Nomenclature.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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Consequently, their progressive decline may accelerate climate change and vice versa, influencing flora and fauna composition and distribution, resulting in the loss of biodiversity. Climate changes effects are the principal topics of this volume. Written by internationally renowned contributors, Biodiversity loss in a changing planet offers attractive study cases focused on biodiversity evaluations and provisions in several different ecosystems, analysing the current life condition of many life forms, and covering very different biogeographic zones of the planet.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-707-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4401-4",doi:"10.5772/1832",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"biodiversity-loss-in-a-changing-planet",numberOfPages:330,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"d325a1437cd12bf8823408657080ee8a",bookSignature:"Oscar Grillo and Gianfranco Venora",publishedDate:"November 16th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1366.jpg",numberOfDownloads:45378,numberOfWosCitations:129,numberOfCrossrefCitations:21,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:89,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:3,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:239,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 23rd 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 21st 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 27th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 27th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 26th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"51992",title:"PhD.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Grillo",slug:"oscar-grillo",fullName:"Oscar Grillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/51992/images/1749_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Oscar Grillo is a food technologist with an international PhD in applied and environmental botany. 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The evolution of these simulation tools has attracted the attention of several industrials. The aim of the concept is to seek about effective methods and accurate models which allow to reach this objective and to minimize the cost and the time devoted to the development phases of vehicle systems (Kiencke & Nielsen, 2005), (Pill-Soo, 2003), (Deuszkiewicz & Radkowski, 2003).
\n\t\t\tWith the vehicle simulators, the users can simulate the driving vehicle or new vehicle safety component. It offers several benefits for a designing and comprehension of the vehicle behaviours in order to improve the passenger’s safety. Also the interaction of the driver, vehicle and road (environment) is studied with the help of vehicle simulators (Donghoon & Kyongsu, 2006), (Larouci et al, 2006), (Larouci et al, 2007).
\n\t\t\tThe aim of this chapter is to present a method to carry out a vehicle transmission simulator coupled to a vehicle dynamic model. The transmission simulator uses electric actuators with dedicated control laws to reproduce the mechanical characteristic of the real vehicle transmission chain. The vehicle dynamic model takes into account the longitudinal, the vertical and the pitch motions. The coupled electric simulator validates the theoretical studies (automatic gearbox, test of heat engine, dynamic behaviour, passenger comfort, automated driving...) by measurements without need to the real transmission system and the real environment of the vehicle. Such a method allows to reduce significantly the cost and the time of the development phases of vehicles.
\n\t\t\tThe present work is organized as follows. In the first part, a vehicle transmission simulator and vehicle dynamic model are developed. The second part focuses on the decoupled transmission simulator and the vehicle dynamic. Then a coupling approach of the previous models will be shown. The control performances of the electric simulator part depend on the electric actuator parameters which can be change under the vehicle environmental constraints (temperature, vibration…). In order to overcome these drawbacks and to improve the control law robustness of the electric simulator a sliding mode control will be proposed.
\n\t\t\tFinally, a comparison between the vehicle dynamic performances obtained using the coupled and decoupled models will be presented and discussed
\n\t\tThe electric simulator of the vehicle transmission chain simulates the mechanical characteristic of the transmission system. This simulator uses two electric actuators controlled with dedicated control laws. The first one reproduces the dynamic driving torque developed by the heat engine and available at the output of the bridge, while the second one simulates the resisting torque imposed by the vehicle load (the whole resisting efforts to the vehicle advance plus inertias).
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tFigure 1 illustrates the various forces applied to a vehicle during its motion on a road with a slope of angle . These forces include the driving force and the mean resisting forces.
\n\t\t\t\tForces applied to a vehicle in a slope.
Fm, Faero, Frr and Frc are, respectively, the driving force, the aerodynamics force, the rolling friction force and the resisting force in a slope, (Bauer, 2005), (Minakawa et al., 1999).
\n\t\t\t\tTo model the real vehicle transmission system, we suppose that the transmission losses are neglected (the efficiency of clutch and gear box reaches 1) and only longitudinal forces are considered (Liang et al., 2003), (Nakamura et al., 2003), (Sawas et al., 1999), (Krick, 1976).
