EN process chemicals and their functions.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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Sheregii",authors:[{id:"102655",title:"Prof.",name:"Eugen",middleName:null,surname:"Sheregii",fullName:"Eugen Sheregii",slug:"eugen-sheregii"}]},{id:"36191",title:"Effective Reaction Monitoring of Intermediates by ATR-IR Spectroscopy Utilizing Fibre Optic Probes",slug:"effective-reaction-monitoring-of-intermediates-by-atr-ir-spectroscopy-utilizing-fibre-optic-probes",signatures:"Daniel Lumpi and Christian Braunshier",authors:[{id:"109019",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Braunshier",fullName:"Christian Braunshier",slug:"christian-braunshier"},{id:"111798",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Lumpi",fullName:"Daniel Lumpi",slug:"daniel-lumpi"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10",title:"Coherence and Ultrashort Pulse Laser Emission",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e1bd25a76712d1cb8792820acf2ff001",slug:"coherence-and-ultrashort-pulse-laser-emission",bookSignature:"F. J. Duarte",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13752",title:"Dr.",name:"F. J.",surname:"Duarte",slug:"f.-j.-duarte",fullName:"F. J. 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Generally, boron is a non-metallic element and can be extracted into pure crystalline boron that is black in colour and conduct electricity at higher temperature and insulator at low temperature. It is as hard as carborundum but too brittle to be used as a tool. Boron is used in medicine, agriculture, decarbonisation purposes and industrial uses.
One of the outstanding compounds of boron is Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN). CBN is a synthetic abrasive material made of Cubic Boron Nitride grains bonded in ceramic material and is commonly known as Borazon™ [1]. CBN is an allotropic crystal of boron nitride (B4N) and has a hexagonal crystal. It is the second hardest material after diamond but more chemically and thermally stable than diamond and is extensively used in cutting tools [2]. CBN has excellent thermal stability, with oxidation starting at 1000°C and finishing around 1500°C. This is aided by the presence of boron oxide layer, which allows the use of high speed of 30.5–61 ms−1 [3]. Polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN), an extended version of CBN, is developed for machining, superalloys, and high-temperature alloys. Besides having high-temperature resistance, it has a low coefficient of friction but low fracture toughness [4].
Cubic boron nitride (CBN) is very well known in many machining industries. CBN is man-made material that having a hardness that is second to diamond [5]. Since CBN has hardness after diamond, it has outstanding mechanical and thermal properties, for examples, having high temperatures strength and wear resistance. Multilayer CBN coatings represent a new deposition method that can improve adhesion on metal substrates. Even with high residual stress, this multilayer CBN structure showed outstanding adhesion in atmospheric conditions. A study found that the multilayer CBN films in comparison to monolayer CBN, has lower elastic moduli, but twice as high to their critical loads [6]. In recent years, the performance of CBN tools has been researched [7, 8].
Instead of pure CBN, composite coating of CBN-TiN also being used as machine cutting tools [9]. It is found that, this composite has outstanding CBN-to-TiN as well as the adhesion of composite coating-to-carbide substrate. The characterisation analysis indicates an evenly distributed CBN particles in TiN matrix [10].
Electroless nickel (EN) is an in-situ chemical reaction process where a metallic nickel is deposited onto a surface. This process is different from nickel electroplating that uses an applied current in the electrolytic bath which has effect on the current density, electrolyte composition, pH, bath agitation on the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the deposits [11, 12]. The main ingredients of EN are electroless bath, reducing agents, complexing agents, bath stabilisers and accelerators. Table 1 describes the function and type of each EN ingredients.
Ingredients | Functions | Types | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Pure nickel | Acid-based | Alkali-based | ||
EN bath | Provide metallic ion sources | Ni acetate | Nickel sulfate, Nickel chloride | Nickel sulfate, Nickel chloride |
Reducing agents | Reduce metallic ion into metal deposit | Hydrazine | Sodium hypophosphite, sodium borohydride, dimethylamine (DMAB) | Sodium hypophosphite, sodium borohydride, dimethylamine (DMAB), hydrazine |
Complexing agents | Prevent decomposition of solutions and control reaction onto the catalytic surfaces | Tetrasodium salt, glycolic acid | Citric, lactic, glycolic, propionic acids, sodium citrate, succinic acid | Citric, lactic, glycolic, propionic acids, sodium citrate, sodium acetate, sodium pyrophosphate |
Bath stabilisers | Act as inhibitors, increase deposition rate and deposit brightness | — | Thiourea, lead acetate, heavy metal salts, thioorganic compound | Thiourea, lead acetate, heavy metal salts, thioorganic compound, thallium, selenium |
Catalyst | Increase the deposition speed and plating rate to be economically high | — | Sodium hydroxide, sulphuric acid | Sodium hydroxide, sulphuric acid, ammonium hydroxide |
EN process chemicals and their functions.
Table 1 lists the three types of available EN baths, pure nickel, acid-based and alkali-based chemicals. The pure nickel bath provides pure nickel metallic deposition for semiconductor application purposes. The acid and alkali-based chemicals either produce Ni-P or Ni-B alloy deposition depending on the reducing agent used. The properties of the EN deposits strongly depend on the content of phosphorus or boron in the alloys. As seen in Table 2, the deposit structure changes because the phosphorus or boron content changes. EN bath concentration, temperature, pH, agitation, and bath loading effect the EN process [14].
