Occurrence of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and smoke in air with the pyrolysis time of different materials: Wood, polyethylene (PE), polyurethane (PUR) and mixtures of these materials (mixed crib).*
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10723",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Brachial Plexus Injury - New Techniques and Ideas",title:"Brachial Plexus Injury",subtitle:"New Techniques and Ideas",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"In this book, specialists from different countries and continents share their knowledge and experience in brachial plexus surgery. It discusses the different types of brachial plexus injury and advances in surgical treatments.",isbn:"978-1-83969-687-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-686-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-688-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94695",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"brachial-plexus-injury-new-techniques-and-ideas",numberOfPages:176,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"94c1a38f1ee7a078ee6ec640360c39f2",bookSignature:"Jörg Bahm",publishedDate:"January 26th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10723.jpg",numberOfDownloads:1333,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 11th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 8th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 7th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 26th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 25th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"78207",title:"Prof.",name:"Jörg",middleName:null,surname:"Bahm",slug:"jorg-bahm",fullName:"Jörg Bahm",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/78207/images/system/78207.jpg",biography:"Jörg Bahm obtained an MD in 1987 and a Ph.D. from Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium in 2011. As a general, plastic, and hand surgeon, Dr. Bahm worked for five years at University Hospital Aachen, Germany. Since 1994, he has focused on brachial plexus surgery. He has been a chief surgeon in the Reconstructive Microsurgery Unit of the Franziskushospital, Aachen, Germany since 2000. In 2020, this unit was transferred into the Aachen University Hospital as the Division for Plexus Surgery within the Department for Plastic, Hand and Burn Surgery. \nSince 2003, Dr. Bahm has been a consultant for peripheral nerves in the Orthopaedic Department, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium. He is an active member of the German (DGH) and Belgian (BHG) Hand Surgery Society and of the German Plastic Surgery Society (DGPRÄC). He is a member of the Narakas club for brachial plexus surgery and editor of the online Journal of Brachial Plexus and Peripheral Nerve Injury. He has written more than 50 scientific papers and presented at more than 200 congresses.\nDr. Bahm was president of the BHG in 2012 and 2013 and congress president of the FESSH Hand Surgery congress 2012 in Antwerp, Belgium.\nHis specific interests are peripheral nerve surgery and microsurgical reconstruction of the upper limb.",institutionString:"RWTH University Hospital",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Universitätsklinikum Aachen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1148",title:"Neurosurgery",slug:"neurosurgery"}],chapters:[{id:"79635",title:"Introductory Chapter: Treatment of Brachial Plexus Lesions - A New Transdisciplinary Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101547",slug:"introductory-chapter-treatment-of-brachial-plexus-lesions-a-new-transdisciplinary-approach",totalDownloads:59,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jörg Bahm",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79635",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79635",authors:[{id:"78207",title:"Prof.",name:"Jörg",surname:"Bahm",slug:"jorg-bahm",fullName:"Jörg Bahm"}],corrections:null},{id:"77532",title:"Nerve Transfers for Restoring Elbow Flexion in Brachial Plexus Palsy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98869",slug:"nerve-transfers-for-restoring-elbow-flexion-in-brachial-plexus-palsy",totalDownloads:156,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nerve transfers (NT) consist in sectioning a donor nerve and connecting it to the distal stump of a recipient unrepairable nerve. For elbow flexion restoration in brachial plexus palsy (BPP) we used different NT: 1) GF motor Ulnar Nerve to Biceps nerve (Oberlin technique), 2) Double fascicular median/ulnar to biceps/brachialis nerve transfer (Mackinnon), 3) InterCostal Nerves (ICN) to MCN (+/− nerve graft), 4) Medial Pectoral Nerve (MPN) to MCN, 5) ThoracoDorsal Nerve (TDN) to MCN, 6) Spinal Accessory Nerve (SAN) to MCN transfer, 7) Phrenic Nerve (PhN) to MCN, 8) Cervical Plexus C3-C4 to MCN and 9) Contralateral C7 (CC7). I want to present my personal experience using the phrenic nerve (PhN), the intercostal nerves (ICN) and Oberlin’s technique. The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the results of this procedure in BPP. NT is an important goal in BPP. ICN transfer into the nerve of biceps for elbow flexion recovery is a reliable procedure in BPP. ICN transfer for triceps offers a positive alternative (Carroll transposition). Oberlin technique is simple and offers better results in a shorter amount of time and is an effective and safe option.",signatures:"Teodor Stamate and Dan Cristian Moraru",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77532",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77532",authors:[{id:"356223",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Teodor",surname:"Stamate",slug:"teodor-stamate",fullName:"Teodor Stamate"},{id:"422017",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan Cristian",surname:"Moraru",slug:"dan-cristian-moraru",fullName:"Dan Cristian Moraru"}],corrections:null},{id:"77904",title:"Nerve Transfers to Recover External Rotation of the Shoulder after Brachial Plexus Injuries in Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99330",slug:"nerve-transfers-to-recover-external-rotation-of-the-shoulder-after-brachial-plexus-injuries-in-adult",totalDownloads:113,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Restoration of external rotation of the shoulder in adults with partial brachial plexus palsies is challenging. While nerve grafts are possible, nerve transfers are currently the most use method for satisfactory restoration of function. Numerous nerve transfers have been described, although the transfer of the spinal accessory nerve to the suprascapular nerve remains the gold standard. The suprascapular nerve and the nerve to the teres minor muscle are the two preferred targets to restore external rotation of the shoulder. There are numerous nerve donors, but their use obviously depends on the initial injury. The most common donors are the spinal accessory nerve, the rhomboid nerve, branches of the radial nerve, the C7 root fascicle or the ulnar nerve. The choice for the transfer depends on the available nerves and first of all on chosen approach, whether it be cervical or scapular. It also depends on the other associated reconstruction procedures, grafts, or nerve transfers for the recovery of other functions, specifically, elevation of the shoulder and flexion of the elbow. The objective of this chapter is to present the main nerve transfers and to propose a therapeutic strategy.",signatures:"Jean-Noel Goubier, Camille Echalier, Elodie Dubois and Frédéric Teboul",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77904",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77904",authors:[{id:"40328",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Noel",surname:"Goubier",slug:"jean-noel-goubier",fullName:"Jean-Noel Goubier"},{id:"414005",title:"Dr.",name:"Frédéric",surname:"Teboul",slug:"frederic-teboul",fullName:"Frédéric Teboul"},{id:"414006",title:"Dr.",name:"Camille",surname:"Echalier",slug:"camille-echalier",fullName:"Camille Echalier"},{id:"414628",title:"Dr.",name:"Elodie",surname:"Dubois",slug:"elodie-dubois",fullName:"Elodie Dubois"}],corrections:null},{id:"78166",title:"Derotational Osteotomies for The Late Treatment of Brachial Plexus Injury",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99679",slug:"derotational-osteotomies-for-the-late-treatment-of-brachial-plexus-injury",totalDownloads:101,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Obstetric brachial plexus palsy [OBBP] can affect the function of the upper extremity. Most of the injuries are limited to the upper spinal nerves and heals spontaneously. However, some of them will have incomplete recovery after OBBP often results in weakness of the external rotators [teres minor and infraspinatus] muscles compared to the internal rotators [teres major, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi] muscles. The predominance of the internal rotators and adductor muscles over external rotators leads to an internal rotation contracture. The development of internal rotational deformity may progress to increased glenoid retroversion and posterior humeral head subluxation. If the surgeon does not repair internal rotation deformity, the humeral head is forced into a posterior position causing a complete posterior dislocation. Many procedures are performed to treat these deformities: In the young child, improving the remodeling of the glenohumeral joint, capsulectomy, and subscapular release are introduced. Tendon transfers of the shoulder have good results for motion but fail to restore the glenohumeral joint. The failure of improving joint alignment may represent the loss in clinical improvement over time. In older children, a humeral osteotomy can be an alternative to realign the limb into external rotation, improve appearance, and enhance eating, washing hair, and scratching the back of the neck. We will discuss all the techniques along with their advantages and disadvantages.",signatures:"Ahmet Emrah Açan and Ertuğrul Şahin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78166",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78166",authors:[{id:"356769",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ahmet Emrah",surname:"Açan",slug:"ahmet-emrah-acan",fullName:"Ahmet Emrah Açan"},{id:"426178",title:"Dr.",name:"Ertuğrul",surname:"Şahin",slug:"ertugrul-sahin",fullName:"Ertuğrul Şahin"}],corrections:null},{id:"78304",title:"The Role of Functional Electrical Stimulation in Brachial Plexus Injury Repair",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99660",slug:"the-role-of-functional-electrical-stimulation-in-brachial-plexus-injury-repair",totalDownloads:347,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Brachial plexus injury (BPI) is a type of peripheral nerve injury, which is mainly manifested as upper limb sensory and motor dysfunction. Although the injury will not endanger life, it can cause serious functional loss and high disability rate, and eventually lead to patients unable to live normally. At present, the treatment methods for BPI mainly include conservative treatment, such as limb massage, exercise, drug therapy, autonomous movement and strength training; In clinic, nerve repair, nerve transplantation and muscle transfer can also be used. Although surgical treatment can better restore the function of injured brachial plexus, there is a certain risk, so it is not the first choice of treatment. As a mature electrical stimulation method, functional electrical stimulation (FES) can play a good role in promoting injured nerve regeneration and preventing skeletal muscle denervation atrophy, so it can be widely used in the treatment and functional recovery of BPI. This article will review the research progress of FES in the treatment of BPI.",signatures:"Lin Yang, Yaxuan Li, Qianling Zhang, Mengnan Jiang and Jia He",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78304",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78304",authors:[{id:"314534",title:"Dr.",name:"Lin",surname:"Yang",slug:"lin-yang",fullName:"Lin Yang"},{id:"414339",title:"Ms.",name:"Jia",surname:"He",slug:"jia-he",fullName:"Jia He"},{id:"414341",title:"MSc.",name:"YaXuan",surname:"Li",slug:"yaxuan-li",fullName:"YaXuan Li"},{id:"414342",title:"Ms.",name:"MengNan",surname:"Jiang",slug:"mengnan-jiang",fullName:"MengNan Jiang"},{id:"421931",title:"BSc.",name:"Qianling",surname:"Zhang",slug:"qianling-zhang",fullName:"Qianling Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"77527",title:"Outcome Measures in OBPP",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98796",slug:"outcome-measures-in-obpp",totalDownloads:159,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Traditional outcome measurement scales, such as the Medical Research Council (MRC) score, the Active Movement Scale (AMS), and Mallet score, are used by surgeons to assess outcomes in patients with obstetric brachial plexus palsy (OBPP). The measurement scales used to evaluate patients fall under the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) domains of Body Function, Body Structure, Activity, Participation, and Environment and are used to assess function and disability of patients. Currently used outcome measures scales for OBPP are also contrasted with those used for another perinatal condition affecting the upper limb, cerebral palsy (CP).",signatures:"Shivani Gupta, Nivetha Srinivasan, Jasmine Mahajan, Amy Song, Alice Chu and Aleksandra McGrath",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77527",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77527",authors:[{id:"414275",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandra",surname:"McGrath",slug:"aleksandra-mcgrath",fullName:"Aleksandra McGrath"},{id:"414279",title:"Dr.",name:"Alice",surname:"Chu",slug:"alice-chu",fullName:"Alice Chu"},{id:"418526",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Nivetha",surname:"Srinivasan",slug:"nivetha-srinivasan",fullName:"Nivetha Srinivasan"},{id:"418527",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Jasmine",surname:"Mahajan",slug:"jasmine-mahajan",fullName:"Jasmine Mahajan"},{id:"418529",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Shivani",surname:"Gupta",slug:"shivani-gupta",fullName:"Shivani Gupta"},{id:"422006",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Amy",surname:"Song",slug:"amy-song",fullName:"Amy Song"}],corrections:null},{id:"77632",title:"Factors of Cortical Plasticity in Brachial Plexus Injury",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98822",slug:"factors-of-cortical-plasticity-in-brachial-plexus-injury",totalDownloads:109,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cortical plasticity is the brain’s capability of decoding new information through growth and reorganization over our whole life spam. It is the basis for good outcomes after reinnervation and for rehabilitation of adult and obstetric brachial plexus injury. Knowledge about cortical reorganization is crucial to reconstructive surgeons and physiotherapists that aim to give their patients a reasonable prognosis. This chapter intends to present and summarize the current literature on how to detect and quantify cortical plasticity and how research on factors that influence cortical plasticity, mainly in relation to peripheral nerve and more precise brachial plexus injury progresses. Peculiarities of adult and obstetric brachial plexus injuries and their treatment are given. We present techniques that visualize and quantify cortical plasticity with focus on functional imaging like fMRI and nTMS as well as molecular aspects. Future research is needed to understand mechanisms of how molecular changes on a synaptic level of a neuron influence the macroscopic plasticity, to improve rehabilitative resources, to understand the exact prognostic value of nTMS in brachial plexus injury and to investigate the therapeutic capability of rTMS.",signatures:"Jennifer Reinsch, Anna Zdunczyk, Tarik Alp Sargut, Maren Denker, Melina Engelhardt, Peter Vajkoczy, Thomas Picht and Nora Dengler",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77632",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77632",authors:[{id:"355641",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Nora F.",surname:"Dengler",slug:"nora-f.