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Prior to joining the academia,\r\nshe has worked for a few years in the industry in the areas of semiconductor\r\nprocess technology, silicon wafer characterizations, mask layout design,\r\nanalogue circuits design and design for testability (DFT). While in the academic,\r\nshe had served as a judge for Innovate Malaysia undergraduate final year\r\nprojects competition from 2012 - 2015. She had served as an external examiner\r\nfor a PhD candidate from VIT University, India in 2013, and an external examiner\r\nfor SEGi College Penang from 2014 – 2018. She has been actively involved with\r\nthe Penang Science Cluster in their radio telescope team since 2014, where she\r\nworks with a team of volunteers (from both academia and the industry in\r\nPenang) to create curricula in radio astronomy, for the purpose of introducing the\r\nconcepts of radio astronomy and radio telescopes to both school pupils and\r\ncollege students. She has been a member of the Astronomical Society of\r\nPenang since 2016.\r\n\r\nCourse Development\r\nExperience:\r\n\r\nSince joining WOU, Dr. Goh has developed eight courses, namely Control\r\nSystems, Microprocessors, Digital Communications, Microelectronics, VLSI\r\nDesign, Process Control & Instrumentation, Power Electronics & Drives and\r\nElectrical Power & Drives.\r\n\r\nResearch Interest: Dr. Goh’s research interests are in the areas of semiconductor physics and\r\nelectromagnetics. She also has strong interest in the field of astronomy and is\r\nworking with a group of volunteers to promote astronomy education in the\r\nsecondary schools in Penang. She had also worked with some interns on the\r\nradio telescope project at the Penang Science Cluster.\r\n\r\nResearch Projects and\r\nConsultancy Work:\r\nSelected Publications: Design of Radio Frequency Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) Capacitors. \r\n\r\nExperimental Investigation on Thermoelectric Generator for Battery - Charger\r\nBased Oven.\r\nAnalyzing the Physics of Radio Telescopes and Radio Astronomy (book\r\nchapters).\r\n\r\nConferences,\r\nSeminars and\r\nWorkshops:\r\n\r\nDr. Goh was appointed as one of the Technical Committee Member for the\r\nVirtual Conference on Electronics and Communication: Loading Intelligence on\r\nFuture Electronics (October 2020).\r\n\r\nHonorary\r\nAppointments and\r\nAwards:\r\n\r\nDr. Goh is a reviewer of the following journals:-\r\n1. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters.\r\n2. Journal of Electrical Engineering.\r\n3. 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Application",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d66e2c09cddac7cc377ffb103aa7ef9",slug:"augmented-reality-and-its-application",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10857.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"1960",title:"Semantics",subtitle:"Advances in Theories and Mathematical Models",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"62b864d16ddca1c2e1373c63e01b4835",slug:"semantics-advances-in-theories-and-mathematical-models",bookSignature:"Muhammad Tanvir Afzal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1960.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108253",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad 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Macrophytes are hydrophytes of freshwater that can be easily seen with the naked eye and are normally found growing in or on the surface of water [1]. As they are primary producers, they form the base of food chains providing food for fingerlings, tadpoles, and other aquatic organisms [2]. The vegetation provides a habitat for invertebrates, protection against predators, and reproduction refuges to young fishes [2]. A total of 106 species of macrophytes were reported in Bhoj Wetland belonging to 87 genera and 46 families together with 14 rare species [3]. Macrophytes are also called the “kidneys of landscape” as they filter sediments and excess nutrients from water [4]. They act as nutrient sinks (uptake nutrients) as well as nutrient pumps (moving compounds from sediment to water column) thus influencing water chemistry [5]. Therefore, nutrient concentrations vary in different limnetic layers and the exchange of these nutrients depends upon the temperature, concentration of dissolved oxygen, and bacterial action [6].
Unethical human activities near wetlands have changed the nutrient dynamics, favoring the growth of overpopulated invasive species of macrophytes at the cost of native, species, thus losing biodiversity [7]. Influx of sewage causes overgrowth, aging, and subsequently decay of macrophytes, devouring the system from life-giving oxygen to anaerobic conditions. The biodiversity of wetlands is continuously declining and diverse communities are being substituted by monoculture of invasive species (e.g.,
The Water Hyacinth is a South American perennial free-floating species [3]. It belongs to the family Pontederiaceae, a family of heterostylous flowering plants, which form monospecific, dense mats in lakes and wetlands [9]. The weed is present all over India and causes significant evaporation losses (1.26–9.84%).
The manual operation to eliminate macrophytes from the lakes requires a large, number of manpower. Though this method is widely used but it is time taking, laborious, uneconomical, and cannot be used for large size water bodies. There are also various types of mechanical devices used to remove aquatic weeds from water bodies but these devices have some limitations. Removal of weeds from the deeper zones of the lakes, is a major constraint as the aquatic weed re-grows up from their rootstocks in this method [13]. Mechanical devices are site-specific and nonselective, that is, they also cut native species with invasive species [13]. The disposal of enormous quantities of removed plant material is another problem in manual and mechanical control.