EN bath type | Reducing agent | Deposit alloys | Phosphorus/Boron content (%) | Structure | Properties |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acid-based | Sodium hypophosphite | Ni-P | 3–5 | Crystalline | Excellent wear resistance. |
6–9 | Mixed Crystalline and amorphous | Good corrosion protection and abrasion resistance. | |||
10–14 | Amorphous | Very ductile and corrosion resistant | |||
Dimethylamine (DMAB) | Ni-B | 0.1–4 | Crystalline | High melting point of approx. 1350°C for wear application. | |
Alkali-based | Sodium hypophosphite | Ni-P | 3–6 | Crystalline | Good solderability for the electronic industry. However, lower corrosion resistance and lower adhesion to steel. Suitable for plating plastics and non-metals. |
Sodium borohydride | Ni-B | 4–7 | Mixed Crystalline and amorphous | Low hardness and average wear resistance. | |
Dimethylamine (DMAB) | Ni-B | 0.2–4 | Crystalline | Hardness and superior wear resistance. |
Summary of EN baths, reducing agents and their properties [13].
It is known that the EN process provides exceptional standardisation and impenetrable deposition even with a coating thickness of fewer than 10 μm [15]. In manufacturing, EN deposition has been widely used for it provides excellent corrosion, lubricity, ductility, wear and abrasion resistance, high hardness, and electrical properties [16].
When incorporated with particles or powders of different materials, EN deposition becomes an EN composite and the process is called EN co-deposition. This incorporation of particles or powders in the EN deposit has remained extensively explored. Similar to the EN deposit, there are two EN composites upon particles incorporation, either Ni-P or Ni-B, depending on the EN reducing agent used. The particles that have been studied include ceramic, polymer and metal particles. Table 3 summarises the particles that have been investigated for various applications. Incorporating ceramic particles into EN deposit produces a composite name cermet, which is the current issue discussed by using CBN particles for cutting tool applications.
Particle | Composites | Applications | References |
---|---|---|---|
Diamond | Ni-P-C | Cutting tool/Applied to reamers for highly abrasive applications | [17] |
Ni-B-nanodiamond | Wear & friction resistance | [18] | |
Silicon carbide | Ni-P-SiC | Wear resistance | [19] |
Silicon oxide | Ni-P-SiO2 | Corrosion resistance | [20] |
Silicon nitride | Ni-P-Si3N4 | Water lubricated application for corrosion and wear resistance | [21] |
Boron carbide | Ni-P-B4C | Magnetic field application | [22] |
Boron nitride | Ni-P-BN | Elastic–plastic behaviour | [23] |
Alumina | Ni-P-Al2O3 | Corrosion resistance | [24] |
Cerium | Ni-P-CeO2 | Corrosion resistance | [25] |
Titanium oxide | Ni-P-TiO2 | Surgical instrument | [26] |
Iron oxide | Ni–P–Fe3O4 | High-temperature oxidation application | [27] |
Yttria-stabilised zirconia | Ni-P-YSZ | Cutting tool | [28] |
PTFE | Ni-P-PTFE | Dry lubrication of valve for cryogenic applications | [29] |
PVP | Ni-P-PVP | Corrosion resistance | [30] |
Investigation of various particles for EN composites and their applications.
The coating technology is more demanding due to the increase in productivity rates for industry consumption, especially for cutting tool purposes. It shows the growing market of cutting tools has been developed [31]. The coated tools application is becoming more important in the machining process. These tools are produced using thermal spraying processes such as physical vapour deposition (PVD) and chemical vapour deposition (CVD). Thermal spraying processes are very reliable; however, they are costly, and the high temperature causes materials properties to degrade [32].
In hard milling, the most acceptable significant representation is the cutting tool’s thermal property of the material, such as thermal conductivity. The cutting tool’s function ability can only be estimated via temperature tool measurements. For ferrous materials, cubic boron nitride (CBN) is one of the most demanding cutting tools. Multilayer CBN coatings provide a unique deposition method when applied to metal surfaces. Even under extreme conditions of high residual stress, the adhesion of this multilayer CBN structure was remarkable. Their heavy loads were twice as extraordinary compared to the monolayer CBN coatings, which had lower elastic moduli. It showed that stress relaxation significantly impacts the multilayer CBN structure [33]. This type of cutting tool is essential for cutting ferrous materials in a wide range of industries because of the advantages of suitable coating materials. Some of the most challenging materials to mill, such as aerospace alloys, die steels, and toughened steels, required the employment of CBN cutting tools [34, 35].
The diamond’s remarkable mechanical and thermal capabilities, such as strength at elevated temperatures, abrasion resistance, and hardness, are the second property that the diamond possesses. Thus, numerous sorts of research have been undertaken in the last few years on the performance of CBN tools [36, 37]. The application of CBN as a cutting substance is a suitable method that may affect production. Nonetheless, the presentation of machining, such as progression solidity, tool wear and live performance, and surface finish quality, is significantly affected by differences in high-performance machining, which commonly requires a high material removal rate (MMR) [38, 39]. However, CBN coatings’ application speeds and tool life are still lower than those of some other tools. Certain adjustments and upgrades are required, including raising the coating thickness and a rotational mechanism during the coating process. Hard coatings are typically more fragile and less lasting, whereas reinforced coatings lack strength. For real-world industrial operations, it is more critical to have coatings with a high hardness without sacrificing too much toughness.
