Microcrystalline parameters of various PI films heat-treated at different temperatures.
\r\n\tFood insecurity results in fear of hunger and starvation that ultimately affects one’s ability to work for sustainability and economic growth of the country. In addition to this, food insecurity results in various chronic diseases due to reduce immunity that ultimately, a burned on the county economy. Therefore, this book will intend to discuss in detail about the food insecurity challenges and their effect on the quality of life. This book will also aim to provide an overview about the new trends and future prospective that help to resolve the food security issues.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-942-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-941-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-943-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad, Dr. Muhammad Imran and Dr. Muhammad Kamran Khan",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",keywords:"Nutrition, Poverty, Hunger, Food Waste Utilization, Innovative Technologies, Food Processing, Genetically Modified Food, Policy Making, Trade Reforms, Climate Change, Agriculture Productivity, Disease Resistant Crops",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 7th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 5th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 4th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 22nd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 21st 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"An emerging scientist in the field of food science and technology with special expertise in development of rapid and nondestructive technologies, chemometrics and data mining.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Muhammad Imran has expertise in extrusion technology, microencapsulation, lipids chemistry, sensory evaluation and food process engineering.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:"A renowned scientist with expertise in Novel food processing technologies.",coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/292145/images/system/292145.png",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad is currently an assistant professor in the Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan. He also served as an assistant professor for one year at the National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. He received his doctoral degree from Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany, in 2016. During his stay there, he also worked as a research associate for research projects relevant to various food disciplines. Dr. Ahmad is the author of about thirty five research publications and twelve book chapters. He has also presented his research work at various national and international conferences (25). His area of research is food science with special expertise in process analytics and data mining.",institutionString:"Government College University, Faisalabad",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"208646",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Imran",slug:"muhammad-imran",fullName:"Muhammad Imran",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/208646/images/system/208646.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Imran, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad–Pakistan since September 03, 2012. Dr. Muhammad Imran completed his Doctorate (Food Technology) from the National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. He won the Indigenous and IRSIP (Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA) Fellowships for completion of doctorate research funded by HEC, Islamabad, Pakistan. Dr. Muhammad Imran has expertise in extrusion technology, microencapsulation, lipids chemistry, sensory evaluation, and food process engineering. Until today, Dr. Muhammad Imran has authored 80 publications (International & National) in various Impact Journals of Scientific repute and written 15 Book Chapters as principal author and co-author. Dr. Muhammad Imran has attended several International Conferences (held nationally and locally) as an Invited and Keynote Speaker and also participated as an organizing member to conduct International Conferences, Seminars Workshops, etc. Dr. Muhammad Imran is a Life Time Member of PSFST.",institutionString:"Government College University, Faisalabad",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"208645",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Kamran Khan",slug:"muhammad-kamran-khan",fullName:"Muhammad Kamran Khan",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:"Government College University Faisalabad",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"429339",firstName:"Jelena",lastName:"Vrdoljak",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429339/images/20012_n.jpg",email:"jelena.v@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6418",title:"Hyperspectral Imaging in Agriculture, Food and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9005c36534a5dc065577a011aea13d4d",slug:"hyperspectral-imaging-in-agriculture-food-and-environment",bookSignature:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Humberto Rodríguez Fuentes and Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6418.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10359",title:"Landraces",subtitle:"Traditional Variety and Natural Breed",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0600836fb2c422f7b624363d1e854f68",slug:"landraces-traditional-variety-and-natural-breed",bookSignature:"Amr Elkelish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10359.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231337",title:"Dr.",name:"Amr",surname:"Elkelish",slug:"amr-elkelish",fullName:"Amr Elkelish"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"37424",title:"Flow Cytometry Applications in Food Safety Studies",doi:"10.5772/37904",slug:"flow-cytometry-applications-in-food-safety-studies",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/37424.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/37424",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/37424",totalDownloads:2460,totalViews:205,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:2,impactScorePercentile:80,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"June 8th 2011",dateReviewed:"November 22nd 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"June 13th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/37424",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/37424",book:{id:"1578",slug:"flow-cytometry-recent-perspectives"},signatures:"Antonello Paparella, Annalisa Serio and Clemencia Chaves Lopez",authors:[{id:"114721",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonello",middleName:null,surname:"Paparella",fullName:"Antonello Paparella",slug:"antonello-paparella",email:"apaparella@unite.it",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Teramo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"116805",title:"Dr.",name:"Annalisa",middleName:null,surname:"Serio",fullName:"Annalisa Serio",slug:"annalisa-serio",email:"aserio@unite.it",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Teramo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"116807",title:"Dr.",name:"Clemencia",middleName:null,surname:"Chaves Lopez",fullName:"Clemencia Chaves Lopez",slug:"clemencia-chaves-lopez",email:"chaves@unite.it",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Teramo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1578",type:"book",title:"Flow Cytometry",subtitle:"Recent Perspectives",fullTitle:"Flow Cytometry - Recent Perspectives",slug:"flow-cytometry-recent-perspectives",publishedDate:"June 13th 2012",bookSignature:"Ingrid Schmid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1578.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0626-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5303-0",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:36,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"109787",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ingrid",middleName:null,surname:"Schmid",slug:"ingrid-schmid",fullName:"Ingrid Schmid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"403"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"37421",type:"chapter",title:"What Flow Cytometry can Tell Us About Marine Micro-Organisms – Current Status and Future Applications",slug:"what-flow-cytometry-can-tell-about-marine-microrganisms-current-status-and-future-applications",totalDownloads:2949,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"A. Manti, S. Papa and P. Boi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"118302",title:"Dr.",name:"Anita",middleName:null,surname:"Manti",fullName:"Anita Manti",slug:"anita-manti"}]},{id:"37422",type:"chapter",title:"Identification and Characterisation of Microbial Populations Using Flow Cytometry in the Adriatic Sea",slug:"identification-and-characterisation-of-microbial-populations-using-flow-cytometry-in-the-adriati",totalDownloads:2109,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Danijela Santic and Nada Krstulovic",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"110423",title:"Dr.",name:"Danijela",middleName:null,surname:"Šantić",fullName:"Danijela Šantić",slug:"danijela-santic"},{id:"115530",title:"Prof.",name:"Nada",middleName:null,surname:"Krstulović",fullName:"Nada Krstulović",slug:"nada-krstulovic"}]},{id:"37423",type:"chapter",title:"Flow Cytometry as a Powerful Tool for Monitoring Microbial Population Dynamics in Sludge",slug:"flow-cytometry-as-a-powerful-tool-for-monitoring-microbial-population-dynamics-in-sludge",totalDownloads:2666,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Audrey Prorot, Philippe Chazal and Patrick Leprat",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"116290",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Prorot",fullName:"Audrey Prorot",slug:"audrey-prorot"}]},{id:"37424",type:"chapter",title:"Flow Cytometry Applications in Food Safety Studies",slug:"flow-cytometry-applications-in-food-safety-studies",totalDownloads:2460,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Antonello Paparella, Annalisa Serio and Clemencia Chaves Lopez",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"114721",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonello",middleName:null,surname:"Paparella",fullName:"Antonello Paparella",slug:"antonello-paparella"},{id:"116805",title:"Dr.",name:"Annalisa",middleName:null,surname:"Serio",fullName:"Annalisa Serio",slug:"annalisa-serio"},{id:"116807",title:"Dr.",name:"Clemencia",middleName:null,surname:"Chaves Lopez",fullName:"Clemencia Chaves Lopez",slug:"clemencia-chaves-lopez"}]},{id:"37425",type:"chapter",title:"Estimation of Nuclear DNA Content and Determination of Ploidy Level in Tunisian Populations of Atriplex halimus L. by Flow Cytometry",slug:"estimation-of-nuclear-dna-content-and-determination-of-ploidy-level-intunisian-populations-of-at",totalDownloads:3102,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kheiria Hcini, David J. Walker, Elena Gonzalez, Nora Frayssinet, Enrique Correal and Adok S. Bouzid",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"114911",title:"Dr.",name:"Hcini",middleName:null,surname:"Kheiria",fullName:"Hcini Kheiria",slug:"hcini-kheiria"}]},{id:"37426",type:"chapter",title:"Yeast Cell Death During the Drying and Rehydration Process",slug:"yeast-cell-death-during-drying-and-rehydration-process",totalDownloads:2350,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Boris Rodriguez-Porrata, Didac Carmona-Gutierrez, Gema Lopez-Matinez, Angela Reisenbichler, Maria Bauer, Frank Madeo and Ricardo Cordero-Otero",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"115207",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Cordero-Otero",fullName:"Ricardo Cordero-Otero",slug:"ricardo-cordero-otero"}]},{id:"37427",type:"chapter",title:"Use of Flow Cytometry in the In Vitro and In Vivo Analysis of Tolerance/Anergy Induction by Immunocamouflage",slug:"use-of-flow-cytometry-in-the-in-vitro-and-in-vivo-analysis-of-tolerance-anergy-induction-by-immu",totalDownloads:2291,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Duncheng Wang, Wendy M. Toyofuku, Dana L. Kyluik and Mark D. Scott",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"41038",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",middleName:"D.",surname:"Scott",fullName:"Mark Scott",slug:"mark-scott"},{id:"80480",title:"Ms.",name:"Dana L.",middleName:null,surname:"Kyluik",fullName:"Dana L. Kyluik",slug:"dana-l.