Distribution of Nd, Pr, Fe, and B in the one-shot recovery process.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8260",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation within Sustainability",title:"Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation within Sustainability",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Urban and Architectural Heritage within Sustainability is interested in the cities of the future, which must tie together the past, present, and future through an advanced connective chain that meets all humans' requirements in any era. This book attempts to answer many questions, such as what is urban conservation? How do cities of historical depth deal with modern planning policies and our conservation policies, rehabilitation, restoration, and preservation of historical cities and heritage buildings? How can we explain sustainable heritage and sustainability? Comprised of four sections, this book includes six chapters by noted experts and researchers. Section 1 covers heritage conservation and rehabilitation of architectural and urban heritage. Section 2 investigates current retrofitting strategies and interventions in heritage buildings through the viewpoint of energy efficiency. Section 3 redefines what identity is and explores how new places and spaces offer an eyrie of cultural values. And Section 4 establishes heritage significant values and assesses sustainable heritage conservation options.",isbn:"978-1-83880-882-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-881-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-883-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78244",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"urban-and-architectural-heritage-conservation-within-sustainability",numberOfPages:124,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"6594cc0ad7cb888bfdc4ac97c9a281f7",bookSignature:"Kabila Hmood",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8260.jpg",numberOfDownloads:10807,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:29,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:40,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 3rd 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 19th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 18th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 8th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 7th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"214741",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Kabila",middleName:"Faris",surname:"Hmood",slug:"dr.-kabila-hmood",fullName:"Dr. Kabila Hmood",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/214741/images/system/214741.png",biography:"Kabila Faris Hmood has been a Full Professor of Architectural Engineering since 2004. She is Vice Dean of the Faculty of Architecture and Design, and also the head of Architecture Department at Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, where she has been working since 2013. Prior to that time, she worked at the University of Baghdad from 1986 until 2010. She received from the Eni Award Scientific Secretariat an invitation to propose her candidature to 2008’s edition of the Eni Award, specifically for her research on \\Solar Energy and the Arab Architecture Engineering Experience.\\ She also received an invitation to participate in the 2009 and 2010 edition of the Eni Awards. Dr. Hmood received her Ph.D. in 1996. She has published many books, one of them published in three editions, in addition she has more than 35 research papers, published in scientific journals or presented at international scientific conferences.",institutionString:"Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Jordan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"871",title:"Urban Ecology",slug:"urban-ecology"}],chapters:[{id:"67342",title:"Introductory Chapter: Heritage Conservation - Rehabilitation of Architectural and Urban Heritage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86670",slug:"introductory-chapter-heritage-conservation-rehabilitation-of-architectural-and-urban-heritage",totalDownloads:2507,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kabila Faris Hmood",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67342",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67342",authors:[{id:"214741",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Kabila",surname:"Hmood",slug:"dr.-kabila-hmood",fullName:"Dr. Kabila Hmood"}],corrections:null},{id:"63991",title:"Improving Environmental Sustainability in Reuse of Some of England’s Churches: Challenges and Options for Sustainable Practices",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81222",slug:"improving-environmental-sustainability-in-reuse-of-some-of-england-s-churches-challenges-and-options",totalDownloads:785,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Considering the spontaneous growth in retrofitting practices, existing buildings, particularly those of historical significance are being transformed using a wide range of interventions. However, the pervasiveness of these interventions constitutes a serious challenge to retrofitting heritage buildings. The aim of this paper is to investigate current retrofitting strategies and interventions in heritage buildings. The purpose is to assess current performance through the viewpoint of energy efficiency. The paper adopted pragmatic analytic and comparative approach and methodology to investigating retrofitting interventions in the reuse of England listed churches. A top down approach method of data collection was employed to collect energy use data from monthly utility bills and meter printer outs from selected buildings. Findings show that in terms of energy performance, the majority of the surveyed buildings are currently under-performing. Recommendations for low energy use interventions for operational management of retrofitting projects were proposed. It concluded that the low operational energy use should be a key priority for effectiveness in any proposed retrofitting intervention on heritage building projects.",signatures:"Oluwafemi K. 