\n\t\t\t\tUsing these assumptions, the following equations can be written:
\n\t\t\t\tJth and Jeb are, respectively, the inertias of the heat engine and the input shaft of the gearbox. th is the angular speed of the heat engine. Cm_th and Cr_eb are, respectively, the heat engine torque and the resisting torque (the resisting torque at the input of the gearbox seen by the heat engine) (see figure 2).
\n\t\t\t\tSimplified transmission system.
Jsp and Jroues are, respectively, the inertia at the output of the bridge and the inertia of the wheels. sp is the angular speed at the output of the bridge. Cm_sp and Cr_roues are, respectively, the torque at the output of the bridge and the resisting torque at the wheels.
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
M | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tthe total vehicle mass | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tkg | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
V | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tthe vehicle longitudinal speed | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tm/s | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | density of the air | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tkg/m 3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
C x\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tthe drag coefficient | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t |
S f\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tthe frontal (transverse) section of the vehicle | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tm 2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
f rr\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tthe coefficient of rolling friction | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t |
g | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tthe acceleration of gravity | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t9.81 m/s 2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | the slope angle | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\trad | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
R sc\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tloaded radius (ray of the driving wheel) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tm | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
R t =R b. R p\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttotal reduction ratio | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t |
R b\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tthe gearbox ratio | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t |
R p\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tthe bridge ratio | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t |
Nomenclature.
The transmission is supposed without losses. So:
\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
From the equation 3, we deduce that:
\n\t\t\t\t\tWhere:
\n\t\t\t\t\tCsr-sp is the total resisting torque in the steady state at the output of the bridge (5):
\n\t\t\t\t\tIn order to reproduce the behavior of the real vehicle transmission chain, an equivalent model using two electric actuators is considered (figure 3). In this model, the electric actuator M1 simulates the heat engine, while the second actuator (M2) simulates the resisting forces.
\n\t\t\t\tA first equivalent model.
In order to work in a reduced torque scale and to validate the coupling of a transmission model to a vehicle dynamic one, the previous configuration (figure 3) is reduced to the configuration presented in figure 4 where the actuator M2 simulates the whole resisting torque due to aerodynamic frictions, rolling frictions, resisting torque in a slope and inertia with a torque reduction factor (fc2). However, the electric actuator M1 simulates both the heat engine and the gearbox with a torque reduction factor (fc1).
\n\t\t\t\tThis model can be used to test control strategies of automatic gearbox and to study the influence of these strategies on the vehicle dynamic behavior in order to improve the passenger comfort for example.
\n\t\t\t\tA second equivalent model.
Considering fc2 = fc1= fc yields:
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t1 and 2 are the angular velocities of the electric actuators M1 and M2. Therefore, the equation 2 can be written as follows:
\n\t\t\t\tThe mechanical equation on the common tree of the two electric actuators is:
\n\t\t\t\tWhere:
\n\t\t\t\tJ1 and J2 are the moment of inertia of the actuators M1 and M2. \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The resisting torque which must be developed by the actuator M2 (\n\t\t\t\t\t
Where:
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
Csr-sp is the total resisting torque in the steady state given by equation 5. So:
\n\t\t\t\tIn the same way, the torque which must be developed by the actuator M1 (Cm_1) is deduced from equations (1) and (7). So:
\n\t\t\t\tAs a result the torque control laws of the actuators M1 and M2 (Cm_1_ref and Cr_2_ref ) are expressed as follows:
\n\t\t\t\tfv1 and fv2 are the viscous friction coefficients of the actuators M1 and M2.
\n\t\t\t\tCs1 and Cs2 are the torques induced by the dry frictions of the two electric actuators.
\n\t\t\t\tThese control laws compensate the losses induced by viscous and dry frictions of the two electric actuators.
\n\t\t\tA speed regulator is included in the simulation model. It determines the position of the accelerator pedal which allows to track a desired speed.
\n\t\t\t\tA vehicle starting test is carried out to validate the modeling of the equivalent transmission chain. It consists to evaluate the time necessary to reach a vehicle desired speed of 90 km/h (figure 5).
\n\t\t\t\tA vehicle starting test.
The regulator parameters are adjusted to obtain a vehicle starting time (12s in figure 5) close to the starting time given by the manufacturer (11.6s), (Grunn & Pham, 2007).
