Total area and production of main fruit crops in Ladakh during 2018–2019.
\r\n\tWithin this scenario, special attention needs to be devoted to financial implications, due to their pervasiveness. Nobody would question the key role that finance plays to complement the real sphere of the economy and that has increasingly attracted both academics and practitioners. As a result, traditional pillars – such as financial markets, products, and institutions – have evolved significantly, with financial innovation fueling further progress over time. The global side of the coin features – among others – financially connected markets, international financial exchanges, and financial conglomerates that provide valuable opportunities in terms of international corporate finance. On the other side, recent advances have involved a wider recourse to ESG factors, allowed forward steps towards a more inclusive financial system, and have made digital finance a must, rather than an option, even though much remains to be accomplished, for instance, to facilitate access to formal financial channels in many underdeveloped regions.
\r\n\r\n\t
\r\n\tThis book aims to examine emerging trends, new perspectives, and empirical applications that deal with globalization and sustainability. The goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of these important concepts as valuable support to successfully meet the challenges and take on the opportunities ahead. At the same time, drawing upon empirical evidence can contribute to bridging the gap between theory and practice, which also fits within the scope of this book.
In India, apple (
The new Union territory of Ladakh produces annually 3241 metric tonnes of apples from an area of 598 hectares [5]. The dominating fruit crop of Ladakh is apricot grown over an area of 2127 hectares with an annual production of 12686 metric tonnes (Table 1). Other important fruit crops (pear, plum, cherry, grapes, and walnut) are grown in areas of 243 ha with an annual production of 319 metric tonnes. The area and production of these fruit crops are detailed in the pie chart (Figures 1 and 2). After calculating the area and production of Ladakh under fruit crops, the total fruit crops are grown in an area of 2968 ha with an annual production of 16246 metric tonnes, as reported by the National Horticulture Board of India. In India, the codling moth is found only in Ladakh [6, 7] and, other parts of India are free from this pest. Therefore, the attack of this single pest restricts the movement or transportation of all fresh fruit from Ladakh to other states of India. The monetary losses incurred on the ban on all fresh fruits from Ladakh could be roughly estimated as more than 10,000 Cr INR annually after calculating the prices of these fruit crops in national and international markets by multiplying the huge production of 16246 metric tonnes of fruit crops produced annually [8, 9].
Ladakh | Area (ha) | Production (MT) |
---|---|---|
Apple | 598 | 3241 |
Apricot | 2127 | 12686 |
Other Fruits | 243 | 319 |
Total Production | 2968 | 16246 |
Total area and production of main fruit crops in Ladakh during 2018–2019.
Detailed production of other fruit crops in Ladakh 2018–2019.
Detailed area of other fruit crops in Ladakh 2018–2019.
The extent of fruit damage on apples and apricots in Ladakh, caused by the codling moth, is so high that it can enter easily into any neighboring states. Therefore, the Government of India prohibited the export of all fresh fruits from Ladakh within or outside the state under the Law” Destructive Insect Pest Act 1914 (II) before splitting the Jammu and Kashmir state into two union territories. This ban has been strictly imposed by the enforcement agencies to prevent its entry into the neighboring states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttrakhand, and other apple growing areas of India. Such ban on all fresh fruits have prevented also its entry to other parts of the Indian union till to this date. Therefore the ban on the export of all fresh fruits from Ladakh is a good rationale.
The codling moth,
The level of fruit damage (%) in surveyed orchards of Kargil during 2018–2019.
The codling moth adults are grayish-brown in color, one inch long, and bear coppery wings that have copper colouration at the tip region. The adult females lay eggs on fruits and leaf surfaces. From the hatched eggs, newly emerged larvae are white with blackheads, while the late instars larvae are light pink in color with blackheads. Codling moth larvae enter the apple fruit at the calyx end and directly bore into the fruit (Figure 3(A)) Later on, these larvae feed on fruit pulp and seeds. The fully-grown larvae move out from the apple fruits for pupation. During winter, larvae overwinter under loose or dead bark of apple trees (Figure 3(B)). Larvae overwinter in winter, pupates in spring, and emerge as adults from mid-May to mid-June in Ladakh [17]. Adult (egg to adult) emergence synchronized often with the peanut stage of the apple fruit as both the phenological stages of plant and insects require certain amounts of heat requirements [18, 19, 20]. Being a direct pest, larvae bore directly inside the fruits, but the early fruit damage is responsible for fruit fall and fruit injury. Larvae inside the fruit feed on the seeds and create exit holes and waste material is pushed out. Sometimes, the waste material remains associated with or inside the fruit that causes fruit rotting.
(A) Overwintering larvae exposed on loose bark, (B) bored fruits by codling moth, (C) pheromone dispenser inserted on apple branch, (D) trap catch of codling moth.
The boring habit of the larvae inside the fruits is not fit for consumption and is disliked by consumers and discarded for marketing purposes. Therefore, the economic thresh hold level (ETL) for this pest is very low. The codling moth is a quarantine pest and is of great importance concerning its quarantine requirement for trade purposes. To export apple fruits to any part of the world, stringent phytosanitary and other quarantine measures are warranted for exporting from reporting countries (presence of codling moth) to non-reporting (absence of codling Moth) countries. Sometimes trade is declined due to incursion of this pest where it has not been reported.