-kyluik"},{id:"114353",title:"Dr.",name:"Duncheng",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Duncheng Wang",slug:"duncheng-wang"},{id:"114354",title:"Ms.",name:"Wendy",middleName:null,surname:"Toyofuku",fullName:"Wendy Toyofuku",slug:"wendy-toyofuku"}]},{id:"37428",type:"chapter",title:"Multiplexed Cell-Counting Methods by Using Functional Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots",slug:"multiplexed-cell-counting-methods-by-using-functional-nanoparticles-and-quantum-dots",totalDownloads:2150,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hoyoung Yun, Won Gu Lee and Hyunwoo Bang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"113918",title:"Dr.",name:"Hoyoung",middleName:null,surname:"Yun",fullName:"Hoyoung Yun",slug:"hoyoung-yun"},{id:"117442",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyunwoo",middleName:null,surname:"Bang",fullName:"Hyunwoo Bang",slug:"hyunwoo-bang"},{id:"137629",title:"Prof.",name:"Won Gu",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Won Gu Lee",slug:"won-gu-lee"}]},{id:"37429",type:"chapter",title:"Implementation of a Flow Cytometry Strategy to Isolate and Assess Heterogeneous Membrane Raft Domains",slug:"implementation-of-a-flow-cytometry-strategy-to-assess-and-isolate-heterogeneous-membrane-raft-do",totalDownloads:1436,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Morgan F. Khan, Tammy L. Unruh and Julie P. Deans",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"112340",title:"Dr.",name:"Julie",middleName:null,surname:"Deans",fullName:"Julie Deans",slug:"julie-deans"}]},{id:"37430",type:"chapter",title:"Broad Applications of Multi-Colour Time-Resolved Flow Cytometry",slug:"broad-applications-of-time-resovled-flow-cytometry",totalDownloads:2052,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ben J. Gu and James S. Wiley",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"111916",title:"Dr.",name:"Ben",middleName:null,surname:"Gu",fullName:"Ben Gu",slug:"ben-gu"},{id:"142282",title:"Prof.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Wiley",fullName:"James Wiley",slug:"james-wiley"}]},{id:"37431",type:"chapter",title:"Application of Flow Cytometry in the Studies of Microparticles",slug:"flow-cytometry-in-the-studies-of-microparticles",totalDownloads:4755,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Monika Baj-Krzyworzeka, Jarek Baran, Rafal Szatanek and Maciej Siedlar",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"111140",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:null,surname:"Baj-Krzyworzeka",fullName:"Monika Baj-Krzyworzeka",slug:"monika-baj-krzyworzeka"},{id:"117145",title:"Dr.",name:"Jarek",middleName:null,surname:"Baran",fullName:"Jarek Baran",slug:"jarek-baran"},{id:"117147",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafal",middleName:null,surname:"Szatanek",fullName:"Rafal Szatanek",slug:"rafal-szatanek"},{id:"147006",title:"Prof.",name:"Maciej",middleName:null,surname:"Siedlar",fullName:"Maciej Siedlar",slug:"maciej-siedlar"}]},{id:"37432",type:"chapter",title:"Flow Cytometry-Based Analysis and Sorting of Lung Dendritic Cells",slug:"flow-cytometry-based-analysis-and-sorting-of-lung-dendritic-cells",totalDownloads:8999,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Svetlana P. Chapoval",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"70021",title:"Dr.",name:"Svetlana P.",middleName:null,surname:"Chapoval",fullName:"Svetlana P. Chapoval",slug:"svetlana-p.-chapoval"}]},{id:"37433",type:"chapter",title:"Stem Cell Characterization",slug:"stem-cells-characterization",totalDownloads:2472,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Arash Zaminy",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"110619",title:"Dr.",name:"Arash",middleName:null,surname:"Zaminy",fullName:"Arash Zaminy",slug:"arash-zaminy"}]},{id:"37434",type:"chapter",title:"Flow Cytometric Sorting of Cells from Solid Tissue – Reagent Development and Application",slug:"flow-cytometric-sorting-of-cells-from-solid-tissue-reagent-development-and-application",totalDownloads:3621,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"P. S. Canaday and C. Dorrell",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"109644",title:"Dr.",name:"Craig",middleName:null,surname:"Dorrell",fullName:"Craig Dorrell",slug:"craig-dorrell"},{id:"147566",title:"Dr.",name:"Pamela",middleName:null,surname:"Canaday",fullName:"Pamela Canaday",slug:"pamela-canaday"}]},{id:"37435",type:"chapter",title:"Experimental Conditions and Mathematical Analysis of Kinetic Measurements Using Flow Cytometry – The FacsKin Method",slug:"experimental-conditions-and-mathematical-analysis-of-kinetic-measurements-using-flow-cytometry-t",totalDownloads:1554,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ambrus Kaposi, Gergely Toldi, Gergoo Meszaros, Balazs Szalay, Gabor Veress and Barna Vasarhelyi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"46707",title:"Dr.",name:"Gergely",middleName:null,surname:"Toldi",fullName:"Gergely Toldi",slug:"gergely-toldi"},{id:"46708",title:"Dr.",name:"Barna",middleName:null,surname:"Vásárhelyi",fullName:"Barna Vásárhelyi",slug:"barna-vasarhelyi"},{id:"117687",title:"Dr.",name:"Ambrus",middleName:null,surname:"Kaposi",fullName:"Ambrus Kaposi",slug:"ambrus-kaposi"},{id:"117689",title:"Dr.",name:"Gergő",middleName:null,surname:"Mészáros",fullName:"Gergő Mészáros",slug:"gergo-meszaros"},{id:"117691",title:"Dr.",name:"Balázs",middleName:null,surname:"Szalay",fullName:"Balázs Szalay",slug:"balazs-szalay"},{id:"138587",title:"MSc.",name:"Gábor",middleName:null,surname:"Veress",fullName:"Gábor Veress",slug:"gabor-veress"}]},{id:"37436",type:"chapter",title:"Analysis of Cellular Signaling Events by Flow Cytometry",slug:"analysis-of-cellular-signaling-events-by-flow-cytometry",totalDownloads:2081,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jacques A. Nunes, Guylene Firaguay and Emilie Coppin",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"115191",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacques",middleName:"A",surname:"Nunès",fullName:"Jacques Nunès",slug:"jacques-nunes"},{id:"115196",title:"Ms.",name:"Guylène",middleName:null,surname:"Firaguay",fullName:"Guylène Firaguay",slug:"guylene-firaguay"},{id:"115198",title:"Mrs.",name:"Emilie",middleName:null,surname:"Coppin",fullName:"Emilie Coppin",slug:"emilie-coppin"}]},{id:"37437",type:"chapter",title:"Gamma Radiation Induces p53-Mediated Cell Cycle Arrest in Bone Marrow Cells",slug:"gamma-radiation-induces-p53-mediated-cell-cycle-arrest-in-bone-marrow-cells",totalDownloads:3019,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Andrea A. F. S. Moraes, Lucimar P. França, Vanina M. Tucci-Viegas, Fernanda Lasakosvitsch, Silvana Gaiba, Fernanda L. A. Azevedo, Amanda P. Nogueira, Helena R. C. Segreto, Alice T. Ferreira and Jeronimo P. Franca",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"117395",title:"Dr.",name:"Vanina Monique",middleName:null,surname:"Tucci-Viegas",fullName:"Vanina Monique Tucci-Viegas",slug:"vanina-monique-tucci-viegas"},{id:"117472",title:"Dr.",name:"Jerônimo Pereira De",middleName:null,surname:"França",fullName:"Jerônimo Pereira De França",slug:"jeronimo-pereira-de-franca"},{id:"117474",title:"MSc.",name:"Silvana",middleName:null,surname:"Gaiba",fullName:"Silvana Gaiba",slug:"silvana-gaiba"},{id:"117624",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucimar Pereira De",middleName:null,surname:"França",fullName:"Lucimar Pereira De França",slug:"lucimar-pereira-de-franca"},{id:"117630",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Lasakosvitsch Castanho",fullName:"Fernanda Lasakosvitsch Castanho",slug:"fernanda-lasakosvitsch-castanho"},{id:"117636",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea Aparecida Fátima Souza",middleName:null,surname:"Moraes",fullName:"Andrea Aparecida Fátima Souza Moraes",slug:"andrea-aparecida-fatima-souza-moraes"},{id:"117749",title:"Dr.",name:"Amanda Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Nogueira",fullName:"Amanda Pedro Nogueira",slug:"amanda-pedro-nogueira"},{id:"117756",title:"Dr.",name:"Helena Regina Comodo",middleName:null,surname:"Segreto",fullName:"Helena Regina Comodo Segreto",slug:"helena-regina-comodo-segreto"}]},{id:"37438",type:"chapter",title:"Early Events in Apoptosis Induction in Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes",slug:"early-events-in-apoptosis-induction-in-polymorphonuclear-leukocytes",totalDownloads:2038,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Annelie Pichert, Denise Schlorke, Josefin Zschaler, Jana Fleddermann, Maria Schonberg, Jorg Flemmig and Jurgen Arnhold",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"115238",title:"Prof.",name:"Juergen",middleName:null,surname:"Arnhold",fullName:"Juergen Arnhold",slug:"juergen-arnhold"}]},{id:"37439",type:"chapter",title:"New Insights into Cell Encapsulation and the Role of Proteins During Flow Cytometry",slug:"flow-cytometry-analysis-of-complex-protein-matrices",totalDownloads:1822,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sinead B. Doherty and A. Brodkorb",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"115921",title:"Dr.",name:"Sinéad",middleName:null,surname:"Doherty",fullName:"Sinéad Doherty",slug:"sinead-doherty"},{id:"117575",title:"Dr.",name:"André",middleName:null,surname:"Brodkorb",fullName:"André Brodkorb",slug:"andre-brodkorb"}]},{id:"37440",type:"chapter",title:"Median Effect Dose and Combination Index Analysis of Cytotoxic Drugs Using Flow Cytometry",slug:"median-effect-dose-and-combination-index-analysis-of-cytotoxic-drugs-using-flow-cytometry",totalDownloads:2579,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Tomas Lombardo, Laura Anaya, Laura Kornblihtt and Guillermo Blanco",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"116056",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Blanco",fullName:"Guillermo Blanco",slug:"guillermo-blanco"},{id:"138190",title:"MSc.",name:"Tomás",middleName:null,surname:"Lombardo",fullName:"Tomás Lombardo",slug:"tomas-lombardo"},{id:"138192",title:"MSc.