Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10578",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Pharmacogenetics",title:"Pharmacogenetics",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Pharmacogenetics is the study of the effects of individual genetics on drug responses. This book provides an overview of the current state of the pharmacological genetic aspects of these treatments. It discusses drugs with genetic information to support product labeling, clinical guidelines, or significant mechanical effects. Pharmacogenetic studies have also allowed us to better understand the pharmacology of medications used to treat neurologic and psychiatric disorders. This book also reviews the current state of the science and potential clinical utility of pharmacogenetic markers for these treatments. Furthermore, it highlights the in silico approach as a promising tool for further research on experimental pharmacology.",isbn:"978-1-83969-218-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-217-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-219-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92954",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"pharmacogenetics",numberOfPages:186,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"ca2bc2ff6e15a7b735d662d9664086b1",bookSignature:"Islam A. Khalil",publishedDate:"November 24th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10578.jpg",numberOfDownloads:1773,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:2,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 27th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 24th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 23rd 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 13th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 12th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"226598",title:"Dr.",name:"Islam",middleName:null,surname:"A. Khalil",slug:"islam-a.-khalil",fullName:"Islam A. Khalil",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226598/images/system/226598.jpg",biography:"Islam A. Khalil received a BSc in Pharmaceutical Sciences from Misr University for Science and Technology, Egypt, in 2003, and an MSc and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutics from the Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt, in 2009 and 2013, respectively. Currently, Dr. Khalil is Associate Professor of Pharmaceutics at the College of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Egypt. He worked previously as a postdoctoral research fellow in an American university in Cairo (Egypt), Zewail City for Science and Technology (Egypt), Brigham and Women\\'s Hospital - Harvard Medical School (USA), and Northeastern University (USA). His research activities focus on designing, developing, and evaluating nanomedicines for various biomedical applications, especially therapeutics and tissue regeneration. He also has considerable industrial research and development experiences to his credit. He received several awards including Best Applied Pharmaceutical Research in 2018 from the Arab Company for Drug Industries and Medical Appliances (ACDIMA) and the State Encouragement Award in Medical Sciences in 2020.",institutionString:"Misr University for Science and Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Misr University for Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1199",title:"Pharmacogenetics",slug:"pharmacogenetics"}],chapters:[{id:"78925",title:"Introductory Chapter: Pharmacogenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100403",slug:"introductory-chapter-pharmacogenetics",totalDownloads:121,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Islam A. Khalil",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78925",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78925",authors:[{id:"226598",title:"Dr.",name:"Islam",surname:"A. Khalil",slug:"islam-a.-khalil",fullName:"Islam A. Khalil"}],corrections:null},{id:"76791",title:"Integrated Role of Nanotechnology and Pharmacogenetics in Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97643",slug:"integrated-role-of-nanotechnology-and-pharmacogenetics-in-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-diseases",totalDownloads:217,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"“One size fits all” is an erroneous paradigm in drug delivery, due to side effects/adverse effects and variability observed in drug response. The variability is a result of geneotypic variations (variability in genomic constitution) which is studied in the branch of science called Pharmacogenomics. The variability in drug response is studied by multigene analysis or profiling of whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and is recorded in terms of the pharmacokinetic (absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination) and pharmacodynamic (drug-receptor interaction, immune response, etc.) response of the drug. Therefore, a foray into this research area can provide valuable information for designing of drug therapies, identifying disease etiology, therapeutic targets and biomarkers for application in treatment and diagnosis of diseases. Lately, with the integration of pharmacogenomics and nanotechnology, a new facade for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases has opened up, and the prescription pattern of drugs has moved to pharmacotyping (individualized dose and dosage-form adjusted therapy) using nanoplatforms like nanobioconjugates, nanotheranostics, etc.",signatures:"Ruchi Chawla, Varsha Rani, Mohini Mishra and Krishan Kumar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76791",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76791",authors:[{id:"340372",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"ruchi",surname:"chawla",slug:"ruchi-chawla",fullName:"ruchi chawla"},{id:"346004",title:"Ms.",name:"Varsha",surname:"Rani",slug:"varsha-rani",fullName:"Varsha Rani"},{id:"346005",title:"Ms.",name:"Mohini",surname:"Mishra",slug:"mohini-mishra",fullName:"Mohini Mishra"},{id:"346006",title:"Mr.",name:"Krishan",surname:"Kumar",slug:"krishan-kumar",fullName:"Krishan Kumar"}],corrections:null},{id:"79189",title:"Interindividual Variability of Cytochromes P450 2B Mediated Oxidation in Human Liver",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99328",slug:"interindividual-variability-of-cytochromes-p450-2b-mediated-oxidation-in-human-liver",totalDownloads:101,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are a group of enzymes that are primarily responsible for oxidative drug biotransformation in people. CYP2B6, which metabolizes numerous drugs including bupropion, propofol and other drug shows great variability in rates of drug oxidation between individuals. In this chapter we discuss the contribution of selected genetic and environmental factors to this variability. Several studies identified and quantified the most common CYP2B6 mRNA splice such as deletion of exons 4 to 6 and of exon 4 which were significantly and negatively correlated with CYP2B6 protein and enzyme activity. CYP2B6 gene expression is highly inducible by phenobarbital. Alcohol ingestion has been associated with increased CYP2B6 levels this involves the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and/or the pregnane X receptor (PXR). CYP2B7 is considered a pseudogene because of the presence of a single premature stop codon (TGA) in exon 7. In 10 out of 24 African-Americans (but none out of 48 European-Americans) there is a single nucleotide polymorphism that results in an arginine codon instead of a stop codon (X378R). The results of these studies identify certain CYP2B6 genetic polymorphisms, mRNA splicing variants, and alcohol ingestion as significant factors that determine interindividual variability of CYP2B-mediated oxidation of drugs in people.",signatures:"Abdulmohsen Alrohaimi, Bader Alrohaimi, Nada Alruwais and Kholoud Aldmasi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79189",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79189",authors:[{id:"340178",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Abdulmohsen",surname:"Alrohaimi",slug:"abdulmohsen-alrohaimi",fullName:"Abdulmohsen Alrohaimi"},{id:"422748",title:"Ms.",name:"Kholoud",surname:"Aldmasi",slug:"kholoud-aldmasi",fullName:"Kholoud Aldmasi"},{id:"422750",title:"Dr.",name:"Nada",surname:"Alruwais",slug:"nada-alruwais",fullName:"Nada Alruwais"},{id:"427171",title:"Dr.",name:"Bader",surname:"Alrohaimi",slug:"bader-alrohaimi",fullName:"Bader Alrohaimi"}],corrections:null},{id:"74758",title:"Ivan Illich, Iatrogenesis and Pharmacogenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95751",slug:"ivan-illich-iatrogenesis-and-pharmacogenetics",totalDownloads:327,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In Medical Nemesis - The expropriation of health, IVAN ILLICH highlights several aspects of the medicalization of society, which was already observed in the mid-1970s. He addressed the various forms of iatrogenesis, classifying the new disease caused by the set of medical care as an epidemic that would not exist if there were no medical intervention. Of the various forms of iatrogenesis, he also addressed drug iatrogenesis, including the cause of hospital admissions. In this article, more than 40 years after Illich’s seminal publication, we sought to revisit his thinking