Milling is the most common method of cutting metal. There are a variety of milling operations, but the ultimate shape and condition of the raw material dictate which ones are used. Adding features like slots or threaded holes necessitates using a milling machine. The cutting tool quality is directly proportional to the cutting process performance. In order to cut a tough workpiece materials, a harder cutting materials are needed [5]. Due to high process forces and temperatures, the first tool wear occurs in complex machining. The initial tool wear occurs in complex machining due to the high process of forces and temperatures. The machining market offers a wide variety of cutting tools, classified as coated or uncoated. Coated cutting tools typically perform better than uncoated cutting tools. Commercially available coated cutting tools include aluminium nitride (AlN), titanium nitride (TiN), titanium aluminium nitride (TiAlN), and others [28].
Due to the availability of suitable coating materials for cutting tools, this ferrous cutting material is indispensable in various industry disciplines. Certain heat-resistant CBN cutting tools are typically used on difficult-to-machine materials, such as aerospace, die steel, or hardened steel [34, 35]. CBN cutting tools have remarkable mechanical and thermal properties, including high-temperature strength, abrasion resistance, and hardness comparable to diamond. Thus, it has been demonstrated recently that CBN instruments produce excellent results in various sorts of research [37, 38]. The use of CBN as a cutting substance is a beneficial strategy that may significantly impact productivity.
CBN-based materials with bonding capabilities are frequently used to improve the machining process, which pushes researchers to continue improving coatings by utilising appropriate materials and procedures. For example, Ni-reinforced vitrified bonds are created in a high magnetic field for CBN grinding wheels. The addition of Ni does not affect the vitrified bond’s refractoriness but enhances its fluidity and bending strength [40].
Additionally, CBN composites have poor machinability characteristics, such as brittleness. One way to mitigate this difficulty is to combine CBN and graphene oxide (GO) composites with the inclusion of Al-SiC at elevated temperatures and a high-pressure sintering procedure, which results in a 27.5% increase in fracture toughness compared to monolithic CBN composites. Besides this, the composites’ bending strength increased from 564.2 MPa to 696.9 MPa [41]. Other studies discovered the use of ultrasonic probe sonication and spark plasma sintering (SPS) to investigate the microstructural, thermomechanical. Tribological properties of low-temperature sintered CBN and Ni-coated CBN reinforced bearing steel composites. It showed that these newly developed CBN and Ni-coated CBN-reinforced conducting steel composites sintered at a temperature of 1000 C resulted in increased wear resistance with high wear and fatigue resistance [42].
This study [28] found that an electroless nickel co-deposition technique successfully coated the HSS cutting tool with Ni/YSZ composite. In another study, TiN coated surfaces with mean thickness of 59 μm shows smooth and uniform surface demonstrating consistent surface roughness measurements. For Al/SiC metal matrix composites cutting tool, the surface roughness decreased from 1.3 μm to 0.6 μm m over time when the cutting speed is increased from 300 to 450 mm/min [43].
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of a new electroless Ni-CBN composite evenly coated onto an HSS and carbide substrate. This ceramic-metal surface coating is well-known for its superior resistance to thermal wear [44]. Additionally, the layer was produced using electroless nickel co-deposition, which is more straightforward, requires less energy, and is less expensive than typical thermal spraying procedures [45].
The methodology consists of three sections: Process of EN coating, machining process, and cutting feasibility.
In this experiment, 50 g/l CBN powder was inserted into the bath plus the substrate. Then, suspended particles near the surface were co-deposited onto the substrate surface through the agitation process. It was found that the EN solution pH range was between pH 4.9 and pH 5.4. The bath temperature was maintained at 89 ± 20°C throughout the coating process. The coating time was kept constant at 60 min. Mechanical stirring was performed with a Jenway hot plate equipped with a magnetic stirrer, and the air bubbling was supplied at 1.2 W pressure. The entire coating process is summarised in Figure 1.
Electroless nickel coating process.
The composite Ni-CBN deposition was carried out on a Carbide and HSS substrate with a dimension standard of ∅10 x 7.8 mm. Chemical etching and mechanical blasting were used to prepare the substrate sample’s surfaces. CBN powder reinforcement ceramic particles were used. CBN powders offer superior heat conductivity and increased surface integrity when it comes to hardened alloys, nickel, cobalt-based superalloys, and tool steels. Figure 2 displays the 7.8 mm diameter sample as a substrate for EN co-deposition.
Substrates for EN co-deposition: Solid carbide and HSS.
The end mill cutting tool using carbide and high-speed steel (HSS) with a dimension of 6 mm was used as a substrate of Ni-CBN coating as shown in Figure 3. Before EN co-deposition process done on both cutting tools, chemical etching and mechanical blasting were used to modify the surface of the substrate sample to ensure better substrate-coating bonding.
End mill cutting tool.
Sensitising the HSS and Carbide cutting tool substrates is needed to activate the surfaces. Because of this, all non-proprietary solutions were produced using AR-grade chemicals and high purity deionised water. The EN co-deposition of Ni-CBN was conducted within 3 hours of the pre-treatment process, as shown in Table 4, to reduce the impacts of chemical degradation [46]. The EN chemicals produced a bright nickel deposit with a mid-phosphorous content between 6 to 9 wt.%. The optimum temperature for electroless nickel solution is at 89°C and was heated using a Jenway hotplate.