A wide range of chemical herbicides are now available for controlling the growth of aquatic weeds. Their lethal action is either by direct contact (contact herbicides) or by absorption (systemic herbicides) of the chemical from the treated part of the plant, affecting the biochemical pathways [10]. The chemical methods may be used in a case where the water quality maintenance is not the main issue because, after the treatment of chemicals, the water of the reservoir becomes unsuitable from a drinking point of view [14]. The use of herbicides to eradicate aquatic weeds is a short-term gain only. As long as the chemical effect remains, weed mortality can be observed but after a certain time, frequent use of chemicals is required to control weed growth. These chemicals are costly and after death aquatic weeds started to settle down at the bottom and reduce the depth of aquatic resources as well as release nutrients after decomposition, which supports the next weed [15, 16]. These chemicals also impact the food chain and other micro or macro-organisms of the aquatic system. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Endothall, Copper sulfate, Diquat, and Glyphosate are some of the commonly used herbicides for the eradication of weeds [17].
As a result, the current scenario necessitates weed control strategies other than chemicals, and in this context, biological control is gaining prominence around the world. Considering the above-mentioned limitations of typically obsolete technologies compels the adoption of novel ways based on biological agents that are environmentally safer, friendlier, economical, and viable. The first serious measure was taken in the US in 1970ʼs for the biological control of
This goal can be accomplished by natural bio-delegate, such as
The control of invasive species depends on a combination of various factors, such as temperature, nutrient level of the weed, climate and hydrology of the catchment, and number of healthy insects released [4]. The control of
Based on the findings of previous studies, we should concentrate our efforts on ensuring that the control meets certain criteria, such as being effective against the target organism in a variety of nutrient conditions present in sites, which are likely to vary with levels of disturbance caused by natural and anthropogenic factors and achieving adequate control levels in the field with varying stocking densities. If such faults are not addressed, they create favorable conditions for
Flow chart on problems associated with excess growth of Invasive species.
This study was conducted in the Animal House Facility of the Department of Bioscience, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, to support studies on weed control in laboratory conditions. Stock cultures of
Collection of weevils
To collect large number of adult weevils without damaging the plants, the plants were sink under the surface of the water, by putting a rigid grid over the top of the plants. Weighing the grid down with bricks and leaving it like this for 2 hours helped in collecting the weevils from the surface of the tank with a small sieve. Authentic collection of adult pairs was a very important issue for this experiment but adults laid eggs, which was very fruitful for the experiment.
Storage of weevils
Weevils were stored in a plastic bucket with freshwater hyacinth plants and covered with mosquito net cloth. This process provides proper light, oxygen while ensuring feeding and restricting the flight of
Cleaning of Water Hyacinth
The weeds were washed to remove the mud from the roots and leaves, after which they were allowed to dry on paddy straw for 10 min and then weighed to know the wet weight.
The experiment was conducted in the laboratory conditions in plastic basins or tubs of size 41 cm in diameter and height 13 cm. The monitoring period was 75 days and water hyacinths were kept in 12 different plastic tubs with 10 adult pairs of
Generally, natural condition was maintained in T1 for up-gradation of the weed in this condition. Water was added to the T1 set to provide nutrition to the hyacinths and prevent them from drying. The fresh nutrient solution was prepared and added weekly in T2 and T3 groups. Basically, fortnight data were collected for general observation purposes. In the three groups (T1, T2, and T3) different conditions were maintained that provide different sets of data. In all the treatments, all other insects were removed immediately to maintain the original herbivore densities, and any dead adult weevils were replaced with other weevils.
The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis (one-way ANOVA) by using Excel–Mac operating system software. All the groups, with overall significance, were further compared for intergroup variation by Tukey’s honestly significant differences (Tukey HSD) test.
Assessment of the effectiveness of the eco-engineer as management tools
In the present study, the insect treatment significantly reduced the plant weight in T1 and T3 (N and P were absent) groups. However, the decrease in weed weight in the T2 (weevil exposed condition with Hoagland’s solution) group was significantly lower compared to the (T1) and (T3) groups after 75 days of the growth period, as shown in Table 1. All herbivory treatments showed lower values of plant weight than their Controls. The change in fresh weight in all herbivory treatments and the control was different, varying from 3.3% to 40.21% during the week 1 to 10th, as shown in Table 2. There were no significant differences between the treatments of plant height parameters, as shown in Table 3.