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Anaya",fullName:"Laura Anaya",slug:"laura-anaya"},{id:"138193",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Kornblihtt",fullName:"Laura Kornblihtt",slug:"laura-kornblihtt"}]},{id:"37441",type:"chapter",title:"Flow Cytometry Analysis of Intracellular Protein",slug:"flow-cytometry-analysis-and-determination-of-intracellular-protein",totalDownloads:7590,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Irena Koutna, Pavel Simara, Petra Ondračkova and Lenka Tesarrova",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"117064",title:"Dr.",name:"Irena",middleName:null,surname:"Koutna",fullName:"Irena Koutna",slug:"irena-koutna"}]},{id:"37442",type:"chapter",title:"Biological Effects Induced by Ultraviolet Radiation in Human Fibroblasts",slug:"biological-effects-induced-by-ultraviolet-radiation-in-human-fibroblasts",totalDownloads:4377,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Silvana Gaiba, Vanina M. Tucci-Viegas, Lucimar P. Franca, Fernanda Lasakosvitsch, Fernanda L. A. Azevedo, Andrea A. F. S. Moraes, Alice T. Ferreira and Jeronimo P. Franca",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"117395",title:"Dr.",name:"Vanina Monique",middleName:null,surname:"Tucci-Viegas",fullName:"Vanina Monique Tucci-Viegas",slug:"vanina-monique-tucci-viegas"},{id:"117472",title:"Dr.",name:"Jerônimo Pereira De",middleName:null,surname:"França",fullName:"Jerônimo Pereira De França",slug:"jeronimo-pereira-de-franca"},{id:"117474",title:"MSc.",name:"Silvana",middleName:null,surname:"Gaiba",fullName:"Silvana Gaiba",slug:"silvana-gaiba"},{id:"117624",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucimar Pereira De",middleName:null,surname:"França",fullName:"Lucimar Pereira De França",slug:"lucimar-pereira-de-franca"},{id:"117630",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Lasakosvitsch Castanho",fullName:"Fernanda Lasakosvitsch Castanho",slug:"fernanda-lasakosvitsch-castanho"},{id:"117636",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea Aparecida Fátima Souza",middleName:null,surname:"Moraes",fullName:"Andrea Aparecida Fátima Souza Moraes",slug:"andrea-aparecida-fatima-souza-moraes"}]},{id:"37443",type:"chapter",title:"Immunophenotypic Characterization of Normal Bone Marrow Stem Cells",slug:"immunophenotypic-characterization-of-normal-bone-marrow-stem-cells",totalDownloads:4071,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Paula Laranjeira, Andreia Ribeiro, Sandrine Mendes, Ana Henriques, M. Luisa Pais and Artur Paiva",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"117744",title:"Prof.",name:"Artur",middleName:null,surname:"Paiva",fullName:"Artur Paiva",slug:"artur-paiva"},{id:"138594",title:"Dr.",name:"Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Laranjeira",fullName:"Paula Laranjeira",slug:"paula-laranjeira"},{id:"138596",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreia",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro",fullName:"Andreia Ribeiro",slug:"andreia-ribeiro"},{id:"138597",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandrine",middleName:null,surname:"Mendes",fullName:"Sandrine Mendes",slug:"sandrine-mendes"},{id:"138785",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Henriques",fullName:"Ana Henriques",slug:"ana-henriques"},{id:"138788",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Luísa",middleName:null,surname:"Pais",fullName:"M. Luísa Pais",slug:"m.-luisa-pais"}]},{id:"37444",type:"chapter",title:"Ethanol Extract of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. Induces G0/G1 Phase Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Leukemia HL-60 Cells Through c-myc and Mitochondria-Dependent Caspase Signaling Pathways",slug:"ethanol-extract-of-tripterygium-wilfordii-hook-f-induces-g0-g1-phase-arrest-and-apoptosis-in-hum",totalDownloads:2072,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jai-Sing Yang, Yun-Peng Chao, Li-Jen Lin, Wen-Wen Huang, Jing-Gung Chung, Shu-Fen Peng, Chi-Cheng Lu, Jo-Hua Chiang, Shu-Ren Pai, Minoru Tsuzuki and Chung-Jen Chiang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"118517",title:"Prof.",name:"Chung Jen",middleName:null,surname:"Chiang",fullName:"Chung Jen Chiang",slug:"chung-jen-chiang"},{id:"118519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jai-Sing",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Jai-Sing Yang",slug:"jai-sing-yang"},{id:"118948",title:"Prof.",name:"Yun-Peng",middleName:null,surname:"Chao",fullName:"Yun-Peng Chao",slug:"yun-peng-chao"},{id:"118949",title:"Prof.",name:"Li-Jen",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Li-Jen Lin",slug:"li-jen-lin"},{id:"118950",title:"Prof.",name:"Wen-Wen",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Wen-Wen Huang",slug:"wen-wen-huang"},{id:"138323",title:"Prof.",name:"Jing-Gung",middleName:null,surname:"Chung",fullName:"Jing-Gung Chung",slug:"jing-gung-chung"},{id:"138324",title:"Dr.",name:"Shu-Fen",middleName:null,surname:"Peng",fullName:"Shu-Fen Peng",slug:"shu-fen-peng"},{id:"138325",title:"Mr.",name:"Chi-Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Chi-Cheng Lu",slug:"chi-cheng-lu"},{id:"138326",title:"Ms.",name:"Jo-Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Chiang",fullName:"Jo-Hua Chiang",slug:"jo-hua-chiang"},{id:"138327",title:"Mr.",name:"Shu-Ren",middleName:null,surname:"Pai",fullName:"Shu-Ren Pai",slug:"shu-ren-pai"},{id:"138328",title:"Prof.",name:"Minoru",middleName:null,surname:"Tsuzuki",fullName:"Minoru Tsuzuki",slug:"minoru-tsuzuki"}]},{id:"37445",type:"chapter",title:"Retracted: Applications of Quantum Dots in Flow Cytometry",slug:"applications-of-quantum-dots-in-flow-cytometry",totalDownloads:2309,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Dimitrios Kirmizis, Fani Chatzopoulou, Eleni Gavriilaki and Dimitrios Chatzidimitriou",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"45414",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Kirmizis",fullName:"Dimitrios Kirmizis",slug:"dimitrios-kirmizis"},{id:"122229",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Chatzidimitriou",fullName:"Dimitrios Chatzidimitriou",slug:"dimitrios-chatzidimitriou"},{id:"134576",title:"BSc.",name:"Fani",middleName:null,surname:"Chatzopoulou",fullName:"Fani Chatzopoulou",slug:"fani-chatzopoulou"},{id:"134577",title:"Dr.",name:"Helen",middleName:null,surname:"Gavriilaki",fullName:"Helen Gavriilaki",slug:"helen-gavriilaki"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2291",title:"Clinical Flow Cytometry",subtitle:"Emerging Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5414617aafe62d7c6ec8205028f6967",slug:"clinical-flow-cytometry-emerging-applications",bookSignature:"Ingrid Schmid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2291.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109787",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Schmid",slug:"ingrid-schmid",fullName:"Ingrid Schmid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"37054",title:"Effect of Monocyte Locomotion Inhibitory Factor (MLIF) on the Activation and Production of Intracellular Cytokine and Chemokine Receptors in Human T CD4+ Lymphocytes Measured by Flow Cytometry",slug:"effect-of-monocyte-inhibitory-locomotion-factor-mlif-on-the-activation-and-production-of-intracellul",signatures:"Sara Rojas-Dotor",authors:[{id:"109461",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas-Dotor",fullName:"Sara Rojas-Dotor",slug:"sara-rojas-dotor"}]},{id:"37055",title:"Applications of Flow Cytometry to Clinical Microbiology",slug:"applications-of-flow-cytometry-to-clinical-microbiology",signatures:"Barbara Pieretti, Annamaria Masucci and Marco Moretti",authors:[{id:"112259",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Pieretti",fullName:"Barbara Pieretti",slug:"barbara-pieretti"}]},{id:"37056",title:"High-Throughput Flow Cytometry for Predicting Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity",slug:"high-throughput-flow-cytometry-for-predicting-hepatotoxicity",signatures:"Marion Zanese, Laura Suter, Adrian Roth, Francesca De Giorgi and François Ichas",authors:[{id:"116320",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesca",middleName:null,surname:"De Giorgi",fullName:"Francesca De Giorgi",slug:"francesca-de-giorgi"},{id:"117458",title:"Dr.",name:"Marion",middleName:null,surname:"Zanese",fullName:"Marion Zanese",slug:"marion-zanese"},{id:"117459",title:"Dr.",name:"Francois",middleName:null,surname:"Ichas",fullName:"Francois Ichas",slug:"francois-ichas"},{id:"141098",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Suter",fullName:"Laura Suter",slug:"laura-suter"},{id:"141101",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Roth",fullName:"Adrian Roth",slug:"adrian-roth"}]},{id:"37057",title:"B Cells in Health and Disease – Leveraging Flow Cytometry to Evaluate Disease Phenotype and the Impact of Treatment with Immunomodulatory Therapeutics",slug:"b-cells-in-health-and-disease-leveraging-flow-cytometry-to-evaluate-disease-phenotype-and-the-impact",signatures:"Cherie L. Green, John Ferbas and Barbara A. Sullivan",authors:[{id:"116439",title:"Mrs.",name:"Cherie",middleName:null,surname:"Green",fullName:"Cherie Green",slug:"cherie-green"},{id:"117449",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Ferbas",fullName:"John Ferbas",slug:"john-ferbas"},{id:"117450",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Sullivan",fullName:"Barbara Sullivan",slug:"barbara-sullivan"}]},{id:"37058",title:"Evaluation of the Anti-Tumoural and Immune Modulatory Activity of Natural Products by Flow Cytometry",slug:"evaluation-of-antitumoral-and-immune-modulatory-activity-of-natural-products-by-flow-cytometry",signatures:"Susana Fiorentino, Claudia Uruena, Sandra Quijano, Sandra Paola Santander,\r\nJohn Fredy Hernandez and Claudia Cifuentes",authors:[{id:"117697",title:"Dr.",name:"Susana",middleName:null,surname:"Fiorentino",fullName:"Susana Fiorentino",slug:"susana-fiorentino"},{id:"117698",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Urueña",fullName:"Claudia Urueña",slug:"claudia-uruena"},{id:"117699",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Quijano",fullName:"Sandra Quijano",slug:"sandra-quijano"}]},{id:"37059",title:"Identification and Characterization of Cancer Stem Cells Using Flow Cytometry",slug:"identification-and-characterization-of-cancer-stem-cells-using-flowcytometry",signatures:"Yasunari Kanda",authors:[{id:"114801",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasunari",middleName:null,surname:"Kanda",fullName:"Yasunari Kanda",slug:"yasunari-kanda"}]},{id:"37060",title:"Flow Based Enumeration of Plasmablasts in Peripheral Blood After Vaccination as a Novel Diagnostic Marker for Assessing Antibody Responses in Patients with Hypogammaglobulinaemia",slug:"flow-based-enumeration-of-plasmablasts-in-peripheral-blood-after-vaccination-as-a-novel-diagnostic-m",signatures:"Vojtech Thon, Marcela Vlkova,\r\nZita Chovancova, Jiri Litzman and Jindrich Lokaj",authors:[{id:"111971",title:"Dr.",name:"Vojtech",middleName:null,surname:"Thon",fullName:"Vojtech Thon",slug:"vojtech-thon"}]},{id:"37061",title:"Applications of Flow Cytometry in Solid Organ Allogeneic Transplantation",slug:"applications-of-flow-cytometry-in-solid-organ-allogeneic-transplantation",signatures:"Dimitrios Kirmizis, Dimitrios Chatzidimitriou, Fani Chatzopoulou, Lemonia Skoura and Gregory Myserlis",authors:[{id:"45414",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Kirmizis",fullName:"Dimitrios Kirmizis",slug:"dimitrios-kirmizis"},{id:"122229",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Chatzidimitriou",fullName:"Dimitrios Chatzidimitriou",slug:"dimitrios-chatzidimitriou"},{id:"130729",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Myserlis",fullName:"Gregory Myserlis",slug:"gregory-myserlis"},{id:"134576",title:"BSc.",name:"Fani",middleName:null,surname:"Chatzopoulou",fullName:"Fani Chatzopoulou",slug:"fani-chatzopoulou"},{id:"147055",title:"Dr.",name:"Lemonia",middleName:null,surname:"Skoura",fullName:"Lemonia Skoura",slug:"lemonia-skoura"}]},{id:"37062",title:"The Use of Flow Cytometry to Monitor T cell Responses in Experimental Models of Graft-Versus-Host Disease",slug:"the-use-of-flow-cytometry-to-monitor-t-cell-responses-during-graft-versus-host-disease",signatures:"Bryan A. Anthony and Gregg A. Hadley",authors:[{id:"114291",title:"Prof.",name:"Gregg",middleName:null,surname:"Hadley",fullName:"Gregg Hadley",slug:"gregg-hadley"}]},{id:"37063",title:"Lymphocyte Apoptosis, Proliferation and Cytokine Synthesis Pattern in Children with Helicobacter pylori Infection",slug:"lymphocyte-apoptosis-proliferation-and-cytokine-synthesis-pattern-in-children-with-helicobacter-pylo",signatures:"Anna Helmin-Basa, Lidia Gackowska, Izabela Kubiszewska, Malgorzata Wyszomirska-Golda,\r\nAndrzej Eljaszewicz, Grazyna Mierzwa, Anna Szaflarska-Poplawska, Mieczyslawa Czerwionka-Szaflarska, Andrzej Marszalek and Jacek Michalkiewicz",authors:[{id:"116222",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Helmin-Basa",fullName:"Anna Helmin-Basa",slug:"anna-helmin-basa"},{id:"117703",title:"Dr.",name:"Lidia",middleName:null,surname:"Gackowska",fullName:"Lidia Gackowska",slug:"lidia-gackowska"},{id:"117704",title:"MSc.",name:"Izabela",middleName:null,surname:"Kubiszewska",fullName:"Izabela Kubiszewska",slug:"izabela-kubiszewska"},{id:"117709",title:"Dr.",name:"Malgorzata",middleName:null,surname:"Wyszomirska-Golda",fullName:"Malgorzata Wyszomirska-Golda",slug:"malgorzata-wyszomirska-golda"},{id:"117710",title:"MSc.