Comparison between CHI, SHI, and NHS model.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2552",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Lipid Metabolism",title:"Lipid Metabolism",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Lipids (fats and oils) are a wide range of organic molecules that serve several functions in organisms. Lipids are essential components of our diet, highlighting their important contribution in energy, representing 9 kcal/g (or 37.7 kJ/g), and by some components relevant to the metabolism, such as essential fatty acids, fat soluble vitamins and sterols (cholesterol and phytosterols). Besides this, lipids have key roles in human growth and development, along with promoting, preventing and/or participating in the origin or eventually in the treatment of various diseases. This book presents a systematic and comprehensive review about the structure and metabolism of lipids, particularly highlighting the importance of these molecules in the body and considering the interest of some lipids in health and disease.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0944-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7074-7",doi:"10.5772/2928",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"lipid-metabolism",numberOfPages:474,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"66b8e95379ce94691627be9279b5a616",bookSignature:"Rodrigo Valenzuela Baez",publishedDate:"January 23rd 2013",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2552.jpg",numberOfDownloads:62926,numberOfWosCitations:183,numberOfCrossrefCitations:88,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:7,numberOfDimensionsCitations:254,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:6,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:525,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 5th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 9th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 11th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 13th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 1st 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"72355",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Valenzuela Baez",slug:"rodrigo-valenzuela-baez",fullName:"Rodrigo Valenzuela Baez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72355/images/system/72355.jpeg",biography:"Rodrigo Valenzuela Baez completed his pre-graduate studies (nutritionist) at the University of Chile (2003), his Masters in nutrition and food science at the University of Chile (2007), and Doctoral degree in nutrition and foods at the University of Chile (2012). Dr. Valenzuela was postdoctoral fellow in the Nutritional Science Department in the University of Toronto (2019-2021). Currently, he is an Associate Professor (full time) in Nutrition Department at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. He does research in nutrition and food sciences. Dr. Valenzuela\\'s teaching areas are food science and nutrition, and fats and oils in human nutrition. His current research areas are lipids and antioxidants in health and disease, metabolism and cytoprotection by long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids from marine origin, bioconversion of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids from vegetable and marine oils, and physiological effects of n-3 fatty acid as a functional food. Dr. Valenzuela has more than 90 research publications in the lipid and metabolism area.",institutionString:"University of Chile",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1012",title:"Neuroendocrinology",slug:"medicine-endocrinology-neuroendocrinology"}],chapters:[{id:"42113",title:"Overview About Lipid Structure",doi:"10.5772/52306",slug:"overview-about-lipid-structure",totalDownloads:4106,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Rodrigo Valenzuela B. and Alfonso Valenzuela B.",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42113",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42113",authors:[{id:"72355",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodrigo",surname:"Valenzuela Baez",slug:"rodrigo-valenzuela-baez",fullName:"Rodrigo Valenzuela Baez"},{id:"77415",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso",surname:"Valenzuela",slug:"alfonso-valenzuela",fullName:"Alfonso Valenzuela"}],corrections:null},{id:"42114",title:"Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation – A Lipid Metabolism Dysfunction",doi:"10.5772/51627",slug:"oxidative-stress-and-lipid-peroxidation-a-lipid-metabolism-dysfunction",totalDownloads:3746,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:20,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Claudia Borza, Danina Muntean, Cristina Dehelean, Germaine Săvoiu, Corina Şerban, Georgeta Simu, Mihaiela Andoni, Marius Butur and Simona Drăgan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42114",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42114",authors:[{id:"66403",title:"Mrs.",name:"Maria Corina",surname:"Serban",slug:"maria-corina-serban",fullName:"Maria Corina Serban"}],corrections:null},{id:"42117",title:"The Role of Copper as a Modifier of Lipid Metabolism",doi:"10.5772/51819",slug:"the-role-of-copper-as-a-modifier-of-lipid-metabolism",totalDownloads:4549,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:39,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Jason L. Burkhead and Svetlana Lutsenko",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42117",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42117",authors:[{id:"139755",title:"Dr",name:null,surname:"Lutsenko",slug:"lutsenko",fullName:"Lutsenko"}],corrections:null},{id:"42109",title:"The Role of Liver X Receptor in Hepatic de novo Lipogenesis and Cross-Talk with Insulin and Glucose Signaling",doi:"10.5772/51357",slug:"the-role-of-liver-x-receptor-in-hepatic-de-novo-lipogenesis-and-cross-talk-with-insulin-and-glucose-",totalDownloads:4119,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:14,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Line M. Grønning-Wang, Christian Bindesbøll and Hilde I. Nebb",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42109",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42109",authors:[{id:"139327",title:"Prof.",name:"Hilde",surname:"Nebb",slug:"hilde-nebb",fullName:"Hilde Nebb"},{id:"142337",title:"Dr.",name:"Line Mariann",surname:"Grønning-Wang",slug:"line-mariann-gronning-wang",fullName:"Line Mariann Grønning-Wang"}],corrections:null},{id:"42110",title:"The 18 kDa Translocator Protein and Atherosclerosis in Mice Lacking Apolipoprotein E",doi:"10.5772/54974",slug:"the-18-kda-translocator-protein-and-atherosclerosis-in-mice-lacking-apolipoprotein-e",totalDownloads:2870,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jasmina Dimitrova-Shumkovska, Leo Veenman, Inbar Roim and Moshe Gavish",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42110",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42110",authors:[{id:"64536",title:"Prof.",name:"Jasmina",surname:"Dimitrova-Shumkovska",slug:"jasmina-dimitrova-shumkovska",fullName:"Jasmina Dimitrova-Shumkovska"},{id:"114925",title:"Dr.",name:"Jehuda Arieh (Leo)",surname:"Veenman",slug:"jehuda-arieh-(leo)-veenman",fullName:"Jehuda Arieh (Leo) Veenman"},{id:"145484",title:"Prof.",name:"Moshe",surname:"Gavish",slug:"moshe-gavish",fullName:"Moshe Gavish"},{id:"145485",title:"MSc.",name:"Inbar",surname:"Roim",slug:"inbar-roim",fullName:"Inbar Roim"}],corrections:null},{id:"42121",title:"Metabolism of Plasma Membrane Lipids in Mycobacteria and Corynebacteria",doi:"10.5772/52781",slug:"metabolism-of-plasma-membrane-lipids-in-mycobacteria-and-corynebacteria",totalDownloads:4695,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:36,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Paul K. Crellin, Chu-Yuan Luo and Yasu S. Morita",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42121",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42121",authors:[{id:"143195",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasu",surname:"Morita",slug:"yasu-morita",fullName:"Yasu Morita"},{id:"144799",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",surname:"Crellin",slug:"paul-crellin",fullName:"Paul Crellin"},{id:"166027",title:"Mr.",name:"Chu-Yuan",surname:"Luo",slug:"chu-yuan-luo",fullName:"Chu-Yuan Luo"}],corrections:null},{id:"42111",title:"Autophagy Regulates Lipid Droplet Formation and Adipogenesis",doi:"10.5772/51447",slug:"autophagy-regulates-lipid-droplet-formation-and-adipogenesis",totalDownloads:4106,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yasuo Uchiyama and Eiki Kominami",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42111",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42111",authors:[{id:"139668",title:"Prof.",name:"Eiki",surname:"Kominami",slug:"eiki-kominami",fullName:"Eiki Kominami"}],corrections:null},{id:"42107",title:"Metabolism of Short Chain Fatty Acids in the Colon and Faeces of Mice After a Supplementation of Diets with Agave Fructans",doi:"10.5772/51248",slug:"metabolism-of-short-chain-fatty-acids-in-the-colon-and-faeces-of-mice-after-a-supplementation-of-die",totalDownloads:3495,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:23,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Alicia Huazano-García and Mercedes G. López",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42107",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42107",authors:[{id:"139543",title:"Prof.",name:"Mercedes",surname:"López",slug:"mercedes-lopez",fullName:"Mercedes López"},{id:"142535",title:"MSc.",name:"Alicia",surname:"Huazano-Garcia",slug:"alicia-huazano-garcia",fullName:"Alicia Huazano-Garcia"}],corrections:null},{id:"42118",title:"Lipid Metabolism, Metabolic Syndrome, and Cancer",doi:"10.5772/51821",slug:"lipid-metabolism-metabolic-syndrome-and-cancer",totalDownloads:5904,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Fang Hu, Yingtong Zhang and Yuanda Song",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42118",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42118",authors:[{id:"138861",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuanda",surname:"Song",slug:"yuanda-song",fullName:"Yuanda Song"}],corrections:null},{id:"42106",title:"Impacts of Nutrition and Environmental Stressors on Lipid Metabolism",doi:"10.5772/51204",slug:"impacts-of-nutrition-and-environmental-stressors-on-lipid-metabolism",totalDownloads:2238,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Heather M. White, Brian T. Richert and Mickey A. Latour",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42106",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42106",authors:[{id:"139772",title:"Dr.",name:null,surname:"Latour",slug:"latour",fullName:"Latour"},{id:"155014",title:"Dr.",name:"Heather",surname:"White",slug:"heather-white",fullName:"Heather White"},{id:"163087",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",surname:"Richert",slug:"brian-richert",fullName:"Brian Richert"}],corrections:null},{id:"42115",title:"Polydextrose in Lipid Metabolism",doi:"10.5772/51791",slug:"polydextrose-in-lipid-metabolism",totalDownloads:3171,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Heli Putaala",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42115",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42115",authors:[{id:"139084",title:"Dr.",name:"Heli",surname:"Putaala",slug:"heli-putaala",fullName:"Heli Putaala"}],corrections:null},{id:"42112",title:"Spent Brewer’s Yeast and Beta-Glucans Isolated from Them as Diet Components Modifying Blood Lipid Metabolism Disturbed by an Atherogenic Diet",doi:"10.5772/51530",slug:"spent-brewer-s-yeast-and-beta-glucans-isolated-from-them-as-diet-components-modifying-blood-lipid-me",totalDownloads:4074,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:17,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Bozena Waszkiewicz-Robak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42112",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42112",authors:[{id:"140925",title:"Prof.",name:"Bozena",surname:"Waszkiewicz-Robak",slug:"bozena-waszkiewicz-robak",fullName:"Bozena Waszkiewicz-Robak"}],corrections:null},{id:"42120",title:"Lipid Involvement in Viral Infections: Present and Future Perspectives for the Design of Antiviral