Insecticides are considered as entomological weapons against a wide group of insect pests. The insecticides are cheaper, wide spectrum, hazardous to consumers, and responsible for the quick kill to both codling moth and its natural enemies [21, 22]. The application of insecticides on fruit orchards lead to poisoning of the environment, eliminating the non-target organisms, insecticidal resistance, resurgence and secondary pest outbreaks [21, 22]. Indiscriminate application of insecticides, like organophosphates and carbamates against codling moth, has to lead to insecticidal resistance, death of natural enemies [21, 23]. Insects release specific chemical odors to attract their partners known as sex pheromones. Besides, pheromones are naturally produced, environmentally acceptable, species-specific chemical compounds and are considered a good choice for pest management [24, 25]
Pheromones are considered as the essential components for monitoring, mass trapping, mating disruption, attract and kill and also combined with other non-chemical strategies for the management of codling moth using pheromone technology. Pheromone disruption technology employs different application methods (Puffers, metered backpack sprayers, caulking guns, dosing guns, aircraft, rings, and SPLAT) to disrupt mating of codling moth [26, 27, 28, 29] in various countries. Pheromone for the codling moth was identified as (E, E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol [30]. The other minor compounds as (E, Z)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, and 1-tetradecanol) increase the efficacy and also the behavior of the codling moth [31]. These chemicals have now been synthesized and used for lure making and monitoring the adult population of the codling moth. Pheromone dispensers have been widely used for the management of codling moth across the world [32, 33]. The estimated area in hectares (77,000) for North America, 38,000 for European Union, 19,000 for South Africa and 28,000 for Argentina, Chile, Australia, New Zealand, and Israel), employed for mating disruption for codling moth [27, 34]
Pheromone-driven technology is an important method for the management of the codling moth [27, 35]. The learning of sex communication in insects, mostly through chemicals has been utilized for the management of the codling moth [27] and other insects [36, 37]. Using the mating disruption technique, species-specific chemicals are released in greater quantities in the environment to disrupt mating [38, 39, 40] of the target pest. Pheromone dispenser technology has been demonstrated in more than 7000 hectares in the world [27], and is more powerful than male annihilation technique and mass trapping [17, 38]. Male annihilation technique (MAT) is an insect control method to reduce the male population using sext attractants or sex pheromones from a large area to disrupt sexual communication. Mass trapping is an acceptable method, when both male and female partners are trapped from a large area using both sex pheromones and plant volatiles and mostly adopted for eradication programmes. To our knowledge, SKUAST-K is the only university to fabricate and prepare the lures for codling moth and other insect pests in India. In addition, pheromone dispensers has not been registered against any insect pests in India to cut down the pesticide usage, safe environment, reduce health hazards, pollution in the environment and shall be helpful for the management of various insect pests on apple or other crops. The various management options already available in making integrated pest management programme safer and sustainable for our future generations has been fully documented through the use of mating dispenser technology for the codling moth in all developed countries [27, 39].
Pruning and training are not practiced in Ladakh and emphasis should be given to pruning and training in apple orchards. Such practices do not allow the insecticidal spray to provide the best coverage on the fruit and the whole plant canopy. Moths, larvae, and eggs are less likely to come into contact with poisoned fruit surfaces. The unpruned plants are not managed properly to perform various orchard management operations. Such practices are responsible for bushy and alternate fruit bearing plants, and poor harvest. Due to no fruit thinning, the fruits that developed are small in size and poor in quality and quantity. Being, an arid climate, no fungal diseases have been reported on apple orchards as fungal diseases perpetuate and perform well in humid climatic conditions. In both the districts of Ladakh, the plants are kept untrained and the heights of these plants are so high and are very difficult for the power-driven motor sprayers to cover the whole plant. The scarcity of skilled pruners is being felt in Ladakh and efforts should be made to introduce the course certification for training and pruning, leading to employment benefits to local populations.
Very few commercial apple orchards were observed during our surveys in Ladakh. Besides, more than 90% of apple trees are grown as backyard orchards, and very difficult to use the insecticidal application. Under the canopy of backyard orchards of apple, different types of vegetables and fruit crops are being cultivated. It is very difficult and tricky to use insecticides under such circumstances. The reason for raising mixed farming is due to the scarcity and non-availability of water in cold arid climates. The plant to plant and row to row distance between apple plants is improper in Ladakh. The apple orchards are scattered and are not connected with roads. It is very difficult for the growers to perform various intercultural operations. Mostly apple orchards in Ladakh, established as backyard orchards. The other fruit crops (pear, walnut, and apricot) are preferred hosts for codling moth. The future strategy for the management of codling moth in these backyard orchards should be directed to all fruit crops which shelter codling moth population. The demarcation line or walls between the houses are erected of stones provide shelter for the colding moth immatures (summer and overwintered larvae). So the overwintered larvae of the codling moth get easy access for overwintering inside the crevices and gaps among the stone walls. The levels of infestation of the codling moth remain high. Besides, the awareness campaigns should be launched for the management of codling moth, orchard management and quality plants with deep rooted, root stocks of apple.