Trade name | Soaking time (min) | Temperature (°C) |
---|---|---|
Coprolite X96DP | 15 | 60 |
Uniphase PHP Pre-catalyst | 15 | 20 |
Uniphase PHP Catalyst | 15 | 40 |
Niplast AT78 | 15 | 40 |
Electroless Nickel SLOTONIP | 60 | 89 |
EN Co-deposition materials and procedure [46].
The composition of the Ni-CBN composite is controlled during deposition to achieve the preferred properties. It is required to obtain a high ceramic-to-metal ratio for erosion, heat, and wear resistance. The influence of process parameters to obtain a high particle ratio was analysed. The surface characterisation and elemental composition of EN co-deposition on the substrates was performed through JSM-7800F Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) in conjunction with energy dispersive X-rays (EDX) shown in Figure 4.
Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM)—JSM-7800F.
Surface roughness was measured every 0.2 mm, and each pocket had a pitch of 0.2 mm. Figure 5 shows the Mitutoyo surface roughness tester SJ-301, a tool used to test surface roughness. The tool wear was measured using the Zeiss Stemi 20,000-C Microscope Profile optical video measuring system, as shown in Figure 6. Tool life is measured by the number of cuts taken by the end mill to reach average flank wear criterion 0.3 mm. All the tools failed primarily on the plank face. For all machining conditions, the machining was stopped when the flank wear land reached about 0.3 mm to ensure that the tool life data is more reliable. The flank wear was measure using Zeiss Stemi 20,000-C Microscope Profile optical video measuring system. The effect of interaction between high cutting speed and feed rate is most significant in shorten tool life. This is claimed by J.P. Urbanski et al. found that tool life decrease drastically as cutting speed is increased because at high cutting speed high temperature will be generated, which accelerates tool wear and consequently shortens tool life [47].
Mitutoyo surface roughness tester SJ-301.
Zeiss Stemi 20,000-C microscope profile optical video measuring system.
MINITAB 14 software was used to study the influence and range of parameters’ effect on the surface roughness of 7075 Aluminium Alloy. The experiments, based on Taguchi L9, selected spindle speed, depth of cut, and feed rate as the process variables and were conducted at three different levels. The machining parameters are listed in Table 5.
Machining parameters | Levels | ||
---|---|---|---|
−1 | 0 | 1 | |
Spindle speed (RPM) | 1860 | 2650 | 3450 |
Feed Rate (mm/min) | 180 | 257 | 334 |
Depth of cut (mm) | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Level of machining cutting parameters.
Table 6 illustrates the Orthogonal Array (OA) L9 for each substrate was determined using the Taguchi method of experimental design (DOE) with three parameters at three levels. The Ni-CBN HSS coated end mill, and uncoated cutting tools were analysed via 18 tests in this study. The preferences of the end mill manufacturer determined the feed rate and depth of cut and had moved the experiment to the “high cutting speed” category [48, 49].
Experiment number | Spindle speed (rpm) | Feed rate (mm/min) | Depth of cut (mm) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 1860 | 180 | 1 |
2 | 1860 | 257 | 2 |
3 | 1860 | 334 | 3 |
4 | 2650 | 180 | 2 |
5 | 2650 | 257 | 3 |
6 | 2650 | 334 | 1 |
7 | 3450 | 180 | 3 |
8 | 3450 | 257 | 1 |
9 | 3450 | 334 | 2 |
The OA arrangement of the machining process.
The DMU 50 CNC machine was utilised in the machining process. After coating the HSS end mills with CBN composite material, the Mitotuyo digital micrometre was used to measure the thickness of the cutting tool. The average thickness was determined through the three measures taken from each tooltip.
The workpiece is an aerospace material Aluminium Alloy 7075 to determine machining performance. The cutting tools were then examined for their machining capabilities. The profile was machined with 18 pockets and two cutting tools. Both coated and uncoated HSS end mills (Figure 7) were used to machine nine pockets each. Figure 8 shows the machining profile of the machine pockets with 40 mm x 35 mm dimension on the workpiece.
Cutting tool image for HSS end mill cutting tool (a) uncoated; and (b) coated.
Machining profile on aluminium alloy 7075 material.
Figures 9 and 10 shows the surface morphology using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) of the Ni-CBN coating captured at different magnifications. Both figures depict microstructure with cauliflower pattern. In Figure 9, the coating does not display micro-cracked, coarse erection and covers the entire exterior of the substrate. HSS has a high thermal shock resistance, making it resistant to sudden and rapid temperature changes [50]. In addition, HSS can withstand large temperature fluctuations.
Ni-CBN microstructure on HSS substrate (a) 5000X; (b) 10,000X; and (c) 15,000X.
Ni-CBN microstructure on carbide substrate (a) 5000X; (b) 10,000X; and (c) 15,000X.
Figure 10 illustrates a micro-crack on the surface layer of the carbide substrate coating due to carbide low thermal resistance. High internal stress levels can cause various problems during coating use, including premature disintegration of the part due to substrate fatigue, fracture formation in the coating, and loss of deposit adhesion [50].