Strategies",doi:"10.5772/51068",slug:"lipid-involvement-in-viral-infections-present-and-future-perspectives-for-the-design-of-antiviral-st",totalDownloads:3285,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:17,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Miguel A. Martín-Acebes, Ángela Vázquez-Calvo, Flavia Caridi, Juan-Carlos Saiz and Francisco Sobrino",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42120",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42120",authors:[{id:"141163",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Sobrino",slug:"francisco-sobrino",fullName:"Francisco Sobrino"}],corrections:null},{id:"42116",title:"The Role of Altered Lipid Metabolism in Septic Myocardial Dysfunction",doi:"10.5772/51001",slug:"the-role-of-altered-lipid-metabolism-in-septic-myocardial-dysfunction",totalDownloads:2521,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Luca Siracusano and Viviana Girasole",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42116",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42116",authors:[{id:"139192",title:"Prof.",name:"Luca",surname:"Siracusano",slug:"luca-siracusano",fullName:"Luca Siracusano"},{id:"139193",title:"Dr.",name:"Viviana",surname:"Girasole",slug:"viviana-girasole",fullName:"Viviana Girasole"}],corrections:null},{id:"42108",title:"Lipids as Markers of Induced Resistance in Wheat: A Biochemical and Molecular Approach",doi:"10.5772/51279",slug:"lipids-as-markers-of-induced-resistance-in-wheat-a-biochemical-and-molecular-approach",totalDownloads:2304,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Christine Tayeh, Béatrice Randoux, Frédéric Laruelle, Natacha Bourdon, Delphine Renard-Merlier and Philippe Reignault",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42108",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42108",authors:[{id:"140626",title:"Prof.",name:"Philippe",surname:"Reignault",slug:"philippe-reignault",fullName:"Philippe Reignault"}],corrections:null},{id:"42122",title:"Jasmonate Biosynthesis, Perception and Function in Plant Development and Stress Responses",doi:"10.5772/52675",slug:"jasmonate-biosynthesis-perception-and-function-in-plant-development-and-stress-responses",totalDownloads:5027,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:48,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yuanxin Yan, Eli Borrego and Michael V. Kolomiets",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42122",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42122",authors:[{id:"141200",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",surname:"Kolomiets",slug:"michael-kolomiets",fullName:"Michael Kolomiets"},{id:"141211",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuanxin",surname:"Yan",slug:"yuanxin-yan",fullName:"Yuanxin Yan"}],corrections:null},{id:"42119",title:"The Effect of Probiotics on Lipid Metabolism",doi:"10.5772/51938",slug:"the-effect-of-probiotics-on-lipid-metabolism",totalDownloads:2720,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yong Zhang and Heping Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42119",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42119",authors:[{id:"141580",title:"Mr.",name:"Yong",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yong-zhang",fullName:"Yong Zhang"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6073",title:"Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease",subtitle:"Molecular Bases, Prevention and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6141320881651ddc40a3f35893c209e7",slug:"non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-molecular-bases-prevention-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Rodrigo Valenzuela",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6073.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72355",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodrigo",surname:"Valenzuela Baez",slug:"rodrigo-valenzuela-baez",fullName:"Rodrigo Valenzuela Baez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7036",title:"Advances in Lipid Metabolism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6c8e0623ad7d860b95d3e2eda4b904c",slug:"advances-in-lipid-metabolism",bookSignature:"Rodrigo Valenzuela Baez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7036.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72355",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodrigo",surname:"Valenzuela Baez",slug:"rodrigo-valenzuela-baez",fullName:"Rodrigo Valenzuela Baez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2538",title:"Glucocorticoids",subtitle:"New Recognition of Our Familiar Friend",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"317d6ea020414596baedc9e33fc75c1d",slug:"glucocorticoids-new-recognition-of-our-familiar-friend",bookSignature:"Xiaoxiao Qian",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2538.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"143871",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaoxiao",surname:"Qian",slug:"xiaoxiao-qian",fullName:"Xiaoxiao Qian"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2539",title:"Glucose Tolerance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"263cc350ae19eadd340fc133ff3a02ea",slug:"glucose-tolerance",bookSignature:"Sureka Chackrewarthy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2539.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"143419",title:"Dr.",name:"Sureka",surname:"Chackrewarthy",slug:"sureka-chackrewarthy",fullName:"Sureka Chackrewarthy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3334",title:"Steroids",subtitle:"From Physiology to Clinical Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d3dbedce5fc8eb293e968589523c68a",slug:"steroids-from-physiology-to-clinical-medicine",bookSignature:"Sergej M. Ostojic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3334.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"74282",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergej",surname:"Ostojic",slug:"sergej-ostojic",fullName:"Sergej Ostojic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2589",title:"Thyroid Hormone",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"10402e127b33c9f3f428b99add65a29c",slug:"thyroid-hormone",bookSignature:"Neeraj Kumar Agrawal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2589.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"136647",title:"Dr.",name:"N.K.",surname:"Agrawal",slug:"n.k.-agrawal",fullName:"N.K. Agrawal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7328",title:"Melatonin",subtitle:"Molecular Biology, Clinical and Pharmaceutical Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"80d0b8d927e0913f639da36f67be3522",slug:"melatonin-molecular-biology-clinical-and-pharmaceutical-approaches",bookSignature:"Cristina Manuela Drăgoi and Alina Crenguţa Nicolae",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"192919",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Cristina Manuela",surname:"Drăgoi",slug:"cristina-manuela-dragoi",fullName:"Cristina Manuela Drăgoi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2542",title:"Gonadotropin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb8761a41132b072e640ef14e732b95b",slug:"gonadotropin",bookSignature:"Jorge Vizcarra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2542.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"142838",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Vizcarra",slug:"jorge-vizcarra",fullName:"Jorge Vizcarra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3456",title:"Current Topics in Hypothyroidism with Focus on Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"431344ca371c7413980c373f19c1939a",slug:"current-topics-in-hypothyroidism-with-focus-on-development",bookSignature:"Eliška Potluková",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3456.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"81897",title:"Dr.",name:"Eliska",surname:"Potlukova",slug:"eliska-potlukova",fullName:"Eliska Potlukova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1258",title:"Thyroid and Parathyroid Diseases",subtitle:"New Insights into Some Old and Some New Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1d264ee64e50893c0a9e40405a70656e",slug:"thyroid-and-parathyroid-diseases-new-insights-into-some-old-and-some-new-issues",bookSignature:"Laura Sterian Ward",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1258.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"40956",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",surname:"Ward",slug:"laura-ward",fullName:"Laura Ward"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"erratum-fractal-geometry-an-attractive-choice-for-miniaturized-planar-microwave-filter-design",title:"Erratum - Fractal Geometry: An Attractive Choice for Miniaturized Planar Microwave Filter Design",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66069.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66069",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66069",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66069",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66069",chapter:{id:"64430",slug:"fractal-geometry-an-attractive-choice-for-miniaturized-planar-microwave-filter-design",signatures:"Hadi T. Ziboon and Jawad K. Ali",dateSubmitted:"June 5th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 6th 2018",datePrePublished:"December 31st 2018",datePublished:"April 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7293",title:"Fractal Analysis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis",slug:"fractal-analysis",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7293.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sid-Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Ouadfeul",slug:"sid-ali-ouadfeul",fullName:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"261659",title:"Prof.",name:"Jawad",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",fullName:"Jawad Ali",slug:"jawad-ali",email:"jawadkali@theiet.org",position:null,institution:{name:"Institution of Engineering and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"262048",title:"Dr.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Ziboon",fullName:"Hadi Ziboon",slug:"hadi-ziboon",email:"haditarishziboon@yahoo.co.uk",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"64430",slug:"fractal-geometry-an-attractive-choice-for-miniaturized-planar-microwave-filter-design",signatures:"Hadi T. Ziboon and Jawad K. Ali",dateSubmitted:"June 5th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 6th 2018",datePrePublished:"December 31st 2018",datePublished:"April 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7293",title:"Fractal Analysis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis",slug:"fractal-analysis",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7293.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sid-Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Ouadfeul",slug:"sid-ali-ouadfeul",fullName:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"261659",title:"Prof.",name:"Jawad",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",fullName:"Jawad Ali",slug:"jawad-ali",email:"jawadkali@theiet.org",position:null,institution:{name:"Institution of Engineering and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"262048",title:"Dr.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Ziboon",fullName:"Hadi Ziboon",slug:"hadi-ziboon",email:"haditarishziboon@yahoo.co.uk",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7293",title:"Fractal Analysis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis",slug:"fractal-analysis",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7293.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sid-Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Ouadfeul",slug:"sid-ali-ouadfeul",fullName:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11652",leadTitle:null,title:"Thyroid Cancer - The Road From Genes to Successful Treatment",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tThyroid cancer is the most common endocrine cancer. Its incidence and prevalence are increasing worldwide. Extensive research has completely changed the landscape of the biology, pathophysiology, and treatment of thyroid cancer. It has become evident that some forms of thyroid cancer have a benign biologic behavior, while others have a more malignant one. For progressive thyroid cancer, multiple growth factors and kinase inhibitors may be beneficial. Treatment of thyroid cancer with radioiodine has been also completely revised. For the reader, it is important to know everything about the incidence and prevalence of thyroid cancer. It is also important to know the result of in-depth research on the biology and pathophysiology of thyroid cancer. It is also important to recognize factors relevant to the benign biologic behavior of the disease. The advent of multiple growth factors and kinase inhibitors has revolutionized the management of the disease. The indications and adverse effects of these agents are important to know. The long-term prognosis of the disease is also an important subject and will be addressed in this book.