Due to the high population density of the codling moth, infested fruits drop prematurely from the apple trees before maturity. Picking and removing these infested fruits is not carried out to break the cycle of codling moth infestation. It has been observed that due to the huge infestation of the codling moth, fruits are not being harvested and the larvae mostly overwinter in such apple fruits and also in the fallen fruits. The targeted burlapping for trapping the overwintering larvae without impregnating the wrapping material with insecticides is not effective. It is therefore recommended to use the insecticide impregnated materials for trapping and killing the overwintered larvae. It was observed during the surveys that the larvae of the codling moth still like to overwinter on the loose bark, stone bunds raised around the houses rather than on the burlapping materials wrapped around the stems and limbs of the old trees. Therefore, it is recommended to remove the old bark from the old apple trees.
Ladakh has been divided into two districts and the distance between the two districts is 220 km2. Leh is dominated by Buddhists and Kargil by Muslims. Leh is well known for mixed ethnicity, culture, and traditions, and before performing any operations for the management for codling moth or any field operations, they mostly avoid any management strategies for codling moth during various festivals. As the codling moth is a boring pest, when it enters into the fruit, then it is very difficult to control. Leh district is dominated by the Buddhist population, as the sentiment of killing insects or even pests is considered a sin in major parts of Leh. In Nurla village, we performed all management practices for the management of codling moth. To perform these practices possible in the village, scientific diplomacy was employed to make aware the tribal leaders about the importance of fresh fruit industry, fresh fruit trade, issues pertaining to fruit ban and its prospects on growth and economy. In Kargil district, the sentiment of killing insects is not being observed because no social taboo is related to it but even the population density of codling moth in this region is not below ETL because of various factors (no pruning, training, no proper protection measures and other factors).
The dearth of vendors and shops to sell different items (pruning saw, secateurs, foot sprayers, fertilizers, pesticides, pheromone traps and light trap to tribal growers. They are also deficient in to supply the seeds and quality planting material to the growers. The reason for the absence of these implements and planting materials in the private market is discouraged by government policies. These items are partially or fully provided by the government free to the growers under tribal plans. Besides, being a remote area, the season for performing various activities in different ecosystems (horticulture, agriculture) lasts for a few months as the harsh and killing temperatures are prevailing in the region. Tribal growers are unaware and lack knowledge about the importance of orchard management. The tradition or custom of pruning and plant canopy management of apple plants are not being practiced by the tribal growers because of this reason, the height as well as the canopy of the apple plants are not being maintained. The wrong policy and faulty practice of the government is to supply the foot sprayers and insecticides at subsidized rates to the growers is of no use in these situations. Besides, it is beyond the capacity of the foot sprayers to spray the insecticide solution on such untrained and unmanaged apple plants for the management of codling moth in Ladakh. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is not gaining momentum in Ladakh as the government of Ladakh has declared the whole region as an organic belt without any proper guidelines. The ground transport to other states of the Indian union remains cut off for more than six months due to heavy snowfall on Zojilla Pass connecting Ladakh to Jammu and Kashmir. The quality apple plant material/rootstocks which are being produced in bulk in Jammu and Kashmir could not be transported at the proper time in Ladakh. The border of Himachal Pradesh state is connected with Ladakh on another side. This side too remains cut off due to heavy snowfall at different Passes. Therefore, the transportation charges for lifting the planting material or other plant protection products are very costly and not possible to use Cargo flights. In these situations, the government is emphasizing more on to supply the essential commodities to the people of Ladakh, foreign tourists, military, and paramilitary persons during winter. The long hostile borders with China and Pakistan guarded by these troops made the essential commodities more important for their survival and to meet their needs. To summarize it, and the priority of the policymakers is the supply of essential commodities for the survival of the Ladakh populace and military establishments either stored before the winter months or airlifted by cargo flights such as meat, vegetables, and other needs.
The policies for lifting the ban on all fresh fruits from Ladakh and the ways and methods with the timeline is needed to monitor the population densities of the codling moth and subsequently to reduce the fruit damage on all host trees which harbor pest populations. The scientific advisors and experts are not being consulted on how to move forward for lifting the ban on all fresh fruits from Ladakh. It is not out of place to mention that most of the areas of Ladakh are bordered by Pakistan. Insects have wings and these adults can fly and cross the borders easily (trans-boundary movement). How to reduce such incursions by the codling moth or monitor the population is lacking or both the countries should adopt strict management guidelines for codling moth management, as the hosts for codling moth survival are available on both sides. Recently, the new incursions of browntail moth in Ladakh created havoc on the horticulture crops as this invasive pest is neither reported from India and nor from other bordering states/countries [1]. The flow of tourists without any plant bio-security guidelines are not in place in India or Ladakh. Ladakh is having a very important place with unique biodiversity in the Trans Himalayan region and may be a threat to insect and plant biodiversity due to the introduction of invasive pests (browntail moth, apricot aphid, poplar leaf miner, fruit flies, and locusts) from the last five years [1, 41]. Currently, the unavailability of plant protection measures for this single pest (codling moth) on apple, restricts the movement of all fresh fruits from Ladakh to other states of the Indian Union. To boost fresh fruit trade, it is necessary for the policy makers to adopt and consult codling moth experts and researchers for the management of codling moth in Ladakh. Plant bio-security for the endangered areas which has a monopoly in producing walnuts, apple and other temperature fruits that contribute a major share to the national economy of about 6000 cr and providing employability to a large population of India and also reduce the inflow of these fruits in India to meet out the demand and supply of consumers throughout the year.