-dengler",fullName:"Nora F. Dengler"},{id:"418293",title:"Ms.",name:"Jennifer",surname:"Reinsch",slug:"jennifer-reinsch",fullName:"Jennifer Reinsch"},{id:"422165",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",surname:"Zdunczyk",slug:"anna-zdunczyk",fullName:"Anna Zdunczyk"},{id:"422168",title:"Dr.",name:"Tarik Alp",surname:"Sargut",slug:"tarik-alp-sargut",fullName:"Tarik Alp Sargut"},{id:"422170",title:"Ms.",name:"Maren",surname:"Denker",slug:"maren-denker",fullName:"Maren Denker"},{id:"422171",title:"MSc.",name:"Melina",surname:"Engelhardt",slug:"melina-engelhardt",fullName:"Melina Engelhardt"},{id:"422172",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",surname:"Vajkoczy",slug:"peter-vajkoczy",fullName:"Peter Vajkoczy"},{id:"422173",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Picht",slug:"thomas-picht",fullName:"Thomas Picht"}],corrections:null},{id:"78316",title:"Effects of Timing of Nerve Injury and Repair in Neonatal and Adult Brachial Plexus Injury Models",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99359",slug:"effects-of-timing-of-nerve-injury-and-repair-in-neonatal-and-adult-brachial-plexus-injury-models",totalDownloads:119,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Brachial plexus Injury causes severe and long-term upper limb deficits at any age. The outcome from current reconstructive options depends on the severity of nerve injury and timing of intervention. This chapter summarises the differing biological responses to nerve injury that occur during neonatal, young adult and mature adult life. The central and peripheral reactions to nerve injury, the effects of timing of repair on both motor and sensory neuronal survival and basic science evidence to support early intervention are discussed.",signatures:"Grainne Bourke, Lev Novikov, Andrew Hart and Mikael Wiberg",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78316",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78316",authors:[{id:"355857",title:"Dr.",name:"Grainne",surname:"Bourke",slug:"grainne-bourke",fullName:"Grainne Bourke"},{id:"355858",title:"Prof.",name:"Mikael",surname:"Wiberg",slug:"mikael-wiberg",fullName:"Mikael Wiberg"},{id:"355859",title:"Prof.",name:"Lev",surname:"Novikov",slug:"lev-novikov",fullName:"Lev Novikov"},{id:"355860",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Hart",slug:"andrew-hart",fullName:"Andrew Hart"}],corrections:null},{id:"79557",title:"A Funhouse Mirror: Muscular Co-Contractions as a Reflection of a Spontaneous Aberrant Regeneration of the Brachial Plexus Injury in the Adults - Anatomical Background, an Attempt to Classify and Their Clinical Relevance within the Reconstruction Strategie",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100609",slug:"a-funhouse-mirror-muscular-co-contractions-as-a-reflection-of-a-spontaneous-aberrant-regeneration-of",totalDownloads:104,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A certain number of spontaneously recovering birth injuries to the brachial (BPI) plexus are known to be accompanied by muscle co-contractions (Co-Cs). The process of aberrant spontaneous regeneration contributes to the appearance of this phenomenon. Treatment strategies are mostly narrowed down to temporarily “switching off” the antagonist, allowing the agonist to perform. Less is known about the incidence of BPI-associated Co-Cs in adults (a-BPI), the control of which mainly presumes the extrapolation of a treatment strategy that has been shown to be effective in infants. Nowadays, surgical reconstruction of independent elbow flexion at BPIs relies heavily on redirection (transfer) of nerves that produce their own Co-Cs. These induced Co-Cs could potentially be reduced. Selecting the appropriate nerve transfer strategy (when the donor pool is narrowing), with its potential impact on the already complex and intricate global and segmental biomechanics of the upper extremity, becomes challenging. The chapter presents the anatomical background for the occurrence of muscular Co-Cs, a work on clinical classification of both regeneration associated and induced Co-Cs, possible surgical strategies, their benefits and limitations, in the presence of regeneration-associated muscle Co-Cs at a-BPI and clinical examples.",signatures:"Alexander A. Gatskiy and Ihor B. Tretyak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79557",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79557",authors:[{id:"356896",title:"M.D.",name:"Alexander A.",surname:"Gatskiy",slug:"alexander-a.-gatskiy",fullName:"Alexander A. Gatskiy"},{id:"414397",title:"Prof.",name:"Ihor B.",surname:"Tretyak",slug:"ihor-b.-tretyak",fullName:"Ihor B. Tretyak"}],corrections:null},{id:"78600",title:"Frontiers of Brachial Plexus Injury: Future Revolutions in the Field",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99209",slug:"frontiers-of-brachial-plexus-injury-future-revolutions-in-the-field",totalDownloads:67,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The field of brachial plexus surgery has undergone dramatic changes in the past 40 years. Most of these have been incremental in nature. We have seen increased use of nerve grafts and nerve transfers. We have seen the introduction of robotic limb replacements for the most severe flail limbs where surgical intervention has failed. In some cases, we have seen an increase in the use of computer simulation and virtual reality to train surgeons to plan and execute surgeries. More recently, we have seen the introduction of technologies derived from regenerative medicine research.",signatures:"Joseph M. Rosen, Jennifer Hong, Julien Klaudt-Moreau, Allison Podsednik and Vincent R. Hentz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78600",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78600",authors:[{id:"354867",title:"Prof.",name:"Joseph M.",surname:"Rosen",slug:"joseph-m.-rosen",fullName:"Joseph M. Rosen"},{id:"354868",title:"Prof.",name:"Jennifer",surname:"Hong",slug:"jennifer-hong",fullName:"Jennifer Hong"},{id:"426471",title:"Dr.",name:"Julien",surname:"Klaudt-Moreau",slug:"julien-klaudt-moreau",fullName:"Julien Klaudt-Moreau"},{id:"426472",title:"Dr.",name:"Allison",surname:"Podsednik",slug:"allison-podsednik",fullName:"Allison Podsednik"},{id:"426473",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincent",surname:"R. Hentz",slug:"vincent-r.-hentz",fullName:"Vincent R. Hentz"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"749",title:"Explicative Cases of Controversial Issues in Neurosurgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ba447398ca3b67eb3d9978174712132a",slug:"explicative-cases-of-controversial-issues-in-neurosurgery",bookSignature:"Francesco Signorelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/749.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"74494",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",surname:"Signorelli",slug:"francesco-signorelli",fullName:"Francesco Signorelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1244",title:"Spine Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9ea5cece2b7ea45907a75de2cc8955f9",slug:"spine-surgery",bookSignature:"Kook Jin Chung",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1244.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"113935",title:"Dr.",name:"Kook Jin",surname:"Chung",slug:"kook-jin-chung",fullName:"Kook Jin Chung"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"690",title:"Gamma Knife Radiosurgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"adb45f5be8b65b622ee009c0e5ebe34c",slug:"gamma-knife-radiosurgery",bookSignature:"David Mathieu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/690.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76960",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Mathieu",slug:"david-mathieu",fullName:"David Mathieu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6374",title:"Hydrocephalus",subtitle:"Water on the Brain",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b431d113b9d7fca7e67c463f0970ed04",slug:"hydrocephalus-water-on-the-brain",bookSignature:"Bora Gürer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6374.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95341",title:"Prof.",name:"Bora",surname:"Gürer",slug:"bora-gurer",fullName:"Bora Gürer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5234",title:"Trauma, Tumors, Spine, Functional Neurosurgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58640694ad7cbb2e82d217935b12f243",slug:"from-bench-to-bedside-trauma-tumors-spine-functional-neurosurgery",bookSignature:"Francesco Signorelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5234.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"74494",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",surname:"Signorelli",slug:"francesco-signorelli",fullName:"Francesco Signorelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10537",title:"Frontiers in Clinical Neurosurgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"908c7edd9fcb3cbafbf42d30232db9a0",slug:"frontiers-in-clinical-neurosurgery",bookSignature:"Xianli Lv, Guihuai Wang, James Wang and Zhongxue Wu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10537.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"153155",title:"Dr.",name:"Xianli",surname:"Lv",slug:"xianli-lv",fullName:"Xianli Lv"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8339",title:"Neurosurgical Procedures",subtitle:"Innovative Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"32ead2c9d075e8762721f52b7ea22b51",slug:"neurosurgical-procedures-innovative-approaches",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati and Pasquale De Bonis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8339.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79789",slug:"corrigendum-graves-disea-1",title:"Corrigendum: Graves’ Disease",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79789.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79789",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79789",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79789",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79789",chapter:{id:"76577",slug:"autoimmune-mechanism-and-recurrence-risk-in-graves-disease",signatures:"Vasudha Bakshi and Gollapalli Rajeev Kumar",dateSubmitted:"December 8th 2020",dateReviewed:"April 8th 2021",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 1st 2021",book:{id:"10312",title:"Graves' Disease",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Graves' Disease",slug:"graves-disease",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Robert Gensure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10312.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"291193",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Vasudha",middleName:null,surname:"Bakshi",fullName:"Vasudha Bakshi",slug:"vasudha-bakshi",email:"vasudhapharmacy@cvsr.ac.in",position:null,institution:null},{id:"335131",title:"Dr.",name:"Gollapalli Rajeev",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Gollapalli Rajeev Kumar",slug:"gollapalli-rajeev-kumar",email:"rajeevpharmacy@cvsr.ac.in",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"76577",slug:"autoimmune-mechanism-and-recurrence-risk-in-graves-disease",signatures:"Vasudha Bakshi and Gollapalli Rajeev Kumar",dateSubmitted:"December 8th 2020",dateReviewed:"April 8th 2021",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 1st 2021",book:{id:"10312",title:"Graves' Disease",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Graves' Disease",slug:"graves-disease",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Robert Gensure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10312.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"291193",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Vasudha",middleName:null,surname:"Bakshi",fullName:"Vasudha Bakshi",slug:"vasudha-bakshi",email:"vasudhapharmacy@cvsr.ac.in",position:null,institution:null},{id:"335131",title:"Dr.",name:"Gollapalli Rajeev",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Gollapalli Rajeev Kumar",slug:"gollapalli-rajeev-kumar",email:"rajeevpharmacy@cvsr.ac.in",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"10312",title:"Graves' Disease",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Graves' Disease",slug:"graves-disease",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Robert Gensure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10312.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"12009",leadTitle:null,title:"Soil Moisture",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tSoil moisture plays a key role in the soil hydrologic cycle, as it determines the amount of water that percolates into the soil. Soil moisture level serves as a significant indication of irrigation water management because it can effectively estimate the extreme levels of irrigation demand. In farming, soil moisture content plays an important role in soil water management, drought, flood forecasting, and supporting ecosystem managing. So, soil moisture monitoring has become increasingly important to managing and optimizing natural ecosystems regarding global climate change. The book is intended to be organized into three-part. The first part describes the basic soil water system: water cycle, Plant water uptake, water energy balance, and groundwater drainage. The second part will focus on the use of Remote sensing and GIS in mapping soil moisture, and the last section will aim to discuss soil moisture conservation. This book aims to be helpful to teachers, researchers, policymakers, undergrads, and graduates in soil science, soil microbiology, agronomy, ecology, and environmental sciences.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-111-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-110-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-112-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"9d683c1c4b137c5de03d7e6f141256f1",bookSignature:"Dr. Rahul Datta, Dr. Mohammad Javed Ansari, Dr. Shah Fahad and Dr. Subhan Danish",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12009.jpg",keywords:"Field Water Cycle, Plant Water Uptake, Water Energy Balance, Groundwater Drainage, GNSS-R, Optical Remote Sensing, Geoinformation, Spatial Interpolation, Synthetic Aperture Radar, Active Microwave, Passive Microwave, Retaining Soil Moisture",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 19th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 21st 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 19th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 8th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 6th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"20 days",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Rahul Datta is an academic researcher in the field of Soil Science. His research has focused on increasing crop productivity using “green” and sustainable methods. He is a member of Asian PGPR Society and Soil Science Society of America.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"313525",title:"Dr.",name:"Rahul",middleName:null,surname:"Datta",slug:"rahul-datta",fullName:"Rahul Datta",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313525/images/system/313525.