Overall, both figures demonstrate rough surface of the coatings. The coating was mainly composed of ceramic CBN powders (white areas), metallic Ni matrix (grey areas), and pores (dark spots). The HSS coating surfaces generally showed a uniform distribution of the ceramic particles compared to the carbide substrate. The carbide substrate shows cracks on the coating surface due to thermal gradient. It is because the roughness of the EN-CBN coatings depends on the roughness of the substrate. It is also due to the growth mechanism of the coating, which forms columns locally perpendicular to the surface. The columns are parallel when the substrate is smooth, and the coating is even softer than the substrate [51].
The as-deposited Ni-CBN coatings were subjected to energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) to determine the composition of the co-deposited CBN elements in the EN matrix, as shown in Table 7 for HSS substrate and Table 8 for carbide substrate.
Element | B | C | N | O | P | Ni | Totals |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight (%) | 20.69 | 16.71 | 9.16 | 15.01 | 4.20 | 34.22 | 100.00 |
Elemental composition in weight % of electroless Ni-CBN coating on HSS substrate.
Element | B | C | N | O | P | Ni | Totals |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight (%) | 11.65 | 21.81 | 4.40 | 21.34 | 7.07 | 33.73 | 100.00 |
Elemental composition in weight % of electroless Ni-CBN coating on carbide substrate.
The EDX spectrum obtained for the Ni-CBN deposited on the HSS and Carbide substrate is depicted in Figures 11 and 12. It displays the peaks corresponding to the CBN, approving the standard deposition of elements in the Ni matrix. There is evidence of significant peak elements of nickel (Ni), boron (B), and phosphorous (P). This proves that metallic nickel and ceramic CBN are exist. The phosphorus element in the composite indicates as one of the most critical elements in the EN hypophosphite-based bath solution [45].
EDX spectrum of as-deposited electroless Ni-CBN coating on HSS substrate.
EDX Spectrum of as-deposited electroless Ni-CBN coating on carbide substrate.
The most critical factor in improving surface roughness analysis is the quality of the cutting tools. Table 9 compares the Ra results of machined 7075 Aluminium Alloy for coated and uncoated cutting tools. The data indicates Test 8 of HSS coated tools; high level of cutting speed and a medium level of feed rate produced a good surface finish, Ra 0.251 μm. In comparison, the combination of feed rate at high level and cutting speed at low level in Test 3 give a high surface roughness of Ra 1.22 μm. This finding demonstrates the combination of high-value feed rate and spindle obtaining a better surface finish [52, 53]. According to Mohammed [54], the interaction between cutting speed and feed rate will significantly impact the surface finish.
Surface roughness (Ra) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test No. | Spindle speed (rpm) | Feed rate (mm/min) | Depth of cut (mm) | Coated (μm) | Uncoated (μm) |
1 | 1860 | 180 | 1 | 0.576 | 0.695 |
2 | 1860 | 257 | 2 | 0.787 | 1.154 |
3 | 1860 | 334 | 3 | 0.890 | 1.220 |
4 | 2560 | 180 | 2 | 0.481 | 0.534 |
5 | 2560 | 257 | 3 | 0.301 | 0.586 |
6 | 2560 | 334 | 1 | 0.412 | 0.619 |
7 | 3450 | 180 | 3 | 0.296 | 0.485 |
8 | 3450 | 257 | 1 | 0.251 | 0.421 |
9 | 3450 | 334 | 2 | 0.527 | 0.729 |
Data of design experiment and surface roughness.
Tool wear for every 0.2 mm of machining was examined using Zeiss Stemi 20,000-C Profile Optical. In accordance to ISO 8688-21:1989, the end mill cutting tool with the lowest tool wear is the best and most durable. Figure 13 shows the tool wear on the cutting tool before and after the machining process.
Flank wear on HSS cutting tool on machining (test 9): (a) before; and (b) after.
Comparing the flank wear trends in Figures 14 and 15, the coated cutting end mill tool performed better in terms of both cutting time and tool life. Test 3 and Test 5 produced the most extended tool life, 195 min. Figure 15 depicts an uncoated end mill’s cutting time-based flank wear trend. The substrates performed better than the coated end mills in terms of scattering. Test 3 yielded the most extended tool life for the uncoated tools at 143 min. High-value of feed rate, spindle speed and depth of cut and cutting time will cause significant tool wear. The previous studies found that the cutting speed and feed rate interaction is significantly affecting the tool wear [52, 55, 56].
Flank wear versus cutting time of uncoated HSS.
Flank wear versus cutting time of coated HSS.
The Taguchi L9 (33) Orthogonal Array (OA) was applied. The OA was generated by Minitab 14 consists of 9 runs with 3 factors at 3 levels. Table 10 shows the Orthogonal Array (OA) of the coated HSS end mills experiment and the combinations of conditions for each control factor (A-C).
Surface roughness equations were generated using machining parameters such as spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. Eq. (1) outline the main effects of surface roughness and Ra response. Figure 16 shows the normal probability plot for Ra response based on Eq. (1).
Normal probability plot for Ra response.