and assess the relevance of his narrative regarding the inconveniences resulting from the use of medicines, especially in their impacts on hospitalization, in addition to reflecting on the potential of pharmacogenetics to mitigate adverse events related to drugs that victimize people. After a brief presentation of Illich’s trajectory, a digression is made on the association between the concepts of medicalization and iatrogenesis, to then make quick considerations about social iatrogenesis, considering the effects of this phenomenon on society. After presenting the consequences of iatrogenesis, from a fluent literature review, an update of the findings is made, showing that the problem is relevant today. A brief conceptual presentation of pharmacogenetics is followed by some examples of its clinical consequences. It is concluded that, despite the unequivocal importance of pharmacotherapy, iatrogenesis remains a problem of increasing relevance. Pharmacogenetics presents itself as a possibility to minimize the problem, making it possible to expand its use in the practice of medical services.",signatures:"José Antonio Diniz de Oliveira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74758",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74758",authors:[{id:"339743",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jose Antonio",surname:"DIniz Oliveira",slug:"jose-antonio-diniz-oliveira",fullName:"Jose Antonio DIniz Oliveira"}],corrections:null},{id:"75043",title:"Pharmacogenetics of Direct Oral Anticoagulants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95966",slug:"pharmacogenetics-of-direct-oral-anticoagulants",totalDownloads:250,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"For more than 50 years, oral vitamin K antagonists were the choice of anticoagulant for the long-term treatment and prevention of arterial and venous thromboembolic events. In recent years, four direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban and edoxaban have been compared with warfarin for thromboembolism prevention. These anticoagulants directly inhibit specific proteins within the coagulation cascade; in contrast, oral vitamin K antagonists inhibit the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Dabigatran, a direct thrombin inhibitor, and rivaroxaban, apixaban and edoxaban, the factor Xa inhibitors, produce a more predictable, less labile anticoagulant effect. DOACs do not have limitations inherent vitamin K antagonists. DOACs have a predictable pharmacokinetic profile and are free of advers drugs reactions inherent in vitamin K antagonists. However, it is necessary to take into account the pharmacogenetic characteristics of the individual that can affect effectiveness and safety of use of DOACs. The results carried out to the present fundamental and clinical studies of DOACs studies demonstrate an undeniable the influence of genome changes on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of DOACs. However, the studies need to be continued. There is a need to plan and conduct larger studies in various ethnic groups with the inclusion of sufficient associative genetic studies of the number of patients in each of the documented groups treatments with well-defined phenotypes.",signatures:"Natalia Shnayder, Marina Petrova, Elena Bochanova, Olga Zimnitskaya, Alina Savinova, Elena Pozhilenkova and Regina Nasyrova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75043",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75043",authors:[{id:"192072",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia",surname:"Shnayder",slug:"natalia-shnayder",fullName:"Natalia Shnayder"},{id:"341336",title:"Prof.",name:"Marina",surname:"Mihailovna Petrova",slug:"marina-mihailovna-petrova",fullName:"Marina Mihailovna Petrova"},{id:"341337",title:"MSc.",name:"Elena",surname:"Bochanova",slug:"elena-bochanova",fullName:"Elena Bochanova"},{id:"341338",title:"BSc.",name:"Olga",surname:"Zimnitskaya",slug:"olga-zimnitskaya",fullName:"Olga Zimnitskaya"},{id:"341339",title:"BSc.",name:"Alina",surname:"Savinova",slug:"alina-savinova",fullName:"Alina Savinova"},{id:"341340",title:"Prof.",name:"Regina",surname:"Nasyrova",slug:"regina-nasyrova",fullName:"Regina Nasyrova"},{id:"344529",title:"MSc.",name:"Elena",surname:"Pozhilenkova",slug:"elena-pozhilenkova",fullName:"Elena Pozhilenkova"}],corrections:null},{id:"75855",title:"Possibilities of Combinatorial Therapy: Insulin Dysregulation and the Growth Hormone Perspective on Neurodegeneration",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97002",slug:"possibilities-of-combinatorial-therapy-insulin-dysregulation-and-the-growth-hormone-perspective-on-n",totalDownloads:187,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"RTKs