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-285-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-284-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-286-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"b74aed61ed1639fc9ad70c20d591a10c",bookSignature:"Dr. Ifigenia Kostoglou-Athanassiou",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11652.jpg",keywords:"Genes, Mutations, Thyroidectomy, Lymph Nodes, Resection, Treatment, Multikinase Inhibitors, Growth Factor Inhibitors, Molecular Targeted Treatment, Radioiodine Treatment, Side Effects, Prognostic Factors",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 11th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 15th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 14th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 2nd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 1st 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"An active clinical endocrinologist, head of the endocrine department of the Asclepeion Hospital, Athens, awarded her Ph.D. from the Univerisity of London. Dr. obtained her medical degree at the University of Athens and is a member of the European Society of Endocrinology and Hellenic Endocrine Society.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"307495",title:"Dr.",name:"Ifigenia",middleName:null,surname:"Kostoglou-Athanassiou",slug:"ifigenia-kostoglou-athanassiou",fullName:"Ifigenia Kostoglou-Athanassiou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/307495/images/system/307495.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ifigenia Kostoglou-Athanassiou was born in Thessaloniki, Greece. She is an endocrinologist who graduated from the Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. She obtained an MD from the University of Athens Medical School, and a Ph.D. from the University of London. Her areas of research include breast cancer, neuroendocrinology, melatonin, thyroid cancer, vitamin D, and autoimmune diseases. She has won several awards for her research. Dr. Kostoglou-Athanassiou has published numerous papers and book chapters. Currently, she works as a consultant endocrinologist and head of the Endocrine Department, Asclepeion Hospital, Voula, Athens, Greece.",institutionString:"Department of Endocrinology, Asclepeion Hospital",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"444318",firstName:"Nika",lastName:"Karamatic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/444318/images/20011_n.jpg",email:"nika@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11024",title:"Hypothyroidism",subtitle:"New Aspects of an Old Disease",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d2f9f9547a1f3431fa0f421af2a6eef8",slug:"hypothyroidism-new-aspects-of-an-old-disease",bookSignature:"Ifigenia Kostoglou-Athanassiou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11024.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"307495",title:"Dr.",name:"Ifigenia",surname:"Kostoglou-Athanassiou",slug:"ifigenia-kostoglou-athanassiou",fullName:"Ifigenia Kostoglou-Athanassiou"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"36714",title:"RF and Microwave Power Sensor Calibration by Direct Comparison Transfer",doi:"10.5772/34553",slug:"rf-and-microwave-power-sensor-calibration-by-direct-comparison-transfer",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/36714.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/36714",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/36714",totalDownloads:2800,totalViews:148,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:12,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 3rd 2011",dateReviewed:"October 14th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"May 16th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/36714",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/36714",book:{id:"1547",slug:"modern-metrology-concerns"},signatures:"Yueyan Shan and Xiaohai Cui",authors:[{id:"100680",title:"Dr.",name:"Yueyan",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",fullName:"Yueyan Shan",slug:"yueyan-shan",email:"shan_yueyan@nmc.a-star.edu.sg",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"National Metrology Centre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Singapore"}}},{id:"135408",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaohai",middleName:null,surname:"Cui",fullName:"Xiaohai Cui",slug:"xiaohai-cui",email:"cuixh@nim.ac.cn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1547",type:"book",title:"Modern Metrology Concerns",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Modern Metrology Concerns",slug:"modern-metrology-concerns",publishedDate:"May 16th 2012",bookSignature:"Luigi Cocco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1547.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0584-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5608-6",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:42,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"112023",title:"Dr.",name:"Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Cocco",slug:"luigi-cocco",fullName:"Luigi Cocco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1357"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"36708",type:"chapter",title:"Performance Parameters Measurement and Stochastic Processes",slug:"system-performance-parameters",totalDownloads:1943,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Miroslav Svítek",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"100345",title:"Prof.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Svitek",fullName:"Miroslav Svitek",slug:"miroslav-svitek"}]},{id:"36709",type:"chapter",title:"Length Metrology and Calibration Systems",slug:"length-metrology-and-calibration-systems",totalDownloads:5295,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Saulius Kaušinis, Albinas Kasparaitis and Aurimas Jakštas",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"108680",title:"Prof.",name:"Saulius",middleName:null,surname:"Kausinis",fullName:"Saulius Kausinis",slug:"saulius-kausinis"},{id:"111248",title:"Dr.",name:"Aurimas",middleName:null,surname:"Jakstas",fullName:"Aurimas Jakstas",slug:"aurimas-jakstas"},{id:"111650",title:"Prof.",name:"Albinas",middleName:null,surname:"Kasparaitis",fullName:"Albinas Kasparaitis",slug:"albinas-kasparaitis"}]},{id:"36710",type:"chapter",title:"Dimensional Metrology and Frequency Sweeping Interferometry",slug:"dimensional-metrology-and-frequency-sweeping-interferometry",totalDownloads:2556,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Alexandre Cabral, José Manuel Rebordão and Manuel Abreu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"113515",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Cabral",fullName:"Alexandre Cabral",slug:"alexandre-cabral"},{id:"113519",title:"Prof.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"Rebordão",fullName:"José Rebordão",slug:"jose-rebordao"},{id:"113520",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Abreu",fullName:"Manuel Abreu",slug:"manuel-abreu"}]},{id:"36711",type:"chapter",title:"Nano-Accuracy Surface Figure Metrology of Precision Optics",slug:"nanoaccuracy-surface-figure-metrology-of-precision-optics",totalDownloads:5024,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shinan Qian and Peter Takacs",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"111260",title:"Prof.",name:"Shinan",middleName:null,surname:"Qian",fullName:"Shinan Qian",slug:"shinan-qian"},{id:"111627",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Takacs",fullName:"Peter Takacs",slug:"peter-takacs"}]},{id:"36712",type:"chapter",title:"Josephson Junctions for Present and Next Generation Voltage Metrology",slug:"josephson-junctions-for-present-and-next-generation-voltage-standard",totalDownloads:2927,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Vincenzo Lacquaniti and Andrea Sosso",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"108311",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Lacquaniti",fullName:"Vincenzo Lacquaniti",slug:"vincenzo-lacquaniti"}]},{id:"36713",type:"chapter",title:"Measurement of Harmonic Voltage, Current, and Power at Industrial Frequency",slug:"measurement-of-harmonic-voltage-current-and-power-at-industrial-frequency",totalDownloads:5122,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lu Zuliang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"106234",title:"Dr.",name:"Zuliang",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Zuliang Lu",slug:"zuliang-lu"}]},{id:"36714",type:"chapter",title:"RF and Microwave Power Sensor Calibration by Direct Comparison Transfer",slug:"rf-and-microwave-power-sensor-calibration-by-direct-comparison-transfer",totalDownloads:2800,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Yueyan Shan and Xiaohai Cui",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"100680",title:"Dr.",name:"Yueyan",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",fullName:"Yueyan Shan",slug:"yueyan-shan"},{id:"135408",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaohai",middleName:null,surname:"Cui",fullName:"Xiaohai Cui",slug:"xiaohai-cui"}]},{id:"36715",type:"chapter",title:"Fast Method for Frequency Measurement by Rational Approximations with Application in Mechatronics",slug:"fast-method-for-frequency-measurement-by-rational-approximations-with-application-in-mecatronics",totalDownloads:3141,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Daniel Hernandez-Balbuena, Oleg Sergiyenko, Patricia L. A. Rosas-Méndez, Vera Tyrsa and Moises Rivas-Lopez",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"51184",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez-Balbuena",fullName:"Daniel Hernandez-Balbuena",slug:"daniel-hernandez-balbuena"},{id:"58036",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleg",middleName:null,surname:"Sergiyenko",fullName:"Oleg Sergiyenko",slug:"oleg-sergiyenko"},{id:"58037",title:"MSc.",name:"Patricia L. A.",middleName:null,surname:"Rosas-Mendez",fullName:"Patricia L. A. Rosas-Mendez",slug:"patricia-l.-a.