The OA L9 (33) contains nine tests of ANOVA investigation that identify the effects of the different parameters on the response variables. A significance level of 95% was chosen in the ANOVA analysis, and the factor was considered adequate if the P-value was less than 0.05 [53]. In this study, the relation of spindle speed (A), feed rate (B), and depth of cut (C) factors on the surface roughness Ra responses are identified using ANOVA analysis. The model was formulated for a 95% confidence level. The P-value shows that the model is significant and has no influence on noise. The experiment result of surface roughness (Ra) formed the first-order model using the Minitab software.
The ANOVA results depicted in Table 11 is the estimation for machining parameters, with a selected ᾳ-level of 0.05. The outcomes show that the spindle speed factor has the lowest p-value. This reveals that the consequence of spindle speed is significant as p-value factors that are above 0.05 are considered as insignificant [57].
Parameters | Response | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test No. | Spindle speed (rpm) (A) | Feed rate (mm/min) (B) | Depth of cut (mm) (C) | Surface roughness Ra (μm) | S/N ratio, d/B |
1 | 1860 | 180 | 1 | 0.576 | 4.7916 |
2 | 1860 | 257 | 2 | 0.787 | 2.0805 |
3 | 1860 | 334 | 3 | 0.890 | 1.0122 |
4 | 2650 | 180 | 2 | 0.481 | 6.3571 |
5 | 2650 | 257 | 3 | 0.301 | 10.4287 |
6 | 2650 | 334 | 1 | 0.412 | 7.7021 |
7 | 3450 | 180 | 3 | 0.296 | 10.5742 |
8 | 3450 | 257 | 1 | 0.251 | 12.0065 |
9 | 3450 | 334 | 2 | 0.527 | 5.5638 |
An investigation via L9 OA of Ni-CBN HSS coated end mills.
Parameters | DOF | Sum of squares | Mean square | F-value | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spindle speed | 2 | 0.280658 | 0.140329 | 35.11 | 0.028 |
Feed rate | 2 | 0.051875 | 0.025937 | 6.49 | 0.134 |
Depth of cut | 2 | 0.051723 | 0.025861 | 6.47 | 0.134 |
Residual error | 2 | 0.007993 | 0.0033996 | — | — |
Total | 8 | 0.392248 | — | — |
ANOVA table for Ra response.
Based on the rank in Table 12, spindle speed ranks first, followed by the depth of cut and feed rate. This demonstrates spindle speed as the significant factor that affects surface roughness. Spindle speed is the most critical machining parameter affecting surface roughness because it is substantially influenced [56]. The table also represents the Taguchi response to determine the optimal factors affecting surface roughness. According to Signal to Noise (smaller is better), the optimum machining settings are 1860 RPM for spindle speed, 334 mm/min for feed rate, and 2 mm for depth of cut are. The experiment was confirmed through the S/N ratio using the optimum parameter level A1B3C2.
S. No | Level | Spindle speed (A) | Feed rate (B) | Depth of cut (C) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 2.628 | 7.241 | 8.167 |
2 | 2 | 8.163 | 8.172 | 4.667 |
3 | 3 | 9.381 | 4.759 | 7.338 |
4 | Delta | 6.753 | 3.413 | 3.500 |
5 | Rank | 1 | 3 | 2 |
Response table for S/N ratio (smaller is better).
The surface finish was the most important influence on spindle speed and feed rate, as shown in Figures 17 and 18. The slope between the horizontal line and spindle speed is more pronounced than the depth of cut and feed. The changes in spindle speed significantly affect the surface roughness [56]. The optimum machining settings are determined at spindle speed value of 1860 RPM, feed rate of 334 mm/min, and depth of cut of 2 mm.
Main effects plot for SN ratios.
Main effects plot for means.
Figure 19 shows the interaction plot for surface roughness, Ra in the machining process. When the lines are more non-parallel, an interaction occurs, resulting in higher strength of the interaction. The factors of spindle speed affect the surface roughness more than other factors for machining Aluminium Alloy 7075 with a Ni- CBN HSS coated end mill.
Interaction plot for Ra.
This study investigates the process of electroless and machinability of Ni-CBN on HSS and Carbide substrate. The electroless Ni-CBN coating has been successfully performed on the substrate and proven using the EDX Analysis. The EDX analysis revealed the presence of major peak for nickel (Ni), carbon (C), oxygen (O), boron (B), and phosphorous (P) elements on the HSS carbide substrate. According to the stability of the coating, 6 mm diameter HSS end mill was chosen. The coated HSS end mill thickness is 15 μm on average.
For machinability, Taguchi L9 (33) was used in this research to produce a Design of Experiment (DOE) using 18 runs number of experiments with three factors and three levels. The factors were spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. The outcome of machining for surface roughness, tool wear and tool life was analysed by comparing the results between HSS coated and uncoated end mill. The comparison showed Ni-CBN HSS end mill produce good performance on the surface finish and is able to slightly reduce the tool wear and extend tool life.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for the optimisation parameters of the Ni-CBN HSS end mill tool. The Spindle speed is a significant factor compared to the other factors as it had the lowest P-value, that is below 0.05. For determination of optimum parameters, 1860 RPM for spindle speed, 334 mm/min for feed rate, and 2 mm for depth of cut were identified as the optimum machining settings. The experiment was validated through the S/N ratio using the optimal parameter level A1B3C2.
