Nutritional quality of sewan grass with other major grasses of arid environment.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"418",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"New Perspectives in Biosensors Technology and Applications",title:"New Perspectives in Biosensors Technology and Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"A biosensor is a detecting device that combines a transducer with a biologically sensitive and selective component. Biosensors can measure compounds present in the environment, chemical processes, food and human body at low cost if compared with traditional analytical techniques. This book covers a wide range of aspects and issues related to biosensor technology, bringing together researchers from 12 different countries. 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He received his degree as Medical Doctor at Sassari University in 1998 and studied the in vivo Neurochemistry of Parkinson’s Disease using microdialysis and voltammetry under the supervision of Dr. Maddalena Miele. Prof. Serra received his PhD in Pharmacology and in 2001 and he worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow at University College of Dublin and at National University of Maynooth (Ireland) under the direction of Prof. Robert D. O’Neill and Dr. John P. Lowry. 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\r\n\tThe innovation of layered graphene with unique physical characteristics has created a new avenue to develop two-dimensional (2D) materials. This research attention is also directed towards the various form of 2D materials such as layered metal di-chalcogenides, layered metal oxides, graphene composites, multi-, and single-walled carbon nanotubes, and so on. Recently, MXenes, one of the fast-growing members of the group of 2D materials, has attracted deep research interests. MXenes have a common formulation of Mn+1AXn, where M denotes transition metal; A represents IIIA or IVA group elements; X signposts the C and/or N, and n = 1 - 3. Owing to the distinguishing characteristics of high electrical conductivity, superior structural stability, and hydrophilic surfaces, MXenes are widely used in various applications such as water electrolysis reactions, energy storage devices, heavy metal adsorption, therapeutic devices, and membranes.
\r\n\tHence, this book is targeted to deliver the bundled characteristics and features of MXenes to transfer the various scopes and virtues to the research community.
Indian hot arid zone covers an area of 32 million ha called ‘Thar Desert’. 85 percent of the hot Desert lies in India and the rest of the 15 percent in Pakistan. It represents the most inhospitable arid zone of the world spreading mostly in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh in India. About 91 percent of the Indian desert falls in Rajasthan covering about 61 percent geographical area of the state. The Aravali hills intersect Rajasthan to the Northeast (semi-arid) and in the West lies the Great Indian Desert ‘Thar’. High wind velocity, huge dune, semi-stabilized and stabilized dunes of different nature, high diurnal variation in temperature, scanty and poor rainfall, intense solar radiation, and high rate of evaporation are the main characteristics of the Thar Desert. The natural grasslands lie in Desert areas are highly deteriorated stage with the productivity of only 300–400 kg/ha/year.
Sewan grass is a bushy, hairy inflorescence, multi-branched, C4 desert grass and a stout woody rhizome [2, 3] find in wastelands of arid region. The wild form of Sewan grass (
Comparative performance of major grasses (sewan grass, marvel grass, buffel grass, birdwood grass and bermuda grass) of arid region are presented in Table 1. Sewan grass has a higher calcium content and lignin than other grasses, such as marvel grass, buffel grass, birdwood grass and bermuda grass. The components of crude fiber are cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose. However, in case of other nutritional properties sewan grass has lower than other grasses but due to its drought resistance ability can grown in very low rainfall condition (lower than 250 mm) and useful for small ruminants such as sheep and goat.
Nutritional quality | Sewan grass | Marvel grass | Buffel grass | Birdwood grass | Bermuda grass |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dry matter (%) | 30–33 | 31–33 | 28–30 | 30–32 | 29–31 |
Crude protein (%) | 6–7 | 5–6 | 6.5–7.0 | 6–7 | 9–10 |
Crude fibre (%) | 35–55 | 35–45 | 38–42 | 39–40 | 29–31 |
NDF (%) | 75–77 | 76.1 | 75.1 | 74.0 | 66.7 |
ADF (%) | 45–49 | 47.6 | 46.6 | 45.0 | 36.7 |
Hemicellulose (%) | 30–32 | 28.5 | 28.5 | 29.0 | 30.0 |
Lignin (%) | 7.3 | 7.1 | 6.0 | 6.6 | 4.7 |
Ash content (%) | 8–9 | 9.6 | 9.1 | 11.0 | 9.5 |
Potassium (g/kg DM) | 9.5 | 11.2 | 19.5 | 19.0 | 15.0 |
Calcium (g/kg DM) | 5.1 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 3.8 | 4.5 |
Magnesium (g/kg DM) | 1.0–2.5 | 1.1 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 1.8 |
Phosphorous (g/kg DM) | 0.2–1.6 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 2.2 |
Organic matter digestibility | 52–55 | 55.1 | 56.7 | 57.0 | 58.4 |
Energy digestibility | 50–52 | 52.7 | 54.2 | 54.9 | 55.8 |
Nutritional quality of sewan grass with other major grasses of arid environment.