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In all cases, the question of what is a sensitive addition according to the world-wide preservation standards is to be well analyzed. This study uses data from a new survey on five case study historic mosques and khans in Ankara with new exterior or interior additions to reveal the quality, compatibility and/or incompatibility of contemporary new additions and their contributions to sustainability. Case study analysis, in-situ observations, archival and literature survey are the principle methods applied during the study. Research findings show that, the additions follow different paths; they can be differentiated from the main historic building with their massing, material, and either color, or they hinder the existing built heritage, or even damage its character-defining features. Hence, for sensitive and successful new additions, restorations should be in compatible with world-wide standards and should be well analyzed and applied by the related authorities both during project approval and restoration phases.",signatures:"Gulsen Disli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64907",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64907",authors:[{id:"281382",title:"Dr.",name:"Gulsen",surname:"Disli",slug:"gulsen-disli",fullName:"Gulsen Disli"}],corrections:null},{id:"64381",title:"Sustainability and Vernacular Architecture: Rethinking What Identity Is",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82025",slug:"sustainability-and-vernacular-architecture-rethinking-what-identity-is",totalDownloads:4345,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:20,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Sustainability has often been a fundamental part of the composition of both tangible and intangible cultural resources; sustainability and preservation of cultural identity are complementary. Elements of sustainable design are integral to vernacular architecture that have evolved over time using local materials and technology emerging from ambient natural and cultural environment creating optimum relationships between people and their place. This chapter aims to redefine what identity is as a concept and the impact of globalization on contemporary architecture especially on regions with rich heritage and unique culture as the Arab World. To accomplish this, the chapter examines the emergence of “local identity” as a reaction to the globalization of cultural values, uniform architectural styles, and stereotype patterns through discussing sustainability as a motivation for identity in culture and architecture. The research methodology is based on conducting a qualitative analysis of literature review to the main concepts discussed in this chapter such as: identity, culture, vernacular architecture, and sustainability. Through comparative analysis, the chapter investigates sustainability potential of vernacular architecture in the region to derive core concepts as guidelines of reproducing the characteristics of society and reveal identity of contemporary architecture in the Arab World.",signatures:"Maha Salman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64381",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64381",authors:[{id:"258226",title:"Dr.",name:"Maha",surname:"Salman",slug:"maha-salman",fullName:"Maha Salman"}],corrections:null},{id:"64618",title:"Repackaging “Traditional” Architecture of the African Village in Zimbabwe",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81450",slug:"repackaging-traditional-architecture-of-the-african-village-in-zimbabwe",totalDownloads:1031,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Repackaging is being done through construction of buildings with connections to traditional architecture as well as respective traditional naming of such symbolizing a return to African values. Naming of spaces and buildings is closely tied to the architecture of African heritage. This chapter explores the architecture of selected outdoor spaces in Zimbabwe. It is argued that the new places symbolize, represent African culture in terms of homage, food, hospitality, and cultural security. Furthermore, it is argued the spaces offer an eyrie of cultural values as housed in the architecture as well as names of the spaces thus communicating African sensibilities, aura of the traditional village at the same time sustainably conserving the architecture authored as by African heritage. One of the conclusions made is that the urban landscape can store and communicate African heritage; interestingly, requisite architecture can be used in this endeavor. Data were gathered qualitatively, and participant observations, interviews and extensive desktop research were involved.",signatures:"Umali Saidi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64618",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64618",authors:[{id:"259999",title:"Dr.",name:"Umali",surname:"Saidi",slug:"umali-saidi",fullName:"Umali Saidi"}],corrections:null},{id:"66856",title:"Assessment of Selected English Colonial Heritage Features for Sustainable Conservation in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85759",slug:"assessment-of-selected-english-colonial-heritage-features-for-sustainable-conservation-in-kaduna-met",totalDownloads:943,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Heritage conservation is an avenue for human sociocultural value sustenance. This book chapter establishes the significant heritage values, determines the relative influential index of deterioration as well as assesses the suitable sustainable heritage conservation options within colonial town of Kaduna. Questionnaires were processed based on purposive sampling and administering 80 of them to building industry and allied heritage professionals, having 50 questionnaires that is about 62% dully filled and returned for analysis. The research instrument was validated using face and content analysis, while the Cronbach’s alpha reliability test value for internal consistency of questionnaire instrument was established as being greater than 0.7. The study findings affirmed that historic factors were most significant in value of heritage, while government neglect is the most significant cause of deterioration. Correspondingly, heritage value criteria were considered as more significant than heritage deterioration agents in ascertaining the preferred sustainable conservation options. Conclusively, heritage conservation can be achievable by aptly establishing its significant value and undertaking timely deterioration assessment. This study recommended fashioning of conservation policy model by experts that will guide government agencies on conservation programs for sustainable heritages. 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Varela and Elson Longo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"140217",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Motta",fullName:"Motta",slug:"motta"}]},{id:"38899",type:"chapter",title:"Block and Graft Copolymerization by Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization Methods",slug:"block-and-graft-copolymerization-by-controlled-living-radical-polymerization-methods",totalDownloads:9324,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Hülya Arslan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"140539",title:"Prof.",name:"Hülya",middleName:null,surname:"Arslan",fullName:"Hülya Arslan",slug:"hulya-arslan"}]},{id:"38904",type:"chapter",title:"PolyADP-Ribosylation in Postfertilization and Genome Reprogramming: Implications for Carcinogenesis",slug:"polyadp-ribosylation-in-postfertilization-and-genome-reprogramming-implications-for-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:1525,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Tomoharu Osada and Mitsuko Masutani",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"143383",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomoharu",middleName:null,surname:"Osada",fullName:"Tomoharu