have been reported to be implicated in several neurodegenerative disorders and the roles of insulin receptor family have emerged as a key common pathway across diseases. Thus we focussed on the Insulin receptor family and discussed the irregulation from the growth hormone axis. The signaling, regulation and physiology of the production in liver and CNS has never been discussed in signaling perspectives and is extremely crucial for understanding the possibilities of IGF1 in neurodegeneration specifically. The commonalities across neurodegenerative diseases such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and protein misfolding and insulin pathway anomalies have been elucidated and correlated with the insulin pathway. The crosstalk possibilities of the pathways, along with other regulatory modes for the development of combinatorial therapy have been discussed to visualize a common platform for neurodegenerative diseases including AD, PD, HD, ALS and FTD. Furthermore, the incretin based therapies that have gradually emerged as alternatives for insulin based therapy due to its inherent drawback of resistance has been briefly discussed.",signatures:"Priyanka Sengupta and Debashis Mukhopadhyay",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75855",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75855",authors:[{id:"341335",title:"Prof.",name:"Debasish",surname:"Mukhopadhyay",slug:"debasish-mukhopadhyay",fullName:"Debasish Mukhopadhyay"},{id:"341905",title:"Ms.",name:"Priyanka",surname:"Sengupta",slug:"priyanka-sengupta",fullName:"Priyanka Sengupta"}],corrections:null},{id:"76458",title:"Updates in Pharmacogenetics of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97498",slug:"updates-in-pharmacogenetics-of-non-small-cell-lung-cancer",totalDownloads:282,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Though significant clinical advances have been made, lung cancer remains the most lethal, with a low 5-year survival rate. The variability in patient response towards therapy is substantial and is associated with lung cancer’s genomic landscape. Pharmacogenetic studies have deciphered many clinically relevant associations between tumor genetic alterations and their influences on drug efficacy, toxicity sensitivity and overall outcomes of cancer treatment. Biomarkers are tools in the arsenal that can help in the prediction, prognosis, diagnosis and follow-up of cancer treatment. Bulk and single-cell next-generation sequencing of large patient cohorts have generated a better understanding of the genetic underpinnings of lung cancer, and opening up personalized therapeutic opportunities. Immunotherapy and personalized medicine are providing hope for lung cancer patients. This review highlights the genetic alterations and important lung cancer biomarkers. The pharmacogenetic associations, personalized immunotherapy and challenges associated with effective therapy are also discussed. Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics can open up new vistas for optimized, personalized NSCLC treatment.",signatures:"Munindra Ruwali, Keshav Moharir, Sanjiv Singh, Punita Aggarwal and Manash K. Paul",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76458",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76458",authors:[{id:"245866",title:"Dr.",name:"Munindra",surname:"Ruwali",slug:"munindra-ruwali",fullName:"Munindra Ruwali"},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"},{id:"350737",title:"Prof.",name:"Keshav",surname:"Moharir",slug:"keshav-moharir",fullName:"Keshav Moharir"},{id:"350738",title:"Prof.",name:"Sanjiv",surname:"Singh",slug:"sanjiv-singh",fullName:"Sanjiv Singh"},{id:"350739",title:"MSc.",name:"Punita",surname:"Aggarwal",slug:"punita-aggarwal",fullName:"Punita Aggarwal"}],corrections:null},{id:"77417",title:"Pharmacogenomics of “Core” Essential Medicines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96581",slug:"pharmacogenomics-of-core-essential-medicines",totalDownloads:93,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Pharmacogenomics uses information about a person’s genetic makeup to choose the drugs dosage regimens that are likely to work best for that particular person. The genomic research has changed the “one size fits all” approach and opened the door to more personalized approaches that consider individual genetic makeup tend to enhance the efficacy and safety of drugs; thus saving time and money. Patient DNA influences multiple steps in which the drugs interact with the body and where will the drug act in the body. Genetic makeup-based prescription, design, and implementation of therapy do