies that have been done to evaluate probiotic efficacy with a focus on gastrointestinal diseases.",book:{id:"5193",slug:"probiotics-and-prebiotics-in-human-nutrition-and-health",title:"Probiotics and Prebiotics in Human Nutrition and Health",fullTitle:"Probiotics and Prebiotics in Human Nutrition and Health"},signatures:"Amirreza Khalighi, Reza Behdani and Shabnam Kouhestani",authors:[{id:"179560",title:"Dr.",name:"Amirreza",middleName:null,surname:"Khalighi",slug:"amirreza-khalighi",fullName:"Amirreza Khalighi"},{id:"185238",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Behdani",slug:"reza-behdani",fullName:"Reza Behdani"},{id:"185239",title:"Dr.",name:"Shabnam",middleName:null,surname:"Kouhestani",slug:"shabnam-kouhestani",fullName:"Shabnam Kouhestani"}]},{id:"56849",title:"Physiology and Pathology of Innate Immune Response Against Pathogens",slug:"physiology-and-pathology-of-innate-immune-response-against-pathogens",totalDownloads:6238,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"Pathogen infections are recognized by the immune system, which consists of two types of responses: an innate immune response and an antigen-specific adaptive immune response. The innate response is characterized by being the first line of defense that occurs rapidly in which leukocytes such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, etc., are involved. These cells recognize the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which have been evolutionarily conserved by the diversity of microorganisms that infect humans. Recognition of these pathogen-associated molecular patterns occurs through pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors and some other intracellular receptors such as nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD), with the aim of amplifying the inflammation and activating the adaptive cellular immune response, through the antigenic presentation. In the present chapter, we will review the importance of the main components involved in the innate immune response, such as different cell types, inflammatory response, soluble immune mediators and effector mechanisms exerted by the immune response against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites; all with the purpose of eliminating them and eradicating the infection of the host.",book:{id:"5975",slug:"physiology-and-pathology-of-immunology",title:"Physiology and Pathology of Immunology",fullTitle:"Physiology and Pathology of Immunology"},signatures:"José Luis Muñoz Carrillo, Flor Pamela Castro García, Oscar\nGutiérrez Coronado, María Alejandra Moreno García and Juan\nFrancisco Contreras Cordero",authors:[{id:"214236",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz-Carrillo",slug:"jose-luis-munoz-carrillo",fullName:"Jose Luis Muñoz-Carrillo"},{id:"216080",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandra",middleName:null,surname:"Moreno-García",slug:"alejandra-moreno-garcia",fullName:"Alejandra Moreno-García"},{id:"216081",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Gutiérrez-Coronado",slug:"oscar-gutierrez-coronado",fullName:"Oscar Gutiérrez-Coronado"},{id:"216082",title:"Dr.",name:"Pamela",middleName:null,surname:"Castro-García",slug:"pamela-castro-garcia",fullName:"Pamela Castro-García"},{id:"220717",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Contreras Cordero",slug:"juan-francisco-contreras-cordero",fullName:"Juan Francisco Contreras Cordero"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"13",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83120",title:"Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance of E. coli",slug:"mechanisms-of-antimicrobial-resistance-of-e-coli",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101671",abstract:"Escherichia coli has become a major significant pathogen behind infections, many researches have been conducted on possible drugs that can successfully eradicate the pathogenic isolates. To ensure survival, E. coli strains improvised resistant mechanisms to allow them to maneuver through with life among bactericidal agents. The chapter gives an overview of the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms found in major groups of antimicrobial drugs. E. coli uses enzymes in defying drug susceptibility for example aminoglycoside modifying enzymes in modifying drug recognition sites, in cephalosporin, penicillin the pathogen indulged in the use of β-lactamases to break down the β-lactam ring on the structure of the drugs. In fluoroquinolones, the pathogen uses efflux pumps, DNA gyrase mutation as a mechanism of resistance. The continuous use of drugs induces resistance mechanisms to increase, there is a need for continuous researches on drugs effectivity and the discovery of new and better medication to fight against E. coli pathogens.",book:{id:"10894",title:"Escherichia coli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10894.jpg"},signatures:"Rodney C. Jariremombe"},{id:"82690",title:"Picocyanobacteria in Surface Water Bodies",slug:"picocyanobacteria-in-surface-water-bodies",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105750",abstract:"Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) in lentic, low tidal water bodies with high concentrations of easily assimilated nutrients have generated worldwide concern. However, CyanoHABs often formed from a variety of lesser-known taxa, such as nanocyanobacteria and picocyanobacteria, which are characterized as numerous and ubiquitous in diverse environments. Studies indicate that some taxa of picocyanobacteria can produce toxins. However, their identification through conventional methods is limited by their size and physiological plasticity, recently molecular methods have been chosen for more reliable results. this systematic review aims to summarize the results of original research articles on predominant picocyanobacteria in surface water bodies collected in indexed journal articles and gray literature. The methodology used consisted of searching for original publications in 3 specific databases and one general, using thesauri and free terms; the articles were filtered by previously defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Thirty-four articles were selected and analyzed. The results show that the predominant picocyanobacteria in freshwater systems belong to the genus Synechococcus, reported in oligotrophic systems and capable of producing cyanotoxins. Likewise, from 2015 to 2019, the largest number of publications on this topic was obtained, mainly in countries such as China and the United States, which invest in research resources.",book:{id:"11800",title:"Cyanobacteria - Recent Advances and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11800.jpg"},signatures:"Alejandra Sandoval Valencia, Lisseth Dahiana Salas, María Alejandra Pérez Gutiérrez, Luisa María Munera Porras and Leonardo Alberto Ríos-Osorio"},{id:"83067",title:"Multiplicity in the Genes of Carbon Metabolism in Antibiotic-Producing Streptomycetes",slug:"multiplicity-in-the-genes-of-carbon-metabolism-in-antibiotic-producing-streptomycetes",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106525",abstract:"Streptomycetes exhibit genetic multiplicity, like many other microorganisms, and redundancy occurs in many of the genes involved in carbon metabolism. The enzymes of the glycolytic pathway presenting the greatest multiplicity were phosphofructokinase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate kinase. The genes that encode citrate synthase and subunits of the succinate dehydrogenase complex are the ones that show the greatest multiplicity, while in the phosphoenolpyruvate-pyruvate-oxaloacetate node, only malic enzymes and pyruvate phosphate dikinase present two copies in some Streptomyces. The extra DNA from these multiple gene copies can be more than 50 kb, and the question arises whether all of these genes are transcribed and translated. As far as we know, there is few information about the transcription of these genes in any of this Streptomyces, nor if any of the activities that are encoded by a single gene could be limiting both for growth and for the formation of precursors of the antibiotics produced by these microorganisms. Therefore, it is important to study the transcription and translation of genes involved in carbon metabolism in antibiotic-producing Streptomyces growing on various sugars.",book:{id:"10893",title:"Actinobacteria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10893.jpg"},signatures:"Toshiko Takahashi, Jonathan Alanís, Polonia Hernández and María Elena Flores"},{id:"82972",title:"Actinomycosis: Diagnosis, Clinical Features and Treatment",slug:"actinomycosis-diagnosis-clinical-features-and-treatment",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104698",abstract:"Actinomycosis is a filamentous bacterium that forms part of the normal human flora of the gastrointestinal, oropharynx and female genitalia. This indolent infection is characterized by abscess formation, widespread granulomatous disease, fibrosis, cavitary lung lesions and mass-like consolidations, simulating an active malignancy or systemic inflammatory diseases. It is subacute, chronic and variable presentation may delay diagnosis due to its capability to simulate other conditions. An accurate diagnostic timeline is relevant. Early diagnosis of pulmonary actinomycosis decreases the risk of indolent complications. Proper treatment reduces the need for invasive surgical methods. Actinomycosis can virtually involve any organ system, the infection spread without respecting anatomical variables as metastatic disease does, making malignancy an important part of the differential diagnosis. As it is normal gastrointestinal florae, it is difficult to cultivate, and share similar morphology to other organisms such as Nocardia and fungus. It is often difficult to be identified as the culprit of disease. Its true imitator capability makes this infectious agent a remarkable organism within the spectra of localized and disseminated disease. In this chapter, we will discuss different peculiarities of actinomycosis as an infectious agent, most common presentation in different organ systems, and challenging scenarios.",book:{id:"10893",title:"Actinobacteria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10893.jpg"},signatures:"Onix J. Cantres-Fonseca, Vanessa Vando-Rivera, Vanessa Fonseca-Ferrer, Christian Castillo Latorre and Francisco J. Del Olmo-Arroyo"},{id:"82412",title:"Potential of Native Microalgae from the Peruvian Amazon on the Removal of Pollutants",slug:"potential-of-native-microalgae-from-the-peruvian-amazon-on-the-removal-of-pollutants",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105686",abstract:"Environmental pollution is a severe and common problem in all the countries worldwide. Various physicochemical technologies and organisms (e.g., plants, microorganisms, etc.) are used to address these environmental issues, but low-cost, practical, efficient, and effective approaches have not been available yet. Microalgae offer an attractive, novel, and little-explored bioremediation alternative because these photosynthetic organisms can eliminate pathogenic microorganisms and remove heavy metals and toxic organic compounds through processes still under study. Our research team has conducted some experiments to determine the bioremediation potential of native microalgae on some pollutant sources (i.e., leachate and wastewater) and its ability to remove hazardous chemical compounds. Therefore, in this chapter, we provide the results of our research and updated information about this exciting topic. Experiments were conducted under controlled culture conditions using several native microalgae species, variable time periods, different pollutant sources, and hazardous chemicals such as ethidium bromide. The results indicated that native microalgae can remove pollutants (i.e., phosphorus, ammonia, etc.) of wastewater, leachate, and some hazardous chemical compounds such as ethidium bromide. In conclusion, native microalgae have an excellent potential for removing several pollutants and, consequently, could be used to develop bioremediation technologies based on native microalgae from the Peruvian Amazon.",book:{id:"11366",title:"Microalgae",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11366.jpg"},signatures:"Marianela Cobos, Segundo L. Estela, Carlos G. Castro, Miguel A. Grandez, Alvaro B. Tresierra, Corayma L. Cabezudo, Santiago Galindo, Sheyla L. Pérez, Angélica V. Rios, Jhon A. Vargas, Roger Ruiz, Pedro M. Adrianzén, Jorge L. Marapara and Juan C. Castro"},{id:"81859",title:"Respiratory Syncytial Virus",slug:"respiratory-syncytial-virus",totalDownloads:8,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104771",abstract:"Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)-driven bronchiolitis is one of the most common causes of pediatric hospitalization. Every year, we face 33.1 million episodes of RSV-driven lower respiratory tract infection without any available vaccine or cost-effective therapeutics since the discovery of RSV eighty years before. RSV is an enveloped RNA virus belonging to the pneumoviridae family of viruses. This chapter aims to elucidate the structure and functions of the RSV genome and proteins and the mechanism of RSV infection in host cells from entry to budding, which will provide current insight into the RSV-host relationship. In addition, this book chapter summarizes the recent research outcomes regarding the structure of RSV and the functions of all viral proteins along with the RSV life cycle and cell-to-cell spread.",book:{id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg"},signatures:"Sattya Narayan Talukdar and Masfique Mehedi"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:104},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:125,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"8",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11404,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. 