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tFigure 6 presents the desired torque and the real one developed by the electric actuator M1 in a case of a road profile characterized by different slopes (figure 7). This torque is the image of the torque available at the output of the bridge (with a reduction coefficient fc = 100). As a result, the real torque is very close to the desired one. Moreover, this torque is more important at the vehicle starting and in front of slopes to overcome the vehicle inertia and the resisting torque caused by these slopes.
\n\t\t\t\tReal and reference (desired) torques of the machine M1.
Slopes of the considered road profile.
In this part a three degree-of-freedom vehicle dynamic model is presented. It takes into account the longitudinal, the vertical and the pitch motions of a vehicle. In this model, the yaw, the roll and the transversal motions are ignored. Only translations according to the longitudinal (x) and vertical (z) directions and the pitch rotation are considered.
\n\t\t\tUnder these assumptions, the overall motion of the vehicle can be described by three equations (13). The first one characterizes the longitudinal dynamic. The second one represents the dynamics of the vertical motion and the latest describes the pitch motion, (Grunn & Pham, 2007).
\n\t\t\twhere:
\n\t\t\tM: the total vehicle mass
\n\t\t\tm: the sprung mass
\n\t\t\th: the vertical distance between the vehicle centre gravity and the pitch centre
\n\t\t\tIy : the moment of inertia according to the y-axis
\n\t\t\tIn this model, the resulting forces Fx controls the longitudinal dynamics, (Pacejka, 2005). The vertical motion is controlled by a resulting force Fz and the pitch motion is controlled by the pitch moment My. In this vehicle dynamic model (decoupled model), the transmission system is modeled by a gain and the driving torque is supposed proportional to the position of the accelerator pedal.
\n\t\tThe coupled model (figure8) associates the transmission simulator and the vehicle dynamic model by replacing the transmission part of the vehicle dynamic model by the transmission simulator presented in second part. In this case, the resisting torque which must be developed by the actuator M2 takes into account the pitch effect. This torque is the same one calculated in the vehicle dynamic model plus the viscous and dry frictions of the actuator M2.
\n\t\t\tBlock diagram of the coupled model.
The control performances of the electric simulator depend on the electric actuator parameters which can be change under the vehicle environmental constraints (temperature, vibration…). In order to eliminate this problem and to improve the control law robustness of the electric simulator a sliding mode control is used.
\n\t\t\tIn this part we develop a first sliding mode control law. The DC machine is described by the following equation:
\n\t\t\t\tU is the supply voltage. L,R,Km and are respectively the inductance, the resistance the torque coefficient and the velocity of the DC machine.
\n\t\t\t\tFirst, the sliding surface S is chosen as follows:
\n\t\t\t\tc1 is a control parameter.
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
The equivalent control input is first computed from\n\t\t\t\t\t
Where:
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
The equivalent control input is thus (Ueq):
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
By choosing a constant and proportional approach, we finally obtains:
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
K1 and K2 are control parameters. When the system is far from the sliding manifold, the behaviour is dominated by K2 term, however K1 term becomes dominant when approaching the manifold. A good choice of K1 and K2 will allows to reduce both the convergence time and the well-known chattering phenomena near the sliding manifold (Chaibet et al, 2004). In our case K1=0.05, K2=1.
\n\t\t\tDifferent simulations are presented to compare the dynamic performances of the coupled model and the decoupled one for a vehicle desired speed vdes = 60km/h on a straight road.
\n\t\t\t\tThe figures 9 and 10 show the vehicle speed and the longitudinal acceleration for the both models (coupled and decoupled models).
\n\t\t\t\tLongitudinal vehicle speed.
Longitudinal acceleration.
As results, the desired speed is reached more quickly in the case of the decoupled model. This difference is due to the time delay caused by the change of the commuted speeds. In addition and for the same reason, important variations on the longitudinal acceleration of the coupled model are detected.
\n\t\t\t\tNote that these variations (-0.3m/s2 to 2m/s2) respect the passenger comfort limits (Chaibet et al, 2005), (Nouveliere & Mammar, 2003), (Huang & Renal, 1999).
\n\t\t\t\tThe figures 11, 12 and 13 show respectively, the vertical acceleration of the sprung mass, its vertical movement and the pitch motion.
\n\t\t\t\tWe note that the important variations obtained in the case of the coupled model are induced by the change of the commuted speeds.