Thirty days cutting interval at a height of 15 cm gives the best fresh fodder and dry matter yields. Sewan grass yields 2.7 to 10.5 tonnes fresh forage/ha/year and up to 3.4 tonnes DM/ha in well-established swards [3]. The low yield can be improved by annual seeding of companion legumes such as guar bean (
In the world, sewan grasslands are mostly found in dryland areas such as African countries, arid and semi-arid regions of Asia, South America and Europe. Sewan grass is mainly grazed by ruminants, generally in association with
The high inter annual variation of rainfall is the single major factor influencing the agricultural production in the region. The mean annual rainfall in western Rajasthan received from 100 to 400 mm in the arid region of Rajasthan with a coefficient of variation of 40–70 per cent. More than 90 per cent of total rainfall is received in rainy season. In these parts, perennial grasses play major role in the economy of rural masses as well as survival of large cattle population. The areas receiving annual rainfall from 100 to 300 mm/year are the main locations where the natural sewan grass exists. The rainfed cropping zone is the main growing zone (More than 80 per cent) of sewan on the interdunal plains.
The desert stands for extremes of temperature ranging from −5.7°C during winters to 48°C during summers. During winters mean maximum temperature varies from 24–26°C parts with the highest mean temperature of 33.3°C in western part of the region. January is the coldest month mean minimum temperature of 6.5 to 9.5°C. During summers, the mean maximum temperature varies from 36.1°C in east to 38°C in the west.
The frequency and occurrence of droughts in arid region are much higher than other regions in drought affected states in India. Out of 13 states repeatedly declared as drought-prone, Rajasthan is the most critical state in the country with highest probabilities of drought occurrence and rainfall deficiencies. Several records shows that about 48 drought years have been reported of varied intensity since 1901 in last 102 years and only 9 years out of them were totally free from drought [19]. The impact of recurrent droughts is the less hazardous than the consecutive droughts of 3–4 years (1984–1987). Consecutive droughts affect the sewan fresh fodder production very badly leading to mortality of animals. The studies conducted at CAZRI, Jodhpur revealed that the sewan could survive under extreme arid and severe drought conditions below 250 mm annual rainfall [20]. It has also been observed that the probability of experiencing severe droughts affecting the grass production in a rainfall zone below 200 mm is about 50 per cent. Sewan being a promising desert grass provides sustained forage production for a longer period even under the harsh climate or lean period of arid regions of western Rajasthan.
Sewan has been found to be more suitable for wind strip cropping as an associate component of silvi-pasture system in the areas of sand dunes and undulations of sandy undulating aggraded alluvial, interdunal plains and sandy undulating buried piedmonts. Fourteen major landforms have been identified in Rajasthan as a whole. Among them, mainly the deposited sandy undulating plains are found to be more appropriate for sewan grass coverage and growth.
A large area as wastelands is available in arid region, which can be utilized for development of grasslands and establishment of pastures. The estimates showed that in India available wastelands vary from 56.60 million ha (17.21 per cent of geographical area of the country i.e. 328.72 Mha). The technologies for improvement and management of pastures, grass-legume mixed pastures and silvipastoral system to increase the carrying capacity of grazing lands is available [21].
The production technologies of sewan grass are different from other arable crops grown under rainfed condition of western Rajasthan because of perennial nature (up to 15 to 20 years after sowing). The grass takes 2–3 years of its development to attain optimum yield and continued for 15 years or more. Generally, the non-cultivable wastelands used for production of sewan grass, which fall under class VIII of Land Use Capability Classification. Packages and practices to be use for production of sewan grass are described inTable 5. To mitigate the effect of drought and moisture scarcity adoption of soil-moisture conservation measures are very crucial tools that are presented in Table 2.