-rosas-mendez"},{id:"58038",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",middleName:null,surname:"Tyrsa",fullName:"Vera Tyrsa",slug:"vera-tyrsa"}]},{id:"36716",type:"chapter",title:"Optical Radiation Measurement",slug:"optical-radiation-measurements",totalDownloads:4022,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"A. A. Gaertner",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"104609",title:"Dr.",name:"Arnold",middleName:null,surname:"Gaertner",fullName:"Arnold Gaertner",slug:"arnold-gaertner"}]},{id:"36717",type:"chapter",title:"Optical Measurements: Polarization and Coherence of Light Fields",slug:"the-state-of-the-art-ande-prospects-of-metrology",totalDownloads:3346,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"O. V. Angelsky, P. V. Polyanskii, I. I. Mokhun, C. Yu. Zenkova, H. V. Bogatyryova, Ch. V. Felde, V. T. Bachinskiy, T. M. Boichuk and A. G. Ushenko",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"108799",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleg",middleName:null,surname:"Angelsky",fullName:"Oleg Angelsky",slug:"oleg-angelsky"}]},{id:"36718",type:"chapter",title:"Digital Demodulation of Interferometric Signals",slug:"digital-demodulation-of-interferometric-signals",totalDownloads:4994,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tristan J. Tayag and R. Collins Watson",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"106491",title:"Prof.",name:"Tristan",middleName:"Jorge",surname:"Tayag",fullName:"Tristan Tayag",slug:"tristan-tayag"}]},{id:"36719",type:"chapter",title:"Attosecond Metrology and Spectroscopy",slug:"attosecond-metrology-and-spectroscopy",totalDownloads:2243,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Martin Schultze and Reinhard Kienberger",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"112066",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Schultze",fullName:"Martin Schultze",slug:"martin-schultze"},{id:"112761",title:"Prof.",name:"Reinhard",middleName:null,surname:"Kienberger",fullName:"Reinhard Kienberger",slug:"reinhard-kienberger"}]},{id:"36720",type:"chapter",title:"Measurement of Ultrashort Optical Pulses",slug:"measuremet-of-ultrashort-optical-pulses",totalDownloads:4917,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yuqiang Deng, Qing Sun, Shiying Cao, Jing Yu, Ching-yue Wang and Zhigang Zhang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"100684",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuqiang",middleName:null,surname:"Deng",fullName:"Yuqiang Deng",slug:"yuqiang-deng"}]},{id:"36721",type:"chapter",title:"Time Measurement and Earth Rotation",slug:"metrological-support-of-reproduction-the-time-scales-standard-frequencies-and-definitions-parameters",totalDownloads:2381,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Victor Tissen, Alexander Tolstikov and Galina Simonova",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"110091",title:"Dr",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Tissen",fullName:"Victor Tissen",slug:"victor-tissen"},{id:"149391",title:"Dr.",name:"Tolstikov",middleName:null,surname:"Alexander",fullName:"Tolstikov Alexander",slug:"tolstikov-alexander"},{id:"149393",title:"Dr.",name:"Simonova",middleName:null,surname:"Galina",fullName:"Simonova Galina",slug:"simonova-galina"}]},{id:"36722",type:"chapter",title:"Relativistic Metrology: From Earth to Astrophysics",slug:"relativistic-metrology-from-earth-to-astrophysics",totalDownloads:1777,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Luca Lusanna",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"113030",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Lusanna",fullName:"Luca Lusanna",slug:"luca-lusanna"}]},{id:"36723",type:"chapter",title:"Development of Metrology for Modern Biology",slug:"development-of-metrology-for-modern-biology",totalDownloads:2693,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sang-Ryoul Park, Jun-Hyuk Choi and Ji-Seon Jeong",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"112421",title:"Dr.",name:"Sang-Ryoul",middleName:null,surname:"Park",fullName:"Sang-Ryoul Park",slug:"sang-ryoul-park"},{id:"112444",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun-Hyuk",middleName:null,surname:"Choi",fullName:"Jun-Hyuk Choi",slug:"jun-hyuk-choi"},{id:"142624",title:"Dr.",name:"Ji-Seon",middleName:null,surname:"Jeong",fullName:"Ji-Seon Jeong",slug:"ji-seon-jeong"}]},{id:"36724",type:"chapter",title:"Dimensional Measurement for Dentistry",slug:"dimensional-measurement-for-dentistry",totalDownloads:3804,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Reisha Rafeek, Kevin Seymour and Lifong Zou",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"104651",title:"Dr.",name:"Reisha",middleName:null,surname:"Rafeek",fullName:"Reisha Rafeek",slug:"reisha-rafeek"},{id:"107933",title:"Dr.",name:"Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Seymour",fullName:"Kevin Seymour",slug:"kevin-seymour"},{id:"110304",title:"Dr.",name:"Lifong",middleName:null,surname:"Zou",fullName:"Lifong Zou",slug:"lifong-zou"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"4622",title:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"27aa3947c35b65d08f9c1f4a56b7f468",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-metrology",bookSignature:"Luigi Cocco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4622.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112023",title:"Dr.",name:"Luigi",surname:"Cocco",slug:"luigi-cocco",fullName:"Luigi Cocco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"49823",title:"Microwave Power Measurements: Standards and Transfer Techniques",slug:"microwave-power-measurements-standards-and-transfer-techniques",signatures:"Xiaohai Cui, Yu Song Meng, Yueyan Shan and Yong Li",authors:[{id:"100680",title:"Dr.",name:"Yueyan",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",fullName:"Yueyan Shan",slug:"yueyan-shan"},{id:"135408",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaohai",middleName:null,surname:"Cui",fullName:"Xiaohai Cui",slug:"xiaohai-cui"},{id:"173971",title:"Dr.",name:"Yu Song",middleName:null,surname:"Meng",fullName:"Yu Song Meng",slug:"yu-song-meng"}]},{id:"51245",title:"THz Measurement Systems",slug:"thz-measurement-systems",signatures:"Leopoldo Angrisani, Giovanni Cavallo, Annalisa Liccardo, Gian\nPaolo Papari and Antonello Andreone",authors:[{id:"2330",title:"Dr.",name:"Leopoldo",middleName:null,surname:"Angrisani",fullName:"Leopoldo Angrisani",slug:"leopoldo-angrisani"},{id:"179111",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonello",middleName:null,surname:"Andreone",fullName:"Antonello Andreone",slug:"antonello-andreone"},{id:"186826",title:"MSc.",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Cavallo",fullName:"Giovanni Cavallo",slug:"giovanni-cavallo"},{id:"186827",title:"Dr.",name:"GianPaolo",middleName:null,surname:"Papari",fullName:"GianPaolo Papari",slug:"gianpaolo-papari"},{id:"186828",title:"Prof.",name:"Annalisa",middleName:null,surname:"Liccardo",fullName:"Annalisa Liccardo",slug:"annalisa-liccardo"}]},{id:"50379",title:"Uncertainty of Measurement in Medical Laboratories",slug:"uncertainty-of-measurement-in-medical-laboratories",signatures:"Paulo Pereira",authors:[{id:"178637",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",fullName:"Paulo Pereira",slug:"paulo-pereira"}]},{id:"49840",title:"Silent Speech Recognition by Surface Electromyography",slug:"silent-speech-recognition-by-surface-electromyography",signatures:"Andrzej B. Dobrucki, Piotr Pruchnicki, Przemysław Plaskota, Piotr Staroniewicz, Stefan Brachmański and Maciej Walczyński",authors:[{id:"173718",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Dobrucki",fullName:"Andrzej Dobrucki",slug:"andrzej-dobrucki"},{id:"173719",title:"Dr.",name:"Przemysław",middleName:null,surname:"Plaskota",fullName:"Przemysław Plaskota",slug:"przemyslaw-plaskota"},{id:"173720",title:"Dr.",name:"Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Pruchnicki",fullName:"Piotr Pruchnicki",slug:"piotr-pruchnicki"},{id:"173721",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Brachmański",fullName:"Stefan Brachmański",slug:"stefan-brachmanski"},{id:"173722",title:"Dr.",name:"Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Staroniewicz",fullName:"Piotr Staroniewicz",slug:"piotr-staroniewicz"},{id:"173724",title:"MSc.",name:"Maciej",middleName:null,surname:"Walczyński",fullName:"Maciej Walczyński",slug:"maciej-walczynski"}]},{id:"50396",title:"Electrical Conductivity Measurements in Agriculture: The Assessment of Soil Salinity",slug:"electrical-conductivity-measurements-in-agriculture-the-assessment-of-soil-salinity",signatures:"Fernando Visconti and José Miguel de Paz",authors:[{id:"79081",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Visconti",fullName:"Fernando Visconti",slug:"fernando-visconti"}]},{id:"50210",title:"Force Measuring System for High-Precision Surface Characterization under Extreme Conditions",slug:"force-measuring-system-for-high-precision-surface-characterization-under-extreme-conditions",signatures:"Roman Nevshupa and Marcello Conte",authors:[{id:"138979",title:"Dr.",name:"Roman",middleName:null,surname:"Nevshupa",fullName:"Roman Nevshupa",slug:"roman-nevshupa"},{id:"178582",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcello",middleName:null,surname:"Conte",fullName:"Marcello Conte",slug:"marcello-conte"}]},{id:"51420",title:"Optical Pressure Measurement Principle System",slug:"optical-pressure-measurement-principle-system",signatures:"Limin Gao, Ruiyu Li and Bo Liu",authors:[{id:"178237",title:"Prof.",name:"Limin",middleName:null,surname:"Gao",fullName:"Limin Gao",slug:"limin-gao"}]},{id:"50403",title:"Self-Calibration of Two-Dimensional Precision Metrology Systems",slug:"self-calibration-of-two-dimensional-precision-metrology-systems",signatures:"Chuxiong Hu and Yu Zhu",authors:[{id:"178057",title:"Prof.",name:"Chuxiong",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",fullName:"Chuxiong Hu",slug:"chuxiong-hu"},{id:"184212",title:"Prof.",name:"Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Yu Zhu",slug:"yu-zhu"}]},{id:"51241",title:"Innovative Theoretical Approaches Used for RF Power Amplifiers in Modern HDTV Systems",slug:"innovative-theoretical-approaches-used-for-rf-power-amplifiers-in-modern-hdtv-systems",signatures:"Daniel Discini Silveira, Marcos Paulo de Souza Silva, Marcel Veloso Campos and Maurício Silveira",authors:[{id:"179507",title:"Dr.",name:"Mauricio",middleName:null,surname:"Silveira",fullName:"Mauricio Silveira",slug:"mauricio-silveira"},{id:"179508",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Discini Silveira",fullName:"Daniel Discini Silveira",slug:"daniel-discini-silveira"},{id:"179792",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos Paulo De Souza",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Marcos Paulo De Souza Silva",slug:"marcos-paulo-de-souza-silva"},{id:"180084",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcel Veloso",middleName:null,surname:"Campos",fullName:"Marcel Veloso Campos",slug:"marcel-veloso-campos"}]},{id:"51435",title:"Objectifying the Subjective: Fundaments and Applications of Soft Metrology",slug:"objectifying-the-subjective-fundaments-and-applications-of-soft-metrology",signatures:"Laura Rossi",authors:[{id:"187245",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Rossi",fullName:"Laura Rossi",slug:"laura-rossi"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7529",title:"Industry 4.0",subtitle:"Impact on Intelligent Logistics and Manufacturing",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3a750fbddad49434288a89b9eb40a893",slug:"industry-4-0-impact-on-intelligent-logistics-and-manufacturing",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Antonella Petrilloand Fabio De Felice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7529.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9428",title:"New Trends in the Use of Artificial Intelligence for the Industry 4.0",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e089eec484ce8e9eb32198c2d8b34ea",slug:"new-trends-in-the-use-of-artificial-intelligence-for-the-industry-4-0",bookSignature:"Luis Romeral Martínez, Roque A. Osornio Rios and Miguel Delgado Prieto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9428.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"86501",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",surname:"Romeral Martinez",slug:"luis-romeral-martinez",fullName:"Luis Romeral Martinez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"82546",title:"The Advantage of Single-Payer National Insurance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105692",slug:"the-advantage-of-single-payer-national-insurance",body:'Leaders of the world have committed to achieve universal health coverage (UHC) goal number 3.8 of the sustained development goals (SDGs) by 2030. This means that people of any country should have access to at least essential health services regardless of their income or social groups within a country. Two indicators are used in monitoring the UHC covering indicator 3.81 of service coverage and indicator 3.8.2 of catastrophic health spending [1, 2] Service coverage ensures that everyone should have essential health services when she/he needs them and catastrophic health spending ensures that no one goes bankrupt when paying for health care to meet his/her need. Recent monitoring by three global organizations, the World Health Organization, the World Bank, and the OECD have demonstrated the progress of the incidence of catastrophic health spending with two thresholds percentage of 10% and 25% of the total household incomes or expenditures [3]. Catastrophic health spending (CHS) is an important measure of out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure by household members that should not exceed 10% of income [4]. Above that, the household may become impoverished. The indicator 3.8.2 is essential to protect people from being poor due to the consumption of health care when ill health or accident occurs.