Osada",slug:"tomoharu-osada"}]},{id:"38898",type:"chapter",title:"Two-Photon Polymerization Fabrication of Doped Microstructures",slug:"two-photon-polymerization-fabrication-of-doped-microstructures",totalDownloads:3159,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Daniel S. Correa, Leonardo De Boni, Adriano J. G. Otuka, Vinicius Tribuzi and Cleber R. Mendonça",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"4979",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Cleber",middleName:null,surname:"Mendonca",fullName:"Cleber Mendonca",slug:"cleber-mendonca"},{id:"107065",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Correa",fullName:"Daniel Correa",slug:"daniel-correa"},{id:"107066",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonardo",middleName:null,surname:"De Boni",fullName:"Leonardo De Boni",slug:"leonardo-de-boni"},{id:"107067",title:"MSc.",name:"Vinicius",middleName:null,surname:"Tribuzi",fullName:"Vinicius Tribuzi",slug:"vinicius-tribuzi"},{id:"108434",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriano",middleName:null,surname:"Otuka",fullName:"Adriano Otuka",slug:"adriano-otuka"}]},{id:"38907",type:"chapter",title:"A Survey of Equations of State for Polymers",slug:"a-survey-of-equations-of-state-for-polymers",totalDownloads:3902,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Yuri Guerrieri, Karen Valverde Pontes, Gloria Meyberg Nunes Costa and Marcelo Embiruçu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"143327",title:"Prof.",name:"Glória",middleName:null,surname:"Nunes Costa",fullName:"Glória Nunes Costa",slug:"gloria-nunes-costa"},{id:"143330",title:"Dr.",name:"Karen",middleName:"Valverde",surname:"Pontes",fullName:"Karen Pontes",slug:"karen-pontes"},{id:"143333",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Embiruçu",fullName:"Marcelo Embiruçu",slug:"marcelo-embirucu"},{id:"158049",title:"MSc.",name:"Yuri",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrieri",fullName:"Yuri Guerrieri",slug:"yuri-guerrieri"}]},{id:"38909",type:"chapter",title:"Rheology - Theory and Application to Biomaterials",slug:"rheology-theory-and-application-to-biomaterials",totalDownloads:5011,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Hiroshi Murata",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"143357",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Murata",fullName:"Hiroshi Murata",slug:"hiroshi-murata"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3043",title:"New Polymers for Special Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd782fff3bea8992c224dfd3280d6cd1",slug:"new-polymers-for-special-applications",bookSignature:"Ailton De Souza Gomes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135416",title:"Dr.",name:"Ailton",surname:"De Souza Gomes",slug:"ailton-de-souza-gomes",fullName:"Ailton De Souza Gomes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"38960",title:"Conducting Polymers Application",slug:"conducting-polymers-application",signatures:"Kareema Majeed Ziadan",authors:[{id:"142196",title:"Prof.",name:"Kareema",middleName:"Majeed",surname:"Zaidan",fullName:"Kareema Zaidan",slug:"kareema-zaidan"}]},{id:"38963",title:"Hydrogel Films on Optical Fiber Core: Properties, Challenges, and Prospects for Future Applications",slug:"hydrogel-films-on-optical-fiber-core-properties-challenges-and-prospects-for-future-applications",signatures:"Sergey V. 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Due to the skewed distribution of production countries for RE, many countries depend on the imports from other countries. For example, in Japan, the amount of import of RE metals reached 6479 tons in 2014. The import price, severely depending on international markets, fluctuates widely. Japan is promoting the provisions such as development of alternative materials and the recycle of rare earths. Because the demand of NdFeB magnets has been growing rapidly in recent years because of their use in motors of electric vehicles, wind turbines, etc., the recycling of RE elements extracted from used magnets has become an important research area [2, 3, 4, 5].
There are two main classes of recycling of RE: dry and wet processes. As for the dry process, the recovery of Nd metal has been demonstrated [6] by employing Mg acting as an extraction medium, which forms a low-viscosity liquid alloy with Nd. It has been reported that RE can be separated by a selective reduction and a distillation [7]. The large difference of vapor pressure between RECl2 and RECl3 is skillfully utilized, and the selection efficiency is highly improved. Recently, the difference of oxygen affinity between RE and transition metals has also received attention in that this difference is used as a RE separation. For example, the mixture with flux FeO·B2O3 is a promising method for high purity and high extraction ratio of RE oxide [8]. Thermal isolation of RE oxides from NdFeB magnets using carbon as a reducing agent has been reported [9]. However, many attempts based on the dry process proposed so far are still at the initial laboratory stage.
Development of ore dressing technologies has promoted wet process methods [10, 11], which have already been applied to recycling the sludge of in-plant scrap. After the acid leaching of scrap using HCl, HNO3, and H2SO4, and the filtration of insoluble material mainly containing Fe, acid solution is reacted with oxalic or carbonic acid to form a precipitate containing RE elements. The calcined precipitate becomes RE oxides, which can be returned to the initial manufacturing process of NdFeB magnet. The roasting of NdFeB magnet [12, 13, 14] as a pretreatment improves the selectivity between rare earths and Fe, but the recovery ratio of RE is usually rather low with acid (especially HCl) leaching at room temperature. Nearly 100% recovery is achieved [12, 13] when HCl solution is heated to 80–180°C. In the acid leaching method for sludge [15], it is also necessary to heat the acid solution up to 80°C. We have recently proposed a pretreatment of corrosion [16] before the HCl leaching and the oxalic acid precipitation. In this method, the recovery ratio of Nd reaches 97% even when a room temperature process is used.
From the standpoint of sustainability and ecology, the main issue of the wet process is the discharge of waste acid solution. The recyclability of waste acid crucially depends on the efficient extraction of the constituent elements of the magnet from the used acid. One of the promising methods for Fe extraction involves a reaction with an ionic liquid [12, 17, 18, 19, 20], which often possesses a high selectivity between rare earths and Fe. Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride (Cyphos® IL101) is a well-characterized ionic liquid that can extract Fe3+ ions in HCl solution with no extraction of trivalent rare earth ions [12, 18]. A possible closed-loop acid process for roasted NdFeB magnet has also been proposed, and the elemental technologies are well investigated [12]. However, an actual demonstration with reuse of waste acid solution has not been performed.