Timing and use of insecticidal applications are very important for huge infested areas to bring down the population of codling moth below economic threshold levels (ETL). Biofix and degree-day calculations are essential for detecting the first emergence of codling moth adults from the overwintered larvae, monitor the adult activities and egg-laying periods of different generations of codling moth. Though, All India Coordinated Research Project on biological control (AICRP) tried mass production of egg parasitoids viz.; Trichogramma embroyphagum and Trichogramma cacociae could not survive in the cold arid climate of Ladakh. They advocated the use of biocontrol agents and insecticides for the codling moth from the last one decade but desirable results and adoption rate of this technology could not be established as both biocontrol agents and insecticides are antagonistic to each other. The various components of IPM viz., insecticides, botanicals, egg parasitoids, burlapping to target the overwintering population, pheromone baited traps have not been evaluated individually to determine their efficacy against codling moth. Such field trials were laid in small pockets and the benefits of such technologies could not deliver desirable results. The application of these technologies never coincide with the different stage of the target organisms
The climate of Ladakh is cold arid and annually 10 cm of rainfall has been recorded. The huge temperature variations from −300 C in winter and + 400 C in summers are very challenging for raising plants in such harsh climatic conditions. The gusty winds blowing during summers cause more evapotranspiration from plants and also from the soil surface. Besides, the scarcity of water resources needed for apple plants is not being timed or applied as per the scientific requirements for these plantations. The high tourist flow from the last decade in Ladakh prompted the urban population to establish a maximum number of bore wells in hotels, restaurants, and guest houses for the basic requirement for their comfortable stay and other basic needs. It has been felt that such activities are a threat to the environment and surroundings of Ladakh as the scarcity of water has been felt from the already water-starved region of India. Consequently, the rural people are not very interested to perform various horticultural operations needed from time to time but are being hired by the hotel owners for the maintenance and care for the national and international tourists. A good number of the rural population are fully satisfied to act as guides and transportation facilitators for tourists rather than in the horticulture sector as the avenues for the growth of the horticulture sector are still not opened up due to the ban on all fresh fruits from Ladakh. The scarcity of skilled and semi-skilled persons required to perform various horticulture operations are not being performed. Also, a good number of the local population of Ladakh are migrating to other parts of India to escape from these harsh climatic conditions for more than six months in winter, The big winters are prevailing in the region, and the temperature from October goes beyond sub-zero temperatures till the end of March. Therefore, nurturing and caring for these apple plants and planting material is being left at the mercy of nature.
More than 30–50% of apple plants in Ladakh are kept untrained and the limbs or branches of apple trees are more robust. The use of burlapping on the main stem to intercept the overwintered larvae of the codling moth is not providing satisfactory results. Our survey team observed that the overwintered larvae of codling moth even overwintered on the adjacent limbs of apple trees. To target, these larvae on these branches could not be achieved because it is very difficult for the person to burlap the whole branches or limbs which harbor these larvae. Mostly these apple trees have developed dead bark, under which it is easier for the codling moth larvae to overwinter during winters. In these circumstances, such apple plants are to be removed and burnt, because such plants have a long history of codling moth infestation. Such apple plants have developed more vegetative growth and to train these plants at this stage is very difficult. These apple plants are so close to each other and it is very difficult for sun rays to reach the ground surface or in the center of these plants which is necessary for growth and the development of quality apple fruits. There is a need to establish new apple orchards on scientific lines by planting elite apple cultivars with deep root stocks which develop fruiting with two years and the quality and quantity of these apple varieties are more than the traditional varieties with fewer inputs with maximum returns.
A lot of research work has been carried out using pheromones and mating disruption for the management of codling moth in developed countries [42, 43, 44]. Mass trapping is a method to capture enough male insects to get a significant reduction in fruit damage against various pests of economic importance [1]. In codling moth, capturing both partners (male and female) are being targeted using different pheromone traps/dispensers to reduce the high population densities of codling moth [27, 45, 46]. There is scanty information about the number of traps recommended on area basis to target both males and females followed by pheromone dispensers in the world at high population densities. Pheromone baited traps are also being used for monitoring the adult population densities [15, 45, 47]. Mass trapping of codling moth adults has been done in some pockets of Ladakh and trapped a significant number of male adults and also monitoring the adult population to establish the biofix, actually when the adults are flying after winters in Ladakh [15, 26].
From 2012 to 2018, demonstrations and dissemination of pheromone technology were conducted in few hamlets of Ladakh during 2012–2018 to observe the efficacy of these treatments as compared to control plots of apple orchards, having a history of codling moth infestation (Table 3). All apple plants were installed with a single pheromone trap and the lures were changed three times till harvesting of fruits and pheromone dispensers were installed just after petal fall once in a fruit season. The treatments include, two insecticide applications were sprayed, one at the fruitlet stage and another after thirty days after the first insecticidal spray. The apple plots in Mangbore, Poyeen, and Shilikchey villages were selected for the dissemination and demonstration of pheromone traps and pheromone dispensers and insecticides against codling moth infestation. The treatment with pheromone dispensers +pheromone traps + two insecticidal applications observed an 85% reduction in fruit damage. While dispensers alone recorded 55% fruit damage. While in those treatments, where traps + dispensers were installed, the fruit damage of 69.00% was recorded. All the treatments were compared with control plots. The control plots were two kilometers away from the treated plots.
The demonstration of pheromone traps + dispensers in combination and alone for the management of codling moth in Ladakh in selected villages from 2012–2018.
