Factors and treatments in the experiment.
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
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\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7879",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Spinal Cord Injury Therapy",title:"Spinal Cord Injury Therapy",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the main pathologies causing significant loss of neurological function. Therefore, a variety of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies are the aims of several studies. To provide the best care, it is important to know and understand the therapeutic approaches that have shown important progress in this topic. This book contains eight chapters that are divided into three sections: Introduction, Pharmacological Therapies, and Non-Pharmacological Therapies. The authors of the chapters deal with the pathophysiology of SCI, the effect of antioxidant and immunosuppressive agents, stem cell-based therapies, the use of cultured cells for transference or transplantation, and the application of non-invasive modalities (transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation, etc.) for SCI rehabilitation.",isbn:"978-1-78984-162-6",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-161-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-844-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77698",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"spinal-cord-injury-therapy",numberOfPages:172,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"674d4925395d0e0c564f092bda8c6482",bookSignature:"Antonio Ibarra, Elisa García-Vences and Gabriel Guízar-Sahagún",publishedDate:"November 27th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7879.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8086,numberOfWosCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:9,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:18,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 17th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 6th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 5th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 26th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 25th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"72488",title:"Dr.",name:"José Juan Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Ibarra Arias",slug:"jose-juan-antonio-ibarra-arias",fullName:"José Juan Antonio Ibarra Arias",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72488/images/system/72488.jpg",biography:"Dr. Antonio Ibarra is Professor and Research Coordinator of the Health Sciences Research Center (CICSA), Faculty of Health Sciences, Anáhuac University, Mexico. As Coordinator, Dr. Ibarra funded the CICSA and developed scientific programs, agreements, and regulations for undergraduate/graduate students and researchers. As a scientist, Dr. Ibarra has studied the development of neuroprotective and neurorestorative therapies for spinal cord injury and cerebral ischemia. Recently, he investigated therapies for cognitive impairment. Dr. Ibarra has numerous scientific publications and has received national and international awards. His research findings led him to lecture at different international meetings. He holds advisory appointments at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and CONACYT (National Council of Science and Technology).",institutionString:"Universidad Anáhuac",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"10",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Universidad Anáhuac",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"272474",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Guízar-Sahagún",slug:"gabriel-guizar-sahagun",fullName:"Gabriel Guízar-Sahagún",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272474/images/10954_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Gabriel Guízar-Sahagún is a senior researcher at the Instituto\nMexicano del Seguro Social. Dr. Guízar’s professional interest is\nbasic and clinical research on spinal cord injury, mainly topics\nrelated to protection, reparative procedures, and rehabilitation.\nHe earned his Masters and PhD degrees at the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM).\nDr. Guízar is a national research scientist and an advisor of\npostgraduate students from UNAM and Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría universities. He has published 81 articles, seven chapters in books, and 92 abstracts in\nthe memoirs of international meetings. Dr. Guízar has about 1050 citations to his\nscientific works, and 34 invited lectures on the topics of spinal cord injury, neural\ntransplantation, neuroprotection, and rehabilitation.",institutionString:"Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:{id:"207140",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisa",middleName:null,surname:"García-Vences",slug:"elisa-garcia-vences",fullName:"Elisa García-Vences",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/207140/images/10955_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Elisa García-Vences earned her Masters and Doctoral degrees\nat Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. She conducted\nher postdoctoral training at the Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría\n(INP). Dr. García was an associate researcher at INP and Instituto Nacional de Genómica. Currently, she is a professor, senior\nresearcher, and coordinator of the Master Program on Medical\nSciences at Universidad Anáhuac México. As a researcher, she is a\nmember of the National Research System and Secretary of the Research and Bioethics Committee of the Health Sciences Research Center at Universidad Anáhuac. Dr.\nGarcía has collaborated in 15 original articles on spinal cord injury, being the first\nauthor in two of them. Dr. García has participated in three book chapters as author\nand co-author.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1122",title:"Neurological Physical Therapy",slug:"neurological-physical-therapy"}],chapters:[{id:"67427",title:"Introductory Chapter: Trends in Therapeutic Strategies after Spinal Cord Injury",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86687",slug:"introductory-chapter-trends-in-therapeutic-strategies-after-spinal-cord-injury",totalDownloads:550,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tamara D. Frydman and Antonio Ibarra",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67427",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67427",authors:[{id:"72488",title:"Dr.",name:"José Juan Antonio",surname:"Ibarra Arias",slug:"jose-juan-antonio-ibarra-arias",fullName:"José Juan Antonio Ibarra Arias"},{id:"303949",title:"MSc.",name:"Tamara D.",surname:"Frydman",slug:"tamara-d.-frydman",fullName:"Tamara D. Frydman"}],corrections:null},{id:"67161",title:"Physiopathology of Spinal Cord Injury",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86234",slug:"physiopathology-of-spinal-cord-injury",totalDownloads:732,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Spinal cord injuries have a multifactorial process with diverse evolution over time. An acute injury produces severe pathological and physiological changes in the organism, homeostasis is recovered, and both adverse and favorable reactions occur for the individual. In this chapter, we describe the pathophysiological follow-up to spinal cord injuries, from their acute to chronic presentations. The importance of this knowledge lies in finding solutions to the multiple disorders generated from a spinal cord injury. These will depend on the specific needs of each stage, considering the intensity of the injury, and the time elapsed from the beginning of the process until years later.",signatures:"Susana Martiñón, Juan Armando Reyes-Perez and Psyché Calderón-Vargas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67161",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67161",authors:[{id:"279482",title:"Dr.",name:"Susana",surname:"Martiñón",slug:"susana-martinon",fullName:"Susana Martiñón"},{id:"293909",title:"Dr.",name:"Psyché",surname:"Calderón-Vargas",slug:"psyche-calderon-vargas",fullName:"Psyché Calderón-Vargas"},{id:"293910",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Armando",surname:"Reyes-Perez",slug:"juan-armando-reyes-perez",fullName:"Juan Armando Reyes-Perez"}],corrections:null},{id:"66378",title:"Reactive Astrocyte Gliosis: Production of Inhibitory Molecules",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85570",slug:"reactive-astrocyte-gliosis-production-of-inhibitory-molecules",totalDownloads:1957,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The astrocytic cell responses to injury have been extensively studied in a variety of experimental models, and the term “astrogliosis” is often used to describe the astrocyte reactions to injury. Cells responding in these ways to injury are often referred to as “reactive astrocytes.” Glial scarring appears to be a critical feature of wound healing in the central nervous system (CNS), since elimination of the mitotically active contingent of reactive astrocytes leads to increase in the size of