Market mechanism in health care means that everyone must purchase health care out of his/her pocket and the health care providers set prices above the production costs to get profit and develop the business. Because of the uncertain needs for health care, ability to pay at the prices set by the sellers (health care providers) market mechanism tend to impoverish people. The WHO reported that 996 million people in the world (13.2%) spend more than 10% of their budget on OOP health care consumption [5]. Health economic literatures have long acknowledged that health care is not normal goods because of its unique characteristics. For the normal goods or services, market mechanism leads a fair competition and to adequate supplies the people could purchase, lower prices and higher quality of products. One of the requirements of perfectly competitive market is the information symmetry between the purchasers and the sellers.
There are three main distinct characteristics of health care needs that make fully competitive market mechanism of health care does not function well [6]. The first characteristic is
There are two main types of health insurance based on the mandatory or voluntary transfer of risks. The mandatory insurance scheme is called social health insurance, which is normally used in national health insurance (NHI), while the voluntary joining health insurance is called commercial health insurance. Another way of managing risk of uncertainty in health care is to cover all health care needs by the state budget like in the National Health Service (NHS) scheme in the United Kingdom [9].
Health insurance can be differentiated according to the financing function of the health system. There are systems mainly financed by taxes while others are mainly financed by social health insurance (SHI). Both income tax and SHI contribution are compulsory in the world. Both SHI and income tax are taken proportionally from income or salaries. To top up those mandatory contributions, in many countries, there are markets for private (voluntary) health insurance, except in few countries such as the United States where private health insurance is the main source of health care financing for working population. However, for the elderly population with high health risks, the US health care system uses mandatory of a kind of SHI (the Medicare Program) [9, 10].
The second distinct characteristic of health care is the very high
What about health insurance market? It has also high information asymmetry. At the individual level, an individual has very little knowledge about the probability of health care needs covered by a health insurance policy, its appropriate premium, and how good is the insurance policy paying health care providers. The main drawback of private or commercial health insurance schemes is how an individual (called a prospect) understands his or her health risks and how much of these risks can be transferred, method of risk calculation to set premium, and how the insurer underwrites the health risks. Therefore, private health insurance is normally sold as group insurance, either as the main health care protection or as a top-up coverage in the NHI or NHS scheme. In commercial health insurance, the purchasing mechanism for individuals follows the “take it or leave it” business model. Both commercial health insurance and health care do not meet the requirement of independent decision to purchase health care or health insurance. Since the nature of transaction of commercial insurance is voluntary and insurers are companies seeking profits, commercial health insurance schemes are always multipayers. Every business entity has a freedom to enter the health insurance market. A health system that depends heavily on commercial health insurance will not achieve effective (cover all people or UHC) and efficient health system (a relative low portion of GDP is spent for health). Designing, marketing, and managing commercial health insurance require multiple professional workers, and the economy of scale will not achieve efficient system. Competition in health insurance market pushes insurers to create unique and competitive plans (health insurance products) leading to only portions of people or groups of people that may purchase. This condition absolutely will not achieve the law of a large number of the main predictable events of insurance principle.
The third distinct characteristic of health care is the
The combination of the three distinct characteristics of health care generates other unique health care needs called “patient ignorance, patient short-sighted, patient inability to pay, unfair health financing, and provider moral hazard or fraud.” In addition, because unmet health care needs could result in severe disability or death, health care consumption is a human right. Therefore, combination of those unique characteristics of health care needs requires collective efforts and public funding. The goal of 3.8 of SDGs, UHC is the global commitment to meet health care needs for everyone. One of the key element of UHC is public financing using insurance mechanisms or tax-funded system.
Generally, many people think health insurance is commercial insurance, which is a rational and good instrument to overcome uncertainty of health care needs, especially in high-cost health care. Not many people understand social health insurance (SHI) schemes as a solution to financing health care for everyone. Some Muslim leaders and scholars (those who are preaching Islamic religion) mistakenly consider health insurance as not meeting Sharia requirements. Some of them understand health insurance as a trade of intangible products which violates the principle of Sharia, the Islamic law. In a narrow definition, a health insurance policy is a commercial transaction between one party to an institution called insurer of an intangible product or service which consider
In wider definition of minimizing uncertainty, a publicly funded health care system such as the NHS can be considered providing health insurance for all people. When a country provides UHC using funding from general tax revenue, there is no uncertainty of health care needs at an individual level in the country applying NHS model. However, not all countries are able to establish and finance an NHS model. Many low and middle-income countries are looking for financing schemes that gradually meet the health care needs of all people in the country. One of the essential elements of the objectives of UHC is equity health financing, which means that financing for health care by individual is based on the ability of an individual to contribute (to pay), but the health care services consumed by the individual are based on his/her health care needs. This equitable financing can only be achieved by publicly funded system, based on tax-funded or social health insurance (SHI) mechanism. Once there is a pool-fund, the purchasing of health care for everyone should be managed effectively and efficiently.
Some country leaders may be trapped to rely on commercial health insurance (CHI) instead of SHI. Basically, both CHI and SHI share the characteristics of insurance contracts. The key difference between CHI and SHI is nature of entering into insurance contract. The CHI is voluntary transaction while the SHI is mandatory for individuals to enter into an insurance contract. Another key difference between CHI and SHI is the premium for CHI is based on the levels of health risks while the premium (often called “contribution”) for SHI is based on a proportion of individual income or salary. The SHI can be implemented using multiple or single organizations. If the SHI scheme is administered by a single organization, a government agency, or a quasi-government organization, it is called a National Health Insurance (NHI) such as implemented in South Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Indonesia. In many other countries, the SHI schemes are administered by various organizations such as implemented in Germany, French, and Japan.
An insurance contract stipulates right and obligation that bind each party. There are four distinct insurance contracts applicable to CHI and SHI:
Due to the uncertain nature of health care needs, the obligation of an insurer (both CHI and SHI) is
The 2nd characteristic of the insurance contract is
The 3rd characteristic of insurance contract is
It is this contract that differs from the term of prepayment that is often used in some health care financing papers. The term “prepaid health care” was first used by Paul Ellwood in the USA for the Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) contract in 1973 just to get acceptance by the American Medical Association that opposed health insurance scheme at that time [14]. The term “prepayment” may be misleading to describe health care financing because of this aleatory contract. The term prepaid or prepayment as often used in mobile phone business is appropriate because the payer can consume phone service up to the amount paid in advance.
The last characteristic of insurance contract is called
Financing UHC using traditional health insurance concept of CHI poses significant problems. The double information asymmetry of health care need and health insurance contract create market failure to ensure everyone is covered to meet his/her health care needs. The unique characteristics of health care needs and the long-term externality of having healthy lives as the main requirement for individual economic productivity push all governments to ensure health services are available for everyone regardless of individual income or social status. The COVID-19 Pandemic has demonstrated how strong the health sector affected the World economy which declined by 3.4 percent in 2020 [15]. The COVID-19 pandemic emphasizes the importance of UHC as a set of the 3.8 Goal of SDGs. The UHC can only be achieved if there is sufficient public health financing.
There are three possible public financing for health that allow UHC with different efficiency levels. The first automatic covering all people is the tax funded or NHS model; the second one is the mature SHI model; and the third one is a combination of the two. Often SHI model is complemented with tax funded subsidies for the low-income people. The administration of funds of the SHI model varies widely across the countries with dominant SHI model. Currently, no country with CHI model could fully achieve UHC. There are differences in funding UHC based on health financing mechanisms as shown in the following Table 1.
Element/Issue | CHI | SHI–NHI | NHS |
---|---|---|---|
Participation | Voluntary | Mandatory | Automatic |
Ability to cover all population (UHC) | Almost impossible | Highly likely | Always |
Inclusiveness | Almost impossible | Highly likely | Always |
Benefit package | Vary widely, designed by the insurer | Relatively uniform for all people | Uniform for all |
Nature of benefit package | Based on demand, Consideration of profit, mostly not comprehensive | Based on health care needs, mostly comprehensive | Subject to amount of state funds and health needs |
Risk transfer /funding method | Risk-based premium | Income-based contribution, normal percentage of income | Income tax and other state taxes |
Insurer | Private for-profit or not-for-profit | Private organization not for profit or government/public entity | The government |
Number of payers | Always multiple | Single or multiple | Always single there are regional payers in some cases |
Legal basis | Various regulations on various aspects | Mostly by single regulation for all people or group of people | Constitution or state budget regulation |
Administrative costs | High | Very low | Mix with state expenses |
Adverse selection | Inherent, likely | Avoided | Avoided |
Comparison between CHI, SHI, and NHS model.