\n\t\t\t\tThrough these results, we can deduce that the integrating of the transmission chain simulator in the vehicle dynamic model allows to detect more dynamic variations and to reflect the vehicle dynamic behavior with high accuracy.
\n\t\t\t\tVertical acceleration of the sprung mass.
Vertical movement of the sprung mass.
Pitch movement
An electric simulator of the vehicle transmission chain coupled with a vehicle dynamic model is presented in this chapter. The transmission simulator uses two electric actuators with speed and torque control. The first actuator simulates both the heat engine and the gearbox. The second one simulates the forces resisting to the vehicle advance as well as the inertias.
\n\t\t\tThe dynamic vehicle model includes longitudinal, vertical and pitch motions. The coupled model represents the vehicle dynamic behavior with high accuracy. This model is an interesting solution to carry out studies on transmission and vehicle dynamic aspects (development of control strategies of automatic gearbox by taking into account the dynamic behavior, improvement of safety and passenger comfort, test of intelligent vehicle…) without need to the real transmission system and the real environment of the vehicle. Therefore, it allows to reduce significantly the time and the cost of the development phases of the transmission and dynamic behavior systems.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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Pith has also been used as a bulking agent for soil bioremediation. More recently, bagasse pith has been used for bioethanol production involving pretreatment and hydrolysis followed by fermentation and dehydration. However, little is reported about biomass valorization for the development of environmentally sound and innovative strategies to process sugarcane bagasse from sugar mills. Incineration of sugarcane bagasse pith is a very common and mature technology for waste disposal and generation of electrical and thermal energy. However, this approach may not be satisfactory in organic waste management due to pollutant emissions, economic and labor costs, loss of energy, and bad odor. In addition, no valuable product is generated from its decomposition process. Instead of incineration, recent research has focused on its utilization as biofuel source. In this chapter, the use of sugarcane bagasse pith as a waste material for incineration versus biomass to produce bioethanol is discussed in terms of energy ratio and emissions, in addition to elucidate the potential of sugarcane bagasse valorization for a more sustainable society.",book:{id:"6315",slug:"sugarcane-technology-and-research",title:"Sugarcane",fullTitle:"Sugarcane - Technology and Research"},signatures:"Elias Martinez-Hernandez, Myriam Adela Amezcua-Allieri, Jhuma\nSadhukhan and Jorge Aburto Anell",authors:[{id:"16428",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Aburto",slug:"jorge-aburto",fullName:"Jorge Aburto"},{id:"27622",title:"Dr.",name:"Myriam",middleName:null,surname:"Amezcua",slug:"myriam-amezcua",fullName:"Myriam Amezcua"},{id:"232272",title:"Dr.",name:"Elias",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Hernandez",slug:"elias-martinez-hernandez",fullName:"Elias Martinez-Hernandez"},{id:"232274",title:"Dr.",name:"Jhuma",middleName:null,surname:"Sadhukhan",slug:"jhuma-sadhukhan",fullName:"Jhuma Sadhukhan"}]},{id:"57762",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71497",title:"Sugarcane Bagasse and Cellulose Polymer Composites",slug:"sugarcane-bagasse-and-cellulose-polymer-composites",totalDownloads:2228,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:"Waste recycling has been the main topic of various scientific researches due to environmental management. Renewable agricultural sources such as pineapple leaf, sisal, jute, piassava, coir, and sugarcane bagasse are among agro waste, normally known as biomass, which is recently used for reinforcing polymeric materials. Sugarcane bagasse fiber residues has been extensively investigated and employed as a source of reinforcement of polymers. The major residue is normally burnt for energy supply in the sugar and alcohol industries and as a result, tons of ash is created. The ash contained inorganic components which are valuable for reinforcement in polymeric materials. This chapter reports on the use of sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) and its cellulose as reinforcing fillers for polymers.",book:{id:"6315",slug:"sugarcane-technology-and-research",title:"Sugarcane",fullTitle:"Sugarcane - Technology and Research"},signatures:"Teboho C. Mokhena, Mokgaotsa J. Mochane, Tshwafo E. Motaung,\nLinda Z. Linganiso, Oriel M. Thekisoe and Sandile P. Songca",authors:[{id:"212802",title:"Prof.",name:"Tshwafo",middleName:null,surname:"Motaung",slug:"tshwafo-motaung",fullName:"Tshwafo Motaung"},{id:"218007",title:"Dr.",name:"Linda",middleName:null,surname:"Linganiso",slug:"linda-linganiso",fullName:"Linda