the wound. Reactive astrogliosis is a term coined for the morphological and functional events seen in astrocytes responding to CNS injury. The concept of reactive astrogliosis and its molecular and cellular definition in spinal cord injury (SCI) is still incomplete. Producing several inhibitory molecules discourages regeneration of axons in the injured spinal cord. This inhibition is compounded by the poor regenerative ability of most CNS axons. This is probably a more achievable therapeutic target than axon regeneration, and an effective treatment would be of assistance to the majority of patients with partial cord injuries. Of course, understanding about astrogliosis and producing mediators and inhibitory molecules such as signaling pathways help us to develop new treatment strategies for SCI.",signatures:"Mohammad Taghi Joghataei, Fereshteh Azedi and Soraya Mehrabi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66378",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66378",authors:[{id:"283292",title:"Dr.",name:"Fereshteh",surname:"Azedi",slug:"fereshteh-azedi",fullName:"Fereshteh Azedi"},{id:"283692",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Taghi",surname:"Joghataei",slug:"mohammad-taghi-joghataei",fullName:"Mohammad Taghi Joghataei"},{id:"305689",title:"Dr.",name:"Soraya",surname:"Mehrabi",slug:"soraya-mehrabi",fullName:"Soraya Mehrabi"}],corrections:null},{id:"66670",title:"Current Developments in Antioxidant Therapies for Spinal Cord Injury",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85424",slug:"current-developments-in-antioxidant-therapies-for-spinal-cord-injury",totalDownloads:1075,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"When spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs, numerous sources of reactive oxygen species and nitrogen species may be active within first minutes or hours and even reactivate few days later. Free radical formation and lipid peroxidation (LP) have been described as an important mechanism in the beginning and accelerated progress in the development of diverse pathologies, importantly in those related to central nervous system. The compromise of molecules and cellular structures due to the oxidative state of microenvironment in SCI may determinate survival or apoptosis of resident and infiltrating cells and polarization toward an inflammatory response, which lead to an extension of damaged tissue and loss of neuronal function, or a regulatory/regenerative response. The investigation of new antioxidant agents and their action at a molecular level begins to reveal mechanisms that, if correctly modulated, promise an improvement in recovery of functions with respect to conventional pharmacological therapies. In this chapter, we will review the general mechanisms of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, those antioxidant treatments in experimental development and clinical phase, as well as their achievements and limitations.",signatures:"Jonathan Vilchis Villa, Dulce M. Parra Villamar, José Alberto Toscano Zapien, Liliana Blancas Espinoza, Juan Herrera García and Raúl Silva García",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66670",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66670",authors:[{id:"280747",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Raúl",surname:"Silva García",slug:"raul-silva-garcia",fullName:"Raúl Silva García"},{id:"280748",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Vilchis Villa",slug:"jonathan-vilchis-villa",fullName:"Jonathan Vilchis Villa"},{id:"280751",title:"BSc.",name:"Liliana",surname:"Blancas Espinoza",slug:"liliana-blancas-espinoza",fullName:"Liliana Blancas Espinoza"},{id:"280754",title:"MSc.",name:"José Alberto",surname:"Toscano Zapien",slug:"jose-alberto-toscano-zapien",fullName:"José Alberto Toscano Zapien"},{id:"288703",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan",surname:"Herrera García",slug:"juan-herrera-garcia",fullName:"Juan Herrera García"},{id:"299206",title:"Dr.",name:"Dulce M.",surname:"Parra Villamar",slug:"dulce-m.-parra-villamar",fullName:"Dulce M. Parra Villamar"}],corrections:null},{id:"66551",title:"Effects of Cyclosporin-A, Minocycline, and Tacrolimus (FK506) on Enhanced Behavioral and Biochemical Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury in Rats",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85212",slug:"effects-of-cyclosporin-a-minocycline-and-tacrolimus-fk506-on-enhanced-behavioral-and-biochemical-rec",totalDownloads:846,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Spinal cord injury (SCI) results into an immediate primary injury (physical damages) followed by secondary damages (prolonged posttraumatic inflammatory disorder) resulting into severe motor dysfunction including paralysis. The present chapter discusses and investigates the neuroprotective effects of cyclosporin-A (CsA), minocycline, and tacrolimus (FK506) and their therapeutic effectiveness in recovery from the animal model of SCI. Based on the available recent literature on these three drugs, as well as in perspective of the results obtained on some experimental behavioral, biochemical, and oxidative stress parameters in the present study, the therapeutical potential of these three drugs has been discussed. Furthermore, the animal model of SCI used herein has been reviewed and compared with other reported animal models for understanding the utility, suitability, and reproducibility of the methodology of the present model for screening purposes in quest of searching ideal therapeutic compounds for maximum recovery from SCI.",signatures:"Mohammad Ahmad and Abdualrahman Saeed Alshehri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66551",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66551",authors:[{id:"281230",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"mohammad-ahmad",fullName:"Mohammad Ahmad"},{id:"293408",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdualrahman Saeed",surname:"Alshehri",slug:"abdualrahman-saeed-alshehri",fullName:"Abdualrahman Saeed Alshehri"}],corrections:null},{id:"65272",title:"Noninvasive Modalities Used in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83654",slug:"noninvasive-modalities-used-in-spinal-cord-injury-rehabilitation",totalDownloads:1174,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In the past three decades, research on plasticity after spinal cord injury (SCI) has led to a gradual shift in SCI rehabilitation: the former focus on learning compensatory strategies changed to functional neurorecovery, that is, promoting restoration of function through the use of affected limbs. This paradigm shift contributed to the development of technology-based interventions aiming to promote neurorecovery through repetitive training. This chapter presents an overview of a range of noninvasive modalities that have been used in rehabilitation after SCI. Among others, we present repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), surface electrical stimulation tools such as transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation (tcSCS), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), and functional electrical stimulation (FES), as well as its integration with cycling training and assistive robotic devices. The most recent results attained and the potential relevance of these new techniques to strengthen the efficacy of the residual neuronal pathways and improve spasticity are also presented. Future efforts toward the widespread clinical application of these modalities include more advances in the technology, together with the knowledge obtained from basic research and clinical trials. This can ultimately lead to novel customized interventions that meet specific needs of SCI patients.",signatures:"Filipe O. Barroso, Alejandro Pascual-Valdunciel, Diego Torricelli, Juan C. Moreno, Antonio Del Ama-Espinosa, Jozsef Laczko and José L. Pons",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65272",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65272",authors:[{id:"36836",title:"BSc.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Del Ama-Espinosa",slug:"antonio-del-ama-espinosa",fullName:"Antonio Del Ama-Espinosa"},{id:"180150",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",surname:"Moreno",slug:"juan-moreno",fullName:"Juan Moreno"},{id:"187371",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",surname:"Torricelli",slug:"diego-torricelli",fullName:"Diego Torricelli"},{id:"279946",title:"Dr.",name:"Filipe O.",surname:"Barroso",slug:"filipe-o.-barroso",fullName:"Filipe O. Barroso"},{id:"283851",title:"MSc.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"Pascual-Valdunciel",slug:"alejandro-pascual-valdunciel",fullName:"Alejandro Pascual-Valdunciel"},{id:"283852",title:"Dr.",name:"Jozsef",surname:"Laczko",slug:"jozsef-laczko",fullName:"Jozsef Laczko"},{id:"283853",title:"Dr.",name:"José L.",surname:"Pons",slug:"jose-l.