not only improve the outcome of treatments, but also reduce the risk of toxicity and other adverse events. The aim of the chapter is to explore the documented pharmacogenomics of essential as per pharmacogenomic biomarkers in drug labeling; and suggest efficacy and safety modifications. Polymorphism of drug metabolizing enzymes has the greatest effect on inter individual variability of drug response; affecting the response of individuals to drugs used in the treatment of diseases. Also, genetic deficiency of some enzymes limits effectiveness of drugs in treating concerned diseases. Gene testing prior to initiating concerned treatment is the best clinical practice that to enhance the efficacy and safety of drugs.",signatures:"Molungoa Sello",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77417",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77417",authors:[{id:"319470",title:"Mr.",name:"Sello",surname:"Molungoa",slug:"sello-molungoa",fullName:"Sello Molungoa"}],corrections:null},{id:"76684",title:"In Silico Studies on Pharmacokinetics and Neuroprotective Potential of 25Mg2+: Releasing Nanocationites - Background and Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97729",slug:"in-silico-studies-on-pharmacokinetics-and-neuroprotective-potential-of-sup-25-sup-mg-sup-2-sup-relea",totalDownloads:197,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Sharp blood circulation disorders are known for their capability to promote such abundant and hardly treatable pathologies as myocardium infarction and the ischemic brain stroke (“insult”). Noteworthy, the stroke — related brain tissue metabolic damages involve an essential ATP deplete clash along with a suppression of brain specific nucleotide — associated kinases and ATP synthase, both Mg2+ — dependent complex enzyme “machineries”. This itself makes the latter’s a legitimate target for some advanced pharmaceuticals as long as the drug — induced overstimulation of corresponding enzymatic activity is the case. Thus, magnetic isotope effects (MIE) of the nuclear spin possessing paramagnetic 25Mg2+ ions might modulate the brain creatine kinase, alfa-glycerophosphate kinase and pyruvate kinase catalytic activities in a way of a remarkable ATP hyperproduction required to compensate the hypoxia caused acute metabolic breakdown. To realize the Magnesium-25 pharmacological potential, a low-toxic amphiphilic cationite nanoparticles were introduced lately. Particularly, the Magnesium — releasing porphyrin-fullerene nanoadduct (cyclohexyl-C60-porphyrin, PMC16) has been proposed to meet expectations dealing with a targeted delivery of 25Mg2+ towards the brain ischemia surrounding areas. In order to optimize a multi-step [25Mg2+]4PMC16 preclinical trial scenario, the In Silico algorithms are to be developed and analyzed. In this study, these algorithms are in a focus with a special emphasize on a novel combination of slightly modified Gompertzian equation systems and a non-Markov population dynamics concept. This In Silico approach takes into account some literature-available patterns of brain hypoxia pathogenesis, the resulted simulation model could be considered as a promising tool for further research on experimental nanopharmacology of the ischemic stroke.",signatures:"Valentin V. Fursov, Ilia V. Fursov, Alexander A. Bukhvostov, Aleksander G. Majouga and Dmitry A. Kuznetsov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76684",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76684",authors:[{id:"336762",title:"Prof.",name:"Dmitriy A.",surname:"Kuznetsov",slug:"dmitriy-a.-kuznetsov",fullName:"Dmitriy A. Kuznetsov"},{id:"336765",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentin V.",surname:"Fursov",slug:"valentin-v.-fursov",fullName:"Valentin V. Fursov"},{id:"336770",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander A.",surname:"Bukhvostov",slug:"alexander-a.-bukhvostov",fullName:"Alexander A. Bukhvostov"},{id:"351662",title:"Mr.",name:"Ilia V.",surname:"Fursov",slug:"ilia-v.-fursov",fullName:"Ilia V. Fursov"},{id:"351666",title:"Prof.",name:"Aleksander G.",surname:"Majouga",slug:"aleksander-g.-majouga",fullName:"Aleksander G. Majouga"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9048",title:"Current and Future Aspects of Nanomedicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c34656bf6a7c08401e1108338c2a1bf6",slug:"current-and-future-aspects-of-nanomedicine",bookSignature:"Islam Ahmed Hamed Khalil",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9048.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"226598",title:"Dr.",name:"Islam",surname:"A. Khalil",slug:"islam-a.