Linganiso"},{id:"220962",title:"Dr.",name:"Teboho",middleName:null,surname:"Mokhena",slug:"teboho-mokhena",fullName:"Teboho Mokhena"},{id:"220963",title:"Dr.",name:"Mokgaotsa",middleName:null,surname:"Mochane",slug:"mokgaotsa-mochane",fullName:"Mokgaotsa Mochane"},{id:"220965",title:"Prof.",name:"Thekisoe",middleName:null,surname:"Oriel",slug:"thekisoe-oriel",fullName:"Thekisoe Oriel"},{id:"220966",title:"Prof.",name:"Songca",middleName:null,surname:"Sandile",slug:"songca-sandile",fullName:"Songca Sandile"}]},{id:"59075",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73056",title:"Nematodes Affecting Potato and Sustainable Practices for Their Management",slug:"nematodes-affecting-potato-and-sustainable-practices-for-their-management",totalDownloads:1970,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:"Plant-parasitic nematodes are a significant factor limiting potato production and tuber quality in several regions where potato is produced. Overall, parasitic nematodes alone cause an estimated annual crop loss of $ 78 billion worldwide and an average crop yield loss of 10–15%. As a result, sustainable food production and food security are directly impacted by pests and diseases. Degrading land use with monocultures and unsustainable cropping practices have intensified problems associated with plant pathogens. Proper identification of nematode species and isolates is crucial to choose effective and sustainable management strategies for nematode infection. Several nematode species have been reported associated with potato. Among those, the potato cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida, the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp., the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus spp., the potato rot nematode Ditylenchus destructor and the false root-knot nematode Nacobbus aberrans are major species limiting potato yield and leading to poor tuber quality. Here, we report a literature review on the biology, symptoms, damage and control methods used for these nematode species.",book:{id:"6219",slug:"potato-from-incas-to-all-over-the-world",title:"Potato",fullTitle:"Potato - From Incas to All Over the World"},signatures:"Fábia S.O. Lima, Vanessa S. Mattos, Edvar S. Silva, Maria A.S.\nCarvalho, Renato A. Teixeira, Janaína C. Silva and Valdir R. Correa",authors:[{id:"191564",title:"Dr.",name:"Fábia",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",slug:"fabia-lima",fullName:"Fábia Lima"},{id:"191758",title:"Dr.",name:"Valdir",middleName:null,surname:"Correa",slug:"valdir-correa",fullName:"Valdir Correa"}]},{id:"59391",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73113",title:"Sugarcane Production in China",slug:"sugarcane-production-in-china",totalDownloads:1888,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"Sugarcane production in China has a prolonged history since fourth century BC. At present, China is the world’s third largest sugar producing country after Brazil and India. During the past decade, more than 90% of the sugar production was contributed by sugarcane. Guangxi is the dominant sugarcane and sugar producer, accounting for 65% of sugar production in China. China’s sugarcane production faced serious problems in the past several years, especially the rapid increase in the labor cost because of the manual harvest. Now, China requires changing their sugarcane practice from manual to mechanical in order to catch up with the international trends in worldwide industry. Many other challenges and constraints are becoming severe, including abiotic and biotic stress, cost escalation, over fertilization, poor ratooning, and single cultivar. New technologies will be applied to sugarcane production, including omics-based breeding, best management practices, and so on.",book:{id:"6315",slug:"sugarcane-technology-and-research",title:"Sugarcane",fullTitle:"Sugarcane - Technology and Research"},signatures:"Muqing Zhang and Muralidharan Govindaraju",authors:[{id:"211925",title:"Dr.",name:"Muqing",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"muqing-zhang",fullName:"Muqing Zhang"},{id:"227160",title:"Dr.",name:"Govindaraju",middleName:null,surname:"Muralidharan",slug:"govindaraju-muralidharan",fullName:"Govindaraju Muralidharan"}]},{id:"57733",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71496",title:"Biotechnological Interventions for the Improvement of Sugarcane Crop and Sugar Production",slug:"biotechnological-interventions-for-the-improvement-of-sugarcane-crop-and-sugar-production",totalDownloads:1891,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Sugarcane, not only fulfills 70% of world sugar needs but is also a prime potential source of bioethanol. It is majorly grown in tropical and subtropical regions. Researchers have improved this grass to great extent and have developed energy cane with ability to accumulate up to 18% sucrose in its Culm. Improvement of this crop is impeded by its complex genome, low