The main problem of CHI is the voluntary nature of participation. People are shortsighted and health risks cannot be predicted by individual. Therefore, there is unlikely that an individual will purchase CHI or private health insurance coverage. But when someone suffers from a chronic condition, then that person will demand CHI creating adverse or anti selection. The insurer that aims for profit making certainly will undertake rigorous underwriting to ensure no adverse selection. The insurer may inherently design a benefit package, terms, and conditions for prospects to minimize adverse selection. Certainly, people suffering from a chronic condition elderly and those who have congenital health problems will not be able to purchase health insurance. In addition, because the premiums (prices) are set based on health risks of individuals or small groups, higher risks of individuals or small groups must pay higher premiums. This certainly excludes low-income people from having health insurance coverage. Commercial health insurance charge loading fees is significantly high, depending on the size of the group insured that can vary up to 34% of the total premiums paid [16]. Therefore, CHI model fails to achieve UHC.
Because of the market failure of CHI and health care market, the option to cover everyone is by public financing. Public financing is based on mandatory contribution and based on the proportion of income or wealth. There are only two funding mechanisms of publicly funded health care, which are the SHI model and the NHS model.
The SHI model could apply for certain group of employed population. For example, before the implementation of NHI in Indonesia, the civil servants were covered by Askes—the SHI scheme for government employees and the private employees were covered by another SHI scheme called Jamsostek. Another example is Thailand, private employees are covered under Social Security Scheme administered by the Ministry of Labor, and the informal sector is covered by a tax fund administered by the National Health Security Office Taiwan [17]. The Philippines, South Korea, and Indonesia used to have several SHI schemes before they were integrated into a single national SHI called NHI. The level of contribution for the NHI model is normally uniform, a portion of salary for all employees. In Indonesia, current contribution is 5% of monthly income, shared by employees (1%) and employers 4%. In Germany, with multiple sickness funds, current contribution levels at around 14.6%, shared 50: 50 by employers and employees [18].
The United Kingdom initiated the NHI model in 1911 and then started the NHS in 1948 administered by the state. The NHS model is normally funded by progressive income taxes, which often exceed 50% of monthly income for the high tier of income. Low and middle-income countries often have problems in collecting and enforcing high progressive income tax. The maximum level of income taxes in European Countries that implement NHS varies from 43% in Italy to 56.95% in Finland [19]. Certainly, many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) could afford this model. But, still some LMICs such as Sri Lanka apply the NHS model even though the income tax level has been relatively low at 18%.
As an option to cover health care needs, many LMICs could start SHI model based on employment. The SHI was first introduced in Germany, called statutory health insurance, by Otto von Bismarck the chancellor of liberal party in 1883 [20]. However, at that time, Von Bismarck mandated contributions to pay income loss of a laborer who was suffering from serious sickness and unable to work for income. At that time most labor forces were based on daily paid work. Now, the SHI covers health care costs, which vary from limited hospitalization to comprehensive medical and family benefit. In Germany, since the SHI concept was introduced, there are multiple funds called sickness funds but in decreasing number [21]. In many countries, most SHI started to mandate large-size employers such as civil servants and private employers with more than 100 employees to contribute a portion of incomes to cover defined health care benefits. South Korea [22], Indonesia [7], Taiwan [23], and the Philippines [24], for example, started to mandate public and formal sector employees, years before mandating the informal sector to contribute to the single-payer NHI.
In most LMICs where tax-funded system is not the option taken by the political leadership, SHI schemes can be a good choice to ensure equitable access to essential health care in LMICs. The SHI model can be gradually implemented for employed population for partial health benefits that the population can afford. Indonesia started SHI for civil servants in 1968 and then for private employees in 1993 and finally for everybody in 2014 [7]. China also introduced this social insurance model starting for employed groups. The challenges in implementing SHI for whole population are collecting contributions for the informal sector. The informal sector or non-waged earners do not have a regular monthly income. In LMICs, the proportion of non-waged earners is generally very high, more than 50%. Therefore, scaling up to cover the whole population to achieve UHC in LIMCs may take decades. One option is to subsidize the informal sector from the government budget, integrated to the NHI. When a country implementing SHI became a high-income country, normally the SHI model is continued to be implemented as happened in Germany, Korea, Japan, the Philippines, and Taiwan.
The choice of administrators of the SHI can be implemented by special SHI fund for special groups such as civil servants, private employees, teachers, farmers, etc. Multiple payer systems create possibility that some groups will have more coverage with higher contribution levels than others. Different SHI and different groups of population create oligo- or multi-payer systems that may provide problems in negotiating prices of health care from various providers. The Japan employer-based health insurance system creates a virtual single payer by forcing all SHI plans to purchase health care organized by Central Administrative Offices. Regardless of the plans, all Japan’s residents could go to the same health care providers. Implementing different SHI for different groups may create unequal benefits across different population groups and may not be acceptable in some countries. On the other hand, some small differences of contribution or preventive services like implemented in Japan are socially accepted [25]. Germany once had more than 5000 sickness funds; they now have less than 100 sickness funds. To ensure equity across different employment groups, Germany requires equalizing funds across different sickness funds [26]. South Korea once followed the German and Japan SHI model with multiple plans then in early 2000 integrated all SHI schemes into a single NHI model [14].
The politics, cultural values, social norms, and the national constitutions of countries play crucial roles in determining single- or multi-payer system of NHI. Indonesia also followed the Korean model, integrating SHI and social assistance schemes into a single NHI. The fight to establish a single NHI in Indonesia involved union strikes, extensive academic debates, and legal battle in the parliament and in the constitutional court [7]. Despite of the very high health expenditures, the USA has not achieved UHC. Only the elderly population is covered by the public fund of SHI model, called Medicare. The poor are covered by sharing of federal and state funds. The Obama Care is basically providing tax incentive for the informal sector to purchase CHI. Turkey integrates all SHI plans into a single NHI in 2008 by reforming the social security system [27].
In the last 30 years, four Asian countries started innovative health reform by establishment of a single-payer NHI. Taiwan started to implement the NHI in 1995, managed by the Bureau of the National Health Insurance of the Ministry of Health, providing comprehensive health care benefits [28]. Then, the Philippines followed in 1997 by establishing PhilHealth, the NHI Corporation attached to the Ministry of Health providing inpatient care only [29]. South Korea integrated more than 300 SHI plans into the NHI Service in 2000 providing comprehensive benefits with relatively high cost-sharing [30]. Indonesia followed enacting the national social security reform including the NHI in 2004 with comprehensive health care benefits, including preventive care. However, the political battles delayed the implementation of the NHI scheme (called JKN,
Meeting the Constitution mandate, which normally provides the right to health care for everyone. When the Constitution requires that every citizen has the right to health care, a single NHI could purchase health care from public and private health care providers, providing equitable access to meeting health care needs. The NHS model often limits access to public health care providers, while the single-payer NHI ensures the same access to everyone using any health care resources in the country.
The single-payer NHI has the biggest (monopsony) power to purchase health care from any health care providers licensed in the country [7, 31]. With this monopsony power, the NHI has the power to apply strategic health purchasing or prospective payments to optimize effectiveness and efficiency of the NHI fund. The NHI can dictate prices of health care, drugs, and other medical supplies from public and private health care providers. Hence, a single-payer NHI has strong power to make health system efficient.
A single NHI provides uniform procedures and benefits for everybody in the countries ensuring optimum social justice [7, 31]. These uniform procedures create less laborious efforts to educate the public. People who used the benefits can be good agents to make other people know how to utilize the benefits. This scheme provides efficient administration system because everybody and every health care provider will use a standardized system. Claim procedures can be organized using a single standard mechanism creating a very efficient system.
A single NHI provides economic incentives for health care providers to expand the care in areas where previously there is a shortage of private healthcare providers if the prices set by the NHI meet the production costs. So, the government or regional governments do not need to worry about establishing new hospitals.
All health care uses and the claim payments can be recorded in a single database and trend of health care utilization effects of medical procedures or drugs, side effects, and pattern of health-seeking behavior can be observed. This huge database could facilitate a ton of clinical and implementation research.
The prices and procedures of procurements of medical supplies and drugs can be standardized. Indonesia develops e-Catalog system where pharmaceutical companies and medical suppliers openly bid with lower prices and high volume across the country. Industries will be willing to lower the prices of their product for high volume. In addition, open and transparent competition will further induce efficiency of the industries. Pharmaceutical industries selling patent drugs can negotiate and deal with innovative financing to supply a high volume of their products.
The administrative costs of running a single NHI become very small compared to high revenue and multi-payer systems. Certainly, the NHI has very low administrative expenses compared to CHI, which can absorb up to 25% of the total premium income. The administrative costs of NHI in Asia ranged from 1.8% in Taiwan to about 4% in Indonesia. Most Medicare programs in the US, Canada, and Australia also consume less than 4% of revenue. The average administrative expenses of the German’s sickness funds were also around 4% of the total revenues.
When the NHI already reaches its maturity, providing quality health care to all populations with no catastrophic health spending, the NHI can be national pride.
If we consider tax-funded NHS as also a single payer with the government as the payer, this single-payer system or tax-funded system also has the above advantages. Evidence shows that countries applying NHS model, such as the UK, Nordic countries, Italy, and Spain, spent less than 10% of their GDP to achieve universal health coverage. In contrast, the US with dominance CHI has spent above 16% of its GDP in the last 10 years with relatively similar health outcomes with those developed countries with NHS or single-payer NHI.
As an illustration, in Figure 1 we plot the index of health expenditures and infant mortality rates of three countries using 2011 as the base (index =1) and trend of decreasing IMR up to 2017. We use the World Bank data to illustrate the correlation between changes in health expenditures per capita and changes in IMR of Germany (blue dots), Japan (green dots), and the USA (orange dots). The figure illustrates that a virtual (quasi) single-payer health financing system in Japan had better performance in decreasing IMR with the same increase (change of index) from 2011 to 2017. Although this figure may not depict causal relationship, we can see the correlation is noted to be explored more.