Measures | Remarks | References |
---|---|---|
Construction of contour furrows | 60 cm wide x 25 cm deep and distance of 10–15 m across the slope. Increases the fodder production up to 130 per cent. | [30] |
Inter row water harvesting (IRWH) system | 30 cm wide raised ditches are alternated with 70 cm of wide raised bed improves the soil moisture status in the field. Seeds sown on the edge of the ditches increased forage to 66 per cent over conventional system of planting. | [30] |
Intercultural operations after 20–30 days of sowing | The most effective and common practice in the field. This practice removes weeds, reduces the loss of water through weeds and the fine particles dispersed on the soil surface by intercultural operation work as a surface dust mulching check the water loss from the soil. The intercultural operation breaks the capillaries and stop water evaporation from the soil which ultimately becomes available to the plants for longer period to the grass. | [30] |
Soil-Moisture conservation measures.
The quality seed production of grasses is a challenging task for the breeders and agronomist. The major constraint in development of pasture is supply of inadequate, poor quality seed. In our country, the requirement of tropical range grasses and legumes is about 3000 t/year whereas the supply is only about 450 t/year having a very large gap between demand and supply. Many problems are associated with the grass seed production. Very low effort has been made to develop the high yielding grass varieties. It has also been noticed that the high fodder yielding varieties are very poor seed yielder. The maintenance of seed purity is also difficult due to its perennial nature and tussock making habit. The seed maturity in sewan grass is unsynchronized. The seed production is vulnerable to adverse weather conditions i.e. windstorms, rainfall, drought etc. It has been noticed that the high wind velocity leads to the mature seeds to fall on the ground and occasional heavy rainfall destroy the seeds. The occurrence of drought or moisture scarcity results in lower seed production. Under these circumstances, seed production opportunity and its exploration are very poor, which restricts popularization of sewan seed production among the farmers. Due to the unsynchronized maturity, it takes seven to ten days for all the spikelet to mature in normal season and it may extend up to 20 days in cooler months [31]. As per Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standards (IMSCS), Field and seed standards for identification, release sewan grass cultivars are mentioned in Table 3.
Field standards | IMSCS | |
---|---|---|
Foundation seed (FS) | Certified seed (CS) | |
Field standards | ||
Isolation distance (m) | 20 | 10 |
Field inspection (nos.) | 3 | 3 |
Off-type plants (%) | 0.10 | 1.0 |
Inseparable other crop plants (nos.) | None | None |
Objectionable weed plants (nos.) | None | None |
Designated diseases (nos.) | None | None |
Designated pests (nos.) | None | None |
Minimum Physical purity (%) | 80.0 | 80.0 |
Minimum Genetic purity (%) | 99.0 | 98.0 |
Maximum Inert matter (%) | 20.0 | 20.0 |
Maximum other crop seed (nos./kg) | 20 | 40 |
Maximum Other varieties seed (nos./kg) | 20 | 10 |
Fields of the same variety not conforming to varietal purity requirements for certification (nos./kg) | 20 | 20 |
Fields of another | 200 | 200 |
Maximum Total weed seed (nos./kg) | 20 | 40 |
Maximum Objectionable weed plants (nos./kg) | None | None |
Submitted sample size (gm) | 200.0 | 200.0 |
Working sample size (gm) | 20.0 | 20.0 |
Maximum Moisture per cent | 12.0 | 12.0 |
Minimum Germination per cent | 20.0 | 20.0 |
For vapour-proof containers per cent | 8.0 | 8.0 |
Field and Seed standards for Sewan grass (
Different methods have been applied to collect sewan grass seed with less effort:
Cutting or collection when upper 25 per cent spike has been matured whole spike with its stem or when 75 per cent of the spike are matured and dried up to 2–3 days then the seeds were collected from spikes. The seed harvest of these methods has 35–40% germination, which satisfactory.
Another method introduced by CAZRI, Jodhpur in which caryopses of the spikes harvested by following hand cutting spike heads at optimum time termed as modified method. Seeds were also collected manually as per maturity called traditional method. The results revealed that mean seed germination percentage of October and November harvests was at par in both the methods while in March harvest this was almost double to the traditional method. However, germination was more in the seed harvest of traditional method. Hence modified method is less labor intensive and cost effective [22].