fertility, long production cycle and susceptibility to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Biotechnological interventions hold great promise to address these impediments paving way to get improved sugarcane crop. Further, being vegetatively propagated in most of the agroecological regions, it has become more attractive plant to work with. This chapter highlights, how advanced knowledge of omics (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics) can be employed to improve sugarcane crop. In addition, potential role of in vitro techniques and transgenic technology has also been discussed for developing improved sugarcane clones with enhanced sugar recovery.",book:{id:"6315",slug:"sugarcane-technology-and-research",title:"Sugarcane",fullTitle:"Sugarcane - Technology and Research"},signatures:"Ghulam Mustafa, Faiz Ahmad Joyia, Sultana Anwar, Aqsa Parvaiz\nand Muhammad Sarwar Khan",authors:[{id:"211046",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghulam",middleName:null,surname:"Mustafa",slug:"ghulam-mustafa",fullName:"Ghulam Mustafa"},{id:"212508",title:"Dr.",name:"Faiz",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"faiz-ahmad",fullName:"Faiz Ahmad"},{id:"212509",title:"Ms.",name:"Sultana",middleName:null,surname:"Anwar",slug:"sultana-anwar",fullName:"Sultana Anwar"},{id:"212510",title:"Ms.",name:"Aqsa",middleName:null,surname:"Pervaiz",slug:"aqsa-pervaiz",fullName:"Aqsa Pervaiz"},{id:"212511",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Sarwar",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"muhammad-sarwar-khan",fullName:"Muhammad Sarwar Khan"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"59391",title:"Sugarcane Production in China",slug:"sugarcane-production-in-china",totalDownloads:1888,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"Sugarcane production in China has a prolonged history since fourth century BC. At present, China is the world’s third largest sugar producing country after Brazil and India. During the past decade, more than 90% of the sugar production was contributed by sugarcane. Guangxi is the dominant sugarcane and sugar producer, accounting for 65% of sugar production in China. China’s sugarcane production faced serious problems in the past several years, especially the rapid increase in the labor cost because of the manual harvest. Now, China requires changing their sugarcane practice from manual to mechanical in order to catch up with the international trends in worldwide industry. Many other challenges and constraints are becoming severe, including abiotic and biotic stress, cost escalation, over fertilization, poor ratooning, and single cultivar. New technologies will be applied to sugarcane production, including omics-based breeding, best management practices, and so on.",book:{id:"6315",slug:"sugarcane-technology-and-research",title:"Sugarcane",fullTitle:"Sugarcane - Technology and Research"},signatures:"Muqing Zhang and Muralidharan Govindaraju",authors:[{id:"211925",title:"Dr.",name:"Muqing",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"muqing-zhang",fullName:"Muqing Zhang"},{id:"227160",title:"Dr.",name:"Govindaraju",middleName:null,surname:"Muralidharan",slug:"govindaraju-muralidharan",fullName:"Govindaraju Muralidharan"}]},{id:"58251",title:"Management of Late Blight of Potato",slug:"management-of-late-blight-of-potato",totalDownloads:2925,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the most important crop and Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary is the oomycete, which was responsible for infamous Irish potato famine during 1843–45 and it continues to cause worldwide devastation of the potato. Moreover, this disease is re-emerging in the forms of different genotypes and causes huge yield loss in the potato crop. The factors which are responsible for huge yield loss of potato are applied improper management strategies and pathogen behavior. Management strategies includes; forecasting, cultural, biological, varietal and chemical management. Forecasting is the better option for management of late blight, if accurately forecasted and promptly information reaches to the end users. As infected potato tubers cause the primary sources of infection in next season. The cultural practices will also helpful in reducing inoculum load and managing the disease. The host resistance is best option for management of this disease. However, due to very divers’ virulence nature of P. infestans; the resistance of the varieties is wiped out within a decade. Several fungicides including contact, systemic and translaminar have been evaluated from time to time; however, the pathogen has shown a remarkable capacity for change with respect to host genotype and fungicides. Nowadays biological control is gaining importance due to its eco-friendly in nature.",book:{id:"6219",slug:"potato-from-incas-to-all-over-the-world",title:"Potato",fullTitle:"Potato - From Incas to All Over the World"},signatures:"Mehi