In this study, we introduce the full recovery of rare earth from NdFeB magnet using a wet process with the pretreatment of corrosion but without a closed-loop acid process. After that we describe the detailed experimental results of multiple rare earth extraction in a closed-loop acid process [21].
We used two kinds of commercial NdFeB magnets (Niroku seisakusyo). The elemental component of one magnet (denoted as magnet (1)) according to the manufacturer is Nd:Fe:B:the other elements (Dy et al.) = 28:66:1:5 in wt%. The composition of the other magnet (denoted as magnet (2)) was checked by an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer equipped in a field emission scanning electron microscope (JEOL, JSM-7100F) and determined to be Nd1.6Pr0.6Fe14B. Figure 1(a) shows the process flow without a closed-loop acid process. A demagnetized and pulverized NdFeB magnet (1), weighing approximately 0.5 g, was immersed in 3% NaCl solution (300 mL) for 1 week. An air pump provided constant air flow to the solution to accelerate the corrosion. The corroded sample was leached into HCl solution (100 mL) ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 mol/L, at room temperature. The insoluble material was calcined at 800°C for 5 h to obtain α-Fe2O3. The solution after removal of the insoluble was reacted with 0.26 g oxalic acid. The precipitate after the reaction was also calcined at 800°C for 5 h to obtain cubic Mn2O3-type Nd2O3 (c-Nd2O3).
(a) Procedures for rare earth recovery from NdFeB magnet (1) without closed-loop acid process. (b) Procedures for rare earth recovery from NdFeB magnet (2) with closed-loop acid process. S, L, and IL denote the solid, liquid, and ionic liquid, respectively. In procedure (b), elements expected to be present in the solid or solution are denoted.
To examine the feasibility of closed-loop acid process, the process flow was modified as shown in Figure 1(b). In this case, the corroded sample was leached in HCl solution (100 mL) with 0.2 mol/L or 0.5 mol/L for 1–2 h. After removal of the insoluble material, the solution was reacted with ionic liquid Cyphos® IL101 (HCl:ionic liquid = 4:1 in volume ratio), purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The salting-out agent 10 mol/L NH4Cl was added to the solution. The mixture underwent magnetic stirring at 750 rpm and 60°C for 10 min. Then, it was centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 10 min and split into each component. The HCl solution was reacted with oxalic acid.
Several samples, calcined at 800°C for 5 h in the air, were evaluated using a powder X-ray diffractometer (Shimadzu, XRD-7000 L) with Cu-Kα radiation. We employed an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (Shimadzu, ICPE-9000) to analyze the concentrations of Nd, Pr, Fe, and B dissolved in HCl or NaCl solution. The concentrations were determined by the working curves of standard Nd, Pr, Fe, and B liquids.
The XRD pattern of corroded magnet (1) is shown in Figure 2, in which the XRD pattern of magnet (1) itself is also displayed. The main phase of magnet (1) is Nd2Fe14B with additional minor phase of NdFe4B4. The XRD pattern of Nd2Fe14B completely disappears in the corroded magnet, partially containing the XRD pattern of γ-FeOOH denoted by the filled triangles. In order to investigate the origin of the rest of the diffraction peaks (open circles) in the corroded sample, we have corroded NdFeB magnet (1) by hydrogenating it at 600°C for 12 h under a high pressure of hydrogen. The hydrogenated sample [22], as shown in the bottom pattern of Figure 2, shows the decomposition into Nd hydride (NdH2 + x) and α-Fe. Therefore, in each compound, the corrosion process would independently occur. The XRD pattern of corroded sample after the hydrogenation almost coincides with that of directly corroded magnet (1). Considering that α-Fe corroded into the Fe hydroxide (γ-FeOOH), a Nd hydroxide is probably responsible for the rest of the diffraction peaks (open circles) in the corroded sample. We note here that the NaCl concentration is not optimized. We simply suppose the sea water which is an abundant resource. The preliminary result using more concentrated NaCl solution (10%) also leads to the same results.
XRD patterns of corroded magnet, corroded sample after hydrogenation, and hydrogenated magnet. The employed magnet is magnet (1). The origin of each pattern is shifted by an integer value for clarity. Based partly on Ref. [
We checked the XRD pattern of insoluble material after HCl leaching of the corroded sample as shown in Figure 3(a). The diffraction peaks match well with those of the XRD pattern of γ-FeOOH, which transforms into α-Fe2O3 through the calcination (see Figure 3(b)). Figure 3(a) supports that the Nd hydroxide would be selectively dissolved into HCl solution, in which Nd ions are generated. The oxalic acid precipitation was performed to recover Nd. The precipitate has been calcined and evaluated by XRD pattern, which is displayed in Figure 3(b) with the simulated pattern of c-Nd2O3. The XRD patterns are well matched between the calcined precipitate and c-Nd2O3, suggesting the successful recovery of Nd in the form of Nd oxide.