In the forest areas, seed is collected manually from the ground, these seeds have very poor germination percentage due to damage caused by ants. Hand collection as per maturity seed provides quality seed of good germination.
The site should have all the agro eco-characteristics, which can help in growth, development and management of grass stand. If drought occurs at the time of seed formation, there should be provision of life saving irrigation for quality seed production. The sowing methods, fertilizer application etc. have to be followed as per the practices recommended for grass production (Table 4). Under irrigated condition good quality seed could be produced except under low temperature conditions in December and January. Grass should be harvested in the active rainy season to avoid the losses to seed due to rains. If cuts have been taken in July–August, from September onward there will be profuse tillering and more inflorescence production.
Package & Practices | Description |
---|---|
Soil | Sewan grass performs well on alluvial sandy plains, low dunes, hummocks and light textured soils with pH 8.5. In this type of soil, upper horizon is calcareous but quantity of CaCO3 increases with down profile. |
Climate | The climate of sewan-dominated zone has low and erratic rainfall (below 250 mm) and high temperatures. The aridity index is 250 whereas the Thornthwaite moisture Index value is below −40 for sewan grass growing areas. During summer season, temperature should be up to 45°C and in winter season below −3°C. |
Land preparation | At the initial stage of growth of grass requires ploughing is essential to make field free from weeds. The land should be properly ploughed once by disc followed by harrow to avoid the termite infestation and favors better establishment of sewan seedlings. To protect the pastures from illicit grazing should be fenced properly that called in local language |
Varieties | Mostly landraces are dominated in the pasturelands and forest areas of western Rajasthan, Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI), Jodhpur and its research centers have taken a lead to developed sewan grass varieties. Varieties |
Seed Treatment | To obtain better germination and save the seed from the attack of pests, seeds should be in fresh water for 3 hours and then wash with tap water for about 15 minutes [32]. The insecticide such as BHC or Aldrin powder can be mixed with the mixture to protect the seed from insects after sowing [33]. Seed germination or seed setting can increase foliar spray of combination of Cycocel (100 ppm) and Pactobutrazol (200 ppm) [34]. It has been confirmed that treatment with 0.2% KNO3 gave significantly higher germination (20.9%) than control (18.0%). |
Sowing | Test weight of sewan grass is 7 g, which make as the seeds vulnerable to winds. Therefore, care should be taken for better placement of seed. Generally, two methods are recommended for sowing:- |
a) Furrow sowing | In this method, seeds mix with moist sandy soil in 1:5 ratios in such a way that in one crunch of mixer approximately 10–12 seeds should be available for sowing. Furrows opened with the help of tractor or desi plough and drilled the mixtures in 2-3 cm depth with 75 to 100 cm spacing then covered with soil layer to avoid the instant loss of soil moisture from furrows and safety the seed from ants and other biotic agents [35, 36]. The intercropping of This system will be better for development and renovation of pastures and rangelands. |
b) Pellets sowing | This method can be adopted for dry sowing as well as wet sowing to prevent loss of grass seed on windy days and from birds and ants. The pallets made by mixing in a particular proportion of 100-125 g seed: 3500 g clay: 250 g FYM: 250 g sand with a desired quantity of water and dried in shade for 24 hours with hand Suitable size of pellets should be 0.5 cm contains 2–3 seeds. |
Sowing time, Seed rate and Spacing | Suitable sowing time as dry sowing is before the onset of monsoon under wet condition after the rains. The optimum seed rate is very important for getting the desired plant population in the field otherwise, growth of clumps at later stages are badly affected with heavy competition for moisture and nutrient as well as the space. 3–4 kg/ha seeds will be sufficient for one hectare area [35] and recommended crop geometry for sewan grass is 75–100 cm x 50–75 cm. |
Fertilizer management | Desert soil has many advantages (better water releasing capacity) and disadvantages (poor water holding capacity) in terms of rainfed cropping of grasses as well as crops. Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium uptake significantly higher in half-yearly cuttings than annual cuttings. Before sowing FYM or other compost including sheep and goat manures should be added approximately 5–7 t/ha and the recommended basal application is 30 kg nitrogen (two split doses) +40 kg P205 /ha has been found effective and economical dose for better establishment and higher forage yield [38]. The side placement has been found better than the broadcasting method of fertilizer application in the sandy soils. |