-pons",fullName:"José L. Pons"}],corrections:null},{id:"66029",title:"Transplantation or Transference of Cultured Cells as a Treatment for Spinal Cord Injury",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84645",slug:"transplantation-or-transference-of-cultured-cells-as-a-treatment-for-spinal-cord-injury",totalDownloads:819,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Spinal cord injury (SCI) involves damage to the spinal cord causing both structural and functional changes, which can lead to temporary or permanent alterations. Even though there have been many advances in its treatment, the results of clinical trials suggest that the current therapies are not sufficiently effective. Recently, there has been a lot of interest in regulating this harmful environment by transplanting cultured cells and boosting their antiinflammatory cytokines and growth factors production. Several types of cells have been studied for SCI therapy including, Schwann cells (SC’s), olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs), and immune cells (ICs) (lymphocytes, dendritic cells and alternative macrophage and microglia phenotypes). These treatments have shown to be promising and in this chapter, we will review the general aspects of transplanting these cells for SCI therapy as well as the neuroprotective and regenerative responses that different types of cells have reached in different SCI models. The mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are one of the most well studied cell types; however, they were not included in this section because they will be reviewed in another chapter of this book.",signatures:"Roxana Rodríguez-Barrera, Karla Soria-Zavala, Julián García-Sánchez, Lisset Karina Navarro-Torres, Estefanía de la Cruz Castillo and Elisa García-Vences",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66029",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66029",authors:[{id:"207140",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisa",surname:"García-Vences",slug:"elisa-garcia-vences",fullName:"Elisa García-Vences"},{id:"280102",title:"Dr.",name:"Roxana",surname:"Rodríguez-Barrera",slug:"roxana-rodriguez-barrera",fullName:"Roxana Rodríguez-Barrera"},{id:"280109",title:"MSc.",name:"Karla",surname:"Soria-Zavala",slug:"karla-soria-zavala",fullName:"Karla Soria-Zavala"},{id:"280110",title:"BSc.",name:"Julián",surname:"García-Sánchez",slug:"julian-garcia-sanchez",fullName:"Julián García-Sánchez"},{id:"280112",title:"MSc.",name:"Estefanía",surname:"de la Cruz Castillo",slug:"estefania-de-la-cruz-castillo",fullName:"Estefanía de la Cruz Castillo"},{id:"291737",title:"Dr.",name:"Lisset Karina",surname:"Navarro-Torres",slug:"lisset-karina-navarro-torres",fullName:"Lisset Karina Navarro-Torres"}],corrections:null},{id:"69083",title:"Neuroregenerative-Rehabilitative Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88808",slug:"neuroregenerative-rehabilitative-therapy-for-spinal-cord-injury",totalDownloads:933,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Spinal cord injury is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. Current mainstay treatment strategies consist of surgical and medical management in acute and subacute stage. Rehabilitative management in the chronic stage. None of the existing strategies can repair the damage to the spinal cord and recover neurological functioning. Stem cells have promising results in pre-clinical and clinical studies. Various pre-clinical studies have evidenced neuro-regenerative capabilities of stem cells and shown neural recovery. Clinical studies have also shown improvements in neurological functions and quality of life. This chapter discusses about different types of cells available, routes of administration available to transplant these cells, dosages of cell and optimum time after injury at which cells should be transplanted based on world-wide literature. We have also discussed results following our protocol of intrathecal transplantation of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells. Although, not a cure, stem cell therapy further improves quality of life, functional independence and reduces secondary complications when combined with existing treatment strategies; neuroregenerative rehabilitative therapy.",signatures:"Alok Sharma, Hemangi Sane, Nandini Gokulchandran, Prerna Badhe, Amruta Paranjape, Pooja Kulkarni and Vivek Nair",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69083",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69083",authors:[{id:"169151",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Sharma",slug:"alok-sharma",fullName:"Alok Sharma"},{id:"169970",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",surname:"Kulkarni",slug:"pooja-kulkarni",fullName:"Pooja Kulkarni"},{id:"204449",title:"Dr.",name:"Hemangi",surname:"Sane",slug:"hemangi-sane",fullName:"Hemangi Sane"},{id:"204451",title:"Dr.",name:"Prerna",surname:"Badhe",slug:"prerna-badhe",fullName:"Prerna Badhe"},{id:"204454",title:"Dr.",name:"Amruta",surname:"Paranjape",slug:"amruta-paranjape",fullName:"Amruta Paranjape"},{id:"277771",title:"Dr.",name:"Nandini",surname:"Gokulchandran",slug:"nandini-gokulchandran",fullName:"Nandini Gokulchandran"},{id:"279111",title:"Mr.",name:"Vivek",surname:"Nair",slug:"vivek-nair",fullName:"Vivek Nair"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9800",title:"Paraplegia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9cb6d23e2fd707ad3c1b5e3b096c8986",slug:"paraplegia",bookSignature:"José Juan Antonio Ibarra Arias and Carlos Alberto Cuellar Ramos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9800.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72488",title:"Dr.",name:"José Juan Antonio",surname:"Ibarra Arias",slug:"jose-juan-antonio-ibarra-arias",fullName:"José Juan Antonio Ibarra Arias"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited 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\r\n\tCoordinating, orchestrating, and scheduling tasks has been an art practiced by governments, companies, and managers for ages. The rise of Taylorism, standardisation, electrical systems, electronic systems and computing, and now, quantum computing, has given scheduling a whole World of importance.
\r\n\tFrom practice to a mathematical and technological application, scheduling has become another form of art: an algorithmic art, declined in as many OS and hardware constraints, from embedded systems onboard an aircraft or a spacecraft to databases in all financial and Internet servers.
\r\n\tThey have become ubiquitous so that a large part of our civilisational development is supported by their reliability, redundancy, and optimisation capacity. Like all of our civilisational assets, they are benefiting from scientific breakthrough in computational sciences such as evolutionary algorithms, Artificial Intelligence, and quantum computing. If not by using it, by being in need of adapting to the next generation of computing. Space development is also bringing new challenges, especially in redundancy and reliability.
European corn borer (ECB) is a polyphagous insect able to attack more than 200 different plant species. This pest mostly damages maize plants; however, a yield of peppers can be decreased up to 60% due to the ECB feeding activity [1]. The intensity of the ECB attack in Croatia often reaches 100% of maize plants in the last 20 years, with few exceptions, which could be related to recent global changes in climate [2]. The cultural and biological controls are mostly used for the management of ECB in maize, while chemicals are mostly applied in sweet maize and production of maize for seeds. Tolerant maize hybrids are a very important tool in integrated pest management programs against ECB. Plant breeders successfully developed hybrids with stronger stalk, a larger root system, and such plants are more tolerant to this pest. Tolerant hybrids are also characterized by the low potential of plant lodging and yield losses in conditions of the highest ECB infestation and stalk damage [3, 4]. One ECB larvae per plant on commercial hybrids can reduce yield up to 6.05% [5]. The amount of plant-available water has been studied as a potentially important factor for ECB infestation and damage. Irrigated plants have a higher yield, and grain quality is better [6]. If the water supply is satisfactory, plants will adsorb more micro and macro elements. Nitrogen is the most important essential element, and plants adsorb it in a mineral form. Agricultural soils usually contain 0.1–0.3% of nitrogen, and from this, only 1–3% is available for plants. Maize plants under nitrogen fertilization treatment are attractive for ECB females for laying eggs. Such plants contain more quality ingredients for larval nutrition. The positive correlation between nitrogen fertilization and ECB oviposition and larval feeding was found by many researchers [7, 8, 9]. C/N ratio is important for immobility and mineralization processes and varies with levels of nitrogen fertilization. If the C/N ratio is wider than 1:25, nitrogen would become immobile. However, if the ratio is narrower, the mineralization is possible. Plants alone are complex systems in which a lot of factors interact; therefore, we should elucidate damage potential of ECB in changing environments and techniques that will enable better and sustainable protection of plants against this pest.