(a) XRD patterns of corroded magnet (1) and insoluble material after HCl (0.1 mol/L, 30 min) leaching and γ-FeOOH. (b) XRD patterns of insoluble material and oxalic acid precipitate in HCl solution. They were calcined in the air. The simulation patterns of α-Fe2O3 and c-Nd2O3 are also shown. The HCl concentration is 0.2 mol/L, and the leaching time is 2 h. The origin of each pattern in (a) and (b) is shifted by an integer value for clarity. Based partly on Ref. [
Figure 4 shows the leaching time dependences of effective recovery ratio
Leaching time dependences of effective recovery ratio of Nd. The examined HCl solutions are 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mol/L. Based partly on Ref. [
For each HCl concentration,
Next, we show the experimental results of rare earth extraction using the closed-loop acid process. The starting magnet is magnet (2) with the mass of approximately 0.5 g. The distribution of constituent elements in our method mentioned above is partially unknown. Thus, a one-shot extraction with 0.2 mol/L HCl and 0.26 g oxalic acid but with no use of ionic liquid was performed. Table 1 shows the distribution of each ion in the NaCl solution after removal of the corroded sample and in the HCl solution after removal of precipitates produced by the reaction with oxalic acid. In the NaCl solution, only B is detected. A sufficient amount of oxalic acid can efficiently separate rare earths. A large amount of Fe stays in the HCl solution. The expected ion concentrations of the completely dissolved 0.5 g magnet are 1041 mg/L for Nd, 381 mg/L for Pr, 3527 mg/L for Fe, and 49 mg/L for B, respectively. The summation of the B concentrations in the two states listed in Table 1 is not far from 49 mg/L. Then, approximately 30% of B can be separated by the NaCl solution, and the remaining B stays in the HCl solution. Approximately 60% of the Fe ions are contained in the insoluble material obtained after HCl leaching. The recovery ratio of Nd (Pr) is 99% (97%).
Solution | Nd (mg/L) | Pr (mg/L) | Fe (mg/L) | B (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|
NaCl after removal of corroded magnet | ND | ND | ND | 12.3 |
HCl after removal of oxalic acid precipitates | 10.6 | 13.0 | 1480 | 28.6 |
Distribution of Nd, Pr, Fe, and B in the one-shot recovery process.
ND means not detected. Based on Ref. [21].
Following the results of Ref. [12] which reported that salting-out agent NH4Cl plays an essential role in full extraction of Fe by an ionic liquid, the dependence of extraction efficiency on NH4Cl concentration was determined. Without NH4Cl, the extraction efficiency of Fe is only 40%, increasing to 75% with 5 mol/L NH4Cl and 95% for 10 mol/L NH4Cl. In this experiment, we also found that B is fully extracted by the ionic liquid. We speculate that Cyphos® IL101 represented by C38H68ClP transforms into C38H68FeCl4, after the incorporation of Fe3+ ions. Thus, the extraction efficiency of Fe severely depends on the Cl concentration, and the salting-out agent NH4Cl is necessary to provide enough Cl ions.
The preliminary experiment for a closed-loop process of HCl solution was performed using 0.5 mol/L HCl to reduce the experimental time. The oxalic acid mass was maintained at 0.26 g. Hereafter, the HCl solutions after removal of insoluble material in the acid leaching, after Fe extraction by the ionic liquid, and after removal of rare earths by oxalic acid precipitation are denoted state [I], [II], and [III], respectively (see also Figure 1(b)). Table 2 shows the Nd, Pr, and Fe concentrations of these states during each cycle. In the first cycle, approximately 24% of rare earths are extracted together with Fe by the ionic liquid. Only Nd and Pr are separated by the reaction with the oxalic acid. In state [I] during the second cycle, the concentrations of Nd and Pr are approximately one-quarter of those during the first cycle, which means an immediate precipitation due to excess oxalic acid in the previous cycle.
Cycle | State of solution | Nd (mg/L) | Pr (mg/L) | Fe (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|
First | [I] | 929 | 346 | 2320 |
[II] | 707 | 264 | 105 | |
[III] | 16.9 | 17.4 | 109 | |
Second | [I] | 218 | 94 | 2770 |
[II] | 231 | 99 | 132 | |
[III] | ND | ND | 134 |
Distribution of Nd, Pr, and Fe in the preliminary experiment of a closed loop for HCl solution.
The notations of solutions are defined in Figure 1(b). ND means not detected. Based partly on Ref. [21].
The preliminary experiment suggested that the weight of oxalic acid needs to be adjusted. The weight of oxalic acid for a 0.5 g magnet, reproducing the initial concentrations of Nd and Pr in state [I] in the second cycle, has been searched as shown in Figure 5. The vertical axis shows the difference in Nd (Pr) ion concentration in state [I] between the first and second cycles, which is denoted as ▵c. A positive value for ▵c indicates a poor precipitation efficiency, and a negative value indicates an excess oxalic acid. For each element, ▵c linearly decreases with increasing weight of oxalic acid. A weight of 0.1675 g oxalic acid can reproduce the initial Nd (Pr) ion concentration of state [I] in the second cycle. The chemical equation for oxalic acid precipitation is.
A plot of Δc vs. the weight of oxalic acid. Δc represents the difference in Nd (Pr) ion concentration after HCl leaching of corroded magnet between the first and second cycles. Based partly on Ref. [
If the starting magnet weight is 0.5 g, the ideal amount of oxalic acid is 0.1335 g. However, as shown in Figure 5, Nd and Pr would not fully precipitate for 0.1335 g of oxalic acid. To achieve sufficient precipitation, the amount of oxalic acid that is consumed must be 1.3 times larger.