Macrophytes weight (g) | Tub | March | April | May | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15th day | 30th day | 45th day | 60th day | 75th day | ||
T1 Natural condition | A | 277 | 335 | 298 | 265 | 180 |
B | 272 | 321 | 284 | 234 | 173 | |
C | 281 | 339 | 268 | 280 | 168 | |
Control | 244 | 260 | 280 | 330 | 339 | |
T2 Hoagland and Arnon Sol | D | 391 | 423 | 478 | 443 | 378 |
E | 388 | 440 | 467 | 430 | 369 | |
F | 396 | 435 | 471 | 430 | 385 | |
Control | 390 | 400 | 430 | 450 | 505 | |
T3 N and P | G | 298 | 350 | 388 | 322 | 273 |
H | 287 | 322 | 340 | 288 | 254 | |
I | 292 | 334 | 330 | 298 | 268 | |
Control | 360 | 355 | 330 | 323 | 305 |
Weight of
Control (%) | March (%) | April (%) | May (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Control I 28.023 | |||
Control II 22.772 | |||
Control III 15.277 |
Percentage of
Macrophytes | Aqua rium | March | April | May | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15th day | 30th day | 45th day | 60th day | 75th day | ||
T1 Natural condition | A | 7 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 |
B | 7 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | |
C | 7 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 | |
Control | 7 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.5 | |
T2 Hoagland and Arnon Sol | D | 7.8 | 8.3 | 8.5 | 8.6 | 8.6 |
E | 7.8 | 8.4 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 8.7 | |
F | 7.8 | 8.3 | 8.5 | 8.6 | 8.6 | |
Control | 7.8 | 8.0 | 8.4 | 8.5 | 8.6 | |
T3 N and P | G | 7.2 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 |
H | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 | |
I | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 | |
Control | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.5 |
Height of
The results of this study showed that insect herbivory retarded the biomass and growth of
We are speculating that the reason for the success of this experiment in the T1 and T3 groups is that adult weevils scar the leaves of the weed, which lowers the photosynthetic rate and surface area while enabling the access and transfer of saprophytes into the leaves. The introduction of microbes via feeding scars elicits symptoms, such as increased respiration rates, poor chlorophyll and yellowing of leaves decreased buoyancy, and water and nutrient deficiencies [26, 27, 28]. All of these symptoms contribute to decreased growth and cause necrosis of plant tissue thus disrupting the plant leaf dynamics [20, 29]. Naturally, nitrogen and phosphorous are the primary ingredients for the natural growth of plants, so in the absence of these nutrients in the T3 group, slow growth and lower weight of water hyacinth were achieved.
The stress caused by constant herbivory allows energy to be diverted toward the development of daughter plants and new tissues, thereby reducing the overall growth rate of the plants and their sexual reproduction. Byrne et al. [30] stated that water hyacinth density and its spreading capacity were mainly related to asexual reproduction, so a decrease in reproductive capacities would reduce the expansion of mats and invasive potential of the water hyacinth.
In this study, it was observed that young hyacinths were controlled more rapidly than older plants that were confirmed by the studies of Ray et al. [31]. They reported that adult weevils are attracted to young plants because of the presence of some volatile substance that encourages them to feed especially at the previous site of injury but as the age increases it decreases, taking a longer time to be controlled by the weevils. So, managing larger plants is a tedious job in natural conditions that can only be made successful by releasing high inoculation loads of weevils, which increases production of smaller leaves and helps to destroy more leaves.
The change in fresh weights from 3.3% to 40.21 % in our study was very similar to the losses (−5 to −50%) reported by Del fosse and Cullen [32]. Tipping et al. [6] reported that weevil herbivory leads to a 50% reduction in biomass and inflorescence, but had less effect on the coverage area. Firehun [22] reported that three pairs of
In the T2 group, due to high nutrient content (1.6 mg l−1 N and 1.0 mg l−1 P), the mass production of water hyacinths was achieved. In the control group, the wet weight obtained during the 10 weeks of the trial was almost twice as high as treatment (T2), but insect feeding still slightly affected (2.7–4.8%) the plant growth. Heard and Winterton [23] achieved greater damage at higher nutrient concentrations due to the greater production of offspring, that is a high reproductive rate (93 times in a generation). Due to the high reproductive rate, damage by weevils magnify over generations. However, the present findings contrasted with the study of Heard and Winterton, as the study was restricted to only one generation, hence less damage was achieved.
The collapse of the water hyacinth population by weevils in natural water bodies takes a time from 14 months to 24–36 months or 6 years [7, 24, 33]. The reason for this might be that water hyacinth growth and reproduction occur at a more rapid rate than the weevil’s growth rate, so the weevils take a longer time to bring down the population of weeds.
Thus, the assessment of optimum densities of the weevil in different nutrients decreases the growth of its host plant up to 3.3–40.21% in 75 days except for extremely eutrophic conditions. The impact of these insects is supposed, to be evident as sudden, widespread eradication of the macrophyte, but rather it occurs gradually in our studies through slight changes in the phenology, morphometry, and productivity in the
Weight of
Weight of
Weight of
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He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"41",type:"subseries",title:"Water Science",keywords:"Water, Water resources, Freshwater, Hydrological processes, Utilization, Protection",scope:"