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rahul Datta is a soil microbiologist and enzymologist. He obtained an MSc and Ph.D. from the Department of Geology and Pedology, Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic, where he is currently a researcher. Dr. Datta’s research focuses on understanding the effect of biogenic and xenobiotic substances on microbial metabolism in the soil. During his career, Dr. Datta has acquired global experience in soil science research by working with renowned scientists. He worked as a visiting scientist with Dr. Richard Dick at Ohio State University, Ohio, USA, and Prof. Paolo Nannipieri at the University of Florence, Italy. Dr. Datta has published numerous research articles and books and has reviewed 200 papers in peer-reviewed journals. He is currently a reviewer for fifty-eight major scientific journals. Dr. Datta is an editorial board member of Open Agriculture and is hosting a special issue of the Journal of Agriculture and Sustainability. He is also a current member of the Soil Science Society of America.",institutionString:"Mendel University Brno",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Mendel University Brno",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"228790",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:"Javed",surname:"Ansari",slug:"mohammad-ansari",fullName:"Mohammad Ansari",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:"Department of Botany, Hindu College Moradabad Moradabad (Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University Bareilly)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:{id:"239094",title:"Dr.",name:"Shah",middleName:null,surname:"Fahad",slug:"shah-fahad",fullName:"Shah Fahad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/239094/images/6561_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shah Fahad was born in Dargai (Malakand Division) - Pakistan. He studied in Pakistan at Agricultural University Khyber pakhtunkhwa and Quiad-I-Azam University Islamabad where he successfully completed two degrees: a BSC (HONS) in Agronomy and Mphil. in Plant Physiology. As a scholar he continued for another degree, in graduate studies at Huazhong Agricultural University pursuing Ph.D. in Agronomy which was achieved with honors in 2015. Mr. Shah Fahad is now doing Post Doctorate at Huazhong Agricultural University. He is a contributor to many international journals with focuses on global warming and their influences on rice crop attributes in his articles. He is a member of the Editorial Board and a Critic of seven international journals.",institutionString:"University of Swabi",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Swabi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},coeditorThree:{id:"452655",title:"Dr.",name:"Subhan",middleName:null,surname:"Danish",slug:"subhan-danish",fullName:"Subhan Danish",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/452655/images/system/452655.png",biography:"Dr. Subhan Danish has a bachelor’s degree in Agriculture, and master’s and doctorate degrees in Agriculture (Soil Science). He is currently teaching at Bahauddin Zakariya University and Mendel University in Brno as a guest lecturer. He teaches at the undergraduate and graduate levels, focusing on soil science and plant nutrition. His current research interests include soil science and plant nutrition, abiotic stress alleviation, nanoparticles in agriculture, and climate-smart agriculture with artificial intelligence. His papers were published in a variety of peer-reviewed journals (e.g., Scientific Report, Journal of Environmental Management, Science of the Total Environment, Cleaner Production, Chemosphere, etc). He is acting as a reviewer for several international journals such as Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Journal of Environmental Management, Remote Sensing, Scientific Report, Environmental Technology & Innovation and Frontiers in Plant Science. His work has been cited more than 1800 times by researchers from all over the world. He reviewed over 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals and published around 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals.",institutionString:"Mendel University Brno",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Mendel University Brno",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"10",title:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",slug:"earth-and-planetary-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"444315",firstName:"Karla",lastName:"Skuliber",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/444315/images/20013_n.jpg",email:"karla@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5962",title:"Estuary",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43058846a64b270e9167d478e966161a",slug:"estuary",bookSignature:"William Froneman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5962.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109336",title:"Prof.",name:"William",surname:"Froneman",slug:"william-froneman",fullName:"William Froneman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"37808",title:"A Tale of 6 Sigmas: How Changing Partners Allows Salmonella to Thrive in the Best of Times and Survive the Worst of Times",doi:"10.5772/30853",slug:"a-tale-of-6-sigmas-how-changing-partners-allows-salmonella-to-thrive-in-the-best-of-times-and-surviv",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/37808.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/37808",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/37808",totalDownloads:1204,totalViews:46,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:23,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"March 23rd 2011",dateReviewed:"December 9th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"July 18th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/37808",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/37808",book:{id:"2061",slug:"salmonella-distribution-adaptation-control-measures-and-molecular-technologies"},signatures:"R. Margaret Wallen and Michael H. Perlin",authors:[{id:"84517",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Perlin",fullName:"Michael Perlin",slug:"michael-perlin",email:"mhperl01@louisville.edu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Louisville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"84538",title:"BSc.",name:"Margaret",middleName:null,surname:"Wallen",fullName:"Margaret Wallen",slug:"margaret-wallen",email:"rmwall03@louisville.edu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Louisville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"2061",type:"book",title:"Salmonella",subtitle:"Distribution, Adaptation, Control Measures and Molecular Technologies",fullTitle:"Salmonella - Distribution, Adaptation, Control Measures and Molecular Technologies",slug:"salmonella-distribution-adaptation-control-measures-and-molecular-technologies",publishedDate:"July 18th 2012",bookSignature:"Bassam A. Annous and Joshua B. Gurtler",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2061.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0661-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4289-8",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:67,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"101172",title:"Dr.",name:"Bassam",middleName:"A.",surname:"Annous",slug:"bassam-annous",fullName:"Bassam Annous"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"166183",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Joshua",middleName:"B.",surname:"Gurtler",slug:"joshua-gurtler",fullName:"Joshua Gurtler"},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1046"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"37791",type:"chapter",title:"Elucidating the Epidemiology of Human Salmonellosis: The Value of Systematic Laboratory Characterisation of Isolates",slug:"elucidating-the-epidemiology-of-human-salmonellosis-the-value-of-systematic-laboratory-characterisat",totalDownloads:2740,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"P. McKeown, P. Garvey and M. Cormican",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"84514",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"McKeown",fullName:"Paul McKeown",slug:"paul-mckeown"}]},{id:"37792",type:"chapter",title:"Salmonellae in the Environment",slug:"salmonellae-in-the-environment",totalDownloads:2608,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Hussein H. Abulreesh",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"73055",title:"Dr.",name:"Hussein",middleName:null,surname:"Abulreesh",fullName:"Hussein Abulreesh",slug:"hussein-abulreesh"}]},{id:"37793",type:"chapter",title:"Prevalence, Detection and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Salmonella in Sudan",slug:"prevalence-detection-and-antimicrobial-resistance-pattern-of-salmonella-in-sudan",totalDownloads:3111,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Adil A. El Hussein, Halima S. Mohy-Eldin, Mayha M. Nor Elmadiena and Marmar A. El Siddig",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"79956",title:"Dr.",name:"Adil Ali",middleName:null,surname:"El-Hussein",fullName:"Adil Ali El-Hussein",slug:"adil-ali-el-hussein"}]},{id:"37794",type:"chapter",title:"Salmonella Associated with Snakes (Suborder Serpentes)",slug:"salmonella-associated-with-snakes-suborder-serpentes-",totalDownloads:3010,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Henrique Marçal Bastos",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"83489",title:"Mr.",name:"Henrique",middleName:null,surname:"Bastos",fullName:"Henrique Bastos",slug:"henrique-bastos"}]},{id:"37795",type:"chapter",title:"Salmonella Control Measures at Farm in Swine Production",slug:"salmonella-control-measures-at-farm-in-swine-production",totalDownloads:3199,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Hector Arguello, Pedro Rubio and Ana Carvajal",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"78256",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Carvajal",fullName:"Ana Carvajal",slug:"ana-carvajal"}]},{id:"37796",type:"chapter",title:"Adaptation of Salmonella to Antimicrobials in Food-Processing Environments",slug:"adaptation-of-salmonella-to-antimicrobials-in-food-processing-environments",totalDownloads:3016,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Florence Dubois-Brissonnet",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"78565",title:"Dr.",name:"Florence",middleName:null,surname:"Dubois-Brissonnet",fullName:"Florence Dubois-Brissonnet",slug:"florence-dubois-brissonnet"}]},{id:"37797",type:"chapter",title:"Influence of Trisodium Phosphate on the Survival of Salmonella on Turkey Carcasses",slug:"influence-of-trisodium-phosphate-on-the-survival-of-salmonella-on-turkey-carcasses",totalDownloads:2110,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Anita Mikolajczyk",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"78439",title:"Dr.",name:"Anita",middleName:null,surname:"Mikolajczyk",fullName:"Anita Mikolajczyk",slug:"anita-mikolajczyk"}]},{id:"37798",type:"chapter",title:"Bacteriophage PPST1 Isolated from Hospital Wastewater, A Potential Therapeutic Agent Against Drug Resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi",slug:"bacteriophage-ppst1-isolated-from-hospital-wastewater-a-potential-therapeutic-agent-against-drug-res",totalDownloads:2781,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Pongsak Rattanachaikunsopon and Parichat Phumkhachorn",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"82596",title:"Dr.",name:"Pongsak",middleName:null,surname:"Rattanachaikunsopon",fullName:"Pongsak Rattanachaikunsopon",slug:"pongsak-rattanachaikunsopon"},{id:"82627",title:"Dr.",name:"Parichat",middleName:null,surname:"Phumkhachorn",fullName:"Parichat Phumkhachorn",slug:"parichat-phumkhachorn"}]},{id:"37799",type:"chapter",title:"The Seasonal Fluctuation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Some Macroalgae Collected from Alexandria Coast, Egypt",slug:"the-seasonal-fluctuation-of-the-antimicrobial-activity-of-some-macroalgae-collected-from-alexandria-",totalDownloads:2484,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Mohamed E.H. Osman, Atef M. Abu-Shady\nand Mostafa E. Elshobary",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"89250",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Elanwar",middleName:null,surname:"Osman",fullName:"Mohamed Elanwar Osman",slug:"mohamed-elanwar-osman"}]},{id:"37800",type:"chapter",title:"The Role of Proteomics in Elucidating Multiple Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella and in Novel Antibacterial Discovery",slug:"the-role-of-proteomics-in-elucidating-multiple-antibiotic-resistance-in-salmonella-and-in-novel-anti",totalDownloads:2635,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Rui Pacheco, Susana Correia, Patricia Poeta, Luis Pinto and Gilberto Igrejas",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"79483",title:"Prof.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Poeta",fullName:"Patricia Poeta",slug:"patricia-poeta"},{id:"83241",title:"Prof.",name:"Gilberto",middleName:null,surname:"Igrejas",fullName:"Gilberto Igrejas",slug:"gilberto-igrejas"},{id:"123591",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Rui",middleName:null,surname:"Pacheco",fullName:"Rui Pacheco",slug:"rui-pacheco"},{id:"123592",title:"BSc.",name:"Susana",middleName:null,surname:"Correia",fullName:"Susana Correia",slug:"susana-correia"},{id:"123593",title:"MSc.",name:"Luís",middleName:null,surname:"Pinto",fullName:"Luís Pinto",slug:"luis-pinto"}]},{id:"37801",type:"chapter",title:"Use of Integrated Studies to Elucidate Potential Benefits from Genetic Resistance to Salmonella Carrier State in Fowl",slug:"use-of-integrated-studies-to-elucidate-potential-benefits-from-genetic-resistance-to-salmonella-carr",totalDownloads:1366,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Beaumont Catherine, Thanh-Son Tran,\nZongo Pascal, Viet Anne-France and Magal Pierre",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"82467",title:"Dr.",name:"Catherine",middleName:null,surname:"Beaumont",fullName:"Catherine Beaumont",slug:"catherine-beaumont"},{id:"123296",title:"MSc.",name:"Thanh-Son",middleName:null,surname:"Tran",fullName:"Thanh-Son Tran",slug:"thanh-son-tran"},{id:"123297",title:"Dr.",name:"Pascal",middleName:null,surname:"Zongo",fullName:"Pascal Zongo",slug:"pascal-zongo"},{id:"123298",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne-France",middleName:null,surname:"Viet",fullName:"Anne-France Viet",slug:"anne-france-viet"},{id:"123299",title:"Prof.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Magal",fullName:"Pierre Magal",slug:"pierre-magal"}]},{id:"37802",type:"chapter",title:"16S rRNA Methyltransferases: An Emerging Resistance Mechanism Against Aminoglycosides in Salmonella",slug:"16s-rrna-methyltransferases-an-emerging-resistance-mechanism-against-aminoglycosides-in-salmonella",totalDownloads:2511,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Katie L. Hopkins and Bruno Gonzalez-Zorn",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"82424",title:"Prof.",name:"Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez-Zorn",fullName:"Bruno Gonzalez-Zorn",slug:"bruno-gonzalez-zorn"},{id:"82773",title:"Dr",name:"Katie",middleName:null,surname:"Hopkins",fullName:"Katie Hopkins",slug:"katie-hopkins"}]},{id:"37803",type:"chapter",title:"The Phosphoinositides: Key Regulators of Salmonella Containing Vacuole (SCV) Trafficking and Identity",slug:"the-phosphoinositides-key-regulators-of-salmonella-containing-vacuole-scv-trafficking-and-identity",totalDownloads:2007,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"M.C. Kerr, N.A. Castro, S. Karunaratne and R.D. Teasdale",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"84134",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohan",middleName:null,surname:"Teasdale",fullName:"Rohan Teasdale",slug:"rohan-teasdale"},{id:"84236",title:"Dr.",name:"Markus",middleName:null,surname:"Kerr",fullName:"Markus Kerr",slug:"markus-kerr"},{id:"122612",title:"Mrs.",name:"Seetha",middleName:null,surname:"Karunaratne",fullName:"Seetha Karunaratne",slug:"seetha-karunaratne"},{id:"122614",title:"Ms.",name:"Natalie",middleName:null,surname:"Castro",fullName:"Natalie Castro",slug:"natalie-castro"}]},{id:"37804",type:"chapter",title:"Searching for Outer Membrane Proteins Typical of Serum-Sensitive and Serum-Resistant Phenotypes of Salmonella",slug:"searching-for-outer-membrane-proteins-typical-of-serum-sensitive-and-serum-resistant-phenotypes-of-s",totalDownloads:2475,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Bozena Futoma-Koloch, Gabriela Bugla-Ploskonska and Jolanta Sarowska",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"82736",title:"Dr.",name:"Bozena",middleName:null,surname:"Futoma-Koloch",fullName:"Bozena Futoma-Koloch",slug:"bozena-futoma-koloch"},{id:"84233",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriela",middleName:null,surname:"Bugla-Ploskonska",fullName:"Gabriela Bugla-Ploskonska",slug:"gabriela-bugla-ploskonska"},{id:"84235",title:"Dr.",name:"Jolanta",middleName:null,surname:"Sarowska",fullName:"Jolanta Sarowska",slug:"jolanta-sarowska"}]},{id:"37805",type:"chapter",title:"Virulence Characterization of Salmonella Typhimurium I,4,[5],12:i:-, the New Pandemic Strain",slug:"virulence-characterization-of-salmonella-typhimurium-i-4-5-12-i-the-new-pandemic-strain",totalDownloads:1662,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Madalena Vieira-Pinto, Patricia Themudo, Lucas Dominguez, Jose Francisco Fernandez-Garayzabal, Ana Isabel Vela, Fernando Bernardo, Cristina Lobo Vilela and Manuela Oliveira",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"81570",title:"Dr",name:"Manuela",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"Manuela Oliveira",slug:"manuela-oliveira"},{id:"83475",title:"Prof.",name:"Madalena",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira-Pinto",fullName:"Madalena Vieira-Pinto",slug:"madalena-vieira-pinto"},{id:"83476",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrícia",middleName:null,surname:"Themudo",fullName:"Patrícia Themudo",slug:"patricia-themudo"},{id:"83698",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucas",middleName:null,surname:"Dominguez",fullName:"Lucas Dominguez",slug:"lucas-dominguez"},{id:"83700",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández-Garayzábal",fullName:"Jose Francisco Fernández-Garayzábal",slug:"jose-francisco-fernandez-garayzabal"},{id:"83701",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Vela",fullName:"Ana Isabel Vela",slug:"ana-isabel-vela"},{id:"83703",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Bernardo",fullName:"Fernando Bernardo",slug:"fernando-bernardo"},{id:"83704",title:"Prof.