From the preliminary experiments for the closed-loop process of HCl solution, we have obtained the conditions of 10 mol/L NH4Cl and 0.1675 g oxalic acid for the recycling of 0.5 g magnet. Table 3 shows the results of a demonstration of triple rare earth extraction from 0.5 g magnet with the closed loop of HCl solution. The HCl concentration was 0.5 mol/L to expedite the experiment. The concentrations of Nd and Pr ions are measured in states [I], [II], and [III]. In each cycle, 10–15% of Nd and Pr ions are extracted together with Fe ions by the ionic liquid, as in the preliminary experiment (see Table 2). Contrary to our expectation, 30–35% of Nd and Pr ions remain in solution after the oxalic acid precipitation. However, these ions apparently do not contribute to the rare earth concentrations of state [I] in the next cycle; the concentrations of Nd and Pr ions in state [I] are the same as those during the previous cycle. The recovery ratio of each element, calculated by eliminating the amount of element extracted by the ionic liquid, is approximately 50% in all cycles. Figure 6 shows the XRD pattern of calcined insoluble material after HCl leaching in the second cycle. The simulated patterns of Nd0.73Pr0.27FeO3 and α-Fe2O3 are also exhibited. Elemental Nd (Pr) is partially recovered together with Fe. The XRD pattern in Figure 6 supports the idea that the Nd and Pr elements, which are present in the same concentration as the ions in state [III], would enter insoluble material in state [I] in the next cycle.
Cycle | State of solution | Nd (mg/L) | Pr (mg/L) | Recovery ratio of Nd (%) | Recovery ratio of Pr (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
First | [I] | 971 | 370 | 50 | 47 |
[II] | 818 | 311 | |||
[III] | 328 | 136 | |||
Second | [I] | 980 | 406 | 49 | 50 |
[II] | 836 | 357 | |||
[III] | 352 | 156 | |||
Third | [I] | 919 | 410 | 61 | 56 |
[II] | 842 | 360 | |||
[III] | 280 | 130 |
The distribution of Nd and Pr and the recovery ratio of each element in a triple rare earth extraction.
The notations of the solutions are defined in Figure 1(b). Based partly on Ref. [21].
XRD pattern of calcined insoluble material after HCl leaching in the second extraction. The simulated Nd0.73Pr0.27FeO3 and α-Fe2O3 patterns are also shown. The origin of each pattern is shifted by an integer value for clarity. Based partly on Ref. [
In our method, Cyphos® IL101 is rather expensive, and the regeneration of the ionic liquid by stripping Fe3+ is required to reduce the cost. We examined two stripping methods. The first one is the stripping using NaOH solution. After the reaction of the ionic liquid containing Fe3+ ions with NaOH solution, Fe(OH)3 is expected to be precipitated, and Fe2O3 would be obtained after the calcination. The ionic liquid was reacted with NaOH solution (1 mol/L) with a volume ratio of Cyphos® IL101:NaOH solution = 1:2.The calcined precipitate was checked by the XRD pattern, and it is shown in Figure 7(a). The obtained pattern is in good agreement with the XRD pattern of NaFeO2. The recovery ratio of Fe is estimated to be 17%. The second method is the employment of ammonia solution, for which 100% stripping of Fe3+ has been already reported [23]. We roughly followed the reported recipe [23]. The yellow-colored ionic liquid containing Fe3+, which was obtained in the actual process flow, was reacted with the ammonia solution (approximately 3 wt.%) with a volume ratio of Cyphos® IL101:ammonia solution = 1:10. The precipitate at the interface between the liquids was collected using a cellulose filter and calcined together with the filter in the air. Figure 7(b) shows the XRD pattern of the calcined sample recovered from used Cyphos® IL101. The figure also displays the simulated patterns of α-Fe2O3, Fe3PO7, and C. The experimental XRD pattern closely matches the superposition of simulated patterns. The sources of P and C atom contamination would be Cyphos® IL101 containing P and the cellulose filter, respectively. Despite the contamination due to our insufficient filtration technique, Fe can be stripped. Furthermore, the yellow-colored ionic liquid once again became transparent after Fe3+ stripping, which means the ionic liquid is regenerated.
(a) XRD pattern of the calcined sample recovered from used Cyphos® IL101 reacted with NaOH solution. The simulated NaFeO2 pattern is also presented. The origin of each pattern is shifted by an integer value for clarity. (b) XRD pattern of calcined sample recovered from used Cyphos® IL101 reacted with ammonia solution. The simulated α-Fe2O3, Fe3PO7, and C patterns are also presented. The origin of each pattern is shifted by an integer value for clarity. (Based partly on Ref. [
Focusing on the one-shot recovery processes, a comparison between our method and other methods [12, 13, 14, 15] based on the acid leaching mentioned in Introduction is shown in Table 4. The number of steps in the recovery processes and the rare earth recovery ratio of each method are similar. The roasting used in Refs. [12, 13, 14] would have a cost disadvantage. Although Ref. [15] does not employ roasting, HNO3 has a disadvantage because waste discharge containing nitrate salt is severely controlled by law for environmental reasons. The acid leaching process in our method and in Ref. [14] is performed at room temperature, which means that these are safe processes. Since B is harmful, its separation is highly desired. Our method has achieved 30% B separation, whereas the other methods do not report a clear B separation. If a closed-loop acid process with a high recovery ratio of rare earths is realized, our method is promising because each step except Fe extraction by ionic liquid is performed at room temperature. This condition and the rather simple procedures lead to a safe and low-cost recovery process. In addition, the peculiar feature of B separation in our method is environmentally friendly.