Illustration of the correlation between index changes in health care expenditure (% GDP) with index changes in IMR of three countries between 2011 and 2017. 2011 index = 1.
We also provide Table 2 illustrating the same level of UHC Index of high-income countries, public health spending as % GDP, and IMR per 1000 live births from 2011 to 2017. Data from the World Bank and the UHC Monitoring is used to develop this table.
Countries | Year | Public finance for health, % GDP | Infant mortality rate | UHC index* 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|
US—Multiple CHI dominance | 2011 | 7.9 | 6.10 | > = 80 |
2012 | 7.9 | 6.00 | ||
2013 | 8.0 | 6.00 | ||
2014 | 8.3 | 5.90 | ||
2015 | 8.5 | 5.80 | ||
2016 | 8.6 | 5.80 | ||
2017 | 8.6 | 5.70 | ||
UK—NHS single | 2011 | 7.1 | 4.3 | > = 80 |
2012 | 7.0 | 4.1 | ||
2013 | 7.8 | 4.0 | ||
2014 | 7.8 | 3.9 | ||
2015 | 7.7 | 3.8 | ||
2016 | 7.8 | 3.8 | ||
2017 | 7.6 | 3.8 | ||
Australia—NHS single | 2011 | 5.9 | 3.8 | > = 80 |
2012 | 5.9 | 3.6 | ||
2013 | 5.9 | 3.5 | ||
2014 | 6.1 | 3.4 | ||
2015 | 6.4 | 3.3 | ||
2016 | 6.3 | 3.2 | ||
2017 | 6.3 | 3.2 | ||
Italy—NHS single | 2011 | 6.8 | 3.3 | > = 80 |
2012 | 6.8 | 3.2 | ||
2013 | 6.8 | 3.1 | ||
2014 | 6.8 | 3 | ||
2015 | 6.7 | 3 | ||
2016 | 6.6 | 2.9 | ||
2017 | 6.5 | 2.8 | ||
Spain—NHS single | 2011 | 6.7 | 3 | > = 80 |
2012 | 6.5 | 2.9 | ||
2013 | 6.4 | 2.8 | ||
2014 | 6.4 | 2.8 | ||
2015 | 6.5 | 2.7 | ||
2016 | 6.4 | 2.7 | ||
2017 | 6.3 | 2.7 | ||
Japan—NHI single | 2011 | 8.9 | 2.3 | > = 80 |
2012 | 9.1 | 2.2 | ||
2013 | 9.1 | 2.1 | ||
2014 | 9.1 | 2.1 | ||
2015 | 9.2 | 2 | ||
2016 | 9.1 | 2 | ||
2017 | 9.2 | 1.9 | ||
Korea—NHI single | 2011 | 3.7 | 3.4 | > = 80 |
2012 | 3.7 | 3.3 | ||
2013 | 3.8 | 3.2 | ||
2014 | 3.9 | 3.1 | ||
2015 | 4.0 | 3 | ||
2016 | 4.2 | 2.9 | ||
2017 | 4.4 | 2.8 | ||
Germany—SHI multiple | 2011 | 8.1 | 3.4 | > = 80 |
2012 | 8.1 | 3.4 | ||
2013 | 8.3 | 3.3 | ||
2014 | 8.4 | 3.3 | ||
2015 | 8.5 | 3.3 | ||
2016 | 8.6 | 3.3 | ||
2017 | 8.7 | 3.3 | ||
France—SHI multiple | 2011 | 8.5 | 3.1 | > = 80 |
2012 | 8.6 | 3.1 | ||
2013 | 8.7 | 3.1 | ||
2014 | 8.9 | 3.1 | ||
2015 | 8.8 | 3.2 | ||
2016 | 8.8 | 3.2 | ||
2017 | 8.7 | 3.3 |
Comparison of Public Finance as % GDP and IMR of Some Developed Countries with different health financing Schemes 2011–2018. Processed from World Bank Data and UHC Monitor 2021.
*Coverage of essential health services (defined as the average coverage of essential services based on tracer interventions that include reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health, infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases and service capacity and access, among the general and the most disadvantaged population). The indicator is an index reported on a unitless scale of 0 to 100.
To ensure UHC and equitable access of at least essential health care for everyone in a country, public financing for health is absolutely needed. Public finance for health using single-payer scheme has a lot of advantages yielding more effective and more efficient financing schemes. Tax-funded, NHS model, or single-payer NHI model appears to be more effective and more efficient to produce expected outcomes of IMR. Multiple payer system of SHI appears somehow less effective and less efficient compared to the single-payer, monopsonist system. The authors recommend that LMICs that have not achieved UHC and are under consideration to reform health financing system may explore the possibility of introducing a single-payer health financing system. If a tax-funded (NHS) model is not possible, implementing SHI gradually to achieve an NHI would be a preferred choice. However, political battles need to be anticipated.
We do not have any conflict of interest. No fund from external authors is used for this chapter.
None.
The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.
",metaTitle:"Our story",metaDescription:"The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/our-story",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\\n\\nIn the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n\\n2004
\\n\\n2005
\\n\\n2006
\\n\\n2008
\\n\\n2009
\\n\\n2010
\\n\\n2011
\\n\\n2012
\\n\\n2013
\\n\\n2014
\\n\\n2015
\\n\\n2016
\\n\\n2017
\\n\\nWe started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\n\nIn the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n\n2004
\n\n2005
\n\n2006
\n\n2008
\n\n2009
\n\n2010
\n\n2011
\n\n2012
\n\n2013
\n\n2014
\n\n2015
\n\n2016
\n\n2017
\n\n\r\n\tThis book series will offer a comprehensive overview of recent research trends as well as clinical applications within different specialties of dentistry. Topics will include overviews of the health of the oral cavity, from prevention and care to different treatments for the rehabilitation of problems that may affect the organs and/or tissues present. The different areas of dentistry will be explored, with the aim of disseminating knowledge and providing readers with new tools for the comprehensive treatment of their patients with greater safety and with current techniques. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This series of books will focus on various aspects of the properties and results obtained by the various treatments available, whether preventive or curative.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/3.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 4th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"1",title:"Oral Health",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). Dr. Marinho's experience in Dentistry mainly covers the following subjects: oral diagnosis, oral radiology; oral medicine; lesions and oral infections; oral pathology, laser therapy and epidemiological studies.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/2.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"179568",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Wen Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"wen-lin-chai",fullName:"Wen Lin Chai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHGAQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-23T14:31:12.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Chai Wen Lin is currently a lecturer at the Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Malaya. She obtained a Master of Dental Science in 2006 and a Ph.D. in 2011. Her Ph.D. research work on the soft tissue-implant interface at the University of Sheffield has yielded several important publications in the key implant journals. She was awarded an Excellent Exchange Award by the University of Sheffield which gave her the opportunity to work at the famous Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, under the tutelage of Prof. Peter Thomsen. In 2016, she was appointed as a visiting scholar at UCLA, USA, with attachment in Hospital Dentistry, and involvement in research work related to zirconia implant. In 2016, her contribution to dentistry was recognized by the Royal College of Surgeon of Edinburgh with her being awarded a Fellowship in Dental Surgery. She has authored numerous papers published both in local and international journals. She was the Editor of the Malaysian Dental Journal for several years. Her main research interests are implant-soft tissue interface, zirconia implant, photofunctionalization, 3D-oral mucosal model and pulpal regeneration.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorTwo:{id:"479686",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghee Seong",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"ghee-seong-lim",fullName:"Ghee Seong Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003ScjLZQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-06-08T14:17:06.png",biography:"Assoc. Prof Dr. Lim Ghee Seong graduated with a Bachelor of Dental Surgery from University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur in 2008. He then pursued his Master in Clinical Dentistry, specializing in Restorative Dentistry at Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK, where he graduated with distinction. He has also been awarded the International Training Fellowship (Restorative Dentistry) from the Royal College of Surgeons. His passion for teaching then led him to join the faculty of dentistry at University Malaya and he has since became a valuable lecturer and clinical specialist in the Department of Restorative Dentistry. He is currently the removable prosthodontic undergraduate year 3 coordinator, head of the undergraduate module on occlusion and a member of the multidisciplinary team for the TMD clinic. He has previous membership in the British Society for Restorative Dentistry, the Malaysian Association of Aesthetic Dentistry and he is currently a lifetime member of the Malaysian Association for Prosthodontics. Currently, he is also the examiner for the Restorative Specialty Membership Examinations, Royal College of Surgeons, England. He has authored and co-authored handful of both local and international journal articles. His main interest is in prosthodontics, dental material, TMD and regenerative dentistry.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:47,paginationItems:[{id:"82938",title:"Trauma from Occlusion: Practical Management Guidelines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105960",signatures:"Prashanth Shetty, Shweta Hegde, Shubham Chelkar, Rahul Chaturvedi, Shruti Pochhi, Aakanksha Shrivastava, Dudala Lakshmi, Shreya Mukherjee, Pankaj Bajaj and Shahzada Asif Raza",slug:"trauma-from-occlusion-practical-management-guidelines",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. Ablal",slug:"atraumatic-restorative-treatment-more-than-a-minimally-invasive-approach",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82608",title:"Early Management of Dental Trauma in the Era of COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105992",signatures:"Khairul Bariah Chi Adam, Haszelini Hassan, Pram Kumar Subramaniam, Izzati Nabilah Ismail, Nor Adilah Harun and Naziyah Shaban Mustafa",slug:"early-management-of-dental-trauma-in-the-era-of-covid-19",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82767",title:"Teeth Avulsion",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105846",signatures:"Manal Abdalla Eltahir, Randa Fath Elrahman Ibrahim and Hanan Alharbi",slug:"teeth-avulsion",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:16,paginationItems:[{id:"82135",title:"Carotenoids in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105210",signatures:"Lovina I. Udoh, Josephine U. Agogbua, Eberechi R. Keyagha and Itorobong I. Nkanga",slug:"carotenoids-in-cassava-manihot-esculenta-crantz",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}},{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",signatures:"Hassan M. Heshmati",slug:"comparative-senescence-and-lifespan",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hassan M.",surname:"Heshmati"}],book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81796",title:"Apoptosis-Related Diseases and Peroxisomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105052",signatures:"Meimei Wang, Yakun Liu, Ni Chen, Juan Wang and Ye Zhao",slug:"apoptosis-related-diseases-and-peroxisomes",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81723",title:"Peroxisomal Modulation as Therapeutic Alternative for Tackling Multiple Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104873",signatures:"Shazia Usmani, Shadma Wahab, Abdul Hafeez, Shabana Khatoon and Syed Misbahul Hasan",slug:"peroxisomal-modulation-as-therapeutic-alternative-for-tackling-multiple-cancers",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81638",title:"Aging and Neuropsychiatric Disease: A General Overview of Prevalence and Trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103102",signatures:"Jelena Milić",slug:"aging-and-neuropsychiatric-disease-a-general-overview-of-prevalence-and-trends",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81576",title:"Carotenoids in Thermal Adaptation of Plants and Animals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104537",signatures:"Ivan M. Petyaev",slug:"carotenoids-in-thermal-adaptation-of-plants-and-animals",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Ivan",surname:"Petyaev"}],book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}},{id:"81358",title:"New Insights on Carotenoid Production by Gordonia alkanivorans Strain 1B",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103919",signatures:"Tiago P. Silva, Susana M. Paixão, Ana S. Fernandes, José C. Roseiro and Luís Alves",slug:"new-insights-on-carotenoid-production-by-gordonia-alkanivorans-strain-1b",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}},{id:"81290",title:"Musculoskeletal Abnormalities Caused by Cystic Fibrosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104591",signatures:"Mark Lambrechts",slug:"musculoskeletal-abnormalities-caused-by-cystic-fibrosis",totalDownloads:29,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Advances in Skeletal Muscle Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11675.