\nEuropean corn borer (
Female and male of European corn borer (Photo: Sarajlić, 2010).
Leaf damage from ECB larvae (Photo: Sarajlić, 2010).
ECB pupae inside maize stalk (Photo: Sarajlić, 2010).
High-temperature stress has a negative impact on plant growth, productivity, and metabolism, and plants are the most vulnerable in the reproductive phase [14]. Climatic stress has a significant impact on ECB oviposition and larvae mortality. The first and second larval stages are the most sensitive to stress, and mortality rates can reach up to 62% [15, 16]. Quantity of available water can be regulated by the irrigation system, but other climatic factors, such as air temperatures, cannot be manipulated in field crops. Excessive rainfalls and lower temperatures can delay ECB appearance from 10 and more days, and the intensity of attack is lower; consequently, the damage is also lowered [2]. We are already facing often deviations from average multiyear precipitation and air temperature; therefore, models to predict the occurrence of a new generation of ECB have been proposed [17].
\nDuring the vegetation, ECB has been exposed to different species of natural enemies, such as wasps and flies that feed on eggs or larval stages of this pest. The most investigated natural enemies of ECB are
Plants have developed direct and indirect defense mechanisms against herbivores. Direct plant defense is reflected through primary and secondary metabolites (silica, trichomes, proteinase inhibitors, polyphenol oxidases, toxic compounds, and other). The indirect defense is plants’ ability to attract insect predators by emitting different volatile organic compounds [21]. Blend structure of volatiles is specific and very complex and depends on plant and herbivore species, plant developmental stage, and environmental conditions [22]. Many plants induce volatile emissions only during the photo phase, while many lepidopteran larvae are nocturnal insects and consume plant material during the night. Damaged plants may emit volatiles for the attraction of natural enemies. Adult insects may avoid these plants for egg deposition; however, lepidopteran larvae could be attracted to induced volatiles [23]. To reveal and better understand signaling pathways between plants and insects, plant defense mechanisms post herbivory attack have been in the focus of many researchers, so far. In a study of the Asian Corn Borer (
A high amount of nitrogen in the soil system is unavailable for plants. Nitrogen fertilization is applied according to the plans of plant nutrition and expected yields. Nitrogen also rinses in groundwater, so it is necessary to ensure plants with a sufficient amount of nitrogen fertilizer. Plant dry matter contains 2–5% of nitrogen. In soils with higher pH, plants prefer ammonium form of nitrogen, and in soils with lower pH, nitrate form.
\nThe quality of host plants influences the feeding behavior of insects. Plant nitrogen and carbon concentrations as well as other metabolites directly affect insect fertility (oviposition, size, and quality of egg masses). The quality of the host plant is being changed due to damage caused by insect feeding [30]. Plants in treatments with nitrogen fertilization have been damaged more intensively from lepidopteran larvae than plants without fertilization. The plants with the highest growth potential attract lepidopteran pests. This attractive behavior of pests is mostly affected by the plants’ nitrogen concentration [31]. High nitrogen supply usually increases protein production and decreases carbohydrates, so plants have softer tissue, and they are more susceptible to the ECB attack [32]. Contradictory results are reported on the effect of sulfur and calcium concentration in maize leaves concerning plant defense mechanisms. The consensus has been made, and their interaction is very important in plant protection against herbivores [33]. Mixtures of lignin, proteins, minerals, and carbohydrates are organic compounds that contain a different ratio of carbon and nitrogen, which is usually abbreviated to the C/N ratio. Preferably, ECB attacks plants that contain higher nitrogen concentration and a narrower C/N ratio. The susceptible plants, those with the highest damages, are characterized by high lignin content and decreased C/N ratio [34]. We aimed to evaluate the role of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the ECB attack on maize in Croatia.
\nThe open field experiment was set up at the Agricultural Institute Osijek, Croatia (45° 33′27.11N, 18°40′46.52E) during three vegetation seasons: 2012, 2013, and 2014. We tested the efficacy of three treatments of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on ECB attack on four different maize genotypes. Soybean was used in crop rotation. A factorial experimental design, the split-split plot, was used with three replications. Each independent variable was one factor in experimental design. Three levels of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization are applied for each tested maize genotype 3 × 3 × 4 (Table 1).
\nThe area of the experimental field was 0.5 ha. The basic plot consisted of two maize rows 10 m long. Row spacing was 70 cm. The first three rows at the edges of fertilization plots were omitted in evaluations. Maize was sown with hand planters with two seeds per together and thinned in the phase of 4–6 leaves plants.
Plot size was: factor (a), irrigation, 4 hybrids 56 m2 × 3 level of nitrogen fertilization = 168 m2;
Subfactor (B), nitrogen fertilization, 4 hybrids × 14 m2 = 56 m2; and
Subsubfactor (C), maize hybrid, 14 m2 (10 m × 2 rows × 0.7 m = 14 m2).
Maize was irrigated by Typhon system (sprinkling irrigation). The range of the system was 20–25 m. Intensity and amount of water were regulated by the selection of nozzles and the speed system movement. Watermark 200SS device was used to determine the start of irrigation and to monitor the soil moisture condition. The water quality analysis was satisfactory [35].
\nNitrogen fertilization was applied four times per vegetation. One-third of urea (46% N) was applied in the autumn with the basic soil cultivation, and the two-thirds were added pre-sowing. Top dressing was done twice with KAN (calcium-ammonium nitrate; 27% N). The first top dressing, one sixth of N was done in phase 6–8 leaves, and the last application, one sixth of N was done in phase 8–10 leaves.
\nMaize genotypes used in this experiment are developed at the Agricultural Institute Osijek and presented in Table 2.
\n\n\n
| \n\n
| \n\n
| \n\n
| \n
---|---|---|---|
\n
| \n\n
| \n\n
| \n|
\n
| \nA1—natural rainfall (control) | \nB1—soil nitrogen (control) | \nC1—OSSK 596 C2—OSSK 613 | \n
\n
| \n\n
| \nC3—OSSK 602 | \n|
\n
| \n\n
| \n\n
| \n
Factors and treatments in the experiment.