Items | Our method [16] | [12] | [13] | [14] | [15] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pretreatment | Corrosion at RT | Roast at 950°C | Roast at 500–1000°C | Roast at 750°C | Sludge |
Acid | HCl | HCl | HCl | H2SO4 | HNO3 |
Acid leaching temperature | RT | 80°C | 180°C | RT | 80°C |
B separation | 30% | Not separated | Not separated | Not separated | Not separated |
Recovery ratio of rare earths (%) | 97 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 94 |
Comparison between our method and other methods based on acid leaching in a one-shot recovery process.
RT means room temperature. Based partly on Ref. [21].
Rare earth extraction methods based on acid leaching are entering the stage of practical use. To address the issue of rather low selectivity between rare earths and Fe at the room temperature acid-process, we have proposed the pretreatment of corrosion. Our method has improved the selectivity, and rare earth recovery ratio, in one-shot extraction, reaches to almost 100% even at room temperature. For sustainability and environmental considerations, the recyclability of waste acid solution is one of the central issues in rare earth recycling, and this has not been well investigated. In this work, we have experimentally determined the recovery ratio of rare earth elements in our method with the closed-loop acid process. This ratio is approximately 50%, reduced from almost full recovery in a one-shot extraction. Although the recovery ratio is rather low at the present stage, our encouraging result should lead to rapid advancement of the study of recycling using a closed-loop acid process.
The demonstration of closed-loop process for HCl solution indicates that the precipitation by oxalic acid is not sufficient, although the amount of oxalic acid is larger than the ideal amount calculated using the chemical formula of precipitation. To increase the recovery ratios of rare earth elements, if the amount of oxalic acid is increased, it will result in a reduced recovery ratio in the second cycle, as deduced from Table 2. Thus, a trade-off between the number of rare earth extractions and the recovery ratio of rare earths might exist for the present precipitation condition. The main cause of the reduced recovery ratio is the insufficient ionization of oxalic acid. The degree of ionization of oxalic acid strongly depends on the pH of the solution. The ionization concentration generally increases with increasing pH, and the full ionization of oxalic acid with an ideal weight of 0.1335 g would be realized. Another issue to be considered is the partial rare earth extraction by the ionic liquid. If the oxalic acid precipitation process is performed before the process of Fe3+ extraction by the ionic liquid, only rare earth elements would be separated due to the high selectivity between rare earths and Fe under oxalic acid precipitation. Thus, the issue would be resolved by reversing the sequence of the two processes. As shown in Figure 6, unassigned peaks of material other than α-Fe2O3 and Nd0.73Pr0.27FeO3 are present in the XRD spectrum. In our study, complete separation of the ionic liquid from the HCl solution is difficult, which results in contamination of the calcined sample. Further improvement of the separation technique is needed to obtain a pure calcined sample.
This research was supported by the Matching Planner Program of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST). J.K. is grateful for the support provided by the Comprehensive Research Organization of Fukuoka Institute of Technology.
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',metaTitle:"Odredbe i uvjeti",metaDescription:"Ove Odredbe i uvjeti ističu pravila i regulacije u svezi korištenja IntechOpenove stranice www.intechopen.com i svih poddomena u vlasništvu IntechOpena, tvrtke sa sjedištem u 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/cro-terms-and-conditions",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Pristupom na stranicu www.intechopen.com slažete se s ovim odredbama, sa svim primjenjivim zakonskim odredbama, te se slažete s poštovanjem svih lokalnih zakona. Korištenje i/ili pristup ovoj stranici temelji se na potpunom prihvaćanju ovih odredbi. Svi materijali na ovoj stranici zaštićeni su primjenjivim zakonima o autorskim pravima i žigu.
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\n\nSljedeća terminologija odnosi se na Odredbe i uvjete, te na sve naše ugovore:
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\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. 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This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 27th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. 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In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. 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His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. 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She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Integral University. Currently, he’s working as an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than 32 original articles published in reputed journals, 3 edited books, 5 book chapters, and a number of scientific articles published in ‘Ingredients South Asia Magazine’ and ‘QualPharma Magazine’. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs that aim to provide practical solutions to current healthcare problems.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Margarete Dulce Bagatini is an associate professor at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul/Brazil. She has a degree in Pharmacy and a PhD in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry. She is a member of the UFFS Research Advisory Committee\nand a member of the Biovitta Research Institute. She is currently:\nthe leader of the research group: Biological and Clinical Studies\nin Human Pathologies, professor of postgraduate program in\nBiochemistry at UFSC and postgraduate program in Science and Food Technology at\nUFFS. She has experience in the area of pharmacy and clinical analysis, acting mainly\non the following topics: oxidative stress, the purinergic system and human pathologies, being a reviewer of several international journals and books.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226275/images/system/226275.jfif",biography:"Metin Budak, MSc, PhD is an Assistant Professor at Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine. He has been Head of the Molecular Research Lab at Prof. Mirko Tos Ear and Hearing Research Center since 2018. His specializations are biophysics, epigenetics, genetics, and methylation mechanisms. He has published around 25 peer-reviewed papers, 2 book chapters, and 28 abstracts. He is a member of the Clinical Research Ethics Committee and Quantification and Consideration Committee of Medicine Faculty. His research area is the role of methylation during gene transcription, chromatin packages DNA within the cell and DNA repair, replication, recombination, and gene transcription. His research focuses on how the cell overcomes chromatin structure and methylation to allow access to the underlying DNA and enable normal cellular function.",institutionString:"Trakya University",institution:{name:"Trakya University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",biography:"Anca Pantea Stoian is a specialist in diabetes, nutrition, and metabolic diseases as well as health food hygiene. She also has competency in general ultrasonography.