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81246",title:"Role of Carotenoids in Cardiovascular Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102750",signatures:"Arslan Ahmad, Sakhawat Riaz, Muhammad Shahzaib Nadeem, Umber Mubeen and Khadija Maham",slug:"role-of-carotenoids-in-cardiovascular-disease",totalDownloads:44,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}},{id:"81226",title:"Computational Methods for the Study of Peroxisomes in Health and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103178",signatures:"Naomi van Wijk and Michal Linial",slug:"computational-methods-for-the-study-of-peroxisomes-in-health-and-disease",totalDownloads:32,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Plant Physiology",value:13,count:6,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell Physiology",value:11,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:30,paginationItems:[{id:"425474",title:"Mr.",name:"Jasper",middleName:"Okoro Godwin",surname:"Okoro Godwin Elechi",slug:"jasper-okoro-godwin-elechi",fullName:"Jasper Okoro Godwin Elechi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/425474/images/19990_n.jpg",biography:"Mr. Elechi is an innovative and passionate food professional and educator who can collaborate across boundaries with an integrated aspiration of innovation to provide good, sustainable, and healthy food solutions that promote human health and conserve planetary health. He has a special interest in innovative food product development, nutrition, indigenous food products, biotechnology, bioeconmy, sustainable global food systems transformation, food safety Nanotechnology, and Nanomaterials. He has carried out independent research and publications in these areas. He possesses comprehensive knowledge and technical know-how on nutritional formulation and production of healthy and sustainable foods from locally available underutilized Cereal-Legume crops for combating food security and malnutrition in developing communities.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"307387",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Camporeale",slug:"cecilia-camporeale",fullName:"Cecilia Camporeale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Agency For New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"296882",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Jorizzo",slug:"mario-jorizzo",fullName:"Mario Jorizzo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Agency For New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"307388",title:"Dr.",name:"ROBERTO",middleName:null,surname:"DEL CIELLO",slug:"roberto-del-ciello",fullName:"ROBERTO DEL CIELLO",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Agency For New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"437647",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira",slug:"fernando-teixeira",fullName:"Fernando Teixeira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"423338",title:"Dr.",name:"Harjeet",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"harjeet-singh",fullName:"Harjeet Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chitkara University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"443635",title:"Dr.",name:"Suruchi",middleName:null,surname:"Jindal",slug:"suruchi-jindal",fullName:"Suruchi Jindal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Punjab Agricultural University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"426265",title:"Mrs.",name:"Inonge",middleName:null,surname:"Chibua",slug:"inonge-chibua",fullName:"Inonge Chibua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Botswana",country:{name:"Botswana"}}},{id:"426266",title:"Ms.",name:"Mesha",middleName:null,surname:"Mbisana",slug:"mesha-mbisana",fullName:"Mesha Mbisana",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Botswana",country:{name:"Botswana"}}},{id:"426264",title:"Mr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Raditloko",slug:"samuel-raditloko",fullName:"Samuel Raditloko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Botswana",country:{name:"Botswana"}}},{id:"426394",title:"Dr.",name:"Mags",middleName:null,surname:"Adams",slug:"mags-adams",fullName:"Mags Adams",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Central Lancashire",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"441182",title:"Dr.",name:"Neil",middleName:null,surname:"Wilson",slug:"neil-wilson",fullName:"Neil Wilson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Central Lancashire",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"425171",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Tanya",middleName:null,surname:"Zerbian",slug:"tanya-zerbian",fullName:"Tanya Zerbian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Central Lancashire",country:{name:"Cyprus"}}},{id:"424714",title:"Prof.",name:"Elke",middleName:null,surname:"Stedefeldt",slug:"elke-stedefeldt",fullName:"Elke Stedefeldt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"425244",title:"Dr.",name:"Rayane",middleName:"Stephanie Gomes",surname:"Stephanie Gomes De Freitas",slug:"rayane-stephanie-gomes-de-freitas",fullName:"Rayane Stephanie Gomes De Freitas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"424688",title:"Dr.",name:"Bart",middleName:null,surname:"de Steenhuijsen Piters",slug:"bart-de-steenhuijsen-piters",fullName:"Bart de Steenhuijsen Piters",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"429404",title:"Dr.",name:"Emma",middleName:null,surname:"Termeer",slug:"emma-termeer",fullName:"Emma Termeer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"429407",title:"Dr.",name:"Herman",middleName:null,surname:"Brouwer",slug:"herman-brouwer",fullName:"Herman Brouwer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"429406",title:"Dr.",name:"Hubert",middleName:null,surname:"Fonteijn",slug:"hubert-fonteijn",fullName:"Hubert Fonteijn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"427504",title:"Dr.",name:"Kriengsak",middleName:null,surname:"Chareonwongsak",slug:"kriengsak-chareonwongsak",fullName:"Kriengsak Chareonwongsak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"423333",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Shivani",middleName:null,surname:"Sood",slug:"shivani-sood",fullName:"Shivani Sood",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"452297",title:"Mr.",name:"Cornelius",middleName:null,surname:"Smah Adamu",slug:"cornelius-smah-adamu",fullName:"Cornelius Smah Adamu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"452296",title:"Mr.",name:"Ikechukwu",middleName:null,surname:"U. Nwiyi",slug:"ikechukwu-u.-nwiyi",fullName:"Ikechukwu U. Nwiyi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"423395",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Adane",middleName:null,surname:"Atara Debessa",slug:"adane-atara-debessa",fullName:"Adane Atara Debessa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"426267",title:"Mr.",name:"Banyaladzi",middleName:null,surname:"Paphane",slug:"banyaladzi-paphane",fullName:"Banyaladzi Paphane",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"483388",title:"Dr.",name:"Berhanu",middleName:null,surname:"Denu",slug:"berhanu-denu",fullName:"Berhanu Denu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"483387",title:"Dr.",name:"Degefa",middleName:null,surname:"Tolossa",slug:"degefa-tolossa",fullName:"Degefa Tolossa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"426059",title:"Dr.",name:"Dikabo",middleName:null,surname:"Mogopodi",slug:"dikabo-mogopodi",fullName:"Dikabo Mogopodi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"422909",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorcas Stella",middleName:null,surname:"Shumba",slug:"dorcas-stella-shumba",fullName:"Dorcas Stella Shumba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"429405",title:"Dr.",name:"Deborah",middleName:null,surname:"Bakker",slug:"deborah-bakker",fullName:"Deborah Bakker",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"19",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Science",keywords:"Animal Science, Animal Biology, Wildlife Species, Domesticated Animals",scope:"The Animal Science topic welcomes research on captive and wildlife species, including domesticated animals. The research resented can consist of primary studies on various animal biology fields such as genetics, nutrition, behavior, welfare, and animal production, to name a few. Reviews on specialized areas of animal science are also welcome.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11415,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517"},editorialBoard:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"191123",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Valdez-Alarcón",slug:"juan-jose-valdez-alarcon",fullName:"Juan José Valdez-Alarcón",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBfcQAG/Profile_Picture_1631354558068",institutionString:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institution:{name:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"161556",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Dos Anjos",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",slug:"maria-dos-anjos-pires",fullName:"Maria Dos Anjos Pires",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS8q2QAC/Profile_Picture_1633432838418",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"209839",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Spinu",slug:"marina-spinu",fullName:"Marina Spinu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLXpQAO/Profile_Picture_1630044895475",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92185/images/system/92185.jfif",institutionString:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institution:{name:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"82936",title:"Soil Degradation Processes Linked to Long-Term Forest-Type Damage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106390",signatures:"Pavel Samec, Aleš Kučera and Gabriela Tomášová",slug:"soil-degradation-processes-linked-to-long-term-forest-type-damage",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}},{id:"82124",title:"Assessment of Diversity, Growth Characteristics and Aboveground Biomass of Tree Species in Selected Urban Green Areas of Osogbo, Osun State",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104982",signatures:"Omolara Aremu, Olusola O. Adetoro and Olusegun Awotoye",slug:"assessment-of-diversity-growth-characteristics-and-aboveground-biomass-of-tree-species-in-selected-u",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/36714",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"36714"},fullPath:"/chapters/36714",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()