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Eljaszewicz",fullName:"Andrzej Eljaszewicz",slug:"andrzej-eljaszewicz"},{id:"117712",title:"Dr.",name:"Grazyna",middleName:null,surname:"Mierzwa",fullName:"Grazyna Mierzwa",slug:"grazyna-mierzwa"},{id:"117715",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Szaflarska-Poplawska",fullName:"Anna Szaflarska-Poplawska",slug:"anna-szaflarska-poplawska"},{id:"117716",title:"Prof.",name:"Mieczyslawa",middleName:null,surname:"Czerwionka-Szaflarska",fullName:"Mieczyslawa Czerwionka-Szaflarska",slug:"mieczyslawa-czerwionka-szaflarska"},{id:"117717",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Marszalek",fullName:"Andrzej Marszalek",slug:"andrzej-marszalek"},{id:"117718",title:"Prof.",name:"Jacek",middleName:null,surname:"Michalkiewicz",fullName:"Jacek Michalkiewicz",slug:"jacek-michalkiewicz"}]},{id:"37064",title:"The Effect of Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) and Metal Ions Corroded from Dental Casting Alloys on Cell Cycle Progression and Apoptosis in Cells from Oral Tissues",slug:"the-cell-effect-of-egcg-and-metal-ions-corroded-from-dental-casting-alloys",signatures:"Jiansheng Su, Zhizen Quan, Wenfei Han, Lili Chen and Jiamei Gu",authors:[{id:"116829",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiansheng",middleName:null,surname:"Su",fullName:"Jiansheng Su",slug:"jiansheng-su"},{id:"117254",title:"MSc.",name:"Wenfei",middleName:null,surname:"Han",fullName:"Wenfei Han",slug:"wenfei-han"},{id:"117255",title:"BSc.",name:"Lili",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Lili Chen",slug:"lili-chen"},{id:"117259",title:"BSc.",name:"Zhizen",middleName:null,surname:"Quan",fullName:"Zhizen Quan",slug:"zhizen-quan"},{id:"138184",title:"BSc.",name:"Jiamei",middleName:null,surname:"Gu",fullName:"Jiamei Gu",slug:"jiamei-gu"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1578",title:"Flow Cytometry",subtitle:"Recent Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fccad401cbcf998ea4de62d524abf82d",slug:"flow-cytometry-recent-perspectives",bookSignature:"Ingrid Schmid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1578.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109787",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Schmid",slug:"ingrid-schmid",fullName:"Ingrid Schmid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2291",title:"Clinical Flow Cytometry",subtitle:"Emerging Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5414617aafe62d7c6ec8205028f6967",slug:"clinical-flow-cytometry-emerging-applications",bookSignature:"Ingrid Schmid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2291.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109787",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Schmid",slug:"ingrid-schmid",fullName:"Ingrid Schmid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4720",title:"Flow Cytometry",subtitle:"Select Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5a842a00d86bc7f956a5fd1fe6d62b8a",slug:"flow-cytometry-select-topics",bookSignature:"Ingrid Schmid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4720.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109787",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Schmid",slug:"ingrid-schmid",fullName:"Ingrid Schmid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5085",title:"Telomere",subtitle:"A Complex End of a Chromosome",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2a8f40859d7bc312dea327fd9b058a20",slug:"telomere-a-complex-end-of-a-chromosome",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"1578",title:"Flow Cytometry",subtitle:"Recent Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fccad401cbcf998ea4de62d524abf82d",slug:"flow-cytometry-recent-perspectives",bookSignature:"Ingrid Schmid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1578.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109787",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Schmid",slug:"ingrid-schmid",fullName:"Ingrid Schmid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"78817",title:"Polyimide-Derived Graphite Films with High Thermal Conductivity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100374",slug:"polyimide-derived-graphite-films-with-high-thermal-conductivity",body:'Highly oriented graphite film has excellent electrical and thermal conductivity properties, and is an ideal material indispensable for the development of modern science and technology. It has a very broad application prospect in thermal management field such as modern microelectronic packaging-integration and 5 G wireless communication technologies. In the early 1960s, scientists had used high-temperature pyrolysis deposition technology to prepare highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), however, the material needs to be prepared at high temperature (up to 3400-3600°C) and high pressure (10 MPa), the production cycle is long and the production cost is high. Thus, the wide application of such material is subject to certain restrictions [1]. Subsequently, Japanese scientists had initially discovered that polyimide (PI) film with a golden appearance as shown in Figure 1a did not melt during the carbonization process and maintained the original film shape, after high-temperature (2800-3200°C) graphitization treatment, a highly oriented graphite film with a structure close to single crystal graphite can be obtained [3, 4]. Nowadays, PI developed as a thermoresistant polymer has been widely used in different fields, for instance, aromatic PI is often employed as an excellent carbonaceous precursor to prepare various carbon materials with different morphologies (e.g., fiber, film, foam and block) [2]. This is because aromatic PI has many advantages such as wide range of well-defined molecular structure as shown in Figure 1b, relatively high crystallinity and carbon yield.
(a) Optical appearance and (b) a molecular repeating unit of Kapton PI film [
Recently, PI-derived graphite films with high thermal conductivity in the planar direction ranging in 500–1900 W/m K have been successfully produced and practically applied in heat dissipation of many microelectronic devices as shown in Figure 2a. This is attributed to the extensive research on the composition, structure and properties of PI polymer film and related high-temperature heat treatment process have been conducted to improve the thermal conductivity of resultant graphite films and reduce the production cost [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. It is well-known that the thermal conductivity of graphite films is greatly affected by many factors (the quality of PI film precursor, film thickness and heat treatment temperature, etc.). In addition, the microstructural evolution and transformation mechanism [4, 6, 12] of PI polymer during high-temperature heat treatment, the capability of forming an ordered graphite structure and the relevant control strategy need to be further understood. This will make the application of graphite films for thermal management move forward [2, 4, 11].
(a) Wide heat-dissipation application of PI-derived graphite films in advanced microelectronics and (b) a variety of graphite films classified by different precursors.
Generally, high-thermal-conductivity graphite films can be divided into two main types (natural graphite-derived and artificial synthetic films) and several subdivided categories as shown in Figure 2b according to different raw materials: oriented pyrolytic graphite sheet, flexible graphite sheet, graphene-based graphite film, PI-derived graphite film and other carbonaceous precursor derivative.
HOPG sheet refers to polycrystalline graphite film with a high bulk density of ~2.20 g/cm3 and highly oriented graphene layers stacking along the c-axis direction, similar to single crystal graphite as shown in Figure 3 [14]. Its room-temperature thermal conductivity along the a-axis direction of the graphite sheet reaches up to 1600–2000 W/m K [15]. Recently, through a facile and feasible chemical vapor deposition on transition metal substrates, the prepared graphite films possess a high thermal conductivity of 600–1570 W/m K [16, 17].
(a) Electron channeling pattern and (b) SEM image of HOPG [
Flexible graphite sheet is prepared by using natural flake graphite as raw material through several procedures as follows. Firstly, strong acidification treatment for chemical intercalation, then washing, drying and high-temperature expansion to obtain high-expanded graphite worms, and finally calendering and pressing treatment processes. The thermal conductivity of flexible graphite sheet can be adjusted in the range of 200–600 W/m K according to the bulk density and sheet thickness [18, 19]. Because this material does not require high-temperature graphitization and the preparation process is simple, the production cost is relatively low, and it can be used not only as a high-temperature sealing material, but also as a heat dissipation pad for the interface between electronic devices and heat sinks. In addition, the thin graphite sheet has a certain degree of flexibility and can be bent and rolled for storage as shown in Figure 4, which accelerates its low-cost industrial production. However, the mechanical properties of flexible graphite sheet decrease with the increase of thickness. So it is suitable for fields where material strength, toughness and flexural properties are not very high.
Optical photographs of (a) flexible graphite sheet rolled for store in Nihon carbon and (b) GrafTech graphite sheet production line.
PI graphite film with high crystallinity and preferred orientation is similar to HOPG as shown in Figure 5 and has a high thermal conductivity up to 1900 W/m K in the planar direction [2]. The thermal conductivity of the pyrolytic graphite sheets developed by Panasonic Industry is reported to be 700-1950 W/m K according to their bulk densities (0.85–2.13 g/cm3) and sheet thicknesses (0.10–0.01 mm) [20]. Obviously, the thermal conductivity of graphite sheets is greatly affected by its bulk density, thickness and pyrolysis process. As a rule, the greater the thickness is, the lower the thermal conductivity is.
(a) Optical photograph and (b) microscopic image of PI-derived thermal pyrolytic graphite sheet (PGS) produced by Panasonic Industry [
Recently, there has been numerous studies on making graphene or its precursor (e.g., graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide) into graphite films as shown in Figure 6a [21, 22, 23]. This extensive research greatly improves the thermal conductivity of graphene-based films up to 2000 W/m K and promotes their various applications [23]. Although the production cost of large-area high-quality graphene films with high thermal conductivity is still high at this stage, the large-scale fabrication in science and industry is rising [21, 22].
(a) Optical photograph of large-scale preparation of graphene laminated films [
At present, a batch-scale preparation method, i.e., multi-sheet carbonization by laminated molding in a small-sized vacuum induction furnace as shown in Figure 7a, is generally adopted to prepare sheet-like PI-derived graphite films with different sizes. However, this method shows obvious disadvantages such as relatively high production cost, low preparation efficiency, and particularly large energy consumption. Moreover, the size of the films is limited by the graphite mold (which needs to repeatedly endure severe condition under high temperature and high pressure) and the size of the heat treatment furnace.
Optical photographs of (a) a lab-scale vacuum induction furnace and (b) roll-shaped graphite film prepared from PI film.
In general, the industrial production of PI-derived graphite films is carried out in multiple sets of large-sized vacuum induction furnace. The emerging advanced rolling-carbonization technology, i.e., directly performing carbonization-graphitization treatment on the roll-shaped organic PI films, could obtain a roll-shaped graphite films with a large size as shown in Figure 7b by controlling the heat treatment process of tightly rolled films. This technology can significantly improve the production efficiency of graphite films, reduce the production cost and improve their mechanical properties.