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Lobo Vilela",fullName:"Cristina Lobo Vilela",slug:"cristina-lobo-vilela"}]},{id:"37806",type:"chapter",title:"Salmonella: Invasion, Evasion & Persistence",slug:"salmonella-invasion-evasion-persistence",totalDownloads:4113,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Belal Chami and Shisan Bao",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"82593",title:"BSc.",name:"Belal",middleName:null,surname:"Chami",fullName:"Belal Chami",slug:"belal-chami"},{id:"87027",title:"Prof.",name:"Shisan",middleName:null,surname:"Bao",fullName:"Shisan Bao",slug:"shisan-bao"}]},{id:"37807",type:"chapter",title:"The Different Strategies Used by Salmonella to Invade Host Cells",slug:"the-different-strategies-used-by-salmonella-to-invade-host-cells",totalDownloads:3970,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Rosselin Manon, Abed Nadia, Namdari Fatemeh, Virlogeux-Payant Isabelle, Velge Philippe and Wiedemann Agnes",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"80202",title:"Dr.",name:"Agnes",middleName:null,surname:"Wiedemann",fullName:"Agnes Wiedemann",slug:"agnes-wiedemann"},{id:"84523",title:"Dr.",name:"Manon",middleName:null,surname:"Rosselin",fullName:"Manon Rosselin",slug:"manon-rosselin"},{id:"84525",title:"Dr.",name:"Nadia",middleName:null,surname:"Abed",fullName:"Nadia Abed",slug:"nadia-abed"},{id:"84526",title:"Dr.",name:"Philippe",middleName:null,surname:"Velge",fullName:"Philippe Velge",slug:"philippe-velge"},{id:"121895",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabelle",middleName:null,surname:"Virlogeux-Payant",fullName:"Isabelle Virlogeux-Payant",slug:"isabelle-virlogeux-payant"},{id:"121896",title:"Ms.",name:"Fatémeh",middleName:null,surname:"Namdari",fullName:"Fatémeh Namdari",slug:"fatemeh-namdari"}]},{id:"37808",type:"chapter",title:"A Tale of 6 Sigmas: How Changing Partners Allows Salmonella to Thrive in the Best of Times and Survive the Worst of Times",slug:"a-tale-of-6-sigmas-how-changing-partners-allows-salmonella-to-thrive-in-the-best-of-times-and-surviv",totalDownloads:1204,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"R. Margaret Wallen and Michael H. Perlin",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"84517",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Perlin",fullName:"Michael Perlin",slug:"michael-perlin"},{id:"84538",title:"BSc.",name:"Margaret",middleName:null,surname:"Wallen",fullName:"Margaret Wallen",slug:"margaret-wallen"}]},{id:"37809",type:"chapter",title:"Assembly and Activation of the MotA/B Proton Channel Complex of the Proton-Driven Flagellar Motor of Salmonella enterica",slug:"assembly-and-activation-of-the-mota-b-proton-channel-complex-of-the-proton-driven-flagellar-motor-of",totalDownloads:2184,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yusuke V. Morimoto and Tohru Minamino",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"80130",title:"Dr.",name:"Tohru",middleName:null,surname:"Minamino",fullName:"Tohru Minamino",slug:"tohru-minamino"},{id:"80614",title:"Dr.",name:"Yusuke",middleName:"V.",surname:"Morimoto",fullName:"Yusuke Morimoto",slug:"yusuke-morimoto"}]},{id:"37810",type:"chapter",title:"Molecular Armory of S. Typhi: Deciphering the Putative Arsenal of Our Enemy",slug:"molecular-armory-of-s-typhi-deciphering-the-putative-arsenal-of-our-enemy",totalDownloads:4009,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Chantal G. Forest and France Daigle",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"79093",title:"Dr.",name:"France",middleName:null,surname:"Daigle",fullName:"France Daigle",slug:"france-daigle"},{id:"80535",title:"Ms.",name:"Chantal",middleName:null,surname:"Forest",fullName:"Chantal Forest",slug:"chantal-forest"}]},{id:"37811",type:"chapter",title:"Molecular Diagnosis of Enteric Fever: Progress and Perspectives",slug:"molecular-diagnosis-of-enteric-fever-progress-and-perspectives",totalDownloads:4213,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Liqing Zhou, Thomas Darton, Claire Waddington and Andrew J. Pollard",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"82244",title:"Dr.",name:"Liqing",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",fullName:"Liqing Zhou",slug:"liqing-zhou"},{id:"82290",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew J",middleName:null,surname:"Pollard",fullName:"Andrew J Pollard",slug:"andrew-j-pollard"},{id:"84414",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Darton",fullName:"Thomas Darton",slug:"thomas-darton"},{id:"84416",title:"Dr.",name:"Claire",middleName:null,surname:"Waddington",fullName:"Claire Waddington",slug:"claire-waddington"}]},{id:"37812",type:"chapter",title:"Comprehending a Molecular Conundrum: Functional Studies of Ribosomal Protein Mutants from Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium",slug:"comprehending-a-molecular-conundrum-functional-studies-of-ribosomal-protein-mutants-from-salmonella-",totalDownloads:1458,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Christina Tobin Kahrstrom, Dan I. Andersson and Suparna Sanyal",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"84531",title:"Prof.",name:"Suparna",middleName:null,surname:"Sanyal",fullName:"Suparna Sanyal",slug:"suparna-sanyal"}]},{id:"37813",type:"chapter",title:"Molecular Technologies for Salmonella Detection",slug:"molecular-technologies-for-salmonella-detection",totalDownloads:3450,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Robert S. Tebbs, Lily Y. Wong, Pius Brzoska and Olga V. Petrauskene",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"79802",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Petrauskene",fullName:"Olga Petrauskene",slug:"olga-petrauskene"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"41407",title:"The Phylogeny and Classification of Anopheles",slug:"the-phylogeny-and-classification-of-anopheles",signatures:"Ralph E. Harbach",authors:[{id:"151606",title:"Dr.",name:"Ralph",middleName:null,surname:"E. Harbach",fullName:"Ralph E. Harbach",slug:"ralph-e.-harbach"}]},{id:"43979",title:"Systematic Techniques for the Recognition of Anopheles Species Complexes",slug:"systematic-techniques-for-the-recognition-of-anopheles-species-complexes",signatures:"Wej Choochote and Atiporn Saeung",authors:[{id:"151262",title:"Prof.",name:"Wej",middleName:null,surname:"Choochote",fullName:"Wej Choochote",slug:"wej-choochote"},{id:"153513",title:"Dr.",name:"Atiporn",middleName:null,surname:"Saeung",fullName:"Atiporn Saeung",slug:"atiporn-saeung"}]},{id:"43884",title:"Genetic and Phenetic Approaches to Anopheles Systematics",slug:"genetic-and-phenetic-approaches-to-anopheles-systematics",signatures:"Claire Garros and Jean-Pierre Dujardin",authors:[{id:"107247",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Dujardin",fullName:"Jean-Pierre Dujardin",slug:"jean-pierre-dujardin"},{id:"151616",title:"Dr.",name:"Claire",middleName:null,surname:"Garros",fullName:"Claire Garros",slug:"claire-garros"}]},{id:"43624",title:"Global Distribution of the Dominant Vector Species of Malaria",slug:"global-distribution-of-the-dominant-vector-species-of-malaria",signatures:"Marianne E. Sinka",authors:[{id:"153626",title:"Dr.",name:"Marianne",middleName:null,surname:"Sinka",fullName:"Marianne Sinka",slug:"marianne-sinka"}]},{id:"43482",title:"Phylogeography, Vectors and Transmission in Latin America",slug:"phylogeography-vectors-and-transmission-in-latin-america",signatures:"Jan E. Conn, Martha L. Quiñones and Marinete M. Póvoa",authors:[{id:"151253",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Conn",fullName:"Jan Conn",slug:"jan-conn"},{id:"154130",title:"Prof.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Quinones",fullName:"Martha Quinones",slug:"martha-quinones"},{id:"154131",title:"Prof.",name:"Marinete",middleName:null,surname:"Povoa",fullName:"Marinete Povoa",slug:"marinete-povoa"}]},{id:"44284",title:"Speciation in Anopheles gambiae — The Distribution of Genetic Polymorphism and Patterns of Reproductive Isolation Among Natural Populations",slug:"speciation-in-anopheles-gambiae-the-distribution-of-genetic-polymorphism-and-patterns-of-reproductiv",signatures:"Gregory C. Lanzaro and Yoosook Lee",authors:[{id:"152068",title:"Prof.",name:"Gregory C.",middleName:null,surname:"Lanzaro",fullName:"Gregory C. Lanzaro",slug:"gregory-c.-lanzaro"},{id:"169011",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoosook",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Yoosook Lee",slug:"yoosook-lee"}]},{id:"43973",title:"Advances and Perspectives in the Study of the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles funestus",slug:"advances-and-perspectives-in-the-study-of-the-malaria-mosquito-anopheles-funestus",signatures:"Ibrahima Dia, Moussa Wamdaogo Guelbeogo and Diego Ayala",authors:[{id:"154416",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Ayala",fullName:"Diego Ayala",slug:"diego-ayala"},{id:"167122",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahima",middleName:null,surname:"Dia",fullName:"Ibrahima Dia",slug:"ibrahima-dia"},{id:"169020",title:"Dr.",name:"Moussa",middleName:"Wamdaogo",surname:"Guelbeogo",fullName:"Moussa Guelbeogo",slug:"moussa-guelbeogo"}]},{id:"43614",title:"Highlights on Anopheles nili and Anopheles moucheti, Malaria Vectors in Africa",slug:"highlights-on-anopheles-nili-and-anopheles-moucheti-malaria-vectors-in-africa",signatures:"Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio and Frédéric Simard",authors:[{id:"153999",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:null,surname:"Antonio Nkondjio",fullName:"Christophe Antonio Nkondjio",slug:"christophe-antonio-nkondjio"},{id:"154272",title:"Dr.",name:"Frédéric",middleName:null,surname:"Simard",fullName:"Frédéric Simard",slug:"frederic-simard"}]},{id:"43975",title:"The Dominant Mosquito Vectors of Human Malaria in India",slug:"the-dominant-mosquito-vectors-of-human-malaria-in-india",signatures:"Vas Dev and Vinod P. Sharma",authors:[{id:"151166",title:"Dr.",name:"Vas",middleName:null,surname:"Dev",fullName:"Vas Dev",slug:"vas-dev"},{id:"169007",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinod",middleName:null,surname:"P. Sharma",fullName:"Vinod P. Sharma",slug:"vinod-p.-sharma"}]},{id:"45385",title:"Vector Biology and Malaria Transmission in Southeast Asia",slug:"vector-biology-and-malaria-transmission-in-southeast-asia",signatures:"Wannapa Suwonkerd, Wanapa Ritthison, Chung Thuy Ngo, Krajana\nTainchum, Michael J. Bangs and Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap",authors:[{id:"151663",title:"PhD.",name:"Wannapa",middleName:null,surname:"Suwonkerd",fullName:"Wannapa Suwonkerd",slug:"wannapa-suwonkerd"},{id:"151737",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"J. Bangs",fullName:"Michael J. Bangs",slug:"michael-j.-bangs"},{id:"169010",title:"Dr.",name:"Wanapa",middleName:null,surname:"Ritthison",fullName:"Wanapa Ritthison",slug:"wanapa-ritthison"}]},{id:"43254",title:"Understanding Anopheles Diversity in Southeast Asia and Its Applications for Malaria Control",slug:"understanding-anopheles-diversity-in-southeast-asia-and-its-applications-for-malaria-control",signatures:"Katy Morgan, Pradya Somboon and Catherine Walton",authors:[{id:"154092",title:"Dr.",name:"Catherine",middleName:null,surname:"Walton",fullName:"Catherine Walton",slug:"catherine-walton"},{id:"154867",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Morgan",fullName:"Katy Morgan",slug:"katy-morgan"},{id:"169019",title:"Dr.",name:"Pradya",middleName:null,surname:"Somboon",fullName:"Pradya Somboon",slug:"pradya-somboon"}]},{id:"44155",title:"The Systematics and Bionomics of Malaria Vectors in the Southwest Pacific",slug:"the-systematics-and-bionomics-of-malaria-vectors-in-the-southwest-pacific",signatures:"Nigel W. Beebe, Tanya L. Russell, Thomas R. Burkot, Neil F. Lobo and\nRobert D. Cooper",authors:[{id:"152080",title:"Dr.",name:"Nigel",middleName:null,surname:"Beebe",fullName:"Nigel Beebe",slug:"nigel-beebe"},{id:"169012",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanya",middleName:null,surname:"L. Russell",fullName:"Tanya L. Russell",slug:"tanya-l.-russell"},{id:"169013",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"R. Burkot",fullName:"Thomas R. Burkot",slug:"thomas-r.-burkot"},{id:"169014",title:"Dr.",name:"Neil",middleName:null,surname:"F. Lobo",fullName:"Neil F. Lobo",slug:"neil-f.-lobo"},{id:"169015",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"D. Cooper",fullName:"Robert D. Cooper",slug:"robert-d.-cooper"}]},{id:"43671",title:"Ecology of Larval Habitats",slug:"ecology-of-larval-habitats",signatures:"Eliška Rejmánková, John Grieco, Nicole Achee and Donald R.\nRoberts",authors:[{id:"151632",title:"Prof.",name:"Nicole",middleName:null,surname:"Achee",fullName:"Nicole Achee",slug:"nicole-achee"},{id:"152601",title:"Prof.",name:"Eliska",middleName:null,surname:"Rejmankova",fullName:"Eliska Rejmankova",slug:"eliska-rejmankova"},{id:"169016",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Grieco",fullName:"John Grieco",slug:"john-grieco"}]},{id:"43954",title:"From Anopheles to Spatial Surveillance: A Roadmap Through a Multidisciplinary Challenge",slug:"from-anopheles-to-spatial-surveillance-a-roadmap-through-a-multidisciplinary-challenge",signatures:"Valérie Obsomer, Nicolas Titeux, Christelle Vancustem, Grégory\nDuveiller, Jean-François Pekel, Steve Connor, Pietro Ceccato and\nMarc Coosemans",authors:[{id:"131417",title:"Dr.",name:"Valérie",middleName:null,surname:"Obsomer",fullName:"Valérie Obsomer",slug:"valerie-obsomer"},{id:"152754",title:"Prof.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Coosemans",fullName:"Marc Coosemans",slug:"marc-coosemans"},{id:"153949",title:"Dr.",name:"Pietro",middleName:null,surname:"Ceccato",fullName:"Pietro Ceccato",slug:"pietro-ceccato"},{id:"153950",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Duveiller",fullName:"Gregory Duveiller",slug:"gregory-duveiller"},{id:"153952",title:"Dr.",name:"Christelle",middleName:null,surname:"Vancutsem",fullName:"Christelle Vancutsem",slug:"christelle-vancutsem"},{id:"153980",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",middleName:null,surname:"Titeux",fullName:"Nicolas Titeux",slug:"nicolas-titeux"},{id:"154158",title:"Dr.",name:"Steve J",middleName:null,surname:"Connor",fullName:"Steve J Connor",slug:"steve-j-connor"},{id:"167685",title:"MSc.",name:"Jean-Francois",middleName:null,surname:"Pekel",fullName:"Jean-Francois Pekel",slug:"jean-francois-pekel"}]},{id:"43960",title:"Simian Malaria Parasites: Special Emphasis on Plasmodium knowlesi and Their Anopheles Vectors in Southeast Asia",slug:"simian-malaria-parasites-special-emphasis-on-plasmodium-knowlesi-and-their-anopheles-vectors-in-sout",signatures:"Indra Vythilingam and Jeffery Hii",authors:[{id:"151116",title:"Dr.",name:"Indra",middleName:null,surname:"Vythilingam",fullName:"Indra Vythilingam",slug:"indra-vythilingam"},{id:"169006",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeffery",middleName:null,surname:"Hii",fullName:"Jeffery Hii",slug:"jeffery-hii"}]},{id:"44039",title:"Thermal Stress and Thermoregulation During Feeding in Mosquitoes",slug:"thermal-stress-and-thermoregulation-during-feeding-in-mosquitoes",signatures:"Chloé Lahondère and Claudio R. Lazzari",authors:[{id:"151619",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"R. Lazzari",fullName:"Claudio R. Lazzari",slug:"claudio-r.