FWC, field water capacity.
Hybrid | \nFactor | \nFAO group | \nInsect tolerance | \n
---|---|---|---|
OSSK 596 | \nC1 | \n590 | \n+ | \n
OSSK 617 | \nC2 | \n610 | \n+ | \n
OSSK 602 | \nC3 | \n620 | \n++ | \n
OSSK 552 | \nC4 | \n580 | \n— | \n
Maize genotypes.
+—Increased tolerance to diseases and insects. ++—Increased tolerance to ECB. – Not specified (Source: http://www.poljinos.hr) [36].
Stalks were dissected at the end of the vegetation period [2], at the beginning of September in 2012 and 2013, and October in 2014 due to the unfavorable environmental conditions. In total, 1080 maize plants were evaluated for tunnel length (cm) [TL].
\nFor plant analysis, we took 10 randomly chosen leaves below the ear in the silking stage, from each plot from 1080 maize plants. Leaves were cleaned from dust and other debris, stored in paper bags, and dried at 70°C to decrease in elasticity and then further dried at 40°C for 24 hours. Dried leaves were crushed on Retsch Gmbh Germany, SM 100 mill, and from 10 crushed leaves, subsample was taken. Organic carbon was determined by oxidation of dry samples by a wet process at 135°C [37] and nitrogen content by the Kjeldahl method. The C/N ratio was calculated.
\nThe data were evaluated by analysis of variance after the data were subjected to a normality test using the SAS software [38]. Log transformation (log [n + 1]) was used to normalize the data. Least square means with the Tukey adjustment for multiple comparisons were calculated and reported for significance at the 95% confidence level. Back transformation was done for original values. Data in figures are presented with standard error (SE) bars. Pearson correlation coefficient is used to test relationships between variables.
\nIn the formation of maize reproductive tissues, heat stress occurs at 32.5°C air temperatures, and as a consequence, pollen viability is decreased and pollen tube elongated [14]. We have observed the highest air temperatures (on average 19.95°C) in vegetation season in 2012 with peaks above 33°C in July and August [2] and low natural rainfall (Figure 4). In 2012, plants undergone drought stress since 22% less precipitation was recorded compared to the multi-year average (62.41 mm; https://meteo.hr). In subsequent years, we noticed over multi-year average precipitations (Figure 4).
\nMaize damage caused by ECB larval feeding and agroclimatic conditions 2012–2014.
The data on the damage of maize stalks caused by ECB larval feeding were previously analyzed and reported [2]. The greatest damage of maize stalks was observed in 2012, ranging from 49.13 cm (A3) to 79.22 cm (A1) tunnel length per stalk (Figure 4). The lowest damage was recorded at the highest level of irrigation (A3). Drought in 2012 probably affected ECB survival and consequently larval damage. Excessive rainfall in 2013 and 2014 could have caused eggs to rinse from maize leaves, thus preventing the penetration of larvae inside the stalk and less plant damage.
\nAvailable nitrogen and water supply are the most important factors for plant growth and quality. Plant nitrogen concentration in maize leaves significantly differed between the irrigation plots and the control plots in 2012. Treatment with the highest nitrogen concentration was also with the highest irrigation level A3 (2.93%); compared to the control plot, it was higher for 8.87%. In the subsequent years, plant nitrogen concentrations were not affected by irrigation treatments (Figure 5). Soil moisture level and texture are the major factors influencing the root uptake of nitrogen [2]. Our results revealed that nitrogen uptake was not only increased under irrigation in drought year, which was characterized by high temperature and low rainfall, but also decreased in optimal or extremely wet years with a large amount of rainfall. Some authors reported that nitrogen concentration was increased in the aboveground part of irrigated plants and roots nitrogen concentration decreased in irrigation plots [39].
\nPlant nitrogen concentrations in irrigation treatments presented by years of investigation.
In 2012, the C/N ratio was the widest in control plots of irrigation (A1) (15:1), and it was significantly higher for 1.17 than in the plots with the highest irrigation level (A3). However, the C/N ratio in 2012 was narrowest comparing to the other 2 years. In subsequent years, there were no statistical differences between irrigation treatments concerning the C/N ratio (Figure 6). Due to the decreased nitrogen concentration during drought, the values of the C/N ratio were wider in a drought year (2012) and narrower in the other 2 years. In our study, the greatest damage by ECB was found in 2012 when the narrowest C/N ratio was calculated compared to the other 2 years.
\nThe C/N ratio in irrigation treatments presented by years of investigation.
Plant nitrogen concentration increased with an increase in fertilization rates, while the C/N ratio was narrowed. This problem has been studied by many researchers, and they also obtained similar results [40, 41, 42, 43]. Upon herbivores attack, maize plants differently react, and it can be observed as translocation of sugars in stalk and root, increase in nutrition and photosynthesis, and other processes. All these changes can affect the C/N ratio in plant tissue [44]. The significantly highest concentration of nitrogen occurred, as it was expected in fertilization treatments with the highest rates (B3) in all years of research, compared to the control (B1) (Figure 7).
\nNitrogen concentrations in fertilization treatments presented by years of investigation.
The B2 and B3 treatments did not differ statistically in plant nitrogen concentration. The lowest nitrogen concentrations were detected in 2012 in control plots (B1), and compared to the plots with the highest level of fertilization (B3), it was lower for 2.87%, in 2013 for 31.41%, and in 2014 for 22.26% (Figure 7). On average, 20.7% higher nitrogen concentration was found in plants in the B3 treatment compared to the control. Nitrogen fertilization increases ear weight and yields [45]. In all years, the greatest damage, tunnel length created by ECB larvae, was in the B3 treatment and the lowest in the control. Our data are similar to previously reported studies [8, 9]. By increasing the level of nitrogen fertilization, the C/N ratio was significantly reduced. Significant differences in C/N ratio were found in all years between the control (B1) and the other two treatments of nitrogen fertilization (B2 and B3), with the exception in 2012, when significantly differed only B1 and B3. The rate of applied nitrogen was not a significant factor for the C/N ratio since the B2 and B3 treatments did not differ statistically. In 2014, the C/N ratio was the widest (15:1) on the control treatment (B1), and it was wider for 5.47 than the B3 treatment. Similar results are obtained in 2013 (23:1) when the C/N ratio was wider for 8.38 and in 2012 (15:1) for 1.27 (Figure 8). On average, the widest C/N ratio (21:1) was recorded at the treatment B1, and compared to the B3 treatment, it was significantly wider for 5.04.
\nThe C/N ratio in nitrogen fertilization treatments presented by years of investigation.
The highest nitrogen concentration in this research and the lowest damage from ECB larvae were observed in maize hybrid C4 (Figure 4) [2]. These results are contrary to the studies who reported a positive relationship between plant nitrogen and ECB damage. The insects’ interactions are complex, and other compounds may have an impact on larval feeding such as phenols, carbohydrates, and other components [46]. The highest nitrogen concentrations on average were determined in 2012, while the lowest was found in 2014 (Figure 9). In both years, a statistically significant difference occurred between C2 and C4 hybrid. On average, hybrid C4 had the highest nitrogen concentration, and it was higher from 2.75 to 9.45% than observed in other hybrids.