With the rapid development of graphene and graphene-based materials throughout the world, some new methods, new processes and new technologies [21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27], such as molecular welding, molecular assembling, flow coating and centrifugal casting, as shown in Figures 6b and 8, have been increasingly developed to fabricate graphene-based graphite films with high thermal conductivity for thermal management application. This will surely provide some reference for the preparation strategy of PI-derived graphite films. It is possible to take advantage of continuous high-temperature carbonization technology as shown in Figure 8b to fabricate large-scale PI-derived graphite films at a low cost in the future.
Schematics of producing graphene-derived films by different methods (a) the continuous centrifugal casting [
The uniform PI raw film (DuPont Kapton) with a golden color shrinks significantly after 1000°C carbonization and 3000°C graphitization under proper pressure in a vacuum furnace, and the shrinkage rate in the planar direction is about 15% × 15%. The color of the film changes from yellow to black and gray as shown in Figure 9a–c, the carbonized and graphitized samples are brittle and flexible (can be bent at a certain angle >90o at many times), respectively. The molding-press and its pressing strength on the PI films have an important role on the final quality of resultant graphite films as shown in Figure 9d–f.
Optical photographs of (a) PI raw film, its (b, d and e) 1000°C-carbonized and (c and f) 3000°C-graphitizatized samples made by various molding-press treatments ((b and c) suitable pressure; (d) no pressure; (e) insufficient pressure; and (f) excessive pressure).
As shown in Figure 10, the surface of 1000°C-carbonized carbon films (with a thickness of 50 μm for the raw film) is smooth and the thickness is still uniform, the internals of carbon films exhibit an amorphous carbon structure. After 2000°C graphitization, a local chaotic layered structure can be observed in the cross-section of the films [28]. When the graphitization temperature reaches 2400°C, the cross-section of the films presents a more uniformly oriented layered structure, and as the graphitization temperature further increases up to 3000°C, the layered structure becomes more flatted and ordered, and the graphite-like crystal structure is nearly perfect.
(a–c) PLM and (d–i) SEM images of the transversal section of PI films heat-treated at different temperatures ((a, d and g) 1000; (b, e and h) 2400; and (c, f and i) 3000°C), (g–i) are high magnification images of (d–f), respectively, and the top right inset in i is the corresponding enlargement.
The thickness and the nature of the PI films have a significant impact on the capability of forming a graphite-like crystal structure. As shown in Figure 11a–c, the PI film with a thickness of 50 μm completely forms a graphite-like layered structure with high crystallinity, and the degree of preferred orientation of the graphene layers is high. The PI films with thicknesses of 75 and 100 μm display a partial graphite-like layered structure and nearly amorphous structure with low crystallinity and poor crystalline orientation, respectively. Some small holes appear on the cross-section of graphite film, which may be related to the removal of non-carbon elements during the high-temperature graphitization process. Moreover, the nature of PI films (e.g., the variety of polymer constituent and molecular structure in various PI films produced by different manufacturers) is very critical to prepare highly oriented graphite films, which has been demonstrated in Figure 11d–f.
SEM images of the transversal section of 3000°C-graphitized films derived from Kapton PI films with different thicknesses of ((a) 50, (b) 75, (c) 100 μm) and other brand PI film with a thickness of 50 μm at different enlargements (d–f).
The PI laminated sample with a good graphite-like crystal structure as shown in Figure 12 could be prepared by a hot-press method at 2400°C under a certain pressure. It has a uniformly layered structure in the cross-section, and the stacking of PI films is regular and orderly. The PI monolayer film inside the laminated sample still maintains its complete sheet-like structure, which is conducive to the high efficient conduction of heat in the two-dimensional direction of the plane. The PI-derived laminates can be used as a bulk thermally conductive material to further expand the application field of graphite films, but the controllable preparation of such large-size and ultra-thick bulk materials (e.g., blocks) is still difficult [4].
(a) PLM and (b and c) SEM images of the transversal section of PI film-stacked block made by a suitable molding-press treatment at 2400°C.
It can be seen from the XRD patterns as shown in Figure 13a–c that the PI raw film has a certain degree of orientation owing to the arrangement of aromatic molecules. With the rise of heat treatment temperature, the intensity of diffraction peak of the (002) crystal plane of the PI sample continues to increase. Meanwhile, the microcrystallite accumulation height (Lc) and graphitization degree (g) listed in Table 1 increase step by step. After 3000°C graphitization, the interlayer spacing d002 (0.336 nm) is close to the theoretical value of single crystal graphite (0.3354 nm). The ratio of the two peaks (D and G) as shown in Figure 13d gradually decreases, especially the D peak of 2400°C-graphitized sample completely disappears, which indicates that a three-dimensional ordered graphite structure forms in the graphite film, the content of amorphous carbon and structural defects is very low, and the graphite crystalline size is large [29]. It is worth noting that the microcrystalline size and g of graphite films are affected significantly by the nature (e.g., the extent of biaxial stretching on the original film) and thickness of PI films. The microcrystals in the thick graphite films grow and crystallize slowly, and their preferred orientation is relatively low. As a comparison, the graphite films made from other brand PI show an amorphous structure after graphitization at 3000°C, their microcrystals are small and disordered. The higher the heat-treatment temperature is, the easier the structural transformation completes. Graphitization treatment results in the better growth and crystallization of graphite microcrystals and the preferable orientation of graphene layers in the graphite films.
(a–c) XRD patterns and (d) Raman spectra of various PI films ((a, b and d) Kapton; (c) other brand) heat-treated at different temperatures.
Sample | 2θ002/o | d002/nm | Lc/nm | g/% |
---|---|---|---|---|
PI raw film | 25.94 | 0.343 | 2.03 | 10 |
PI-1000°C-50 μm | 24.37 | 0.365 | 3.06 | — |
PI-2000°C-50 μm | 26.12 | 0.341 | 5.63 | 34 |
PI-2400°C-50 μm | 26.44 | 0.338 | 39.83 | 70 |
PI-2800°C-50 μm | 26.50 | 0.337 | 50.95 | 82 |
PI-3000°C-50 μm | 26.56 | 0.336 | 65.94 | 93 |
PI-3000°C-100 μm | 26.33 | 0.338 | 49.71 | 70 |
PI-3000°C-50 μma | 26.22 | 0.340 | 12.42 | 47 |
PI-3000°C-225μma | 26.01 | 0.342 | 5.63 | 23 |
Single crystal graphite | 26.58 | 0.3354 | >100 | 100 |
Microcrystalline parameters of various PI films heat-treated at different temperatures.
Other brand PI film.
Figure 14a shows the room-temperature electrical resistivities of the Kapton PI films after heat treatment at different temperatures. It can be seen that the electrical resistivities of the PI films decrease significantly with the increase of the heat treatment temperature, indicating that the electrical conductivities increase rapidly. The PI film is a polymer insulating material and its volume electrical resistivity is as high as 1016 Ω cm. After 1000°C carbonization treatment, the electrical resistivity reduces by 18 orders of magnitude, to about 54.6 μΩ m, because the PI film has undergone structural changes at this time, most of the heteroatoms are eliminated, and the carbon content increases significantly. At this stage, a local hexagonal-like carbon layer structure forms in the interior of carbon film. The electrical resistivities of the graphitized samples at 2000 and 2800°C are 5.5 and 0.82 μΩ m, respectively. The decline is not very large due to the fact that the conductive path in PI film has been formed around 2000°C. Further graphitization is only to improve its three-dimensional ordered structure with highly preferred orientation as shown in Figure 10. The electrical resistivity of the 3000°C-graphitized PI film is as low as 0.48 μΩ m, which is very close to the theoretical electrical resistivity of single crystal graphite (0.4 μΩ m) in the planar direction [30]. With the rise of heat treatment temperature, the g of PI films continues to increase as listed in Table 1, and its internal graphene layered structure with highly preferred orientation is conducive to the transmission of electrons [2, 4].
(a) Room-temperature electrical resistivities of PI films heat-treated at different temperatures in the planar direction and (b) micro-structural evolution and transformation mechanism model from PI polymer to ordered graphite film during high-temperature treatment reproduced from [
From the above discussion on the morphology and microstructure of the PI films heat-treated at different temperatures, a microstructural change model from PI polymer to ordered graphite at each stage is shown in Figure 14b [6]. The heat-treatment process can be roughly divided into four stages: the first stage (500-1000°C), the second stage (1000-2000°C), the third stage (2000-2400°C) and the fourth stage (2400-3000°C). The whole process reflects that the internal structure of the PI film gradually changes from a disorderly amorphous structure to a highly crystalline graphite structure as the heat treatment temperature progresses [4].
According to the relevant empirical formulas [31], the thermal conductivity of 3000°C-graphitized graphite films (with a thickness of ca. 25 μm) is calculated to be 1143 W/m K. Measured by a laser thermal conductivity meter (NETZSCH LFA 457), its room-temperature thermal diffusion coefficient is ~700 mm2/s, and the corresponding thermal conductivity is measured to be 994 W/m K (the bulk density and specific heat are about 2.0 g/cm3 and 0.71 J/g K, respectively). This excellent conduction performance is attributed to the highly ordered three-dimensional graphite structure of this film material.
It is well-known to all that the high-thermal-conductivity of carbon materials comes from the strong C—C covalent bonding between carbon atoms and the highly ordered graphite structure stacked by graphene layers and mainly results from the anharmonic vibration of the elastic lattice (i.e., the mutual interaction of phonons) to transfer heat [32]. Single crystal graphite has a hexagonal network layered structure and an anisotropic thermal conductivity, as shown in Figure 15a, its thermal conductivity along the a-axis direction (as high as 2000 W/m K) is much greater than that along the c-axis direction [33]. However, for carbon materials with a disordered graphite structure, the graphene layers with different sizes are stacked randomly, a lower thermal conductivity will yield unexpectedly. There are many critical factors governing the heat-dissipation performance of graphene-assembling carbon materials, such as microcrystalline size, crystalline orientation, structural defects (e.g., vacancies and substitution) and wrinkle deformation in graphene layers as shown in Figure 15b [34].
(a) Crystal structure of perfect graphite with anisotropic thermal conductivity reproduced from [
Usually, organic carbonaceous compounds are used as raw materials to prepare carbon materials. Under low temperature at about 300-1000°C, the component containing H, O, N and other non-C elements in organic compounds is gradually decomposed, and C-containing aromatic molecules continue to cyclize and aromatize, which forms C-rich material (i.e., carbon material), and finally through the graphitization process up to 3000°C, pure C material, i.e., graphite material can be obtained. Most of the chemical reactions during the carbonization of precursors are accompanied by the evolution of various gases—different hydrocarbons, carbon oxides, and H2 [35]. It is important to timely remove the pyrolytic gases from the stress-stacked PI films in the highly sealed furnace. The conversion from PI polymer film to graphite film is a typical process of solid phase carbonization. Its prominent characteristic is the similarity in morphology (and shape) of raw material and final product without experiencing a fusion process, which is different from that of liquid phase carbonization [36]. Therefore, selecting proper carbonaceous precursors (e.g. Kapton PI film) and appropriate heat treatment process (e.g., high temperature graphitization under a suitable pressure and duly degassing treatment) to control the growth, accumulation and orientation of graphite microcrystals inside the carbon materials as shown in Figure 16a [37], are essential for obtaining graphite films with high thermal conductivity.