Lal, Sanjeev Sharma, Saurabh Yadav and Santosh Kumar",authors:[{id:"186150",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehi",middleName:null,surname:"Lal",slug:"mehi-lal",fullName:"Mehi Lal"},{id:"194201",title:"Mr.",name:"Saurabh",middleName:null,surname:"Yadav",slug:"saurabh-yadav",fullName:"Saurabh Yadav"},{id:"210908",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanjeev",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"sanjeev-sharma",fullName:"Sanjeev Sharma"},{id:"210909",title:"Dr.",name:"Santosh",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"santosh-kumar",fullName:"Santosh Kumar"}]},{id:"57967",title:"Sugarcane Bagasse Valorization Strategies for Bioethanol and Energy Production",slug:"sugarcane-bagasse-valorization-strategies-for-bioethanol-and-energy-production",totalDownloads:2071,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:"The use of sugarcane bagasse pith as solid substrate for fungi and microbial growth is well known, as well as a source of microorganisms that can be isolated from it. Pith has also been used as a bulking agent for soil bioremediation. More recently, bagasse pith has been used for bioethanol production involving pretreatment and hydrolysis followed by fermentation and dehydration. However, little is reported about biomass valorization for the development of environmentally sound and innovative strategies to process sugarcane bagasse from sugar mills. Incineration of sugarcane bagasse pith is a very common and mature technology for waste disposal and generation of electrical and thermal energy. However, this approach may not be satisfactory in organic waste management due to pollutant emissions, economic and labor costs, loss of energy, and bad odor. In addition, no valuable product is generated from its decomposition process. Instead of incineration, recent research has focused on its utilization as biofuel source. In this chapter, the use of sugarcane bagasse pith as a waste material for incineration versus biomass to produce bioethanol is discussed in terms of energy ratio and emissions, in addition to elucidate the potential of sugarcane bagasse valorization for a more sustainable society.",book:{id:"6315",slug:"sugarcane-technology-and-research",title:"Sugarcane",fullTitle:"Sugarcane - Technology and Research"},signatures:"Elias Martinez-Hernandez, Myriam Adela Amezcua-Allieri, Jhuma\nSadhukhan and Jorge Aburto Anell",authors:[{id:"16428",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Aburto",slug:"jorge-aburto",fullName:"Jorge Aburto"},{id:"27622",title:"Dr.",name:"Myriam",middleName:null,surname:"Amezcua",slug:"myriam-amezcua",fullName:"Myriam Amezcua"},{id:"232272",title:"Dr.",name:"Elias",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Hernandez",slug:"elias-martinez-hernandez",fullName:"Elias Martinez-Hernandez"},{id:"232274",title:"Dr.",name:"Jhuma",middleName:null,surname:"Sadhukhan",slug:"jhuma-sadhukhan",fullName:"Jhuma Sadhukhan"}]},{id:"59580",title:"In Vitro Propagation of Sugarcane for Certified Seed Production",slug:"in-vitro-propagation-of-sugarcane-for-certified-seed-production",totalDownloads:1634,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Micropropagation of sugarcane is important to obtain pathogen-free plants, genetically homogeneous and invigorate. The micropropagation procedure is divided into stages for the sake of better understanding. Micropropagation for large-scale sugarcane production using a temporary immersion system (TIS) is described. In addition, the aim of this chapter is to report, from the laboratory to the field, the best way to establish and use basic seed (primary seed), semicommercial seed (foundation or secondary seed) and commercial seed production. In conclusion, commercial sugarcane micropropagation enables the massive multiplication of plants to obtain certified vitroplants and increase the sugarcane and sugar productivity per unit area.",book:{id:"6315",slug:"sugarcane-technology-and-research",title:"Sugarcane",fullTitle:"Sugarcane - Technology and Research"},signatures:"Jericó J. Bello-Bello, Maurilio Mendoza-Mexicano and Juan A. Pérez-\nSato",authors:[{id:"197218",title:"Dr.",name:"Jericó Jabín",middleName:null,surname:"Bello Bello",slug:"jerico-jabin-bello-bello",fullName:"Jericó Jabín Bello Bello"},{id:"215000",title:"Dr.",name:"Jericó Jabín",middleName:null,surname:"Bello Bello",slug:"jerico-jabin-bello-bello",fullName:"Jericó Jabín Bello Bello"},{id:"224304",title:"BSc.",name:"Maurilio",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza-Mexicano",slug:"maurilio-mendoza-mexicano",fullName:"Maurilio Mendoza-Mexicano"},{id:"224306",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Sato",slug:"juan-antonio-perez-sato",fullName:"Juan Antonio Pérez-Sato"},{id:"224307",title:"Dr.",name:"José Humberto",middleName:null,surname:"Caamal-Velázquez",slug:"jose-humberto-caamal-velazquez",fullName:"José Humberto Caamal-Velázquez"}]},{id:"57411",title:"Breeding Potato