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Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:125,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},subseries:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools",scope:"
\r\n\tThe era of antibiotics led us to the illusion that the problem of bacterial infection is over. However, bacterial flexibility and adaptation mechanisms allow them to survive and grow in extreme conditions. The best example is the formation of a sophisticated society of bacteria defined as a biofilm. Understanding the mechanism of bacterial biofilm formation has changed our perception of the development of bacterial infection but successfully eradicating biofilm remains a challenge. Considering the above, it is not surprising that bacteria remain a major public health threat despite the development of many groups of antibiotics. Additionally, increasing prevalence of acquired antibiotic resistance forces us to realize that we are far from controlling the development of bacterial infections. On the other hand, many infections are endogenous and result from an unbalanced relationship between the host and the microorganism. The increasing use of immunosuppressants, such as chemotherapy or organ transplantation, increases the incidence of patients highly susceptible to bacterial infections in the population.
\r\n
\r\n\tThis topic will focus on the current challenges and advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections. We will discuss the host-microbiota relationship, the treatment of chronic infections due to biofilm formation, and the development of new diagnostic tools to rapidly distinguish between colonization and probable infection.
",annualVolume:11399,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"484980",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Garbacz",fullName:"Katarzyna Garbacz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003St8TAQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-07-07T09:45:16.jpg",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"190041",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Gutierrez Fernandez",fullName:"Jose Gutierrez Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Granada",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"156556",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Mascellino",fullName:"Maria Teresa Mascellino",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/156556/images/system/156556.jpg",institutionString:"Sapienza University",institution:{name:"Sapienza University of Rome",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"164933",title:"Prof.",name:"Mónica Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Sousa Oleastro",fullName:"Mónica Alexandra Sousa Oleastro",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/164933/images/system/164933.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge",institution:{name:"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",annualVolume:11400,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"302145",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Bongomin",fullName:"Felix Bongomin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/302145/images/system/302145.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gulu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}},{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/45803/images/system/45803.jpg",institutionString:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institution:{name:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}]},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",annualVolume:11401,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"188881",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando José",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade-Narváez",fullName:"Fernando José Andrade-Narváez",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRIV7QAO/Profile_Picture_1628834308121",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Yucatán",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"269120",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",middleName:"K.",surname:"Tyagi",fullName:"Rajeev Tyagi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRaBqQAK/Profile_Picture_1644331884726",institutionString:"CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, India",institution:null},{id:"336849",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Izurieta",fullName:"Ricardo Izurieta",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/293169/images/system/293169.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Florida",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",annualVolume:11402,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"188219",title:"Prof.",name:"Imran",middleName:null,surname:"Shahid",fullName:"Imran Shahid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188219/images/system/188219.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Umm al-Qura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"214235",title:"Dr.",name:"Lynn",middleName:"S.",surname:"Zijenah",fullName:"Lynn Zijenah",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEJGQA4/Profile_Picture_1636699126852",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zimbabwe",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"178641",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel Ikwaras",middleName:null,surname:"Okware",fullName:"Samuel Ikwaras Okware",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178641/images/system/178641.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Uganda Christian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/39143",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"39143"},fullPath:"/chapters/39143",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()