Use of Bio regulators | Foliar spray of Thiourea (0.05%) and GA3 (10 ppm) have positive significant effect on the seed yield of sewan grass. It induces the translocation of nutrient another part and many metabolic activities. |
Irrigation management | Sewan is generally managed in natural rangelands in rainfed condition and major growing period is monsoon season. It is believed that if sewan is irrigated the productivity of grass will decrease and its life span will decrease form 10 years to 5 years. However, the experiment conducted at CAZRI, Jodhpur has shown that light irrigation through sprinklers with supplementation of nitrogen has increased yields (green forage yield 25.1 tones/ha and dry forage yield of 8.8 tones/ha) over the years [39]. It has been earlier reported that |
Irrigation scheduling |
|
Forage production | The highest green forage and dry matter yields recorded 88.57, 29.08 and 95.38, 30.19 q/ha from I and II cutting was recorded at 40 kg N/ha when applied full dose in July, respectively [38, 40]. |
Weed management | Weeds compete with the grass seedlings especially at the initial stages of its growth and development. Therefore, for efficient use of available soil moisture and nutrient by grasses the eradication of weeds is very important at the initial stage. It has been observed that although hand weeding is expensive but more effective than the chemical weeding. The grasses have fodder value hence chemical weeding is not advised. It has been proved that two weeding by hand hoe and after 20 days have been found effective and remunerative. |
Harvesting | The sewan grass is ready to harvest after about 35 to 40 days after the effective rains. The nutritive status of fodder at maturity stage is lowest but total dry matter is more. Therefore, nutritive value of fodder yields should be harvested at green stage after the flowering. The harvesting can be done using mechanical harvester and grass cubes can be made for its unchaffed storage. In general, the grass is harvested by sickle and after drying, it is chaffed by the chaffing machine. |
Ageing and productivity | Due to perennial nature, increase in age of the clumps increase green forage yield (15–17 q/ha) [41]. |
Soil Fertility | An experiment conducted at CSWRI, Bikaner from 2001 to 2003 revealed that the cultivation of sewan has non-significant effect on the soil EC and pH but soil organic carbon increase gradually. Available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium significantly increased in the soil after three years [42]. |
Yield | From a well-managed sewan grass with good plant population 20–25 kg/ha seed and 35–40 q/ha dry forage can be produced. The yield potential is quite high |
Environmental features and Agronomic practices for sewan grass production.
Alternate land use system is appropriate in areas where subsistence farming is practiced in fragile ecosystems and it poses more potentiality and flexibility in land use than the traditional crop production systems. An ideal system for dry land areas should have a judicious mix of crops, trees and grasses only then the natural resources will be judiciously utilized and returns maximized without any detrimental effect to environment [43]. Different alternate land use systems have classified in arid environments
Alternate land use system | Remarks | References |
---|---|---|
Horti-Pastural system | Earlier study on this system has been revealed that sewan grass growth not affected with Horticultural intercrop ( | [22] |
Silvi-Pastural system | It has reported that in wastelands areas of arid regions, sewan grass intercropped with forest trees ( Thus, the system ensures best utilization of rainfall water and maintains temperature for biomass production. Some of the Silvi-Pastural systems with sewan grass are sewan + | [22, 23, 24] |
Agri-Pastoral system | ||
Mixed cropping | Old practice among the farmers of western Rajasthan. This grass mixed with legumes increase fresh forage and dry matter yields. Example: | [25, 26] |
Intercropping | Intercropping of arid legumes (mungbean, moth and guar) with perennial grass include sewan, buffel grass and birdwood grass help to increase yields and stabilizes the economy of arid zone farmers. | [27] |
Strip cropping system | Two crops of different growth habit are grown in a specified width of strips for enhancing the land productivity and reducing the soil erosion. Examples: Sewan + Mothbean (1:4), Sewan + Guar (1:4) | [28, 29] |
Alternate land use system with
As we have already discussed that sewan grass lives more than 20–25 yielded up to 10–15 years but due to modernization in agriculture i.e. heavy grazing, mechanization, and economically important crop dependency of farmers sewan grass is being disappeared from the farmer’s field and limited at wasteland areas. Therefore, there is need to conserved sewan grass and continuously supply sewan forage to the livestock. That can possible through land diversification that means to use land efficiently by growing sewan grass with arable crops without affecting the yield of both grass and arable crops. Strip cropping of sewan grass with arid legumes helps to conserved and maintains yields of both crop and grass. Another way to utilize the non-cultivable forest areas the planting sewan by adopting advanced production technologies and soil moisture measures. Thus, sewan can be used in diversification and resource conservation in arid tract of Rajasthan. Sewan grass can be used as hay and silage during lean period when fodder is not available for livestock. The silage is a good quality fodder and can be fed to the animals during the off-season. An experiment conduced at CAZRI, Jodhpur and results revealed that quality silage of sewan fodder can be increased by adding 1–2% urea, 10% juggary and 4% starter culture (