\nNitrogen concentrations in different maize hybrids presented by years of investigation.
The C/N ratio was found to be significantly different among several hybrids only in 2012. The hybrid C1 had significantly wider value than the hybrid C4 (Figure 10). On average, no significant difference occurred between the hybrids; however, the widest C/N ratio was measured for hybrid C2 (18:1).
\nThe C/N ratio in different maize hybrids presented by years of investigation.
The relationship between nitrogen concentration and C/N ratio was strong negative in all years and all treatments. The relationship between tunnel length in stalks caused by the ECB larvae and nitrogen concentrations was weak or moderately strong but inconsistent over the years of investigation. Plants require carbon and nutrients for growth. If nutrients are limited, plants tend to accumulate more carbohydrates that can be immediately used. When the ratio of carbon is increased to nutrients, some carbohydrates can be incorporated into secondary metabolism of plant. Secondary metabolites have a defensive role in plants [47]. Carbon, water, and mineral nutrient allocation in a plant depend on genotype and plant environment [48]. The concentration of secondary metabolites increases with drought stress [49]. Nitrogen fertilization leads to a high concentration of nitrogen in plant tissue and a lower concentration of secondary metabolites, but drought stress limits nitrogen adsorption, and such plants are not attractive to herbivores. Our investigation did not give strong evidence that nitrogen concentration and the C/N ratio impact the feeding behavior of ECB larvae in maize stalks (Table 3).
\n\n | Irrigation | \nNitrogen fertilization | \nMaize hybrids | \n|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\n | A1 | \nA2 | \nA3 | \nB1 | \nB2 | \nB3 | \nC1 | \nC2 | \nC3 | \nC4 | \n
Rtl;N\n | \n−0.04 | \n0.16 | \n0.07 | \n−0.43\n**\n\n | \n0.09 | \n−0.26 | \n−0.16 | \n0.09 | \n−0.21 | \n0.07 | \n
Rtl;C/N\n | \n0.01 | \n−0.15 | \n−0.01 | \n0.36\n*\n\n | \n−0.18 | \n0.30 | \n0.19 | \n−0.08 | \n0.24 | \n−0.11 | \n
RN;C/N\n | \n−0.89\n**\n\n | \n−0.91\n**\n\n | \n−0.93\n**\n\n | \n−0.85\n**\n\n | \n−0.86\n**\n\n | \n−0.95\n**\n\n | \n−0.91\n**\n\n | \n−0.91\n**\n\n | \n−0.91\n**\n\n | \n−0.89\n**\n\n | \n
Rtl;N\n | \n0.09 | \n0.27 | \n0.09 | \n0.07 | \n−0.32 | \n0.11 | \n0.23 | \n−0.17 | \n0.47*\n | \n−0.14 | \n
Rtl;C/N\n | \n−0.11 | \n−0.26 | \n−0.09 | \n−0.05 | \n0.28 | \n−0.11 | \n−0.24 | \n0.10 | \n−0.49**\n | \n0.13 | \n
RN;C/N\n | \n−0.98\n**\n\n | \n−0.99\n**\n\n | \n−0.98\n**\n\n | \n−0.99\n**\n\n | \n−0.95\n**\n\n | \n−0.99\n**\n\n | \n−0.98\n**\n\n | \n−0.99\n**\n\n | \n−0.99\n**\n\n | \n−0.99\n**\n\n | \n
Rtl;N\n | \n0.01 | \n−0.01 | \n0.03 | \n0.23 | \n0.02 | \n0.14 | \n−0.26 | \n0.22 | \n0.19 | \n−0.05 | \n
Rtl;C/N\n | \n0.01 | \n−0.03 | \n−0.05 | \n−0.28 | \n−0.05 | \n−0.07 | \n0.32 | \n−0.26 | \n−0.15\n*\n\n | \n0.02 | \n
RN;C/N\n | \n−0.96\n**\n\n | \n−0.98\n**\n\n | \n−0.97\n**\n\n | \n−0.97\n**\n\n | \n−0.93\n**\n\n | \n−0.96\n**\n\n | \n−0.96\n**\n\n | \n−0.98\n**\n\n | \n−0.98\n**\n\n | \n−0.97\n**\n\n | \n
Correlation coefficients between ECB feeding and nitrogen concentrations and C/N ratio among tested years and treatments.
P < 0.05.
P < 0.01.
A1—control, A2—from 60 to 100% WFC, A3—from 80 to 100% WFC; B1—control, B2—100 kg N ha−1, B3—200 kg N ha−1; C1—OSSK 596, C2—OSSK 617, C3—OSSK 602, C4—OSSK 552; tl, tunnel length; N, nitrogen; C/N ratio.
Nitrogen uptake was increased in irrigation treatments in drought year characterized by high temperatures and a small amount of rainfall. Decreased plant nitrogen concentrations were observed in optimal or extremely wet years with a large amount of rainfall. By increasing the level of nitrogen fertilization, the C/N ratio was significantly reduced. The highest nitrogen concentration in this research and the lowest damage from ECB larvae were observed in maize hybrid C4. The relationship between nitrogen concentration and C/N ratio was strongly negative. We found a weak or moderately strong relationship between damage caused by the ECB larva and nitrogen concentration. Our results indicate that maize damage caused by ECB is negatively affected by plant nitrogen concentrations only when plants are under drought stress. However, the relationship between ECB larval damage and plant nitrogen concentration depends on the nitrogen fertilization rates. We did not find strong evidence for this hypothesis and did not prove that plant nitrogen concentration or more quality plants would be more damaged by European corn borer. Further studies, in controlled environments, are needed since our results were inconsistent over the years and indicate the great impact of agroclimatic conditions (drought) on the potential of ECB to create damage.
\nThe research was financed by the Ministry of Science, Education, and Sports of the Republic of Croatia (Project: 079-0790570-2208).
\nAll authors saw and approved this book chapter. We warrant that the chapter is the authors’ original work and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. All coauthors agree that the corresponding author will be responsible for the submission. We warrant that all authors have contributed significantly to the work.