-lazzari"},{id:"151620",title:"Ms.",name:"Chloé",middleName:null,surname:"Lahondère",fullName:"Chloé Lahondère",slug:"chloe-lahondere"}]},{id:"43955",title:"The Anopheles Mosquito Microbiota and Their Impact on Pathogen Transmission",slug:"the-anopheles-mosquito-microbiota-and-their-impact-on-pathogen-transmission",signatures:"Mathilde Gendrin and George K. Christophides",authors:[{id:"154007",title:"Dr.",name:"Mathilde",middleName:null,surname:"Gendrin",fullName:"Mathilde Gendrin",slug:"mathilde-gendrin"},{id:"154008",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:"K",surname:"Christophides",fullName:"George Christophides",slug:"george-christophides"}]},{id:"43829",title:"Bacterial Biodiversity in Midguts of Anopheles Mosquitoes, Malaria Vectors in Southeast Asia",slug:"bacterial-biodiversity-in-midguts-of-anopheles-mosquitoes-malaria-vectors-in-southeast-asia",signatures:"Sylvie Manguin, Chung Thuy Ngo, Krajana Tainchum, Waraporn\nJuntarajumnong, Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap, Anne-Laure\nMichon and Estelle Jumas-Bilak",authors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",middleName:null,surname:"Manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin"},{id:"75315",title:"Prof.",name:"Theeraphap",middleName:null,surname:"Chareonviriyaphap",fullName:"Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap",slug:"theeraphap-chareonviriyaphap"},{id:"88985",title:"Prof.",name:"Anne-Laure",middleName:null,surname:"Michon",fullName:"Anne-Laure Michon",slug:"anne-laure-michon"},{id:"88986",title:"Prof.",name:"Estelle",middleName:null,surname:"Jumas-Bilak",fullName:"Estelle Jumas-Bilak",slug:"estelle-jumas-bilak"},{id:"156016",title:"MSc.",name:"Chung Thuy",middleName:null,surname:"Ngo",fullName:"Chung Thuy Ngo",slug:"chung-thuy-ngo"},{id:"156018",title:"MSc.",name:"Krajana",middleName:null,surname:"Tainchum",fullName:"Krajana Tainchum",slug:"krajana-tainchum"},{id:"156019",title:"Dr.",name:"Waraporn",middleName:null,surname:"Juntarajumnong",fullName:"Waraporn Juntarajumnong",slug:"waraporn-juntarajumnong"}]},{id:"43899",title:"Distribution, Mechanisms, Impact and Management of Insecticide Resistance in Malaria Vectors: A Pragmatic Review",slug:"distribution-mechanisms-impact-and-management-of-insecticide-resistance-in-malaria-vectors-a-pragmat",signatures:"Vincent Corbel and Raphael N’Guessan",authors:[{id:"152666",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincent",middleName:null,surname:"Corbel",fullName:"Vincent Corbel",slug:"vincent-corbel"},{id:"169017",title:"Dr.",name:"Raphael",middleName:null,surname:"N'Guessan",fullName:"Raphael N'Guessan",slug:"raphael-n'guessan"}]},{id:"43851",title:"Perspectives on Barriers to Control of Anopheles Mosquitoes and Malaria",slug:"perspectives-on-barriers-to-control-of-anopheles-mosquitoes-and-malaria",signatures:"Donald R. Roberts, Richard Tren and Kimberly Hess",authors:[{id:"151439",title:"Prof.",name:"Donald",middleName:null,surname:"R. Roberts",fullName:"Donald R. Roberts",slug:"donald-r.-roberts"},{id:"151656",title:"Mr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Tren",fullName:"Richard Tren",slug:"richard-tren"},{id:"154152",title:"Ms.",name:"Kimberly",middleName:null,surname:"Hess",fullName:"Kimberly Hess",slug:"kimberly-hess"}]},{id:"43874",title:"Residual Transmission of Malaria: An Old Issue for New Approaches",slug:"residual-transmission-of-malaria-an-old-issue-for-new-approaches",signatures:"Lies Durnez and Marc Coosemans",authors:[{id:"152754",title:"Prof.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Coosemans",fullName:"Marc Coosemans",slug:"marc-coosemans"},{id:"169018",title:"Dr.",name:"Lies",middleName:null,surname:"Durnez",fullName:"Lies Durnez",slug:"lies-durnez"}]},{id:"44330",title:"Vector Control: Some New Paradigms and Approaches",slug:"vector-control-some-new-paradigms-and-approaches",signatures:"Claire Duchet, Richard Allan and Pierre Carnevale",authors:[{id:"151662",title:"Dr.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Carnevale",fullName:"Pierre Carnevale",slug:"pierre-carnevale"},{id:"169000",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Allan",fullName:"Richard Allan",slug:"richard-allan"},{id:"169008",title:"Dr.",name:"Claire",middleName:null,surname:"Duchet",fullName:"Claire Duchet",slug:"claire-duchet"}]},{id:"43870",title:"New Salivary Biomarkers of Human Exposure to Malaria Vector Bites",slug:"new-salivary-biomarkers-of-human-exposure-to-malaria-vector-bites",signatures:"Papa M. Drame, Anne Poinsignon, Alexandra Marie, Herbert\nNoukpo, Souleymane Doucoure, Sylvie Cornelie and Franck\nRemoue",authors:[{id:"151515",title:"Dr.",name:"Papa Makhtar",middleName:null,surname:"Drame",fullName:"Papa Makhtar Drame",slug:"papa-makhtar-drame"},{id:"151648",title:"Dr.",name:"Franck",middleName:null,surname:"Remoué",fullName:"Franck Remoué",slug:"franck-remoue"},{id:"154034",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"Poinsignon",fullName:"Anne Poinsignon",slug:"anne-poinsignon"},{id:"154035",title:"MSc.",name:"Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marie",fullName:"Alexandra Marie",slug:"alexandra-marie"},{id:"154037",title:"Dr.",name:"Souleymane",middleName:null,surname:"Doucoure",fullName:"Souleymane Doucoure",slug:"souleymane-doucoure"},{id:"154038",title:"MSc.",name:"Herbert",middleName:null,surname:"Noukpo",fullName:"Herbert Noukpo",slug:"herbert-noukpo"},{id:"154039",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvie",middleName:null,surname:"Cornélie",fullName:"Sylvie Cornélie",slug:"sylvie-cornelie"}]},{id:"44149",title:"Transgenic Mosquitoes for Malaria Control: From the Bench to the Public Opinion Survey",slug:"transgenic-mosquitoes-for-malaria-control-from-the-bench-to-the-public-opinion-survey",signatures:"Christophe Boëte and Uli Beisel",authors:[{id:"98400",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:null,surname:"Boëte",fullName:"Christophe Boëte",slug:"christophe-boete"},{id:"167749",title:"Dr.",name:"Uli",middleName:null,surname:"Beisel",fullName:"Uli Beisel",slug:"uli-beisel"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5723",title:"Toxoplasmosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5df59700879dad4465b2792556088faa",slug:"toxoplasmosis",bookSignature:"Isın Akyar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5723.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36323",title:"Dr.",name:"Isin",surname:"Akyar",slug:"isin-akyar",fullName:"Isin Akyar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7876",title:"New Insight into Brucella Infection and Foodborne Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8587739d297f761a46d36f8c6868c96d",slug:"new-insight-into-brucella-infection-and-foodborne-diseases",bookSignature:"Mitra Ranjbar, Marzieh Nojomi and Maria T. Mascellino",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7876.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"79344",title:"Dr.",name:"Mitra",surname:"Ranjbar",slug:"mitra-ranjbar",fullName:"Mitra Ranjbar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10354",title:"Current State of the Art in Cysticercosis and Neurocysticercosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"16dae70f4745a1873fbeb34e67007b24",slug:"current-state-of-the-art-in-cysticercosis-and-neurocysticercosis",bookSignature:"Jorge Morales-Montor, Abraham Landa and Luis Ignacio Terrazas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10354.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"278",title:"HIV and AIDS",subtitle:"Updates on Biology, Immunology, Epidemiology and Treatment Strategies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5fb12ebbff49f7e87a5608a48db179c",slug:"hiv-and-aids-updates-on-biology-immunology-epidemiology-and-treatment-strategies",bookSignature:"Nancy Dumais",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/278.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"40783",title:"Dr.",name:"Nancy",surname:"Dumais",slug:"nancy-dumais",fullName:"Nancy Dumais"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1273",title:"Non-Flavivirus Encephalitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fa857119b76ce546ccf16503e982a08e",slug:"non-flavivirus-encephalitis",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1273.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62638",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"77617",title:"Adsorption-Semiconductor Sensor Based on Nanosized SnO2 for Early Warning of Indoor Fires",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98989",slug:"adsorption-semiconductor-sensor-based-on-nanosized-sno2-for-early-warning-of-indoor-fires",body:'Fires detection is an urgent task today, since every year, a large number of the fires occurs all over the world, leading to human casualties and economic losses. It can be seen from the Figure 1 that fires take place in all countries of the world regardless gross domestic product values and level of technology development.
Average annual fires distribution in percent within 65 countries (a) and average annual number of fires per 1000 inhabitants (b) in 2014–2018 years [
These fires appear from various sources of ignition (structure fires, vehicles, forests, grass, rubbish) as shown in Figure 2.
Distribution of fires by types in the countries of the World in 2018 [
The fires that occur in premises (the structure fires) are of particular importance among all fires, since they lead to human casualties (Figure 3). Besides, these fires lead to significant and often irreparable economic losses.
Average annual number of fire death and injuries per 100 fires (in 2014–2018 years) [
The decrease in the number of the fires and their consequences are determined mainly by the presence of special warning means, the so-called fire-alarm-systems. When the fire-alarm-system is creating the main responsibility lies on the choice of reliable detectors appropriate for providing a timely alert of inflammation. Modern fire detectors can be conventionally divided into the following groups:
Among them the heat detectors and flame detectors are not capable of early registration of the fire, because they response on increasing temperature caused by a hot air flow, or by electromagnetic irradiation in various ranges of a spectrum attributed to burning process. All those physical phenomena are observed when the fire is already spread around several square meters. In the contrast to the heat detectors, smoke detectors give a fire-alert before the open flame will be present. But the walls of a smoke detector chamber become dusty with time that can cause false fire-alert and heat detectors that register an increase temperature of air in rooms are rather crude and cannot detect the occurrence of the fire at the smoldering stage. Figure 4 shows some types of the fire-alarm systems with the above mentioned detectors.
Fire alarm systems based on different types of detectors: a – heat-type IP 105-1 D; b – smoke-type DUR-40 Ex; c – flame- type IP 330/1-20; d -gas type IP 435-1.
Nowadays the above mentioned kinds of the fire detectors are widely eliminated by more universal systems based on analysis of a chemical composition of air which changes dramatically when processes of thermal decomposition of the overheated inflammable materials take place [4, 5, 6]. The type of gases produced at the initial stage of combustion are determined by the composition of materials involved in this process, however, in the most cases, the main components of the appeared gases (fire precursors) can be distinguished. In particular, in the work [7] it has been experimentally established that the first gas component released during decay (pyrolysis) of wood, textiles, synthetic materials covering metal wires (telephone and electric) is hydrogen and its concentration at the early stage of ignition reaches 20–25 ppm. It is important, that appearance of CO and CH4, during the ignition, for example, of wood, polyethylene (PE), polyurethane (PUR) and mixtures of these materials (mixed crib) is observed only at a later stage, as can be seen from the data presented in Table 1.
Gas | Wood | PUR | PVC | Mixed crib | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hydrogen | Time (min) | Signal (mV) | Time (min) | Signal (mV) | Time (min) | Signal (mV) | Time (min) | Signal (mV) |
0–10 | 0–15 | 0–5 | 0 | 0–5 | <5 | 0–10 | <5 | |
10–20 | 15–37 | 5–10 | 0–10 | 5–10 | 5–10 | 10–20 | 5–10 | |
20–45 | 37–40 | 10–20 | 10–30 | 10–80 | 10–25 | 20–40 | 10–15 | |
45–50 | 30–40 | 20–70 | 30–35 | 40–60 | 15–20 | |||
60–80 | 20–30 | |||||||
80–100 | 30 | |||||||
Carbon monoxide | Time (min) | Conc. (ppm) | Time (min) | Conc. (ppm) | Time (min) | Conc. (ppm) | Time (min) | Conc. (ppm) |
0–10 | 0–5 | 0–5 | 0 | 0–80 | <2 | 0–70 | <2 | |
10–20 | 5–12 | 5–10 | 0–12 | 70–100 | 2–5 | |||
20–30 | 12–20 | 10–15 | 12–7 | |||||
30–40 | 20–25 | 15–65 | 7 | |||||
40–50 | 25–27 | 65–70 | <7 | |||||
Smoke detectors | Time (min) | Detector alarm | Time (min) | Detector alarm | Time (min) | Detector alarm | Time (min) | Detector alarm |
5 | 1st detector | No alarms | No alarms | No alarms | ||||
10 | 2nd detector |
Occurrence of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and smoke in air with the pyrolysis time of different materials: Wood, polyethylene (PE), polyurethane (PUR) and mixtures of these materials (mixed crib).*
CO concentration was measured by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, H2 concentration was measured using a gas sensor based on a metal/solid electrolyte/insulator. Presence of smoke was determined by a commercial smoke detector [7].
In this case, as established experimentally in study of the combustion of various objects commonly used in domestic premises (Table 2), the appearance of CO for some of them was not observed at all (for sponge and food), or CO appeared in air only at significant burning time (for wood). The appearance of smoke, in the amount required for responses of the smoke detectors, is observed only at a significant heating time of burning objects (except of the sponge). But the production of hydrogen was always observed for all studied materials immediately after beginning of the heat (except for the roll), and a signal values for the gas sensor reached a large value, especially for the wood and sponge (the latter used as an example of organic matter because a lot of household items in premises consist it (wallpaper, furniture, dishes, etc.)).
Gas | Armchair | Roll | Sponge | Food | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hydrogen | Time (min) | Signal (mV) | Time (min) | Signal (mV) | Time (min) | Signal (mV) | Time (min) | Signal (mV) |
0–10 | <10 | 0–40 | <5 | 0–3 | 0–50 | 0–10 | <5 | |
10–20 | 10–30 | 40–60 | 5–10 | 3–10 | 50–60 | 10–20 | 5–20 | |
20–30 | 30–40 | 60–80 | 10–70 | 10–25 | 60–65 | 20–30 | 20–30 | |
30–40 | 40–60 | 80–100 | 70 | 25–40 | 50–65 | 30–40 | 30 | |
40–45 | 60–70 | |||||||
45–50 | 50–60 | |||||||
Carbon monoxide | Time (min) | Conc. (ppm) | Time (min) | Conc. (ppm) | Time (min) | Conc. (ppm) | Time (min) | Conc. (ppm) |
0–5 | 0 | 0–50 | 0 | 0–40 | <5 | 0–40 | <5 | |
5–10 | <5 | 50–60 | <5 | |||||
10–20 | 5–10 | 60–70 | 5–40 | |||||
20–30 | 10–15 | 70–100 | 40–50 | |||||
30–40 | 15–25 | |||||||
40–50 | 25–30 | |||||||
Smoke detectors | Time (min) | Detector alarm | Time (min) | Detector alarm | Time (min) | Detector alarm | Time (min) | Detector alarm |
20 | 1st detector | 60 | 1st detector | 2 | 1st detector | 24 | 1st detector | |
40 | 2nd detector | 65 | 2nd detector | 4 | 2nd detector | 2nd detector – no alarm |
Occurrence of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and smoke in air with the time of pyrolysis of various household items: Armchair, roll, sponge, food with the time of their heating.*
CO concentration was measured by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, H2 concentration was measured using a gas sensor based on a metal/solid electrolyte/insulator. Presence of smoke was determined by a commercial smoke detector [7].
Thus, the detection of fire at the early stage of ignition is possible by measuring the concentration of hydrogen, which is almost always can be detected in air of the room where the fire occurs, and which appears the first of the gases - precursors of the fire. At the early stage of the ignition it is still possible to assume adequate action and take control over the situation. For example, in a case of electricity wires being overheated it is not late to switch them off automatically, thus preventing the fire at the beginning.
Although the appearance of certain gases in air during the ignition of materials is separated in time, but reliable detection of the fire based on the hydrogen released at the first stage of combustion is possible only with sufficient selectivity of the sensor to hydrogen. But the sensors are known to do not possess good selectivity [8, 9].
That is why, for the early prevention of the fire, the gas sensors are included in complex systems, for example, in the MAGIC.SENS Automatic LSN Fire Detector (Bosch), that provides multipurpose detection of the fire-hazard using a joint action of optical, thermal and chemical sensors. Undoubtedly, a signal of such kind of the multiple-purpose detectors considerably increases veracity of the fire diagnostics, while the separate use of the detectors of this system do not provide effective diagnostics of the fire situation. Indeed, using only a thermal detector will not allow determining the onset of smoldering materials, in the presence of dust the false fire alerts of an optical detector are possible, and using only a gas sensor in the system will not provide diagnostics due to its low selectivity to gases emitted during the fire.