for Quality Improvement",slug:"breeding-potato-for-quality-improvement",totalDownloads:1775,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Potato is the most important non-cereal food crop in the world, that in general represent a non-fattening, nutritious and wholesome food, which supply important nutrients to the human diet. The potato tubers contain considerable amounts of carbohydrates, vitamin C, essential amino acids and minerals. The potato quality includes biological traits (e.g. proteins, carbohydrates and minerals); sensorial traits (e.g. flavor, texture); and industrial traits (e.g. tuber shape, cold sweetening and starch quality). These traits are deemed very important for fresh consumption, where they are most likely to influence consumer’s choice worldwide. Since most quality traits are genetically controlled, breeding work can successfully meet the quality of potato tubers and fulfills the needs of a changing and demanding world. Breeding potato for quality traits requires a continuous flow of new genes and allelic diversity into the Solanum tuberosum gene pool. However, recent advances in conventional and non-conventional breeding methods have significantly improved the possibilities of producing novel genetic variability for selection of new genotypes, especially when biotechnologists and plant breeders pool the existing resources. The genetics, biochemical and physiology of several quality traits is to be given equal importance that ultimately makes breeding efforts less empirical and more predictable.",book:{id:"6219",slug:"potato-from-incas-to-all-over-the-world",title:"Potato",fullTitle:"Potato - From Incas to All Over the World"},signatures:"Meenakshi Kumari, Manoj Kumar and Shashank Shekhar Solankey",authors:[{id:"210702",title:"Dr.",name:"Shashank Shekhar",middleName:null,surname:"Solankey",slug:"shashank-shekhar-solankey",fullName:"Shashank Shekhar Solankey"},{id:"211044",title:"Dr.",name:"Meenakshi",middleName:null,surname:"Kumari",slug:"meenakshi-kumari",fullName:"Meenakshi Kumari"},{id:"211045",title:"Mr.",name:"Manoj",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"manoj-kumar",fullName:"Manoj Kumar"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1412",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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She has been a faculty member at the University of California, Riverside in the School of Education since 2016. Her research focuses on translational studies to explore the reward system in ASD, as well as how anxiety contributes to social challenges in ASD. She also investigates how behavioral interventions affect neural activity, behavior, and school performance in children with ASD. She is also involved in the diagnosis of children with ASD and is a licensed clinical psychologist in California. 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He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. 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He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. 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She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"11",type:"subseries",title:"Cell Physiology",keywords:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease, Free Radicals, Tumor Metastasis, Antioxidants, Essential Fatty Acids, Melatonin, Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology",scope:"\r\n\tThe integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, as well as the expression, structure, and function of molecular and cellular components, is essential for modern physiology. The following concerns will be addressed in this Cell Physiology subject, which will consider all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver; gut, kidney, eye) and their interactions: (1) Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease (2) Free Radicals (3) Tumor Metastasis (4) Antioxidants (5) Essential Fatty Acids (6) Melatonin and (7) Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11407,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"186048",title:"Prof.",name:"Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Drenjančević",slug:"ines-drenjancevic",fullName:"Ines Drenjančević",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186048/images/5818_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Osijek",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/79615/images/system/79615.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"84459",title:"Prof.",name:"Valerie",middleName:null,surname:"Chappe",slug:"valerie-chappe",fullName:"Valerie Chappe",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/84459/images/system/84459.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalhousie University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:26,paginationItems:[{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",signatures:"Hassan M. 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