-khalil",fullName:"Islam A. Khalil"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1785",title:"Pharmacology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b348683369ba1d19f0384156a871dc06",slug:"pharmacology",bookSignature:"Luca Gallelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"79424",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",surname:"Gallelli",slug:"luca-gallelli",fullName:"Luca Gallelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"769",title:"Clinical Applications of Pharmacogenetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc4dfeab3f9ad2c3423c83f2ef44cb26",slug:"clinical-applications-of-pharmacogenetics",bookSignature:"Despina Sanoudou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/769.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65710",title:"Dr.",name:"Despina",surname:"Sanoudou",slug:"despina-sanoudou",fullName:"Despina Sanoudou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"81169",slug:"corrigendum-to-sarcopenia-technological-advances-in-measurement-and-rehabilitation",title:"Corrigendum to: Sarcopenia: Technological Advances in Measurement and Rehabilitation",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/81169.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81169",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81169",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/81169",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/81169",chapter:{id:"79749",slug:"sarcopenia-technological-advances-in-measurement-and-rehabilitation",signatures:"Letizia Lorusso, Luigi Esposito, Daniele Sancarlo and Grazia D’Onofrio",dateSubmitted:"October 7th 2021",dateReviewed:"October 18th 2021",datePrePublished:"December 20th 2021",datePublished:null,book:{id:"11011",title:"Frailty and Sarcopenia - Recent Evidence and New Perspectives",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Frailty and Sarcopenia - Recent Evidence and New Perspectives",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Grazia D'Onofrio and Dr. Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11011.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"272628",title:"Dr.",name:"Grazia",middleName:null,surname:"D'Onofrio",slug:"grazia-d'onofrio",fullName:"Grazia D'Onofrio"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null}},chapter:{id:"79749",slug:"sarcopenia-technological-advances-in-measurement-and-rehabilitation",signatures:"Letizia Lorusso, Luigi Esposito, Daniele Sancarlo and Grazia D’Onofrio",dateSubmitted:"October 7th 2021",dateReviewed:"October 18th 2021",datePrePublished:"December 20th 2021",datePublished:null,book:{id:"11011",title:"Frailty and Sarcopenia - Recent Evidence and New Perspectives",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Frailty and Sarcopenia - Recent Evidence and New Perspectives",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Grazia D'Onofrio and Dr. Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11011.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"272628",title:"Dr.",name:"Grazia",middleName:null,surname:"D'Onofrio",slug:"grazia-d'onofrio",fullName:"Grazia D'Onofrio"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null},book:{id:"11011",title:"Frailty and Sarcopenia - Recent Evidence and New Perspectives",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Frailty and Sarcopenia - Recent Evidence and New Perspectives",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Grazia D'Onofrio and Dr. Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11011.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"272628",title:"Dr.",name:"Grazia",middleName:null,surname:"D'Onofrio",slug:"grazia-d'onofrio",fullName:"Grazia D'Onofrio"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11254",leadTitle:null,title:"Optical Coherence Tomography",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"a958c09ceaab1fc44c1dd0a817f48c92",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11254.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 28th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 19th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 18th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 6th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 5th 2021",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a year",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"35725",title:"Biomarkers of Atherosclerosis and Acute Coronary Syndromes - A Clinical Perspective",doi:"10.5772/30701",slug:"biomarkers-of-atherosclerosis",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/35725.