The authors would like to acknowledge University College TATI for financially support the research through the UC TATI Short Term Grant (STG) 9001-1808 under the Advanced Manufacturing Cluster.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. 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Ragheb",authors:[{id:"32344",title:"Mr",name:"Adam",middleName:null,surname:"Ragheb",slug:"adam-ragheb",fullName:"Adam Ragheb"},{id:"33227",title:"Prof.",name:"Magdi",middleName:null,surname:"Ragheb",slug:"magdi-ragheb",fullName:"Magdi Ragheb"}]},{id:"48267",doi:"10.5772/59284",title:"Crystal Structures of CH3NH3PbI3 and Related Perovskite Compounds Used for Solar Cells",slug:"crystal-structures-of-ch3nh3pbi3-and-related-perovskite-compounds-used-for-solar-cells",totalDownloads:7581,totalCrossrefCites:55,totalDimensionsCites:126,abstract:null,book:{id:"4479",slug:"solar-cells-new-approaches-and-reviews",title:"Solar Cells",fullTitle:"Solar Cells - New Approaches and Reviews"},signatures:"Takeo Oku",authors:[{id:"31132",title:"Prof.",name:"Takeo",middleName:null,surname:"Oku",slug:"takeo-oku",fullName:"Takeo Oku"}]},{id:"23666",doi:"10.5772/25370",title:"Biodiesel Quality, Standards and Properties",slug:"biodiesel-quality-standards-and-properties",totalDownloads:5487,totalCrossrefCites:50,totalDimensionsCites:119,abstract:null,book:{id:"1858",slug:"biodiesel-quality-emissions-and-by-products",title:"Biodiesel",fullTitle:"Biodiesel - Quality, Emissions and By-Products"},signatures:"István Barabás and Ioan-Adrian Todoruț",authors:[{id:"63110",title:"Prof.",name:"István",middleName:null,surname:"Barabás",slug:"istvan-barabas",fullName:"István Barabás"},{id:"117497",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioan-Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Todorut",slug:"ioan-adrian-todorut",fullName:"Ioan-Adrian Todorut"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70874",title:"Social, Economic, and Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy Resources",slug:"social-economic-and-environmental-impacts-of-renewable-energy-resources",totalDownloads:4856,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:51,abstract:"Conventional energy source based on coal, gas, and oil are very much helpful for the improvement in the economy of a country, but on the other hand, some bad impacts of these resources in the environment have bound us to use these resources within some limit and turned our thinking toward the renewable energy resources. The social, environmental, and economical problems can be omitted by use of renewable energy sources, because these resources are considered as environment-friendly, having no or little emission of exhaust and poisonous gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monooxide, sulfur dioxide, etc. Renewable energy is going to be an important source for power generation in near future, because we can use these resources again and again to produce useful energy. Wind power generation is considered as having lowest water consumption, lowest relative greenhouse gas emission, and most favorable social impacts. It is considered as one of the most sustainable renewable energy sources, followed by hydropower, photovoltaic, and then geothermal. As these resources are considered as clean energy resources, they can be helpful for the mitigation of greenhouse effect and global warming effect. Local employment, better health, job opportunities, job creation, consumer choice, improvement of life standard, social bonds creation, income development, demographic impacts, social bonds creation, and community development can be achieved by the proper usage of renewable energy system. Along with the outstanding advantages of these resources, some shortcomings also exist such as the variation of output due to seasonal change, which is the common thing for wind and hydroelectric power plant; hence, special design and consideration are required, which are fulfilled by the hardware and software due to the improvement in computer technology.",book:{id:"7636",slug:"wind-solar-hybrid-renewable-energy-system",title:"Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System",fullTitle:"Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System"},signatures:"Mahesh Kumar",authors:[{id:"309842",title:"Mr.",name:"Kamlesh",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"kamlesh-kumar",fullName:"Kamlesh Kumar"}]},{id:"56887",title:"Petroleum Source Rocks Characterization and Hydrocarbon Generation",slug:"petroleum-source-rocks-characterization-and-hydrocarbon-generation",totalDownloads:8016,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"This chapter is proposed to give the principal learning on the application of the formation of petroleum source rocks and hydrocarbon generation to exploration activities. The evaluation of petroleum source rocks and hydrocarbon generation is a very important skill for explorationists to define the location and type of petroleum prospects in a region. In this chapter, subsurface samples from case study (Sayun-Masilah basin) were used to determine the source rock characteristics and petroleum generative potentials of prospective source rocks. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the source rock in this basin was done by means of geochemical and geophysical approaches for four rock units. It is clear that Madbi Formation is considered the main source, in which the organic carbon content reached up to more than 5.2 wt%. The types of organic matter from rock-eval pyrolysis data indicated that type I kerogen is the main type, in association with type II, and a mixture of types II and III kerogens. The study of the different maturation parameters obtained from rock-eval pyrolysis, such as Tmax and vitrinite reflectance, reflects that the considered rock units are occurred in different maturation stages, ranging from immature to mature sources. One-dimensional basin modeling was performed to analyze the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion history of the source rocks in the study area based on the reconstruction of the burial and thermal maturity histories in order to improve our understanding of the hydrocarbon generation potential. Calibration of the model with measured vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) and borehole temperature (BHT) data indicates that the paleo-heat flow was high at Late Jurassic. The models also indicate that the early hydrocarbon generation