At the same time, possessing, in general, insufficient selectivity, the semiconductor gas sensors have a number of other capabilities (high sensitivities to gases, good response time, a wide range of gas detection, an ability to operate in a significant range of the ambient temperatures (−45 ÷ + 45°C), low mass and dimensions), which make them promising for creation of devices and systems capable to provide reliable diagnostics of the onset of the fires.
The design of the semiconductor sensor created at the Department of Chemistry of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv is present in Figure 5.
Design of the semiconductor gas sensor: a – schematic illustration of the main elements of the semiconductor gas sensor; b – view of a ceramic sensor plate with a sensitive layer; c – SEM image of the sensor in its measurement chamber [
The sensor consists of a ceramic plate with platinum heater on one side and Pt contacts on the opposite side of the plate (Figure 5a). These contacts intended to measure the current flowing through a gas sensitive layer deposited between them (Figure 5b). The gas sensitive layer is made of semiconductor material, whole sensor has a very small size (2x2x0,5 mm, Figure 5c).
A principle of the semiconductor sensor operation is based on a change in its conductivity in the presence of the analyzed gas in air. Figure 6 shows schematically the sensor sensitivity mechanism from the standpoint of the band theory of semiconductors [11].
Schematic illustration of the action mechanism of the semiconductor sensors: A – Sensor material in absence of analyzed gas (
In the absence of the analyzed gas in air (Figure 6A), chemisorption of oxygen occurs on the sensor surface with localization of electrons from the semiconductor conduction band on the oxygen atoms [12, 13]. Reduction of the electrons number in the conduction band of the semiconductor leads to decrease in its electrical conductivity. In the presence of the analyzed gas R (Figure 6B), its molecules interact with the active chemisorbed oxygen. The electrons, previously localized on the chemisorbed oxygen, return to the conduction band of the semiconductor and increase its conductivity. This increase will be the greater if the concentration of gas R will be higher. This is the basis for the use of semiconductor materials in the sensors for determination of the concentration of the analyzed gas R. Finally, Figure 6C shows a role of the catalytic additive (Me), that increases a rate of catalytic oxidation reaction by the chemisorbed oxygen through activation of the R molecules, that leads to an even larger number of electrons returned to the conduction band - the sensor sensitivity to the analyzed gas becomes greater [14, 15]. This simple scheme shows a reason for the low selectivity of the sensor: at a given sensor temperature, molecules of many gases can overcome the energy barrier of the oxidation reaction [16] thereby increase the conductivity of the sensor.
Several devices were created at the University using semiconductor sensors (Figure 7). In particular, with combination of the sensor and previous chromatographic separation of the air sample, it was possible to ensure absolute selectivity of CH4, C2H6 and C3H8 measurements that was applied in a developed portable chromatograph intended to determine natural gas leaks from pipelines without digging the soil (Figure 7b).
Examples of developed devices based on semiconductor sensors created at the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv: Semiconductor sensors (1, a), a device intended to determine alcohol in exhaled air (2,a), a domestic device in the form of a doll intended to determine presence of methane in air of kitchen (3,a), a device intended to determine concentrations of methane in air purposed for vehicles (4, a) a portable chromatograph intended to determine natural gas leaks from pipelines without digging soil (b) (Project #840 of Science and Technology Center in Ukraine).
It should be noted that although the sensors have low selectivity, changes in the chemical compositions of the gas sensitive layers, their morphology and temperature can affect the rates of gases oxidation on the semiconductor surfaces and, thus, regulate the selectivity of measurement. These approaches allow to avoid the use of the sensors in conditions of the chromatography, that neutralize attractive possibilities of using the low-power sensors in the corresponding miniature portable devices or as sensors of stationary automated systems for monitoring indoor air.
In our work, tin dioxide, an n-type semiconductor, was chosen as a basis of the sensitive layer of the sensor [17]. Tin dioxide exhibits high chemical and thermal inertness, that is necessary to ensure a long-term stable operation of the sensor in the practice [12]. In order to increase the sensor response, the material of the gas sensitive layer based on tin dioxide was obtained in a nanoscale state [13, 14, 17]. This should ensure that the processes occurring on the gas sensitive surface of the sensor have a predominant effect on its volumetric characteristics, in particular, on the values of its electrical conductivities [18]. Taking into account the mechanism of the sensor response formation [12, 13, 14, 15, 17], a catalytically active additive was introduced into its gas sensitive layer, that allows to accelerate the process of the oxidation of hydrogen by the oxygen chemisorbed on the sensor surface. One of such catalytic additive may be platinum, which has an extremely high activity in the oxidation reaction of H2 [19] and it is much higher than in the oxidation reaction of CO and CH4.
The aim of our work is to develop a fast semiconductor gas sensor based on nanosized SnO2 possesses very high sensitivity to H2 microconcentration and low sensitivities to CO and CH4 purposed for systems of fires detection at early stage.
The initial substances for synthesis of the material of the sensitive layer were SnCl4 × 5H2O, ethanediol-1,2, and H2PtCl6.
In order to synthesize SnO2 1.5 g of SnCl4∙5H2O were added to 15 ml of ethanediol-1,2 under sintering. The mixture was heated to 353 K until the salts were completely dissolved. The resulting solution was transferred to a ceramic dish and then was kept at 393 K C in a sand bath until approximately 80% of the solvent (by a volume) was evaporated. A resulting dark brown viscous gel was aged in air at a room temperature for 30 minutes, then kept in an oven at 423 K for two days. The obtained brown xerogel was subjected to heat treatment with limited air access in a temperature range from 298 K to 873 K according to a special sintering program in a programmable oven “GERO” (Germany). The temperature mode of the program is shown in Figure 8. A light yellow nanosized SnO2 was obtained as a result of the treatment. Semiconductor sensors were created by applying a paste, consisted of the obtained nanosized SnO2 and an aqueous solution of carboxymethylcellulose, between the measuring electrodes of the ceramic plates of the sensors. Then the plates with applied paste were dried at 363 K impregnated with a solution of hexachloroplatinic acid (5,3x10−2M) and heated up to 892 K.
A special thermal program for xerogel sintering.
Study of the obtained nanomaterials by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed on an electron microscope Selmi TEM - 125 K with an accelerating voltage of 100 kV and by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) diffractometer on a Bruker D8 Advance diffractometer with CuKα radiation.
Study of the sensor characteristics was performed in a special electric stand (Figure 9).
Electrical diagram of the stand intended to determine the parameters of the sensors: A1 - power supply of the sensor heater; 1 – voltmeter or recording devices; 2 – a resistor for current registration through the sensor heater; 3 - power supply of the heater of the sensor; 4 - power supply of the sensitive layer of the sensor; 5 – a load resistor; 6 – a semiconductor sensor (6.1 – a heater; 6.2 – a sensitive layer).
The electrical resistance of the sensor (Rs) was calculated according to the Ohm’s law for series connection of conductors:
where U- voltage of the power supply of the sensitive layer; Ul is voltage drop on the load resistor; Rl is a value of the resistance of the load resistor.
The following notations were used to evaluate the properties of the sensors: Ro is the electrical resistance of the sensor in pure air, Rg is the electrical resistance of the sensor in the presence of an analyzed gas R. A ratio of the sensor electrical resistance in pure air to the electrical resistance in the analyzed gas – air mixture (Ro/Rg) was considered as a response of the sensor to this gas.
Before measuring the characteristics of the sensors, they were purged by a gas mixture with a hydrogen concentration of 935 ppm every 1 hour for three days at a temperature of the gas sensitive layer 675 K in order to stabilize sensors resistances.
Sensor response time (t0,9) was defined as the time to reach 90% of the constant value of the sensor response in the presence of the analyzed mixture, the sensor relaxation time (τr) was defined as the time to reach the sensor 10% of the sensor response when replacing analyzed gas mixture by pure air.
The investigated gas mixtures were prepared in pressure cylinders and certified at Ukrmetrteststandard.
Figure 10 shows a schematic illustration of nanosized tin dioxide synthesis via sol–gel method, that allows to achieve high chemical homogeneity of products, particle size control and morphology of the material at different stages of synthesis by changing temperature, reaction time, nature of solvents, chemical composition and reagent concentrations [20, 21, 22].
Scheme of the nanosized SnO2 synthesis by a sol–gel method: I –dissolving of SnCl4 in ethylene glycol at 353 K ІІ and ІІІ - evaporation of the obtained solution on a sand bath with consequent drying it in an oven; IV - heat treatment up to 873 K. SEM image of the synthesized SnO2 is shown in insert.
In contrast to the most common variant of the sol–gel method, where water is used as a solvent and the final hydroxide or oxide is obtained by alkaline or acid hydrolysis [21, 22], the non-aqueous variant of the “classical” method has a number of advantages over the method. Ethylene glycol is used as a solvent that at the same time acts as a hydrolytic agent, reacting chemically with tin (IV) chloride to form HCl and corresponding tin (IV) glycolate (Figure 10, stage I). Then, as the temperature rises, the glycolate is polymerized to form a three-dimensional grid (Figure 10, stages II, III), where ethylene glycol molecules act as bridges between tin atoms. Thus, ethylene glycol performs a structure-forming function. In addition, ethylene glycol also performs an important function of preventing agglomeration of particles during the heat treatment of the xerogel in an oven, as bimethylene linkers are quite stable and completely burn out of the material only at a temperature about 773 K [23]. Thus, in initial stages of the process, when the temperature rises and the oxide particles are just beginning to form, ethylene glycol molecules partially prevent the process of the nanoparticle aggregation.
According to TEM observation, the synthesized nano-SnO2 material consists of spherical particles with an average size 10–11 nm (Figure 11a).
TEM images of the initial tin dioxide (a) and platinum-containing sensor material obtained by impregnation with 5.3∙10–2 M solution of H2[PtCl]6 (b).
According to X-ray diffraction analysis, the obtained tin dioxide has a cassiterite structure (ICDD PDF - 2 version 2.0602 (2006), card 00. 00–041-1445), and no other phases were found in the obtained material (Figure 12).
X-ray diffraction of the sensor material without additives and platinum-containing sensor material (obtained by impregnation with 5.3∙10−2 M solution of H2[PtCl]6).
Calculation of the particle size according to the Scherrer equation (XRD size) [24] has shown that the size of the coherent scattering region for the obtained material is 6.7 nm. The significant difference between the particle size according to TEM data and those calculated according to the Scherrer equation can be explained by existence of an amorphous surface layer or the presence of defects in the tin dioxide crystal lattice on the surfaces of nanoparticles [25, 26]. This may be due to the formation of the crystal structure of tin dioxide in the presence of the organic matrix, that has not yet fully oxidized in the conditions of the heat treatment [23].
It was established that the thermal formation of the semiconductor materials of the gas-sensitive layer (at temperatures up to 620°C) leads to the aggregation of SnO2 particles. This effect can explain increase in particle size for the sensor materials in comparison with the initial SnO2. For example, average TEM size of the semiconductor particles for the undoped sensor materials is 19–20 nm while average TEM size of the initial SnO2 is equal to 10–11 nm [27]. No changes in the phase composition of the gas-sensitive layer were detected by the X-ray diffraction analysis, and the average particle size of tin dioxide material, calculated by the Scherrer equation, was 20.1 nm [27]. This correspondence between the values of the average particle size obtained by the different methods (TEM and X-ray diffraction) may indicate that additional high-temperature treatment in the formation of the gas sensitive materials reduces significantly a number of defects in the crystal lattice of tin dioxide.
Analysis of TEM images of the platinum-containing gas sensitive materials (Figure 11b) revealed that addition of platinum reduces significantly the average particle size of the tin dioxide material (from 19 to 20 nm to 14–15 nm). The particle sizes calculated by TEM and X-ray diffraction methods are the same, that indicates to good crystallization of tin dioxide in the platinum-containing sensor material.
Figure 13a shows the dependence of the sensor response to hydrogen (22 ppm) on the temperature of the sensor. As it can be seen, this dependence has an extreme character with a maximum response of the sensor at the temperature 595 K, that may be caused by oxygen adsorption–desorption processes on the surface of the semiconductor layer.
The dependence of the sensor response to 22 ppm of hydrogen on the temperature of the sensor (a) and (b) - the dependence of the electrical conductivity in air (σ0) on its temperature in the coordinates σ0 from T (1) and ln σ0 from 1/T(2) for the sensor based on Pt/SnO2.
To explain the obtained data, it should be taken into account that in the presence of hydrogen the charged forms of oxygen formed by the oxygen chemisorption on the surface of the gas sensitive layer are able to oxidize H2 molecules activated on platinum particles that leads to return of the electrons in the conduction band of the semiconductor and increases its conductivity. Naturally, if the rate of the oxidation of hydrogen is higher and, as a consequence, the greater is amount of the chemisorbed oxygen on the surface of the semiconductor is involved in oxidation of H2 molecules, the response of the sensor will be higher. It can be assumed that increase in the operating temperature of the sensor from 565 to 595 K leads to an increase in the amount of the oxygen chemisorbed on the surface of the gas sensitive layer and consequently to an increase in the response of the sensor from 8.6 to 9.2, respectively. A further decrease in the response of the sensor with increasing the operating temperature may be due to the dominance of the desorption of the chemisorbed oxygen from the surface of the semiconductor. At the same time, this assumption is contradicted by the experimental data shown in Figure 13b. These data show a monotonic increase in the conductivity of the sensor under conditions of the increasing temperature, which cannot explain the initial stage of increasing the response of the sensor to hydrogen (Figure 13a) by increasing the amount of the chemisorbed oxygen. To understand this discrepancy, it is necessary to consider the main factors that determine it.
As can be seen from Figure 13b, an increase in the temperature of the sensor leads to an increase in its conductivity according to the exponential law (Figure 13b, curve 1), that is characteristic of semiconductors [28]. This dependence can be linearized in the coordinates ln (σ) - 1/T, that allows to calculate the activation energy of conductivity. It was found that a value of the activation energy in the operating temperature range of the sensor 565–680 K is 0.65 eV. This value is characteristic of the interparticles barrier between the grains of tin dioxide [29] indicating a slight effect of the oxygen chemisorbed at the interface between the particles of platinum and tin dioxide on the value of activation energy of the conductivity of Pt/SnO2. That is why a change in the conductivity of the sensor from the temperature (Figure 13b, curve 1) does not reflect the effect of the chemisorbed oxygen on the conductivity of the sensor, which is usually observed for sensor systems [30]. Since an increase in the temperature of the sensor leads to an increase in its conductivity that is a result of an increase in the number of charge carriers (electrons) capable to overcome the interparticles barrier, an increase in the temperature leads to a decrease in the width of the space charge region (SCR). It is known that the width of the SCR is one of the factors that can directly affect the response of the sensor [12, 13, 14]. Likely, for the sensors based on nanosized Pt/SnO2 material, an increase in the temperature leads to a significant decrease in the width of the SCR. As a result, the surface processes, such as the involving of the chemisorbed oxygen on the SnO2 surface in the oxidation of H2 molecules, are masked by their own high conductivity of the semiconductor and therefore the processes of the oxygen chemisorption are not reflected in the change in the conductivity of the sensor with increasing the temperature (Figure 13b, curve 1).