After perusing a lot of literature across the globe for the management of the codling moth and other pests using pheromone dispensers and mating dispenser technologies [27, 34]. It has not been reflected that pheromone traps and various mating dispenser technologies can save water. Ladakh is a cold arid region and the scarcity of water is already there in the region. The apple orchards in the different hamlets of Ladakh are without road connectivity and have to travel by foot through small hill slopes between the apple blocks. The availability or the connectivity of water in these apple blocks is not being observed due to natural climatic conditions prevailing in the region. Though for the survival of apple plants, watering for these plants is being carried out by melting of snow on the naked mountains during summer months which precipitates from these hills to lower reaches. Such water is being diverted by the orchardists of Ladakh during the summer months for the survival of these plants. Keeping in view the water scarcity and the factors already detailed above in the Ladakh region. The experts on codling moth in India are emphasizing more on pheromone dispensers and pheromone baited traps for the management of codling moth in Ladakh. The proven technology of pheromone dispensers are easy to apply, no health hazards, easy in application, easy to teach farmers and can be easily adopted by these tribal growers. On average, 15 liters of spray fluid is required for spraying a single apple plant till runoff. Three hundred apple plants are planted in one hectare. As per the estimated (Figure 4) of National Horticulture Boards of India, the area under apple cultivation is about 598 hectares. It has been estimated that 4500 liters of water can be saved by using pheromone traps and pheromone dispenser technology for the management of codling moth in Ladakh in a one-hectare area. The application of pheromone traps and pheromone dispensers in Ladakh could save 21.96 Lakh liters of water (total under apple x water requirement for one ha). The pheromone dispenser technology should be adopted in those regions where water scarcity and crisis is more for the management of various insect pests across the globe and environmentally friendly solutions and sustainable agriculture.
Pheromone traps and pheromone dispenser technology save water.
To the best of my knowledge, pheromone dispensers are still not registered in India but are used to control various insect pests in the world to their management [48] Therefore, it is important to include pheromone dispensers in India for the management of the codling moth and other insect pests [26] to have safe fruit production without pesticide residues, less fruit damage, safe to the environment and other health issues. Also, this paper may act as a base for policymakers, political advisors on horticulture, researchers, organic growers, and agricultural advisors/commentators of India to use non-chemical management for codling moth [47] and other important pests of India [49] for sustainable and safe agriculture in Ladakh. Pheromone dispenser technology has a huge potential for commercial marketing in India. Besides, reduction of insecticidal usage, reduction of fruit damage, and new employment opportunities in India and Ladakh and subsequently as a safe platform to lift the ban on all fresh fruits from Ladakh.
IntechOpen - where academia and industry create content with global impact
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\\n\\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\\n\\nSara Uhac, COO
\\n\\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
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\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\\n\\nDr Alex Lazinica
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\n\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\n\nSara Uhac, COO
\n\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
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\n\nDr Alex Lazinica
\n\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
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Experimentation is an application of treatments applied to experimental units and is then part of a scientific method based on the measurement of one or more responses. It is necessary to observe the process and the operation of the system well. For this reason, in order to obtain a final result, an experimenter must plan and design experiments and analyzes the results. One of the most commonly used experimental designs for optimization is the response surface methodology (RSM). Because it allows evaluating the effects of multiple factors and their interactions on one or more response variables it is a useful method. In this section, recent studies have been compiled which aim to extraction of plant material in high yield and quality and determine optimum conditions for this extraction process.",book:{id:"5856",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Alev Yüksel Aydar",authors:[{id:"218870",title:"Dr.",name:"Alev Yüksel",middleName:null,surname:"Aydar",slug:"alev-yuksel-aydar",fullName:"Alev Yüksel Aydar"}]},{id:"56460",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69501",title:"Application of Taguchi-Based Design of Experiments for Industrial Chemical Processes",slug:"application-of-taguchi-based-design-of-experiments-for-industrial-chemical-processes",totalDownloads:3196,totalCrossrefCites:26,totalDimensionsCites:51,abstract:"Design of experiment is the method, which is used at a very large scale to study the experimentations of industrial processes. It is a statically approach where we develop the mathematical models through experimental trial runs to predict the possible output on the basis of the given input data or parameters. The aim of this chapter is to stimulate the engineering community to apply Taguchi technique to experimentation, the design of experiments, and to tackle quality problems in industrial chemical processes that they deal with. Based on years of research and applications, Dr. G. Taguchi has standardized the methods for each of these DOE application steps. Thus, DOE using Taguchi approach has become a much more attractive tool to practicing engineers and scientists. And since the last four decades, there were limitations when conventional experimental design techniques were applied to industrial experimentation. And Taguchi, also known as orthogonal array design, adds a new dimension to conventional experimental design. Taguchi method is a broadly accepted method of DOE, which has proven in producing high-quality products at subsequently low cost.",book:{id:"5856",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Rahul Davis and