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/35725",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/35725",totalDownloads:2384,totalViews:75,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:49,impactScoreQuartile:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"March 22nd 2011",dateReviewed:"November 18th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 20th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/35725",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/35725",book:{id:"552",slug:"traditional-and-novel-risk-factors-in-atherothrombosis"},signatures:"Richard Body, Mark Slevin and Garry McDowell",authors:[{id:"83850",title:"Prof.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Slevin",fullName:"Mark Slevin",slug:"mark-slevin",email:"m.a.slevin@mmu.ac.uk",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Manchester Metropolitan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"552",type:"book",title:"Traditional and Novel Risk Factors in Atherothrombosis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Traditional and Novel Risk Factors in Atherothrombosis",slug:"traditional-and-novel-risk-factors-in-atherothrombosis",publishedDate:"April 20th 2012",bookSignature:"Efrain Gaxiola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/552.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0561-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6982-6",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:7,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"83334",title:"Dr.",name:"Efrain",middleName:null,surname:"Gaxiola",slug:"efrain-gaxiola",fullName:"Efrain Gaxiola"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"985"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"35724",type:"chapter",title:"Pathology and Pathophysiology of Atherothrombosis: Virchow's Triad Revisited",slug:"pathology-and-pathophysiology-of-atherothrombosis-virchow-s-triad-revisited-",totalDownloads:2649,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Atsushi Yamashita and Yujiro Asada",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"90669",title:"Dr.",name:"Atsushi",middleName:null,surname:"Yamashita",fullName:"Atsushi Yamashita",slug:"atsushi-yamashita"}]},{id:"35725",type:"chapter",title:"Biomarkers of Atherosclerosis and Acute Coronary Syndromes - A Clinical Perspective",slug:"biomarkers-of-atherosclerosis",totalDownloads:2384,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Richard Body, Mark Slevin and Garry McDowell",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"83850",title:"Prof.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Slevin",fullName:"Mark Slevin",slug:"mark-slevin"}]},{id:"35726",type:"chapter",title:"Roles of Serotonin in Atherothrombosis and Related Diseases",slug:"roles-of-serotonin-on-atherothrombosis-and-its-related-diseases",totalDownloads:1382,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Takuya Watanabe and Shinji Koba",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"84759",title:"Prof.",name:"Takuya",middleName:null,surname:"Watanabe",fullName:"Takuya Watanabe",slug:"takuya-watanabe"},{id:"84834",title:"Prof.",name:"Shinji",middleName:null,surname:"Koba",fullName:"Shinji Koba",slug:"shinji-koba"}]},{id:"35727",type:"chapter",title:"Endothelial Progenitor Cell in Cardiovascular Diseases",slug:"endothelial-progenitor-cell-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:1447,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Po-Hsun Huang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"89681",title:"Dr.",name:"Po-Hsun",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Po-Hsun Huang",slug:"po-hsun-huang"}]},{id:"35728",type:"chapter",title:"CD40 Ligand and Its Receptors in Atherothrombosis",slug:"cd40-ligand-and-its-receptors-in-atherothrombosis",totalDownloads:1917,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Daniel Yacoub, Ghada S. Hassan, Nada Alaadine, Yahye Merhi and Walid Mourad",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"94756",title:"Prof.",name:"Walid",middleName:null,surname:"Mourad",fullName:"Walid Mourad",slug:"walid-mourad"}]},{id:"35729",type:"chapter",title:"In Search for Novel Biomarkers of Acute Coronary Syndrome",slug:"novel-biomarkers-for-acute-coronary-syndrome",totalDownloads:2191,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kavita K. Shalia and Vinod K. Shah",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"90275",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Shalia",fullName:"Kavita Shalia",slug:"kavita-shalia"},{id:"126491",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinod",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",fullName:"Vinod Shah",slug:"vinod-shah"}]},{id:"35730",type:"chapter",title:"Lower Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease",slug:"lower-extremity-peripheral-arterial-disease",totalDownloads:2443,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Aditya