An experiment conduced at CSWRI, Bikaner and results revealed that dry matter consumption through sewan hay was found to be higher than
Plant breeding deals with principles and procedures to improve the genetic constitution of crop species based on two basic principles such as creation of variation and selection. Naturally occurring variations in sewan grass already exist due to its cross-pollinated nature. Diversity existing among the germplasm help to select the diverse parents that help to introgression or combine the trait of interest into the elite cultivar [44] which can be estimated by clustering approaches such as Metroglyph analysis [45], D2 statistics [46], Principal Component Analysis (PCA) [47] and molecular markers. Sewan grass is used for fodder purposes so that forage yield is the economically important complex or super trait. Direct selection for yields
Arid zones are known to be fragile ecosystems in which various grasses have been introduced that tolerate high temperatures and low rainfall (below 250 mm) such as buffel-grass (
There are many reasons behind low popularization of sewan grass on farmer’s field such as sewan grass found in extreme areas (high temperature), modernization in agriculture, cultivation of economically important crops, researches limited to agronomic perspective, limited R & D, seeds are very low weight and environmental conditions are highly variable (sandstroms), poor education and awareness, overgrazing, low profitable than economic important crops, uneven pod setting, non-synchronous maturation, present land utilization does not permit any more good land to be put for fodder production, and no governmental policies for conservation of sewan grass germplasm. Therefore, to meet both present and future demands, policies need to be supportive of the development of these traditional Agroforestry systems. Sewan grass has numerous qualities such as lodging resistance, drought tolerance, C4 grass, associated with beneficial bacterial colonies but still facing negligence from scientist communities. Therefore, these traits can be utilized for germplasm enhancement and it is mentioned earlier that intercropping of sewan with other crops and trees or shrubs also help to prevent soil erosion and maintain soil fertility. There is needed to be popularized fodder of sewan grass to the farmers so that can conserve sewan grass germplasm and generate extra income for their livelihood. If improvements could be made in forage quality, especially more high yield varieties with good nutrition, then potentially huge improvements in the animal production can be made. In conclusion, utilizing the information obtained from the research effort to improve grain crops and the knowledge gathered from model systems like
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Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"1",type:"subseries",title:"Oral Health",keywords:"Oral health, Dental care, Diagnosis, Diagnostic imaging, Early diagnosis, Oral cancer, Conservative treatment, Epidemiology, Comprehensive dental care, Complementary therapies, Holistic health",scope:"
\r\n This topic aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest trends in Oral Health based on recent scientific evidence. Subjects will include an overview of oral diseases and infections, systemic diseases affecting the oral cavity, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, as well as current clinical recommendations for the management of oral, dental, and periodontal diseases.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11397,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). Dr. Marinho's experience in Dentistry mainly covers the following subjects: oral diagnosis, oral radiology; oral medicine; lesions and oral infections; oral pathology, laser therapy and epidemiological studies.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218"},editorialBoard:[{id:"267724",title:"Dr.",name:"Febronia",middleName:null,surname:"Kahabuka",slug:"febronia-kahabuka",fullName:"Febronia Kahabuka",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZpJQAW/Profile_Picture_2022-06-27T12:00:42.JPG",institutionString:null,institution:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"82310",title:"Knowledge of Intergenerational Contact to Combat Ageism towards Older People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105592",signatures:"Alice Nga Lai Kwong",slug:"knowledge-of-intergenerational-contact-to-combat-ageism-towards-older-people",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - 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