Pretesh John",authors:[{id:"199438",title:"Mr.",name:"Rahul",middleName:null,surname:"Davis",slug:"rahul-davis",fullName:"Rahul Davis"}]},{id:"14634",doi:"10.5772/15998",title:"The Application of FT-IR Spectroscopy in Waste Management",slug:"the-application-of-ft-ir-spectroscopy-in-waste-management",totalDownloads:6640,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:34,abstract:null,book:{id:"1574",slug:"fourier-transforms-new-analytical-approaches-and-ftir-strategies",title:"Fourier Transforms",fullTitle:"Fourier Transforms - New Analytical Approaches and FTIR Strategies"},signatures:"Ena Smidt, Katharina Böhm and Manfred Schwanninger",authors:[{id:"20376",title:"Dr.",name:"Katharina",middleName:null,surname:"Böhm",slug:"katharina-bohm",fullName:"Katharina Böhm"},{id:"22840",title:"Dr.",name:"Ena",middleName:null,surname:"Smidt",slug:"ena-smidt",fullName:"Ena Smidt"},{id:"22915",title:"Dr.",name:"Manfred",middleName:null,surname:"Schwanninger",slug:"manfred-schwanninger",fullName:"Manfred Schwanninger"}]},{id:"15157",doi:"10.5772/15959",title:"Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry for the Molecular Level Characterization of Natural Organic Matter: Instrument Capabilities, Applications, and Limitations",slug:"fourier-transform-mass-spectrometry-for-the-molecular-level-characterization-of-natural-organic-matt",totalDownloads:4334,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:33,abstract:null,book:{id:"122",slug:"fourier-transforms-approach-to-scientific-principles",title:"Fourier Transforms",fullTitle:"Fourier Transforms - Approach to Scientific Principles"},signatures:"Rachel L. Sleighter and Patrick G. Hatcher",authors:[{id:"22676",title:"Dr.",name:"Rachel L.",middleName:null,surname:"Sleighter",slug:"rachel-l.-sleighter",fullName:"Rachel L. Sleighter"},{id:"23168",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick G.",middleName:null,surname:"Hatcher",slug:"patrick-g.-hatcher",fullName:"Patrick G. Hatcher"}]},{id:"60097",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75381",title:"Robust Optimization: Concepts and Applications",slug:"robust-optimization-concepts-and-applications",totalDownloads:2539,totalCrossrefCites:23,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:"Robust optimization is an emerging area in research that allows addressing different optimization problems and specifically industrial optimization problems where there is a degree of uncertainty in some of the variables involved. There are several ways to apply robust optimization and the choice of form is typical of the problem that is being solved. In this paper, the basic concepts of robust optimization are developed, the different types of robustness are defined in detail, the main areas in which it has been applied are described and finally, the future lines of research that appear in this area are included.",book:{id:"6587",slug:"nature-inspired-methods-for-stochastic-robust-and-dynamic-optimization",title:"Nature-inspired Methods for Stochastic, Robust and Dynamic Optimization",fullTitle:"Nature-inspired Methods for Stochastic, Robust and Dynamic Optimization"},signatures:"José García and Alvaro Peña",authors:[{id:"227809",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",slug:"jose-garcia",fullName:"Jose Garcia"},{id:"240407",title:"Dr.",name:"Alvaro",middleName:null,surname:"Peña",slug:"alvaro-pena",fullName:"Alvaro Peña"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"59209",title:"Utilization of Response Surface Methodology in Optimization of Extraction of Plant Materials",slug:"utilization-of-response-surface-methodology-in-optimization-of-extraction-of-plant-materials",totalDownloads:5398,totalCrossrefCites:57,totalDimensionsCites:87,abstract:"Experimental design plays an important role in several areas of science and industry. Experimentation is an application of treatments applied to experimental units and is then part of a scientific method based on the measurement of one or more responses. It is necessary to observe the process and the operation of the system well. For this reason, in order to obtain a final result, an experimenter must plan and design experiments and analyzes the results. One of the most commonly used experimental designs for optimization is the response surface methodology (RSM). Because it allows evaluating the effects of multiple factors and their interactions on one or more response variables it is a useful method. In this section, recent studies have been compiled which aim to extraction of plant material in high yield and quality and determine optimum conditions for this extraction process.",book:{id:"5856",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Alev Yüksel Aydar",authors:[{id:"218870",title:"Dr.",name:"Alev Yüksel",middleName:null,surname:"Aydar",slug:"alev-yuksel-aydar",fullName:"Alev Yüksel Aydar"}]},{id:"74096",title:"Time Frequency Analysis of Wavelet and Fourier Transform",slug:"time-frequency-analysis-of-wavelet-and-fourier-transform",totalDownloads:1219,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Signal processing has long been dominated by the Fourier transform. However, there is an alternate transform that has gained popularity recently and that is the wavelet transform. The wavelet transform has a long history starting in 1910 when Alfred Haar created it as an alternative to the Fourier transform. In 1940 Norman Ricker created the first continuous wavelet and proposed the term wavelet. Work in the field has proceeded in fits and starts across many different disciplines, until the 1990’s when the discrete wavelet transform was developed by Ingrid Daubechies. While the Fourier transform creates a representation of the signal in the frequency domain, the wavelet transform creates a representation of the signal in both the time and frequency domain, thereby allowing efficient access of localized information about the signal.",book:{id:"10065",slug:"wavelet-theory",title:"Wavelet Theory",fullTitle:"Wavelet Theory"},signatures:"Karlton Wirsing",authors:[{id:"325178",title:"Dr.",name:"Karlton",middleName:null,surname:"Wirsing",slug:"karlton-wirsing",fullName:"Karlton Wirsing"}]},{id:"60864",title:"Statistical Methodology for Evaluating Business Cycles with the Conditions of Their Synchronization and Harmonization",slug:"statistical-methodology-for-evaluating-business-cycles-with-the-conditions-of-their-synchronization-",totalDownloads:1328,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The importance of the topic of business cycle research and their interaction is due to the fact that the cyclical nature of development is a universal feature of the market economy (regardless of the level of development of the country’s economy and the principles of its organization). In