(a) Marsh-Griffiths model of carbonization-graphitization process on a carbonaceous precursor [
As a result, the thermal conductivity of graphite films mainly depends on the nature of the polymer films and their capability of forming an ordered graphite structure through high-temperature heat treatment as diagramed in Figure 16b. There are three mainly important conditions for obtaining graphite films with high thermal conductivity as follows [2, 4, 7, 28]. Firstly, high carbon content in the large molecules and high carbon yield after carbonization treatment. Secondly, the quality of polymer films (e.g., the constituents and structure of aromatic molecules, high molecular planarity and suitable stiffness as well as molecular orientation degree through the role of biaxial stretching treatment, appropriate film thickness). Thirdly, heat treatment process control (e.g., heating treatment procedure, molding-press condition, non-carbon elements escape, and final graphitization temperature).
There is no denying that the PI-derived graphite films with high thermal conductivity after graphitization treatment have a certain degree of brittleness as shown in Figure 17a due to their high stiffness (modulus) and high crystallinity and crystalline orientation, which undoubtedly limits their wide applications. It is difficult to achieve high thermal conductivity and ideal mechanical properties for the graphite films (e.g., internally contradictory indices like high modulus (associating with thermal conductivity) and high flexibility are hardly satisfied simultaneously) except a few reports such as Refs [2, 11, 39, 40]. Nowadays, the modification by doping of PI precursor with graphene (and graphene oxide) and other precursors (e.g., polyacrylonitrile) is a good strategy to improve the flexibility of graphite films with high thermal conductivity [38, 41, 42, 43] as shown in Figure 17b. It is interesting to note that various striking cranes with good flexibility as shown in Figure 18 made with different raw materials by different methods and processes have been successfully prepared [2, 19, 38, 43].
Optical photographs of (a) highly-oriented PI-derived graphite thin sheet with improved manual handling [
Optical photographs of evolutional crane made of a PI film (a) and after carbonization (b) and graphitization (c) treatments showing good shape-retention and flexibility [
Recently, many new forms of PI-derived carbons (including carbon fibers, carbon foams, carbon aerogels and carbon blocks as shown in Figure 19, which are beyond graphite films) with a feature of high thermal conductivity have been fabricated [44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51]. This extensive and intensive research on PI polymer will expand its application areas. Especially, ultrathick graphene film with a high thickness up to 200 μm while retaining a high thermal conductivity of 1200 W/m K has been achieved [52], which will stimulate the preparation of ultrathick (e.g., millimeter-scale) PI-derived graphite films or large graphite blocks.
(a–e) SEM images of various PI-derived carbons with high thermal conductivity ((a) carbon nanofibers [
It is well accepted that graphene-based carbon films as thermal management materials can boost the heat-dissipation performance of film materials in the planar direction [21, 22, 23, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 53, 54]. Through new functional composite technologies (e.g., chemical interaction as shown in Figure 20a [53], and modification treatment through doping or hybridizing with other carbonaceous precursors (graphene, carbon nanotube, etc.) and non-carbon fillers such as BN) [53, 54, 55, 56], the thermal conductivity and mechanical flexibility of resultant graphite films can be both enhanced. Furthermore, in the through-plane direction, a superhigh thermal conductivity up to 150 W/m K can be obtained by novel structure design as shown in Figure 20b [54]. This affords carbon materials with a feature of three-dimensional high thermal conductivity (it is beyond the traditional graphite materials with high thermal conductivity only in the planar direction [32]), which will further promote the wide practical applications of carbon materials in thermal management [22, 23, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59].
(a) A diagram of preparing composite films through the covalent bonding between graphene oxide and PI [
In a lab-scale study, the Kapton PI-derived graphite films (with a thickness of 50 μm for raw film) show a three-dimensional ordered structure consisting of graphene layers with highly preferred orientation and prefect graphite crystals after graphitization at 3000°C. Their electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity at room temperature in the planar direction are 0.48 μΩ m and ~ 1000 W/m K, respectively. The nature of PI precursor (the molecular structure, planar molecular orientation and film thickness, etc.) and preparation technics (e.g., heat-treatment temperature and molding pressure) have a critical influence on the final conduction performance of graphite films.
In the early time, limited by preparation technology, the thickness of PI-derived graphite films were mainly 20–50 μm, and their thermal conductivity in the planar direction was mostly 300–1000 W/m K. With the continuous improvement of production technology, high-thermal-conductivity graphite film products become more abundant, and some are even industrialized. The 10 μm-thin graphite films can approach a high thermal conductivity of 1900 W/m K. Currently, the thickest product (derived from graphene) is about 200 μm, and its thermal conductivity could reach about 1200 W/m K. However, there is still no breakthrough in the preparation of millimeter-thick graphite films and PI-derived graphite blocks with large sizes. In the future, as the application range widens, the market demand for high-thermal-conductivity graphite films will be more diversified, and the diverse products will also be developed in the direction of wider thickness and higher thermal conductivity.
The emerging modification treatment and composite technology provide a promising strategy not only to improve the comprehensive performance (e.g., high thermal conductivity and good mechanical flexibility) of PI-derived graphite films but also to prepare a variety of new forms of PI-derived carbon materials with high thermal conductivity. Furthermore, polymer-derived carbon materials with a significant feature of three-dimensional high thermal conductivity can be achieved by novel structure design.
At present, high-thermal-conductivity graphite films have been widely used in smart phones, successfully solving the heat dissipation problem of various electronic products. In the near future, with the development of miniaturization and thinning of electronics, high-thermal-conductivity graphite films and other carbon composites with good flexibility will be promisingly used in the field of thermal management as next-generation heat-dissipation components for highly integrated microelectronics, 5 G wireless communication, and high-power smart devices.
We acknowledge support of the publication fee by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52072275).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
In our mission to support the dissemination of knowledge, we travel throughout the world to present our publications and support our Authors and Academic Editors. We attend international symposia, conferences, workshops and book fairs as well as business meetings with science, academic and publishing professionals. Take a look at the current events.
",metaTitle:"IntechOpen events",metaDescription:"In our mission to support the dissemination of knowledge, we travel worldwide to present our publications, authors and editors at international symposia, conferences, and workshops, as well as attend business meetings with science, academia and publishing professionals. We are always happy to host our scientists in our office to discuss further collaborations. Take a look at where we’ve been, who we’ve met and where we’re going.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/events",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"May 18, 2022 | 1:00 PM - 2:00 PM CEST
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n
03 - 12 June 2022
\\n\\nPutra World Trade Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
\\n\\nIntechOpen Represented by BOOKS INTERNATIONAL (M) SDN BHD
\\n\\n\\n\\n
24 - 27 August 2022, Beijing, China
\\n\\nIntechOpen Represented by China Publishers Services (CPS)
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n
19 - 23 October 2022, Frankfurt, Germany
\\n\\n\\n\\n
Guadalajara International Book Fair
\\n\\n26 November - 04 December 2022, Guadalajara, Mexico
\\n\\nIntechOpen Represented by LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones SA de CV
\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
May 18, 2022 | 1:00 PM - 2:00 PM CEST
\n\n\n\n\n\n
03 - 12 June 2022
\n\nPutra World Trade Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
\n\nIntechOpen Represented by BOOKS INTERNATIONAL (M) SDN BHD
\n\n\n\n
24 - 27 August 2022, Beijing, China
\n\nIntechOpen Represented by China Publishers Services (CPS)
\n\n\n\n\n\n
19 - 23 October 2022, Frankfurt, Germany
\n\n\n\n
Guadalajara International Book Fair
\n\n26 November - 04 December 2022, Guadalajara, Mexico
\n\nIntechOpen Represented by LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones SA de CV
\n\n\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6669},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2458},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12710},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1016},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17715}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"17"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11464",title:"Carbon Nanotubes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Potential Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ce526ec78ed00c4f5f08ffb4548ff388",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Dr. Abdullah Mohammed Ahmed Asiri and Prof. Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11464.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11754",title:"Nanozymes - Simulation, Design, and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7d040dd70e3021d1c7da668be1263616",slug:null,bookSignature:"D.Sc. Rafael Vargas-Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11754.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"182114",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Vargas-Bernal",slug:"rafael-vargas-bernal",fullName:"Rafael Vargas-Bernal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11755",title:"Nanoclay - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b716126dd284217d47a657db8ae22ef4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Walid Oueslati",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11755.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"176192",title:"Dr.",name:"Walid",surname:"Oueslati",slug:"walid-oueslati",fullName:"Walid Oueslati"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11756",title:"Quantum Dots - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Contemporary Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0dd5611c62c91569bd2819e68852002a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jagannathan Thirumalai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11756.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"99242",title:"Prof.",name:"Jagannathan",surname:"Thirumalai",slug:"jagannathan-thirumalai",fullName:"Jagannathan Thirumalai"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11757",title:"Nanorods - Synthesis, Properties, Toxicity and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fb27f444442e8f039b560beae93e6873",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Tejendra Kumar Gupta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11757.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"345089",title:"Prof.",name:"Tejendra Kumar",surname:"Gupta",slug:"tejendra-kumar-gupta",fullName:"Tejendra Kumar Gupta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12259",title:"Nanopores",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f170098e663d39a3431be01f1afeece8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Suresh Sagadevan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12259.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"473599",title:"Dr.",name:"Suresh",surname:"Sagadevan",slug:"suresh-sagadevan",fullName:"Suresh Sagadevan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:120},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:6},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4420},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1286",title:"Biomechanics",slug:"biomechanics",parent:{id:"255",title:"Kinematics",slug:"kinematics"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:32,numberOfWosCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitations:19,numberOfDimensionsCitations:23,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1286",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6135",title:"Kinematics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"64adad9c40c91ce89d9056f769b6cf52",slug:"kinematics",bookSignature:"Efren Gorrostieta Hurtado",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6135.