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The rate of sulphate reduction was found to be independent of seasonal variation as well as the specific design characteristic.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Shaon Ray Chaudhuri, Indranil Mukherjee, Debabrata Datta,\nChaitali Chanda, Ganesh Prasath Krishnan, Swati Bhatt, Paulami\nDatta, Shashi Bhushan, Sourav Ghosh, Pinaki Bhattacharya, Ashoke\nRanjan Thakur, Debanik Roy and Parthasarathi Barat",authors:[{id:"179765",title:"Dr.",name:"Shaon",middleName:null,surname:"Ray Chaudhuri",slug:"shaon-ray-chaudhuri",fullName:"Shaon Ray Chaudhuri"},{id:"195429",title:"Dr.",name:"Debanik",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"debanik-roy",fullName:"Debanik Roy"},{id:"364809",title:"Dr.",name:"Indranil",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"indranil-mukherjee",fullName:"Indranil Mukherjee"},{id:"364810",title:"Dr.",name:"Debabrata",middleName:null,surname:"Datta",slug:"debabrata-datta",fullName:"Debabrata Datta"},{id:"364811",title:"Dr.",name:"Chaitali",middleName:null,surname:"Chanda",slug:"chaitali-chanda",fullName:"Chaitali Chanda"},{id:"364812",title:"Dr.",name:"Ganesh Prasath",middleName:null,surname:"Krishnan",slug:"ganesh-prasath-krishnan",fullName:"Ganesh Prasath Krishnan"},{id:"364813",title:"Dr.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatt",slug:"swati-bhatt",fullName:"Swati Bhatt"},{id:"364814",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulami",middleName:null,surname:"Datta",slug:"paulami-datta",fullName:"Paulami Datta"},{id:"364815",title:"Dr.",name:"Shashi",middleName:null,surname:"Bhushan",slug:"shashi-bhushan",fullName:"Shashi Bhushan"},{id:"364816",title:"Dr.",name:"Sourav",middleName:null,surname:"Ghosh",slug:"sourav-ghosh",fullName:"Sourav Ghosh"},{id:"364817",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinaki",middleName:null,surname:"Bhattacharya",slug:"pinaki-bhattacharya",fullName:"Pinaki Bhattacharya"},{id:"364818",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashoke Ranjan",middleName:null,surname:"Thakur",slug:"ashoke-ranjan-thakur",fullName:"Ashoke Ranjan Thakur"},{id:"364819",title:"Dr.",name:"Parthasarathi",middleName:null,surname:"Barat",slug:"parthasarathi-barat",fullName:"Parthasarathi Barat"}]},{id:"51035",doi:"10.5772/62856",title:"Introductory Chapter: Introduction to Current Trends in Nuclear material Research and Technology",slug:"introductory-chapter-introduction-to-current-trends-in-nuclear-material-research-and-technology",totalDownloads:2165,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Rehab O. Abdel Rahman",authors:[{id:"92718",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Rehab O.",slug:"abdel-rahman-rehab-o.",fullName:"Abdel Rahman Rehab O."}]},{id:"51107",doi:"10.5772/63652",title:"Gamma Uranium Molybdenum Alloy: Its Hydride and Performance",slug:"gamma-uranium-molybdenum-alloy-its-hydride-and-performance",totalDownloads:2303,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The high density metastable gamma uranium molybdenum alloy (γ‐UMo) is being qualified as a nuclear fuel for the conversion of high enriched uranium (HEU) to low enriched uranium (LEU) fuels in research nuclear reactors. γ‐UMo, with compositions between 7 and 10 wt.% molybdenum, has excellent properties to allocate fission gases but unacceptable behavior in contact with aluminum in the matrix of dispersed fuels. Development and processing alternatives are welcome to decide final working paths and new nuclear fuels design. A historical introduction on the development of materials testing reactors (MTR) nuclear fuels is presented to illustrate comings and goings to reach desired qualification objectives. Several studies performed on UMo probes, miniplates and full size plates are mentioned to contribute to the knowledge of fuel properties and to incorporate new process technologies. Focus is directed to the discovery of the gamma uranium molybdenum hydride and the hot rolling colamination of monolithic UMo with nonaluminum claddings. A scalable process of hydriding, milling and dehydriding (HMD) to comminute the ductile UMo was developed. Monolithic UMo miniplates with Zircaloy‐4 (Zry4) cladding was colaminated for the first time and under irradiation conditions showed excellent performance after high burn‐up.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Enrique E. Pasqualini",authors:[{id:"178951",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique E.",middleName:null,surname:"Pasqualini",slug:"enrique-e.-pasqualini",fullName:"Enrique E. Pasqualini"}]},{id:"51079",doi:"10.5772/62708",title:"Oxidation, Embrittlement, and Growth of TREAT Zircaloy-3 Cladding",slug:"oxidation-embrittlement-and-growth-of-treat-zircaloy-3-cladding",totalDownloads:1686,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter analyzes the effects of oxidation, embrittlement, and cladding growth on the Zircaloy-3 alloy used for 25 mil thick TREAT fuel assembly cladding. The fuel cladding is a protective shell which is used to prevent damage to the enclosed fuel. Therefore, its integrity is important to guarantee this protection. The above three factors which can affect the Zircaloy-3 cladding are considered in this chapter and investigated. Limits to operation are determined. The oxidation of Zircaloy-3 in air is of interest to air-cooled reactors and Zircaloy-2 and 4 for accidents in fuel storage pools. The temperature range of interest is from room temperature where the fuel is stored for long periods of time, through the temperature range encountered in normal operation (400 to 600°C) to the highest temperatures which are possible in extreme accident situations. This temperature range is considered in this chapter to be from room temperature to 1200°C.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Charles W. Solbrig, Anthony LaPorta, Katelyn M. Wachs and James\nR. Parry",authors:[{id:"92727",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Solbrig",slug:"charles-solbrig",fullName:"Charles Solbrig"},{id:"367080",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"LaPorta",slug:"anthony-laporta",fullName:"Anthony LaPorta"},{id:"367081",title:"Dr.",name:"Katelyn M.",middleName:null,surname:"Wachs",slug:"katelyn-m.-wachs",fullName:"Katelyn M. Wachs"},{id:"367082",title:"Dr.",name:"James R.",middleName:null,surname:"Parry",slug:"james-r.-parry",fullName:"James R. Parry"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"50261",title:"Monte Carlo Simulations of Nuclear Fuel Burnup",slug:"monte-carlo-simulations-of-nuclear-fuel-burnup",totalDownloads:2766,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In the operation of a nuclear power plant, it is very important to determine the time evolution of material composition and radionuclide inventory during the entire operation of the plant. In the experiments, the Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended (MCNPX) code was found to be accurate in predicting the uranium fuel depletion, the plutonium production and the buildup of most of the fission products in a nuclear reactor. The goal in this chapter is to analyze the effect of different nuclear fuel grades on the total radioactivity of the reactor core by employing nuclear burnup calculations for the three different fuels: mixed oxide fuel (MOX), uranium oxide fuel (UOX) and commercially enriched uranium (CEU), utilizing simulations with MCNPX code. The calculated results indicate that there is a buildup of plutonium isotopes for UOX and CEU, whereas there is a decline in the plutonium radioisotopes for MOX fuel with burnup time. The study of reactor neutronic parameters showed UOX fuel performs better relative to MOX and CEU. Zircaloy, with low thermal neutron absorption cross-section and high thermal conductivity, produced better results for the effective multiplication factor Keff and hence proved to be a much more effective clad material.