all cases, cyclical ups and downs depend not only on internal system cyclical processes and their factors in countries but also on the consequences of intercountry interaction. The ability to measure and predict business cycles, taking into account their mutual influence, is a prerequisite for the development of an adequate business policy of countries and their associations.",book:{id:"6703",slug:"statistics-growing-data-sets-and-growing-demand-for-statistics",title:"Statistics",fullTitle:"Statistics - Growing Data Sets and Growing Demand for Statistics"},signatures:"Elena Zarova",authors:null},{id:"54366",title:"Solution of Differential Equations with Applications to Engineering Problems",slug:"solution-of-differential-equations-with-applications-to-engineering-problems",totalDownloads:6815,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Over the last hundred years, many techniques have been developed for the solution of ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations. While quite a major portion of the techniques is only useful for academic purposes, there are some which are important in the solution of real problems arising from science and engineering. In this chapter, only very limited techniques for solving ordinary differential and partial differential equations are discussed, as it is impossible to cover all the available techniques even in a book form. The readers are then suggested to pursue further studies on this issue if necessary. After that, the readers are introduced to two major numerical methods commonly used by the engineers for the solution of real engineering problems.",book:{id:"5513",slug:"dynamical-systems-analytical-and-computational-techniques",title:"Dynamical Systems",fullTitle:"Dynamical Systems - Analytical and Computational Techniques"},signatures:"Cheng Yung Ming",authors:[{id:"191017",title:"Dr.",name:"Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Y.M.",slug:"cheng-y.m.",fullName:"Cheng Y.M."}]},{id:"56538",title:"Stochastic Resonance and Related Topics",slug:"stochastic-resonance-and-related-topics",totalDownloads:1695,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The stochastic resonance (SR) is the phenomenon which can emerge in nonlinear dynamic systems. In general, it is related with a bistable nonlinear system of Duffing type under additive excitation combining deterministic periodic force and Gaussian white noise. It manifests as a stable quasiperiodic interwell hopping between both stable states with a small random perturbation. Classical definition and basic features of SR are regarded. The most important methods of investigation outlined are: analytical, semi-analytical, and numerical procedures of governing physical systems or relevant Fokker-Planck equation. Stochastic simulation is mentioned and experimental way of results verification is recommended. Some areas in Engineering Dynamics related with SR are presented together with a particular demonstration observed in the aeroelastic stability. Interaction of stationary and quasiperiodic parts of the response is discussed. Some nonconventional definitions are outlined concerning alternative operators and driving processes are highlighted. The chapter shows a large potential of specific basic, applied and industrial research in SR. This strategy enables to formulate new ideas for both development of nonconventional measures for vibration damping and employment of SR in branches, where it represents an operating mode of the system itself. Weaknesses and empty areas where the research effort of SR should be oriented are indicated.",book:{id:"6128",slug:"resonance",title:"Resonance",fullTitle:"Resonance"},signatures:"Jiří Náprstek and Cyril Fischer",authors:[{id:"207472",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiri",middleName:null,surname:"Naprstek",slug:"jiri-naprstek",fullName:"Jiri Naprstek"},{id:"213311",title:"Dr.",name:"Cyril",middleName:null,surname:"Fischer",slug:"cyril-fischer",fullName:"Cyril Fischer"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"15",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82499",title:"Modelling Agitation-Sedation (A-S) in ICU: An Empirical Transition and Time to Event Analysis of Poor and Good Tracking between Nurses Scores and Automated A-S Measures",slug:"modelling-agitation-sedation-a-s-in-icu-an-empirical-transition-and-time-to-event-analysis-of-poor-a",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105480",abstract:"Sedation in the intensive care unit (ICU) is challenging, as both over- and under-sedation are detrimental. Optimal sedation and analgesic strategies, are a challenge in ICU and nurses play a major role in assessing a patient’s agitation levels. Assessing the severity of agitation is a difficult clinical problem as variability related to drug metabolism for each patient. Multi-state models provide a framework for modelling complex event histories. Quantities of interest are mainly the transition probabilities e.g. between states, that can be estimated by the empirical transition matrix (ETM). Such multi-state models have had wide applications for modelling complex courses of a disease. In this chapter the ETM of multi-state and counting process (survival analytic) models which use the times for ICU patients to transition to varying states of violations (a violation being a carer’s agitation rating outside so-called wavelet-probability bands (WPB)) confirm the utility of defining so-called trackers and non-trackers according to WPB-based control limits and rules. ETM and multi-state modelling demonstrate that these control-limit scoring approaches are suitable for developing more advanced optimal infusion controllers and coding of nurses A-S scores. These offer significant clinical potential of improved agitation management and reduced length of stay in critical care.",book:{id:"10678",title:"Biostatistics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10678.jpg"},signatures:"Irene Hudson"},{id:"82432",title:"A Modern Review of Wavelet Transform in Its Spectral Analysis",slug:"a-modern-review-of-wavelet-transform-in-its-spectral-analysis",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105559",abstract:"The spectral analysis, in much aspects as are the wavelet transform in its numerous versions and its relation with other transforms and special functions requires a special review, since the exploration in the frequency domain to the wavelet transform is more detailed and majorly more specific in different applications. For example, the wavelet transform of special function can be very useful to create and design special signal filters or, for example, to the interphase between reception-emission devices with sensorial parts of the human