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38850",title:"Dr.",name:"Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Gorrostieta Hurtado",slug:"efren-gorrostieta-hurtado",fullName:"Efren Gorrostieta Hurtado"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"57610",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71417",title:"Forward and Inverse Kinematics Using Pseudoinverse and Transposition Method for Robotic Arm DOBOT",slug:"forward-and-inverse-kinematics-using-pseudoinverse-and-transposition-method-for-robotic-arm-dobot",totalDownloads:2282,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Kinematic structure of the DOBOT manipulator is presented in this chapter. Joint coordinates and end-effector coordinates of the manipulator are functions of independent coordinates, i.e., joint parameters. This chapter explained forward kinematics task and issue of inverse kinematics task on the structure of the DOBOT manipulator. Linearization of forward kinematic equations is made with usage of Taylor Series for multiple variables. The inversion of Jacobian matrix was used for numerical solution of the inverse kinematics task. The chapter contains analytical equations, which are solution of inverse kinematics task. It should be noted that the analytical solution exists only for simple kinematic structures, for example DOBOT manipulator structure. Subsequently, simulation of the inverse kinematics of the above-mentioned kinematic structure was performed in the Matlab Simulink environment using the SimMechanics toolbox.",book:{id:"6135",slug:"kinematics",title:"Kinematics",fullTitle:"Kinematics"},signatures:"Ondrej Hock and Jozef Šedo",authors:[{id:"208453",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Ondrej",middleName:null,surname:"Hock",slug:"ondrej-hock",fullName:"Ondrej Hock"},{id:"209566",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Jozef",middleName:null,surname:"Šedo",slug:"jozef-sedo",fullName:"Jozef Šedo"}]},{id:"57605",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71409",title:"Optimization Approach for Inverse Kinematic Solution",slug:"optimization-approach-for-inverse-kinematic-solution",totalDownloads:1701,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Inverse kinematics of serial or parallel manipulators can be computed from given Cartesian position and orientation of end effector and reverse of this would yield forward kinematics. Which is nothing but finding out end effector coordinates and angles from given joint angles. Forward kinematics of serial manipulators gives exact solution while inverse kinematics yields number of solutions. The complexity of inverse kinematic solution arises with the increment of degrees of freedom. Therefore it would be desired to adopt optimization techniques. Although the optimization techniques gives number of solution for inverse kinematics problem but it converses the best solution for the minimum function value. The selection of suitable optimization method will provides the global optimization solution, therefore, in this paper proposes quaternion derivation for 5R manipulator inverse kinematic solution which is later compared with teachers learner based optimization (TLBO) and genetic algorithm (GA) for the optimum convergence rate of inverse kinematic solution. An investigation has been made on the accuracies of adopted techniques and total computational time for inverse kinematic evaluations. It is found that TLBO is performing better as compared GA on the basis of fitness function and quaternion algebra gives better computational cost.",book:{id:"6135",slug:"kinematics",title:"Kinematics",fullTitle:"Kinematics"},signatures:"Panchanand Jha and Bibhuti Bhusan Biswal",authors:[{id:"209316",title:"Dr.",name:"Panchanand",middleName:null,surname:"Jha",slug:"panchanand-jha",fullName:"Panchanand Jha"},{id:"209681",title:"Dr.",name:"Bibhuti Bhusan",middleName:null,surname:"Biswal",slug:"bibhuti-bhusan-biswal",fullName:"Bibhuti Bhusan Biswal"}]},{id:"57452",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71406",title:"Kinematic Performance Measures and Optimization of Parallel Kinematics Manipulators: A Brief Review",slug:"kinematic-performance-measures-and-optimization-of-parallel-kinematics-manipulators-a-brief-review",totalDownloads:1622,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"This chapter covers a number of kinematic performance indices that are instrumental in designing parallel kinematics manipulators. These indices can be used selectively based on manipulator requirements and functionality. This would provide the very practical tool for designers to approach their needs in a very comprehensive fashion. Nevertheless, most applications require a more composite set of requirements that makes optimizing performance more challenging. The later part of this chapter will discuss single-objective and multi-objectives optimization that could handle certain performance indices or a combination of them. A brief description of most common techniques in the literature will be provided.",book:{id:"6135",slug:"kinematics",title:"Kinematics",fullTitle:"Kinematics"},signatures:"Abdur Rosyid, Bashar El-Khasawneh and Anas Alazzam",authors:[{id:"209597",title:"Dr.",name:"Bashar",middleName:null,surname:"El-Khasawneh",slug:"bashar-el-khasawneh",fullName:"Bashar El-Khasawneh"},{id:"217882",title:"Mr.",name:"Abdur",middleName:null,surname:"Rosyid",slug:"abdur-rosyid",fullName:"Abdur Rosyid"},{id:"217884",title:"Dr.",name:"Anas",middleName:null,surname:"Alazzam",slug:"anas-alazzam",fullName:"Anas Alazzam"}]},{id:"57479",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71444",title:"A New Methodology for Kinematic Parameter Identification in Laser Trackers",slug:"a-new-methodology-for-kinematic-parameter-identification-in-laser-trackers",totalDownloads:1251,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in measurement systems such as laser trackers (LT) for the verification of large-scale parts in the aeronautic, spatial or naval sectors because of their advantages in terms of portability, flexibility, high speed in data acquisition, accuracy, and reliability. These systems present systematic errors caused by geometrical misalignments, environmental conditions, mechanical wear and tear and other unpredictable variables. Different standards such as the ASME B89.4.19 and the VDI 2617-10 suggest tests to calculate the geometric errors of the LT. In this work, we present an alternative calibration method based on a new errors model. The LT can be considered as an open kinematic chain, so it is possible to shape a kinematic model of the LT. Once the kinematic model has been set, the error model is defined. The model has been validated with synthetic data. Then, experimental tests based on the measurement of a mesh of reflectors placed at suitable places for different locations of the LT have been performed to ensure the reliability of the method proposed. A sensitivity analysis shows the best experimental setup to perform a calibration test. The calibration results have been validated with nominal data.",book:{id:"6135",slug:"kinematics",title:"Kinematics",fullTitle:"Kinematics"},signatures:"Ana Cristina Majarena, Javier Conte, Jorge Santolaria and Raquel\nAcero",authors:[{id:"5350",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Santolaria",slug:"jorge-santolaria",fullName:"Jorge Santolaria"},{id:"153147",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Majarena Bello",slug:"ana-cristina-majarena-bello",fullName:"Ana Cristina Majarena Bello"},{id:"209623",title:"Mr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Conte",slug:"javier-conte",fullName:"Javier Conte"},{id:"209624",title:"Dr.",name:"Raquel",middleName:null,surname:"Acero",slug:"raquel-acero",fullName:"Raquel Acero"}]},{id:"57491",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71407",title:"How to Expand the Workspace of Parallel Robots",slug:"how-to-expand-the-workspace-of-parallel-robots",totalDownloads:1399,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In this chapter, methods for expanding the workspace of parallel robots are introduced. Firstly, methods for expanding the translational workspace of the parallel robot are discussed. The parallel robot has multiple solutions of the inverse and forward displacement analysis. By changing its configurations from one solution to another, the parallel robot can expand its translational workspace. However, conventional nonredundant parallel robot encounters singularity during the mode change. Singularity-free mode changes of the parallel robot by redundant actuation are introduced. Next, methods for expanding the rotational workspace of the parallel robot are shown. In order to achieve the large rotation, some mechanical gimmicks by gears, pulleys, and helical joints have been embedded in the moving part. A novel differential screw-nut mechanism for expanding the rotational workspace of the parallel robot is introduced.",book:{id:"6135",slug:"kinematics",title:"Kinematics",fullTitle:"Kinematics"},signatures:"Takashi Harada",authors:[{id:"57026",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Harada",slug:"takashi-harada",fullName:"Takashi Harada"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"57435",title:"Kinematic Model for Project Scheduling with Constrained Resources Under Uncertainties",slug:"kinematic-model-for-project-scheduling-with-constrained-resources-under-uncertainties",totalDownloads:1192,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Project management practitioners and researchers recognize that the project scheduling efforts are made based on information with many uncertainties and in an environment with constrained resources. This chapter presents the kinematic model named as Coupled Estimate Technique for project scheduling with constrained resources under uncertainties. The Coupled Estimate Technique provides tools of analytical analysis, given that the modelled duration depends on the planned duration and on the resource variability (aleatory uncertainty), as well as the modelled resource depends on the planned resource and on the duration variability (aleatory uncertainty), and also provides tools of graphical analysis, given that the durations and resources of activities, work packages or phases of the project are represented in the bidimensional graphics. In developing the mathematical formulation of the Coupled Estimate Technique, the project precedence diagram was considered as a kinematic chain of robotic manipulators, which may be in chain configuration open (serial), closed (parallel) and/or hybrid. This chapter describes the resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP) under uncertainties, identifies the limitations and opportunities in the previous work on planning under uncertainties and presents the fundamentals and method of the kinematic model for project scheduling with constrained resources under uncertainties along with a short example of implementation.",book:{id:"6135",slug:"kinematics",title:"Kinematics",fullTitle:"Kinematics"},signatures:"Giuliani Paulineli Garbi and Francisco José Grandinetti",authors:[{id:"208870",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuliani",middleName:null,surname:"Garbi",slug:"giuliani-garbi",fullName:"Giuliani Garbi"},{id:"221823",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco José",middleName:null,surname:"Grandinett",slug:"francisco-jose-grandinett",fullName:"Francisco José Grandinett"}]},{id:"57578",title:"Kinematic and Biodynamic Model of the Long Jump Technique",slug:"kinematic-and-biodynamic-model-of-the-long-jump-technique",totalDownloads:1970,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The main aim of the study was to determine the kinematic model for long jump and define the kinematic and dynamic parameters of an elite long jumper’s technique. The theoretical model was based on real data where the jumper was defined with a joint mass point. In view of certain previous similar studies, our study identified kinematic and dynamic parameters directly without using the inverse mechanics method. The analysis was made on two jumps of the top level athlete G.C., who won the bronze medallion in long jump at the World Championships in Seville. The kinematic parameters of the take-off, flight and landing were measured with a 3-D video ARIEL system (Ariel Dynamics Inc., USA). The dynamic characteristics of take-off in the X, Y and Z axes were registered with a force-platform (KISTLER-9287), which was installed immediately prior the take-off board. The take-off efficiency was defined best by the following parameters: horizontal velocity, VXTO—8.10 m s−1; vertical velocity, VYTO—3.90 m s−1; angle of projection, PATO—24.1°; duration of compression phase, TDMKF—84 ms, duration of lift phase, MKFTO—43 ms and maximal force in Y-vertical axis, FYMAX—5132 N. An important factor of a rational technique of long jump is also the landing, which is defined by the landing distance and fall-back distance. The efficiency of the landing depended on the landing distance L3—0.63 m and fall-back distance LFB, which amounted to 0.15 m.",book:{id:"6135",slug:"kinematics",title:"Kinematics",fullTitle:"Kinematics"},signatures:"Milan Čoh, Milan Žvan and Otmar Kugovnik",authors:[{id:"208530",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Milan",middleName:null,surname:"Čoh",slug:"milan-coh",fullName:"Milan Čoh"}]},{id:"57610",title:"Forward and Inverse Kinematics Using Pseudoinverse and Transposition Method for Robotic Arm DOBOT",slug:"forward-and-inverse-kinematics-using-pseudoinverse-and-transposition-method-for-robotic-arm-dobot",totalDownloads:2282,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Kinematic structure of the DOBOT manipulator is presented in this chapter. Joint coordinates and end-effector coordinates of the manipulator are functions of independent coordinates, i.e., joint parameters. This chapter explained forward kinematics task and issue of inverse kinematics task on the structure of the DOBOT manipulator. Linearization of forward kinematic equations is made with usage of Taylor Series for multiple variables. The inversion of Jacobian matrix was used for numerical solution of the inverse kinematics task. The chapter contains analytical equations, which are solution of inverse kinematics task. It should be noted that the analytical solution exists only for simple kinematic structures, for example DOBOT manipulator structure. Subsequently, simulation of the inverse kinematics of the above-mentioned kinematic structure was performed in the Matlab Simulink environment using the SimMechanics toolbox.",book:{id:"6135",slug:"kinematics",title:"Kinematics",fullTitle:"Kinematics"},signatures:"Ondrej Hock and Jozef Šedo",authors:[{id:"208453",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Ondrej",middleName:null,surname:"Hock",slug:"ondrej-hock",fullName:"Ondrej Hock"},{id:"209566",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Jozef",middleName:null,surname:"Šedo",slug:"jozef-sedo",fullName:"Jozef Šedo"}]},{id:"57605",title:"Optimization Approach for Inverse Kinematic Solution",slug:"optimization-approach-for-inverse-kinematic-solution",totalDownloads:1701,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Inverse kinematics of serial or parallel manipulators can be computed from given Cartesian position and orientation of end effector and reverse of this would yield forward kinematics. Which is nothing but finding out end effector coordinates and angles from given joint angles. Forward kinematics of serial manipulators gives exact solution while inverse kinematics yields number of solutions. The complexity of inverse kinematic solution arises with the increment of degrees of freedom. Therefore