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Raghava R. Kommalapati, Fiifi Asah-Opoku, Hongbo Du and Ziaul\nHuque",authors:[{id:"179935",title:"Dr.",name:"Raghava",middleName:"R",surname:"Kommalapati",slug:"raghava-kommalapati",fullName:"Raghava Kommalapati"},{id:"180165",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbo",middleName:null,surname:"Du",slug:"hongbo-du",fullName:"Hongbo Du"},{id:"180166",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziaul",middleName:null,surname:"Huque",slug:"ziaul-huque",fullName:"Ziaul Huque"},{id:"180167",title:"Mr.",name:"Fiifi",middleName:null,surname:"Asah-Opoku",slug:"fiifi-asah-opoku",fullName:"Fiifi Asah-Opoku"}]},{id:"51107",title:"Gamma Uranium Molybdenum Alloy: Its Hydride and Performance",slug:"gamma-uranium-molybdenum-alloy-its-hydride-and-performance",totalDownloads:2301,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The high density metastable gamma uranium molybdenum alloy (γ‐UMo) is being qualified as a nuclear fuel for the conversion of high enriched uranium (HEU) to low enriched uranium (LEU) fuels in research nuclear reactors. γ‐UMo, with compositions between 7 and 10 wt.% molybdenum, has excellent properties to allocate fission gases but unacceptable behavior in contact with aluminum in the matrix of dispersed fuels. Development and processing alternatives are welcome to decide final working paths and new nuclear fuels design. A historical introduction on the development of materials testing reactors (MTR) nuclear fuels is presented to illustrate comings and goings to reach desired qualification objectives. Several studies performed on UMo probes, miniplates and full size plates are mentioned to contribute to the knowledge of fuel properties and to incorporate new process technologies. Focus is directed to the discovery of the gamma uranium molybdenum hydride and the hot rolling colamination of monolithic UMo with nonaluminum claddings. A scalable process of hydriding, milling and dehydriding (HMD) to comminute the ductile UMo was developed. Monolithic UMo miniplates with Zircaloy‐4 (Zry4) cladding was colaminated for the first time and under irradiation conditions showed excellent performance after high burn‐up.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Enrique E. Pasqualini",authors:[{id:"178951",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique E.",middleName:null,surname:"Pasqualini",slug:"enrique-e.-pasqualini",fullName:"Enrique E. Pasqualini"}]},{id:"50376",title:"Tungsten-Based Composites for Nuclear Fusion Applications",slug:"tungsten-based-composites-for-nuclear-fusion-applications",totalDownloads:2404,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"This chapter provides a comprehensive knowledge about the potential role of tungsten-based composites in fusion reactors and the research work which has been done in this very important area of nuclear materials. The characteristics of tungsten, which make it the most potential candidate for plasma-facing applications, have been presented along with the shortcomings in pure tungsten. The research work that has been done so far in the field of tungsten-based composites to overcome the problems with pure tungsten has been included. The fabrication, characterization, types of reinforcements and the classes of composites have been reviewed. The behavior of tungsten-based composites under various kinds of loads (i.e. mechanical and thermal) and environments (radiations and oxidizing etc.) has been summarized.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Owais A. Waseem and Ho Jin Ryu",authors:[{id:"178474",title:"Prof.",name:"Ho Jin",middleName:null,surname:"Ryu",slug:"ho-jin-ryu",fullName:"Ho Jin Ryu"},{id:"184864",title:"Mr.",name:"Owais Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Waseem",slug:"owais-ahmed-waseem",fullName:"Owais Ahmed Waseem"}]},{id:"50829",title:"Dedicated Monte Carlo Procedures Applied in Gamma-ray Spectrometry Used in Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities",slug:"dedicated-monte-carlo-procedures-applied-in-gamma-ray-spectrometry-used-in-decommissioning-of-nuclea",totalDownloads:1900,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Because the experimental efficiency calibration is limited to several measurement geometries and cannot be applied directly to all measurement configurations, the efficiency transfer method for the efficiency computation was applied using ETNA software. An approach using efficiencies measured with point sources combined with theoretical procedures was applied for obtaining the peak efficiency ε(E) for disk sources measured with a NaI(Tl) detector. The transfer method was applied for the computation of the efficiency of an HPGe detector using as a reference a point source placed at 10 cm height from the face of the detector. The method was applied both for point sources and volume sources with varied compositions and densities. To correct the experimental values of the efficiencies, coincidence summing effects were evaluated using GESPECOR Monte Carlo code. The study of the response function characterization of the ISOCART and Segmented Gamma Scanner WS1100 gamma-ray spectrometry systems was related. GEANT 3.21 Monte Carlo code was used to simulate the spectra expected to be obtained for the photon energy range from 50 to 2000 keV. A big volume represented by a 220l cylindrical source was considered to be measured with the two systems. The full energy peak efficiency and the total efficiency were evaluated.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Daniela Gurau",authors:[{id:"178770",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Gurau",slug:"daniela-gurau",fullName:"Daniela Gurau"}]},{id:"51079",title:"Oxidation, Embrittlement, and Growth of TREAT Zircaloy-3 Cladding",slug:"oxidation-embrittlement-and-growth-of-treat-zircaloy-3-cladding",totalDownloads:1685,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter analyzes the effects of oxidation, embrittlement, and cladding growth on the Zircaloy-3 alloy used for 25 mil thick TREAT fuel assembly cladding. The fuel cladding is a protective shell which is used to prevent damage to the enclosed fuel. Therefore, its integrity is important to guarantee this protection. The above three factors which can affect the Zircaloy-3 cladding are considered in this chapter and investigated. Limits to operation are determined. The oxidation of Zircaloy-3 in air is of interest to air-cooled reactors and Zircaloy-2 and 4 for accidents in fuel storage pools. The temperature range of interest is from room temperature where the fuel is stored for long periods of time, through the temperature range encountered in normal operation (400 to 600°C) to the highest temperatures which are possible in extreme accident situations. This temperature range is considered in this chapter to be from room temperature to 1200°C.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Charles W. Solbrig, Anthony LaPorta, Katelyn M. Wachs and James\nR. Parry",authors:[{id:"92727",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Solbrig",slug:"charles-solbrig",fullName:"Charles Solbrig"},{id:"367080",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"LaPorta",slug:"anthony-laporta",fullName:"Anthony LaPorta"},{id:"367081",title:"Dr.",name:"Katelyn M.",middleName:null,surname:"Wachs",slug:"katelyn-m.-wachs",fullName:"Katelyn M. Wachs"},{id:"367082",title:"Dr.",name:"James R.",middleName:null,surname:"Parry",slug:"james-r.-parry",fullName:"James R. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11975,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. 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Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"1",type:"subseries",title:"Oral Health",keywords:"Oral health, Dental care, Diagnosis, Diagnostic imaging, Early diagnosis, Oral cancer, Conservative treatment, Epidemiology, Comprehensive dental care, Complementary therapies, Holistic health",scope:"\r\n This topic aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest trends in Oral Health based on recent scientific evidence. Subjects will include an overview of oral diseases and infections, systemic diseases affecting the oral cavity, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, as well as current clinical recommendations for the management of oral, dental, and periodontal diseases.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11397,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). 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Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/37487",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"37487"},fullPath:"/chapters/37487",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()