As can be seen from the data presented in Figure 14, the sensor created on the basis of the Pt/SnO2 nanomaterial can measure hydrogen in air in a wide range of its concentrations (from 3 to 935 ppm).
Dependence of electrical conductivity of the platinum-containing sensor on hydrogen concentration in air (1) and its linearized form in the logarithmic scale (2).
In the logarithmic scale, the dependence of the conductivity of the sensor on the concentration of hydrogen in air becomes linear (Figure 14, curve 2) [31, 32]. That is very convenient to use the sensor in practice, because its periodic calibration, that usually accompanies the long-term operation of the sensor, can be carried out only by two concentrations of hydrogen-air mixtures.
One of the most important properties of sensors is the reproducibility of their performance over a period of their operation. The data presented on Figure 15 shows a change in the conductivity of the sensor with periodic supply of 44 ppm H2 for 100 minutes of its continuous operation. As it can be seen, the sensor signal is well reproduced -a deviation of its signal value does not exceed (± 4%) from the initial value.
The reproducibility of the platinum-containing sensor signal to 44 ppm of H2 for 100 minutes of the sensor operation at its temperature of 595 K.
Table 3 shows the data on the stability of the sensor response in the presence of 44 ppm H2 during continuous operation for a working day (8 hours). As it can be seen, a deviation of the response value of the sensor (∆) from its initial value (in the first hour of the sensor operation) is insignificant, that indicates to sufficient stability of the sensor.
Sensor response and its change | Time (hours) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
γ | 13.22 | 12.95 | 13.412 | 13.21 | 13.66 | 13.19 | 13.24 | 13.59 |
∆ (%) | −1.98 | 1.45 | −0.05 | 3.38 | −0.20 | 0.21 | 2.82 |
Stability of the sensor response to 44 ppm H2 at a sensor temperature of 595 K for 8 hours of the sensor continuous operation.
The results of measuring the sensor response to 22 ppm of hydrogen before and after overloading the sensor with hydrogen (935 ppm), are presented in Figure 16.
Change in the conductivity of the platinum-containing sensor to 22 ppm of hydrogen after it exposure to 935 ppm of hydrogen at a sensor temperature 595 K.
As it can be seen from the above data, the hydrogen overload has almost no effect on the value of the conductivity of the sensor, that corresponds to the presence in air of a H2 microconcentration (22 ppm). This indicates to the stability of the material of the gas-sensitive layer, that remains unchanged when exposed to a high concentration of hydrogen at relatively high operating temperatures of the sensor. Thus, the sensor is able to correctly measure the hydrogen content even after exposure to almost 50 times the concentration of H2 This, of course, indicates to possibility of the stable sensor operation in real conditions. In addition, these data confirm good dynamics of the sensor, because it quickly returns to its initial state in air after exposure of high hydrogen concentrations to it. In particular, it was found that at the operating temperature of 595 K, the response time of the sensor (t0.9) in relation to 22 ppm H2 is 10 s, and the relaxation time is 30 s.
To assess a possible effect on the conductivity of the sensor of carbon monoxide and methane, which are also classified as fire precursor gases and which appear in air of the room behind hydrogen, the same CO and H2 concentration in air were applied to the sensor. It was found (Figure 17), that the conductivity of the sensor in the presence of H2 is much higher than for CO (the value of the conductivity of the sensor for CO is about 10% of the conductivity of the sensor to H2), and the sensor is practically not felt CH4 at even much higher concentration (935 ppm) than for H2. Since CO and CH4 appear in air after some time after the appearance of hydrogen, and the sensor response time for H2 is 10 seconds, it becomes clear that such sensor can detect the presence of H2 before presence of CO and CH4 in air and thus detect the earliest stage of appearance of the fire.
The response of the Pt/SnO2-based sensor to different concentrations of hydrogen (22 ppm), carbon monoxide (60 ppm) and methane (935 ppm).
The proposed sensor for the fire diagnostics will have the following advantages in comparison with already known analogues: presence of the open flame will not be necessary for generating the alert (as in the case of the heat or smoke detectors), and the detector will not be impeded by the dust (as in the case of the optical sensors). The assumed high sensitivity of the sensor to H2 (the first precursor of the fire) and the good response time will allow to determine the onset of smoldering at the earliest stage before the start of the open fire). In addition, taking into account the low power consumption of the sensors (0.4 watts), they can be used in controlled rooms with organizing their power supply from the electrical networks, that is usually presented in the rooms, which is convenient when using sensors in practice.
It should be noted that production of hydrogen is usually highest at first stage of the ignition while with appearance of the open fire production of hydrogen can drastically decrease [7, 33] while production of smoke and other organic and inorganic compounds (such as benzene, biphenyl, ethane, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen cyanide etc.) has begun [33]. This fact allows to suggest the use of the created hydrogen sensor with other type fire sensors in a complex device. This will allow to determine the initial stage of the fire situation by monitoring of the hydrogen sensor signal and to track fire development.
In this work by using a sol–gel method sensor material based on nanosized tin dioxide with an average particle size of 10–11 nm was created and possibility of its use as a gas-sensitive layer of the semiconductor hydrogen sensor was investigated. It was found that the addition of platinum to the synthesized nanomaterial increases the sensitivity of sensors to hydrogen compared to tin dioxide. It was shown that due to high sensitivity to hydrogen, fast response time, a wide range of H2 detectable concentrations in air, resistance to hydrogen overloads, good reproducibility of the sensor signal and selectivity to hydrogen measurement, the created sensor is promising for use it in the detector of early warning of the fire.
Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. The values of our business are based on the same ones that all good scientists apply to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly, and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\nPlease check out our job board for open positions.
',metaTitle:"Careers at IntechOpen",metaDescription:"Employee quote to be added",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/careers-at-intechopen",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Integrity - We are consistent and dependable, always striving for precision and accuracy in the true spirit of science.
\\n\\nOpenness - We communicate honestly and transparently. We are open to constructive criticism and committed to learning from it.
\\n\\nDisruptiveness - We are eager for discovery, for new ideas and for progression. We approach our work with creativity and determination, with a clear vision that drives us forward. We look beyond today and strive for a better tomorrow.
\\n\\nIntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
\\n\\nIf this sounds like a place that you would like to work, whether you are at the beginning of your career or are an experienced professional, we invite you to drop us a line and tell us why you could be the right person for IntechOpen.
\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"
Integrity - We are consistent and dependable, always striving for precision and accuracy in the true spirit of science.
\n\nOpenness - We communicate honestly and transparently. We are open to constructive criticism and committed to learning from it.
\n\nDisruptiveness - We are eager for discovery, for new ideas and for progression. We approach our work with creativity and determination, with a clear vision that drives us forward. We look beyond today and strive for a better tomorrow.
\n\nIntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
\n\nIf this sounds like a place that you would like to work, whether you are at the beginning of your career or are an experienced professional, we invite you to drop us a line and tell us why you could be the right person for IntechOpen.
\n\n\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6675},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2458},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12717},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1017},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17720}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134177},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"15"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11500",title:"Multi-Objective Optimization - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"842f84f308439c0a55c4e8e6a8fd9c01",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Adel El-Shahat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11500.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"193331",title:"Dr.",name:"Adel",surname:"El-Shahat",slug:"adel-el-shahat",fullName:"Adel El-Shahat"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11501",title:"Qualitative and Computational Aspects of Dynamical Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d9d21a5db7515233f254abc02d89c2be",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Kamal Shah, Dr. . Eiman and Dr. Arshad Ali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11501.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11504",title:"Kalman Filter - Engineering Applications\ufeff",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4c3e68adcaeaa44f9fbfe9bb19bdd55b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yuri Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11504.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"316140",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuri",surname:"Kim",slug:"yuri-kim",fullName:"Yuri Kim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11863",title:"Inverse Problems - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"778be380846c917e320eceaf5d7a5983",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ivan Kyrchei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11863.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"226980",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Kyrchei",slug:"ivan-kyrchei",fullName:"Ivan Kyrchei"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11864",title:"Game Theory - From Idea to Practice",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"17db7dc9ca5813b2e1c7cd9d8ded210d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Branislav Sobota",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11864.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"109378",title:"Dr.",name:"Branislav",surname:"Sobota",slug:"branislav-sobota",fullName:"Branislav Sobota"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11865",title:"Operator Theory - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"acb2875b3bfc189c9881a9b44b6a5184",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Abdo Abou Jaoudé",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11865.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"248271",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdo",surname:"Abou Jaoudé",slug:"abdo-abou-jaoude",fullName:"Abdo Abou Jaoudé"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11952",title:"Response Surface Methodology - Research Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a22fd44ae22d422a792470bb5c441a81",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11952.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12017",title:"Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1912acc4811b724cc0a15dba11f5af79",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12017.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12018",title:"Fourier Transform and Its Generalizations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"16c4a70b7adc13641a21d30bb79b7d0f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mohd Younus Bhat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12018.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"272214",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Younus",surname:"Bhat",slug:"mohd-younus-bhat",fullName:"Mohd Younus Bhat"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12019",title:"Chaos Theory - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"38f0946fe1dd3314939e670799f88426",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mykhaylo I. Andriychuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12019.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"57755",title:"Dr.",name:"Mykhaylo",surname:"Andriychuk",slug:"mykhaylo-andriychuk",fullName:"Mykhaylo Andriychuk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12020",title:"Fixed Point Theory and Chaos",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"256aaeeb2cfa765c6a37c73e4fe7402f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Guillermo Huerta-Cuellar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12020.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"237167",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",surname:"Huerta-Cuellar",slug:"guillermo-huerta-cuellar",fullName:"Guillermo Huerta-Cuellar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12021",title:"Applied Probability Theory - New Perspectives, Recent Advances and Trends",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f6f474da3dbb92cb35aeabdcbbf8498e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Abdo Abou Jaoudé",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12021.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"248271",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdo",surname:"Abou Jaoudé",slug:"abdo-abou-jaoude",fullName:"Abdo Abou Jaoudé"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:38},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:65},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:116},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:16},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4431},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"363",title:"Genetic Diversity",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-plant-biology-genetic-diversity",parent:{id:"41",title:"Plant Biology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-plant-biology"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:20,numberOfWosCitations:19,numberOfCrossrefCitations:20,numberOfDimensionsCitations:36,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"363",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7444",title:"Genetic Diversity in Plant Species",subtitle:"Characterization and Conservation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"25f15c723c96ab2d6209d7aa0961cacc",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-plant-species-characterization-and-conservation",bookSignature:"Mohamed A. El-Esawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7444.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191770",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed A.",middleName:null,surname:"El-Esawi",slug:"mohamed-a.-el-esawi",fullName:"Mohamed A. El-Esawi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4534",title:"Molecular Approaches to Genetic Diversity",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"47e298294c997622c48b72b4f6d06f41",slug:"molecular-approaches-to-genetic-diversity",bookSignature:"Mahmut Caliskan, Guul Cevahir Oz, I. Halil Kavakli and Birguul Ozcan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4534.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51528",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmut",middleName:null,surname:"Çalışkan",slug:"mahmut-caliskan",fullName:"Mahmut Çalışkan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"48312",doi:"10.5772/60080",title:"Biodiversity and Plant Breeding as Tools for Harmony Between Modern Agriculture Production and the Environment",slug:"biodiversity-and-plant-breeding-as-tools-for-harmony-between-modern-agriculture-production-and-the-e",totalDownloads:1982,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"4534",slug:"molecular-approaches-to-genetic-diversity",title:"Molecular Approaches to Genetic Diversity",fullTitle:"Molecular Approaches to Genetic Diversity"},signatures:"João Carlos da Silva Dias",authors:[{id:"51797",title:"Prof.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Silva Dias",slug:"joao-silva-dias",fullName:"João Silva Dias"}]},{id:"47812",doi:"10.5772/59425",title:"Molecular Approach of Seagrasses Response Related to Tolerance Acquisition to Abiotic Stress",slug:"molecular-approach-of-seagrasses-response-related-to-tolerance-acquisition-to-abiotic-stress",totalDownloads:2027,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"4534",slug:"molecular-approaches-to-genetic-diversity",title:"Molecular Approaches to Genetic Diversity",fullTitle:"Molecular Approaches to Genetic Diversity"},signatures:"A. Exadactylos",authors:[{id:"171925",title:"Dr.",name:"Athanasios",middleName:null,surname:"Exadactylos",slug:"athanasios-exadactylos",fullName:"Athanasios Exadactylos"}]},{id:"48299",doi:"10.5772/60423",title:"Evaluation of Genetic Diversity in Fish Using Molecular Markers",slug:"evaluation-of-genetic-diversity-in-fish-using-molecular-markers",totalDownloads:2629,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"4534",slug:"molecular-approaches-to-genetic-diversity",title:"Molecular Approaches to Genetic Diversity",fullTitle:"Molecular Approaches to Genetic Diversity"},signatures:"Andreea Dudu, Sergiu Emil Georgescu and Marieta Costache",authors:[{id:"93366",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergiu",middleName:"Emil",surname:"Georgescu",slug:"sergiu-georgescu",fullName:"Sergiu Georgescu"},{id:"102042",title:"Prof.",name:"Marieta",middleName:null,surname:"Costache",slug:"marieta-costache",fullName:"Marieta Costache"},{id:"104572",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreea",middleName:null,surname:"Dudu",slug:"andreea-dudu",fullName:"Andreea Dudu"}]},{id:"47902",doi:"10.5772/59795",title:"Genetic Diversity of Mexican Avocado in Nuevo Leon, Mexico",slug:"genetic-diversity-of-mexican-avocado-in-nuevo-leon-mexico",totalDownloads:1971,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"4534",slug:"molecular-approaches-to-genetic-diversity",title:"Molecular Approaches to Genetic Diversity",fullTitle:"Molecular Approaches to Genetic Diversity"},signatures:"Adriana Gutiérrez-Díez, Enrique Ignacio Sánchez-González, Jorge Ariel Torres-Castillo, Ivón M. Cerda-Hurtado and Ma. Del Carmen\nOjeda-Zacarías",authors:[{id:"114438",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"Gutiérrez-Díez",slug:"adriana-gutierrez-diez",fullName:"Adriana Gutiérrez-Díez"}]},{id:"64043",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81296",title:"Induced Mutation: Creating Genetic Diversity in Plants",slug:"induced-mutation-creating-genetic-diversity-in-plants",totalDownloads:1776,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Genetic diversity is the variation occurred in genetic information, which depends on frequency and diversity of alleles among individuals within a population or a species. This phenomenon, which is also a part of the evolution process, allows the organisms to adapt to changing conditions and to survive. Populations with high allelic variability are more easily adaptable to changing environmental conditions. However, nowadays, constant use of populations with certain characters in the plant breeding and the uniformity of consumer demands are among one of the causes of genetic