body. Also the quantum wavelet transform is very useful in the spectral study of traces of particles. Likewise, in this chapter, these aspects are considered as an inherent property of the wavelet transform in the spectral exploration of some phenomena. Finally, general results to the discrete case are given, which is analyzed to the wavelet transform and its spectra.",book:{id:"11150",title:"Recent Advances of Wavelet Transform and Their Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11150.jpg"},signatures:"Francisco Bulnes"},{id:"82378",title:"Covers and Properties of Families of Real Functions",slug:"covers-and-properties-of-families-of-real-functions",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100555",abstract:"We present results on the relationships of the covering property GΦΨ for Φ,Ψ∈OΛΩΓ and G∈S1SfinUfin of a topological space and the selection property GΦ0Ψ0 of the corresponding family of real functions. The result already published are presented without a proof, however with a citation of the corresponding paper. We present a general Theorem that covers almost all the result of this kind. Some results about hereditary properties are enclosed. We also present Scheepers Diagram of considered covering properties for uncountable covers.",book:{id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg"},signatures:"Lev Bukovský"},{id:"82356",title:"Geometric Properties of Classical Yang-Mills Theory on Differentiable Manifolds",slug:"geometric-properties-of-classical-yang-mills-theory-on-differentiable-manifolds",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105399",abstract:"Gauge theories make up a class of physical theories that attempt to describe the physics of particles at a fundamental level. The purpose here is to study Yang-Mills theory at the classical level in terms of the geometry of fiber bundles and differentiable manifolds. It is shown how fundamental particles of bosonic and fermionic nature can be described mathematically. The Lagrangian for the basic interactions is presented and then put together in a unified form. Finally, some basic theorems are proved for a Yang-Mills on compact four-dimensional manifolds.",book:{id:"11502",title:"Manifolds - Recent Developments and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11502.jpg"},signatures:"Paul Bracken"},{id:"82335",title:"Straight Rectangular Waveguide for Circular Dielectric Material in the Cross Section and for Complementary Shape of the Cross Section",slug:"straight-rectangular-waveguide-for-circular-dielectric-material-in-the-cross-section-and-for-complem",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104815",abstract:"This chapter presents wave propagation along a straight rectangular waveguide for practical applications where there are two complementary shapes of the dielectric profile in the cross section. In the first case, the cross section consists of circular dielectric material in the center of the cross section. In the second case, the cross section consists of a circular hollow core in the center of the cross section. These examples show two discontinuous cross sections and complementary shapes that cannot be solved by analytical methods. We will explain in detail the special technique for calculating the dielectric profile for all cases. The method is based on Laplace and Fourier transforms and inverse Laplace and Fourier transform. In order to solve any inhomogeneous problem in the cross section, more than one technique can be proposed for the same mode-model method. We will explain in detail how and where the technique can be integrated into the proposed mode-model. The image method and periodic replication are needed for fulfilling the boundary condition of the metallic waveguide. The applications are useful for straight rectangular waveguides in millimeter regimes, where the circular dielectric material is located in the center of the cross section, and also for hollow waveguides, where the circular hollow core is located in the center of the cross section.",book:{id:"11150",title:"Recent Advances of Wavelet Transform and Their Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11150.jpg"},signatures:"Zion Menachem"},{id:"82204",title:"Some Solvability Problems of Differential Equations in Non-standard Sobolev Spaces",slug:"some-solvability-problems-of-differential-equations-in-non-standard-sobolev-spaces",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104918",abstract:"In this chapter an m-th order elliptic equation is considered in Sobolev spaces generated by the norm of a grand Lebesgue space. Subspaces are determined in which the shift operator is continuous, and local solvability (in the strong sense) is established in these subspaces. It is established an interior and up-to boundary Schauder-type estimates with respect to these Sobolev spaces for m-th order elliptic operators, the trace of functions and trace operator are determined, the boundedness of trace operator and the extension theorem are proved, the properties of the Riesz potential are studied regarding these Sobolev spaces, etc. It is considered a second-order elliptic equation, and we study the Fredholmness of the Dirichlet problem in the Sobolev space generated by a separable subspace of the grand Lebesgue space. It is also considered one spectral problem for a discontinuous second-order differential operator and proved the theorem on the basicity of eigenfunctions of this operator in subspace of Morrey space, in which the infinitely differentiable functions with compact support are dense.",book:{id:"11149",title:"Differential Equations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11149.jpg"},signatures:"Bilal Bilalov, Sabina Sadigova and Zaur Kasumov"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:44},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:319,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:38,paginationItems:[{id:"82531",title:"Abnormal Iron Metabolism and Its Effect on Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104502",signatures:"Chinmayee Dahihandekar and Sweta Kale Pisulkar",slug:"abnormal-iron-metabolism-and-its-effect-on-dentistry",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82291",title:"The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Onset and Development of Age-Related Macular Degeneration",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105599",signatures:"Emina Čolak, Lepša Žorić, Miloš Mirković, Jana Mirković, Ilija Dragojević, Dijana Mirić, Bojana Kisić and Ljubinka Nikolić",slug:"the-role-of-oxidative-stress-in-the-onset-and-development-of-age-related-macular-degeneration",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. 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