it would be desired to adopt optimization techniques. Although the optimization techniques gives number of solution for inverse kinematics problem but it converses the best solution for the minimum function value. The selection of suitable optimization method will provides the global optimization solution, therefore, in this paper proposes quaternion derivation for 5R manipulator inverse kinematic solution which is later compared with teachers learner based optimization (TLBO) and genetic algorithm (GA) for the optimum convergence rate of inverse kinematic solution. An investigation has been made on the accuracies of adopted techniques and total computational time for inverse kinematic evaluations. It is found that TLBO is performing better as compared GA on the basis of fitness function and quaternion algebra gives better computational cost.",book:{id:"6135",slug:"kinematics",title:"Kinematics",fullTitle:"Kinematics"},signatures:"Panchanand Jha and Bibhuti Bhusan Biswal",authors:[{id:"209316",title:"Dr.",name:"Panchanand",middleName:null,surname:"Jha",slug:"panchanand-jha",fullName:"Panchanand Jha"},{id:"209681",title:"Dr.",name:"Bibhuti Bhusan",middleName:null,surname:"Biswal",slug:"bibhuti-bhusan-biswal",fullName:"Bibhuti Bhusan Biswal"}]},{id:"57413",title:"Optimization of Single-Sided Lapping Kinematics Based on Statistical Analysis of Abrasive Particles Trajectories",slug:"optimization-of-single-sided-lapping-kinematics-based-on-statistical-analysis-of-abrasive-particles-",totalDownloads:1401,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The chapter presents the influence of selected kinematic parameters on the geometrical results of the single-sided lapping process. The optimization of these parameters is aimed at improving the quality and flatness of the machined surfaces. The uniformity of tool wear was assumed as main optimization criterion. Lapping plate wear model was created and in detail was analyzed. A Matlab program was designed to simulate the abrasive particles trajectories and to count their distribution. In addition, the influence of additional guiding movements of the conditioning ring has been verified and the idea of a flexible single-sided lapping system assisted with a robot, which ensures the optimal constant wear over the diameter was presented.",book:{id:"6135",slug:"kinematics",title:"Kinematics",fullTitle:"Kinematics"},signatures:"Adam Barylski and Norbert Piotrowski",authors:[{id:"208566",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Norbert",middleName:null,surname:"Piotrowski",slug:"norbert-piotrowski",fullName:"Norbert Piotrowski"},{id:"209144",title:"Prof.",name:"Adam",middleName:null,surname:"Barylski",slug:"adam-barylski",fullName:"Adam Barylski"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1286",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tEducation and Human Development is an interdisciplinary research area that aims to shed light on topics related to both learning and development. This Series is intended for researchers, practitioners, and students who are interested in understanding more about these fields and their applications.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/23.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"280770",title:"Dr.",name:"Katherine K.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Stavropoulos",slug:"katherine-k.m.-stavropoulos",fullName:"Katherine K.M. Stavropoulos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRdFuQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-24T09:03:48.jpg",biography:"Katherine Stavropoulos received her BA in Psychology from Trinity College, in Connecticut, USA. Dr. Stavropoulos received her Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from the University of California, San Diego. She completed her postdoctoral work at the Yale Child Study Center with Dr. James McPartland. Dr. Stavropoulos’ doctoral dissertation explored neural correlates of reward anticipation to social versus nonsocial stimuli in children with and without autism spectrum disorders (ASD). She has been a faculty member at the University of California, Riverside in the School of Education since 2016. Her research focuses on translational studies to explore the reward system in ASD, as well as how anxiety contributes to social challenges in ASD. She also investigates how behavioral interventions affect neural activity, behavior, and school performance in children with ASD. She is also involved in the diagnosis of children with ASD and is a licensed clinical psychologist in California. She is the Assistant Director of the SEARCH Center at UCR and is a Faculty member in the Graduate Program in Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of California, Riverside",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"89",title:"Education",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/89.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:{id:"260066",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michail",middleName:null,surname:"Kalogiannakis",slug:"michail-kalogiannakis",fullName:"Michail Kalogiannakis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260066/images/system/260066.jpg",biography:"Michail Kalogiannakis is an Associate Professor of the Department of Preschool Education, University of Crete, and an Associate Tutor at School of Humanities at the Hellenic Open University. He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. He has published over 120 articles in international conferences and journals and has served on the program committees of numerous international conferences.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:{id:"422488",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ampartzaki",slug:"maria-ampartzaki",fullName:"Maria Ampartzaki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/422488/images/system/422488.jpg",biography:"Dr Maria Ampartzaki is an Assistant Professor in Early Childhood Education in the Department of Preschool Education at the University of Crete. Her research interests include ICT in education, science education in the early years, inquiry-based and art-based learning, teachers’ professional development, action research, and the Pedagogy of Multiliteracies, among others. She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. She also has the experience of participating in five Erasmus+ projects.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"90",title:"Human Development",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. Ben-Soussan leads international studies on training and neuroplasticity from neurophysiological and psychobiological perspectives. As a neuroscientist and bio-psychologist, she has published numerous articles on neuroplasticity, movement and meditation. She acts as an editor and reviewer in several renowned journals and coordinates international conferences integrating theoretical, methodological and practical approaches on various topics, such as silence, logics and neuro-education. She lives in Assisi, Italy.",institutionString:"Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"82394",title:"Learning by Doing Active Social Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105523",signatures:"Anat Raviv",slug:"learning-by-doing-active-social-learning",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82310",title:"Knowledge of Intergenerational Contact to Combat Ageism towards Older People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105592",signatures:"Alice Nga Lai Kwong",slug:"knowledge-of-intergenerational-contact-to-combat-ageism-towards-older-people",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"81993",title:"Emergent Chemistry: Using Visualizations to Develop Abstract Thinking and a Sense of Scale Within the Preschool Setting",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105216",signatures:"Karina Adbo",slug:"emergent-chemistry-using-visualizations-to-develop-abstract-thinking-and-a-sense-of-scale-within-the",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82252",title:"Early Childhood: Enriched Environments and Roles of Caring Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105157",signatures:"Analía Mignaton",slug:"early-childhood-enriched-environments-and-roles-of-caring-adults",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"11669",title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",hash:"9117bd12dc904ced43404e3383b6591a",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 3rd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"415310",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Erik",surname:"Froyen",slug:"erik-froyen",fullName:"Erik Froyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11672",title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",hash:"c00855833476a514d37abf7c846e16e9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 6th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"14794",title:"Prof.",name:"Murat",surname:"Şentürk",slug:"murat-senturk",fullName:"Murat Şentürk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11674",title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",hash:"5d7d49bd80f53dad3761f78de4a862c6",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 6th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"238047",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaia",surname:"Favero",slug:"gaia-favero",fullName:"Gaia Favero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11670",title:"Chitin-Chitosan - Isolation, Properties, and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11670.jpg",hash:"69f009be08998711eecfb200adc7deca",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 26th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"176093",title:"Dr.",name:"Brajesh",surname:"Kumar",slug:"brajesh-kumar",fullName:"Brajesh Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12215",title:"Cell Death and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12215.jpg",hash:"dfd456a29478fccf4ebd3294137eb1e3",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 24th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11673",title:"Stem Cell Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11673.jpg",hash:"13092df328080c762dd9157be18ca38c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:28,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",slug:"thresholding-image-techniques-for-plant-segmentation",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81471",title:"Semantic Map: Bringing Together Groups and Discourses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103818",signatures:"Theodore Chadjipadelis and Georgia Panagiotidou",slug:"semantic-map-bringing-together-groups-and-discourses",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79491",title:"Fuzzy Perceptron Learning for Non-Linearly Separable Patterns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101312",signatures:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",slug:"fuzzy-perceptron-learning-for-non-linearly-separable-patterns",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Raja Kishor",surname:"Duggirala"}],book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81234",title:"Cognitive Visual Tracking of Hand Gestures in Real-Time RGB Videos",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103170",signatures:"Richa Golash and Yogendra Kumar Jain",slug:"cognitive-visual-tracking-of-hand-gestures-in-real-time-rgb-videos",totalDownloads:39,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81331",title:"Machine Learning Algorithm-Based Contraceptive Practice among Ever-Married Women in Bangladesh: A Hierarchical Machine Learning Classification Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103187",signatures:"Iqramul Haq, Md. Ismail Hossain, Md. Moshiur Rahman, Md. Injamul Haq Methun, Ashis Talukder, Md. Jakaria Habib and Md. Sanwar Hossain",slug:"machine-learning-algorithm-based-contraceptive-practice-among-ever-married-women-in-bangladesh-a-hie",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Computer Vision",value:24,count:8,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Business and Management",value:86,count:1}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"94",type:"subseries",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",keywords:"Environmental protection, Socio-economic development, Resource exploitation, Environmental degradation, Climate change, Degraded ecosystems, Biodiversity loss",scope:"\r\n\tSustainable development focuses on linking economic development with environmental protection and social development to ensure future prosperity for people and the planet. To tackle global challenges of development and environment, the United Nations General Assembly in 2015 adopted the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. SDGs emphasize that environmental sustainability should be strongly linked to socio-economic development, which should be decoupled from escalating resource use and environmental degradation for the purpose of reducing environmental stress, enhancing human welfare, and improving regional equity. Moreover, sustainable development seeks a balance between human development and decrease in ecological/environmental marginal benefits. Under the increasing stress of climate change, many environmental problems have emerged causing severe impacts at both global and local scales, driving ecosystem service reduction and biodiversity loss. Humanity’s relationship with resource exploitation and environment protection is a major global concern, as new threats to human and environmental security emerge in the Anthropocene. Currently, the world is facing significant challenges in environmental sustainability to protect global environments and to restore degraded ecosystems, while maintaining human development with regional equality. Thus, environmental sustainability with healthy natural ecosystems is critical to maintaining human prosperity in our warming planet.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11978,editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null},editorialBoard:null},onlineFirstChapters:{},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",slug:"advanced-studies-in-the-21st-century-animal-nutrition",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"László Babinszky, Juliana Oliveira and Edson Mauro Santos",hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 28th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/37424",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"37424"},fullPath:"/chapters/37424",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()