in the Madbi source rock occurred during late Cretaceous and the main hydrocarbon generation has been reached approximately at Early Eocene. Therefore, the Madbi source rock can be considered as generative potentials of prospective source rock horizons in the Sayun-Masilah basin.",book:{id:"5811",slug:"recent-insights-in-petroleum-science-and-engineering",title:"Recent Insights in Petroleum Science and Engineering",fullTitle:"Recent Insights in Petroleum Science and Engineering"},signatures:"Nabil Mohammed Al-Areeq",authors:[{id:"198686",title:"Dr.",name:"Nabil",middleName:"Mohammed",surname:"Al-Areeq",slug:"nabil-al-areeq",fullName:"Nabil Al-Areeq"}]},{id:"70887",title:"Lithium Recovery from Brines Including Seawater, Salt Lake Brine, Underground Water and Geothermal Water",slug:"lithium-recovery-from-brines-including-seawater-salt-lake-brine-underground-water-and-geothermal-wat",totalDownloads:5084,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Demand to lithium rising swiftly as increasing due to its diverse applications such as rechargeable batteries, light aircraft alloys, air purification, medicine and nuclear fusion. Lithium demand is expected to triple by 2025 through the use of batteries, particularly electric vehicles. The lithium market is expected to grow from 184,000 TPA of lithium carbonate to 534,000 TPA by 2025. To ensure the growing consumption of lithium, it is necessary to increase the production of lithium from different resources. Natural lithium resources mainly associate within granite pegmatite type deposit (spodumene and petalite ores), salt lake brines, seawater and geothermal water. Among them, the reserves of lithium resource in salt lake brine, seawater and geothermal water are in 70–80% of the total, which are excellent raw materials for lithium extraction. Compared with the minerals, the extraction of lithium from water resources is promising because this aqueous lithium recovery is more abundant, more environmentally friendly and cost-effective.",book:{id:"8572",slug:"thermodynamics-and-energy-engineering",title:"Thermodynamics and Energy Engineering",fullTitle:"Thermodynamics and Energy Engineering"},signatures:"Samadiy Murodjon, Xiaoping Yu, Mingli Li, Ji Duo and Tianlong Deng",authors:null},{id:"42273",title:"Techno-Economic Analysis of Different Energy Storage Technologies",slug:"techno-economic-analysis-of-different-energy-storage-technologies",totalDownloads:8661,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:34,abstract:null,book:{id:"2154",slug:"energy-storage-technologies-and-applications",title:"Energy Storage",fullTitle:"Energy Storage - Technologies and Applications"},signatures:"Hussein Ibrahim and Adrian Ilinca",authors:[{id:"145865",title:"Dr.",name:"Hussein",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hussein-ibrahim",fullName:"Hussein Ibrahim"}]},{id:"11458",title:"Natural Gas : Physical Properties and Combustion Features",slug:"natural-gas-physical-properties-and-combustion-features",totalDownloads:32083,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"3584",slug:"natural-gas",title:"Natural Gas",fullTitle:"Natural Gas"},signatures:"Olivier Le Corre and Khaled Loubar",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"117",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"76952",title:"Smart Grid Modernization: Opportunities and Challenges",slug:"smart-grid-modernization-opportunities-and-challenges",totalDownloads:170,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97892",abstract:"Recently, there have been significant technological approaches for the bulk power grid. The customer demand is associated with conventional grid coupled large central generating stations through a high voltage transmission to a distribution system. Urban transmission systems are consistently progressing to meet the increasing needs for power and to replace old-pattern generation with native renewable generation and power provisions from outward green energy resources. Power grid is undergoing remarkable modernization towards advanced consistency, greater efficiency, and less cost by the incorporation of renewable energy and developed control technology. Quick developing nature of grid, consumer needs, and industrial invention situates substation modernization at the leading of grid transformation. Smart grid is essential to accomplish all the fastest technological reformations occurring in generation, transmission and distribution (T&D) of electric power, with growing application of sensors, computers and communications. In this study the recent trend and application of electric power grid is briefly enunciated.",book:{id:"10597",title:"Electric Grid Modernization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10597.jpg"},signatures:"Saumen Dhara, Alok Kumar Shrivastav and Pradip Kumar Sadhu"},{id:"76571",title:"xIoT-Based Converged 5G and ICT Infrastructure",slug:"xiot-based-converged-5g-and-ict-infrastructure",totalDownloads:144,totalDimensionsCites:2,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97605",abstract:"This chapter examines and explores the potential of how the capabilities of the emerging 5G cellular technologies can be integrated with a given mission-critical xIoT application (e., g., smart grid) to enable a truly converged xIoT-ICT infrastructure that would further enhance and enable the adequate support of the strict performance requirement of such an xIoT application. Since the smart grid believed to be one of the most necessitated IoT services. in this work, it has been nominated as a descriptive xIoT case. As the smart grid comprises an extensive collection of applications extended from mission-critical services which have rigorous necessities in terms of end-to-end (E2E) latency and reliability (e.g., real-time system protection and control utilizing PMU measurements) to those that require support of massive number of connected machine-to-machine (M2M) devices with relaxed latency and reliability requirements (e.g., smart meters). Based on time-to-market strategy, we identify and propose two different 5G-based business and architectural models that enable a truly converged power grid-ICT infrastructure, namely, near-term model and long-term model.",book:{id:"10597",title:"Electric Grid Modernization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10597.jpg"},signatures:"Ahmed Y. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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