erosion. Loss of genetic diversity within a species can lead to loss of useful properties for human beings. If stress conditions such as disease or drought occur, the ability of a population to survive by adapting to this new condition is dependent on the presence of individuals carrying gene alleles that need to adapt to these conditions.",book:{id:"7444",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-plant-species-characterization-and-conservation",title:"Genetic Diversity in Plant Species",fullTitle:"Genetic Diversity in Plant Species - Characterization and Conservation"},signatures:"Kamile Ulukapi and Ayse Gul Nasircilar",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"64043",title:"Induced Mutation: Creating Genetic Diversity in Plants",slug:"induced-mutation-creating-genetic-diversity-in-plants",totalDownloads:1776,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Genetic diversity is the variation occurred in genetic information, which depends on frequency and diversity of alleles among individuals within a population or a species. This phenomenon, which is also a part of the evolution process, allows the organisms to adapt to changing conditions and to survive. Populations with high allelic variability are more easily adaptable to changing environmental conditions. However, nowadays, constant use of populations with certain characters in the plant breeding and the uniformity of consumer demands are among one of the causes of genetic erosion. Loss of genetic diversity within a species can lead to loss of useful properties for human beings. If stress conditions such as disease or drought occur, the ability of a population to survive by adapting to this new condition is dependent on the presence of individuals carrying gene alleles that need to adapt to these conditions.",book:{id:"7444",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-plant-species-characterization-and-conservation",title:"Genetic Diversity in Plant Species",fullTitle:"Genetic Diversity in Plant Species - Characterization and Conservation"},signatures:"Kamile Ulukapi and Ayse Gul Nasircilar",authors:null},{id:"47877",title:"Genetic Diversity in Bananas and Plantains (Musa spp.)",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-bananas-and-plantains-musa-spp-",totalDownloads:3801,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"4534",slug:"molecular-approaches-to-genetic-diversity",title:"Molecular Approaches to Genetic Diversity",fullTitle:"Molecular Approaches to Genetic Diversity"},signatures:"G. Manzo-Sánchez, M.T. Buenrostro-Nava, S. Guzmán-González, M. Orozco-Santos, Muhammad Youssef and Rosa Maria Escobedo-Gracia Medrano",authors:[{id:"98793",title:"Dr.",name:"Gilberto",middleName:null,surname:"Manzo-Sánchez",slug:"gilberto-manzo-sanchez",fullName:"Gilberto Manzo-Sánchez"},{id:"100478",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvador",middleName:null,surname:"Guzmán-González",slug:"salvador-guzman-gonzalez",fullName:"Salvador Guzmán-González"},{id:"172035",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Tulio",middleName:null,surname:"Buenrostro-Nava",slug:"marco-tulio-buenrostro-nava",fullName:"Marco Tulio Buenrostro-Nava"},{id:"172036",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Orozco-Santos",slug:"mario-orozco-santos",fullName:"Mario Orozco-Santos"},{id:"172439",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Youssef",slug:"muhammad-youssef",fullName:"Muhammad Youssef"},{id:"172440",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa Ma.",middleName:null,surname:"Escobedo-GraciaMedrano",slug:"rosa-ma.-escobedo-graciamedrano",fullName:"Rosa Ma. Escobedo-GraciaMedrano"}]},{id:"48312",title:"Biodiversity and Plant Breeding as Tools for Harmony Between Modern Agriculture Production and the Environment",slug:"biodiversity-and-plant-breeding-as-tools-for-harmony-between-modern-agriculture-production-and-the-e",totalDownloads:1982,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"4534",slug:"molecular-approaches-to-genetic-diversity",title:"Molecular Approaches to Genetic Diversity",fullTitle:"Molecular Approaches to Genetic Diversity"},signatures:"João Carlos da Silva Dias",authors:[{id:"51797",title:"Prof.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Silva Dias",slug:"joao-silva-dias",fullName:"João Silva Dias"}]},{id:"48124",title:"Genetic Diversity and Conservation of an Endemic Taiwanese Species, Platyeriocheir formosa",slug:"genetic-diversity-and-conservation-of-an-endemic-taiwanese-species-platyeriocheir-formosa",totalDownloads:1590,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"4534",slug:"molecular-approaches-to-genetic-diversity",title:"Molecular Approaches to Genetic Diversity",fullTitle:"Molecular Approaches to Genetic Diversity"},signatures:"Mei-Chen Tseng and Dai-Shion Hsiung",authors:[{id:"96064",title:"Prof.",name:"Mei-Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Tseng",slug:"mei-chen-tseng",fullName:"Mei-Chen Tseng"}]},{id:"48299",title:"Evaluation of Genetic Diversity in Fish Using Molecular Markers",slug:"evaluation-of-genetic-diversity-in-fish-using-molecular-markers",totalDownloads:2629,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"4534",slug:"molecular-approaches-to-genetic-diversity",title:"Molecular Approaches to Genetic Diversity",fullTitle:"Molecular Approaches to Genetic Diversity"},signatures:"Andreea Dudu, Sergiu Emil Georgescu and Marieta Costache",authors:[{id:"93366",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergiu",middleName:"Emil",surname:"Georgescu",slug:"sergiu-georgescu",fullName:"Sergiu Georgescu"},{id:"102042",title:"Prof.",name:"Marieta",middleName:null,surname:"Costache",slug:"marieta-costache",fullName:"Marieta Costache"},{id:"104572",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreea",middleName:null,surname:"Dudu",slug:"andreea-dudu",fullName:"Andreea Dudu"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"363",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:28,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"11475",title:"Food Security Challenges and Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 27th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",hash:"8df7150b01ae754024c65d1a62f190d9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"317087",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Samec",slug:"pavel-samec",fullName:"Pavel Samec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 7th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality - Structure and Social Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",hash:"cefab077e403fd1695fb2946e7914942",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"313341",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yaroslava",surname:"Robles-Bykbaev",slug:"yaroslava-robles-bykbaev",fullName:"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",signatures:"Peter M. Skip Scheifele, Devan Marshall, Stephen Lee, Paul Reid, Thomas McCreery and David Byrne",slug:"canine-hearing-management",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",signatures:"Megha Gupta",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. Oliveira, João Mesquita and Helena Vala",slug:"virtual-physiology-a-tool-for-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:153,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78849",title:"Application of Vermicompost Fertilizer in Aquaculture Nutrition: Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100326",signatures:"Sonnia Nzilani Musyoka and Rita Nairuti",slug:"application-of-vermicompost-fertilizer-in-aquaculture-nutrition-review",totalDownloads:71,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Nutrition - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11416.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"78543",title:"Pulmonary Vein: Embryology, Anatomy, Function and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100051",signatures:"Chan I-Ping and Hsueh Tung",slug:"pulmonary-vein-embryology-anatomy-function-and-disease",totalDownloads:183,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78564",title:"Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta): The Essentials for the Biomedical Researcher",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99067",signatures:"Christophe Casteleyn and Jaco Bakker",slug:"anatomy-of-the-rhesus-monkey-macaca-mulatta-the-essentials-for-the-biomedical-researcher",totalDownloads:349,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"77999",title:"Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) Histology and Its Role in Various Pathologies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99366",signatures:"Tuba Parlak Ak",slug:"bronchus-associated-lymphoid-tissue-balt-histology-and-its-role-in-various-pathologies",totalDownloads:212,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78242",title:"Genomic Instability and Cyto-Genotoxic Damage in Animal Species",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99685",signatures:"María Evarista Arellano-García, Olivia Torres-Bugarín, Maritza Roxana García-García, Daniel García-Flores, Yanis Toledano-Magaña, Cinthya Sofia Sanabria-Mora, Sandra Castro-Gamboa and Juan Carlos García-Ramos",slug:"genomic-instability-and-cyto-genotoxic-damage-in-animal-species",totalDownloads:150,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:13,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",slug:"brain-computer-interface",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Brain-Computer Interface",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10859",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Concepts and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10859.jpg",slug:"data-mining-concepts-and-applications",publishedDate:"March 30th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ciza Thomas",hash:"63a4e514e537d3962cf53ef1c6b9d5eb",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Data Mining - Concepts and Applications",editors:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10651",title:"Machine Learning",subtitle:"Algorithms, Models and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10651.jpg",slug:"machine-learning-algorithms-models-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaydip Sen",hash:"6208156401c496e0a4ca5ff4265324cc",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Machine Learning - Algorithms, Models and Applications",editors:[{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9869",title:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9869.jpg",slug:"self-driving-vehicles-and-enabling-technologies",publishedDate:"September 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marian Găiceanu",hash:"fd451ca2e4785ef098e04b7d695a18d9",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",editors:[{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9958",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Latest Advances, New Paradigms and Novel Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9958.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-latest-advances-new-paradigms-and-novel-applications",publishedDate:"September 1st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Eneko Osaba, Esther Villar, Jesús L. Lobo and Ibai Laña",hash:"39648fbfdaa11385097d62b1f13aad54",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Latest Advances, New Paradigms and Novel Applications",editors:[{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Computational Neuroscience",value:23,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Evolutionary Computation",value:25,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:4}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]}},subseries:{item:{id:"25",type:"subseries",title:"Evolutionary Computation",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/111683/images/system/111683.jpg",institutionString:"De La Salle University",institution:{name:"De La Salle University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Philippines"}}},{id:"106873",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongwei",middleName:null,surname:"Ge",slug:"hongwei-ge",fullName:"Hongwei Ge",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"171056",title:"Dr.",name:"Sotirios",middleName:null,surname:"Goudos",slug:"sotirios-goudos",fullName:"Sotirios Goudos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9IuQAK/Profile_Picture_1622623673666",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"15895",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Kuremoto",slug:"takashi-kuremoto",fullName:"Takashi Kuremoto",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLrqQAG/Profile_Picture_1625656196038",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"125844",title:"Prof.",name:"Wellington",middleName:"Pinheiro Dos",surname:"Santos",slug:"wellington-santos",fullName:"Wellington Santos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125844/images/4878_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",signatures:"Peter M. Skip Scheifele, Devan Marshall, Stephen Lee, Paul Reid, Thomas McCreery and David Byrne",slug:"canine-hearing-management",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",signatures:"Megha Gupta",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. Oliveira, João Mesquita and Helena Vala",slug:"virtual-physiology-a-tool-for-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:153,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78543",title:"Pulmonary Vein: Embryology, Anatomy, Function and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100051",signatures:"Chan I-Ping and Hsueh Tung",slug:"pulmonary-vein-embryology-anatomy-function-and-disease",totalDownloads:183,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78564",title:"Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta): The Essentials for the Biomedical Researcher",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99067",signatures:"Christophe Casteleyn and Jaco Bakker",slug:"anatomy-of-the-rhesus-monkey-macaca-mulatta-the-essentials-for-the-biomedical-researcher",totalDownloads:349,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"77999",title:"Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) Histology and Its Role in Various Pathologies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99366",signatures:"Tuba Parlak Ak",slug:"bronchus-associated-lymphoid-tissue-balt-histology-and-its-role-in-various-pathologies",totalDownloads:212,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78242",title:"Genomic Instability and Cyto-Genotoxic Damage in Animal Species",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99685",signatures:"María Evarista Arellano-García, Olivia Torres-Bugarín, Maritza Roxana García-García, Daniel García-Flores, Yanis Toledano-Magaña, Cinthya Sofia Sanabria-Mora, Sandra Castro-Gamboa and Juan Carlos García-Ramos",slug:"genomic-instability-and-cyto-genotoxic-damage-in-animal-species",totalDownloads:150,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78503",title:"Biomechanics of the Canine Elbow Joint",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99569",signatures:"Thomas Rohwedder",slug:"biomechanics-of-the-canine-elbow-joint",totalDownloads:180,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78018",title:"Application of Noble Metals in the Advances in Animal Disease Diagnostics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99162",signatures:"Gabriel Alexis S.P. Tubalinal, Leonard Paulo G. Lucero, Jim Andreus V. Mangahas, Marvin A. Villanueva and Claro N. Mingala",slug:"application-of-noble-metals-in-the-advances-in-animal-disease-diagnostics",totalDownloads:111,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"77455",title:"Marek’s Disease Is a Threat for Large Scale Poultry Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98939",signatures:"Wojciech Kozdruń, Jowita Samanta Niczyporuk and Natalia Styś-Fijoł",slug:"marek-s-disease-is-a-threat-for-large-scale-poultry-production",totalDownloads:261,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"74655",title:"Taxon-Specific Pair Bonding in Gibbons (Hylobatidae)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95270",signatures:"Thomas Geissmann, Simone Rosenkranz-Weck, Judith J.G.M. Van Der Loo and Mathias Orgeldinger",slug:"taxon-specific-pair-bonding-in-gibbons-hylobatidae",totalDownloads:396,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",volumeInSeries:33,fullTitle:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",slug:"oxidoreductase",publishedDate:"February 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",volumeInSeries:19,fullTitle:"Oxidoreductase",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224662/images/system/224662.jpg",institutionString:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institution:{name:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8094",title:"Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8094.jpg",slug:"aflatoxin-b1-occurrence-detection-and-toxicological-effects",publishedDate:"June 3rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xi-Dai Long",hash:"44f4ad52d8a8cbb22ef3d505d6b18027",volumeInSeries:14,fullTitle:"Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects",editors:[{id:"202142",title:"Prof.",name:"Xi-Dai",middleName:null,surname:"Long",slug:"xi-dai-long",fullName:"Xi-Dai Long",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202142/images/system/202142.jpeg",institutionString:"Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8004",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8004.jpg",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Everlon Cid Rigobelo and Ademar Pereira Serra",hash:"02f39c8365ba155d1c520184c2f26976",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation",editors:[{id:"39553",title:"Prof.",name:"Everlon",middleName:"Cid",surname:"Rigobelo",slug:"everlon-rigobelo",fullName:"Everlon Rigobelo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39553/images/system/39553.jpg",institutionString:"São Paulo State University",institution:{name:"Sao Paulo State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8028",title:"Flavonoids",subtitle:"A Coloring Model for Cheering up Life",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8028.jpg",slug:"flavonoids-a-coloring-model-for-cheering-up-life",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria and Anthony Ananga",hash:"6c33178a5c7d2b276d2c6af4255def64",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Flavonoids - A Coloring Model for Cheering up Life",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8170",title:"Chemical Properties of Starch",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8170.jpg",slug:"chemical-properties-of-starch",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Emeje",hash:"0aedfdb374631bb3a33870c4ed16559a",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Chemical Properties of Starch",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8019",title:"Alginates",subtitle:"Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8019.jpg",slug:"alginates-recent-uses-of-this-natural-polymer",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira",hash:"61ea5c1aef462684a3b2215631b7dbf2",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Alginates - Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8504",title:"Pectins",subtitle:"Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8504.jpg",slug:"pectins-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martin Masuelli",hash:"ff1acef627b277c575a10b3259dd331b",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Pectins - Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Masuelli",slug:"martin-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Masuelli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99994/images/system/99994.png",institutionString:"National University of San Luis",institution:{name:"National University of San Luis",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/37808",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"37808"},fullPath:"/chapters/37808",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()