\n\nShe is an associate professor in the Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. She has been chief of the Hygiene Department, Faculty of Dentistry, at the same university since 2019. Her interests include micro and macrovascular complications in diabetes and new therapies. Her research activities focus on nutritional intervention in chronic pathology, as well as cardio-renal-metabolic risk assessment, and diabetes in cancer. She is currently engaged in developing new therapies and technological tools for screening, prevention, and patient education in diabetes. \n\nShe is a member of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Cardiometabolic Academy, CEDA, Romanian Society of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Romanian Diabetes Federation, and Association for Renal Metabolic and Nutrition studies. She has authored or co-authored 160 papers in national and international peer-reviewed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"279792",title:"Dr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Cotas",slug:"joao-cotas",fullName:"João Cotas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279792/images/system/279792.jpg",biography:"Graduate and master in Biology from the University of Coimbra.\n\nI am a research fellow at the Macroalgae Laboratory Unit, in the MARE-UC – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre of the University of Coimbra. My principal function is the collection, extraction and purification of macroalgae compounds, chemical and bioactive characterization of the compounds and algae extracts and development of new methodologies in marine biotechnology area. \nI am associated in two projects: one consists on discovery of natural compounds for oncobiology. The other project is the about the natural compounds/products for agricultural area.\n\nPublications:\nCotas, J.; Figueirinha, A.; Pereira, L.; Batista, T. 2018. An analysis of the effects of salinity on Fucus ceranoides (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae), in the Mondego River (Portugal). Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. in press. DOI: 10.1007/s00343-019-8111-3",institutionString:"Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University of Coimbra",institution:null},{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",biography:"Leonel Pereira has an undergraduate degree in Biology, a Ph.D. in Biology (specialty in Cell Biology), and a Habilitation degree in Biosciences (specialization in Biotechnology) from the Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal, where he is currently a professor. In addition to teaching at this university, he is an integrated researcher at the Marine and Environmental Sciences Center (MARE), Portugal. His interests include marine biodiversity (algae), marine biotechnology (algae bioactive compounds), and marine ecology (environmental assessment). Since 2008, he has been the author and editor of the electronic publication MACOI – Portuguese Seaweeds Website (www.seaweeds.uc.pt). He is also a member of the editorial boards of several scientific journals. Dr. Pereira has edited or authored more than 20 books, 100 journal articles, and 45 book chapters. He has given more than 100 lectures and oral communications at various national and international scientific events. He is the coordinator of several national and international research projects. In 1998, he received the Francisco de Holanda Award (Honorable Mention) and, more recently, the Mar Rei D. Carlos award (18th edition). He is also a winner of the 2016 CHOICE Award for an outstanding academic title for his book Edible Seaweeds of the World. In 2020, Dr. Pereira received an Honorable Mention for the Impact of International Publications from the Web of Science",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"61946",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",middleName:null,surname:"Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61946/images/system/61946.jpg",biography:"Carol Bernstein received her PhD in Genetics from the University of California (Davis). She was a faculty member at the University of Arizona College of Medicine for 43 years, retiring in 2011. Her research interests focus on DNA damage and its underlying role in sex, aging and in the early steps of initiation and progression to cancer. In her research, she had used organisms including bacteriophage T4, Neurospora crassa, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and mice, as well as human cells and tissues. She authored or co-authored more than 140 scientific publications, including articles in major peer reviewed journals, book chapters, invited reviews and one book.",institutionString:"University of Arizona",institution:{name:"University of Arizona",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"182258",title:"Dr.",name:"Ademar",middleName:"Pereira",surname:"Serra",slug:"ademar-serra",fullName:"Ademar Serra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/182258/images/system/182258.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serra studied Agronomy on Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) (2005). He received master degree in Agronomy, Crop Science (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2007) by Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), and PhD in agronomy (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2011) from Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados / Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (UFGD/ESALQ-USP). Dr. Serra is currently working at Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). His research focus is on mineral nutrition of plants, crop science and soil science. Dr. Serra\\'s current projects are soil organic matter, soil phosphorus fractions, compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) and isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation in compositional data analysis.",institutionString:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",institution:{name:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. 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Shaaban and Amr Farouk",slug:"encapsulation-of-essential-oils-and-their-use-in-food-applications",totalDownloads:50,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80959",title:"Biological Application of Essential Oils and Essential Oils Components in Terms of Antioxidant Activity and Inhibition of Cholinesterase Enzymes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102874",signatures:"Mejra Bektašević and Olivera Politeo",slug:"biological-application-of-essential-oils-and-essential-oils-components-in-terms-of-antioxidant-activ",totalDownloads:48,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80859",title:"Antioxidant Effect and Medicinal Properties of Allspice Essential Oil",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103001",signatures:"Yasvet Yareni Andrade Avila, Julián Cruz-Olivares and César Pérez-Alonso",slug:"antioxidant-effect-and-medicinal-properties-of-allspice-essential-oil",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80777",title:"Starch: A Veritable Natural Polymer for Economic Revolution",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102941",signatures:"Obi P. 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