M. Sharma and Herbert D. Aronow",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"88005",title:"Dr.",name:"Herbert",middleName:null,surname:"Aronow",fullName:"Herbert Aronow",slug:"herbert-aronow"},{id:"88189",title:"Dr.",name:"Aditya",middleName:"M",surname:"Sharma",fullName:"Aditya Sharma",slug:"aditya-sharma"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5682",title:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis",subtitle:"Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"847efcb8c059798ea2a963d9578de2f5",slug:"physiologic-and-pathologic-angiogenesis-signaling-mechanisms-and-targeted-therapy",bookSignature:"Dan Simionescu and Agneta Simionescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5682.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66196",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",surname:"Simionescu",slug:"dan-simionescu",fullName:"Dan Simionescu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"53316",title:"TGF-β Activation and Signaling in Angiogenesis",slug:"tgf-activation-and-signaling-in-angiogenesis",signatures:"Paola A. Guerrero and Joseph H. McCarty",authors:[{id:"193482",title:"Dr.",name:"Paola",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero",fullName:"Paola Guerrero",slug:"paola-guerrero"},{id:"195670",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"McCarty",fullName:"Joseph McCarty",slug:"joseph-mccarty"}]},{id:"53457",title:"Role of Notch, SDF-1 and Mononuclear Cells Recruitment in Angiogenesis",slug:"role-of-notch-sdf-1-and-mononuclear-cells-recruitment-in-angiogenesis",signatures:"Ivanka Dimova and Valentin Djonov",authors:[{id:"193572",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivanka",middleName:null,surname:"Dimova",fullName:"Ivanka Dimova",slug:"ivanka-dimova"},{id:"195601",title:"Prof.",name:"Valentin",middleName:null,surname:"Djonov",fullName:"Valentin Djonov",slug:"valentin-djonov"}]},{id:"53381",title:"Angiogenesis Meets Skeletogenesis: The Cross-Talk between Two Dynamic Systems",slug:"angiogenesis-meets-skeletogenesis-the-cross-talk-between-two-dynamic-systems",signatures:"Tamara A. Franz-Odendaal, Daniel Andrews and Shruti Kumar",authors:[{id:"192854",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamara",middleName:null,surname:"Franz-Odendaal",fullName:"Tamara Franz-Odendaal",slug:"tamara-franz-odendaal"},{id:"197559",title:"Mr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Andrews",fullName:"Daniel Andrews",slug:"daniel-andrews"},{id:"197560",title:"Ms.",name:"Shruti",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Shruti Kumar",slug:"shruti-kumar"}]},{id:"53374",title:"Corneal Angiogenesis: Etiologies, Complications, and Management",slug:"corneal-angiogenesis-etiologies-complications-and-management",signatures:"Sepehr Feizi",authors:[{id:"37619",title:"Dr.",name:"Sepehr",middleName:null,surname:"Feizi",fullName:"Sepehr Feizi",slug:"sepehr-feizi"}]},{id:"53142",title:"Angiogenesis-Related Factors in Early Pregnancy Loss",slug:"angiogenesis-related-factors-in-early-pregnancy-loss",signatures:"Marina M. Ziganshina, Lyubov V. Krechetova, Lyudmila V. Vanko,\nZulfiya S. Khodzhaeva, Ekaterina L. Yarotskaya and Gennady T.\nSukhikh",authors:[{id:"193025",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Ziganshina",fullName:"Marina Ziganshina",slug:"marina-ziganshina"},{id:"196923",title:"Dr.",name:"Lyubov V.",middleName:null,surname:"Krechetova",fullName:"Lyubov V. Krechetova",slug:"lyubov-v.-krechetova"},{id:"196924",title:"Prof.",name:"Lyudmila V.",middleName:null,surname:"Vanko",fullName:"Lyudmila V. Vanko",slug:"lyudmila-v.-vanko"},{id:"196925",title:"Prof.",name:"Zulfiya S.",middleName:null,surname:"Khodzhaeva",fullName:"Zulfiya S. Khodzhaeva",slug:"zulfiya-s.-khodzhaeva"},{id:"196926",title:"Dr.",name:"Ekaterina L.",middleName:null,surname:"Yarotskaya",fullName:"Ekaterina L. Yarotskaya",slug:"ekaterina-l.-yarotskaya"},{id:"196927",title:"Prof.",name:"Gennady T.",middleName:null,surname:"Sukhikh",fullName:"Gennady T. Sukhikh",slug:"gennady-t.-sukhikh"}]},{id:"53441",title:"Pathogenic Angiogenic Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Disease",slug:"pathogenic-angiogenic-mechanisms-in-alzheimer-s-disease",signatures:"Chaahat Singh, Cheryl G. Pfeifer and Wilfred A. Jefferies",authors:[{id:"193311",title:"Prof.",name:"Wilfred",middleName:null,surname:"Jefferies",fullName:"Wilfred Jefferies",slug:"wilfred-jefferies"},{id:"196143",title:"Dr.",name:"Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Chaahat",fullName:"Singh Chaahat",slug:"singh-chaahat"},{id:"196144",title:"Dr.",name:"Cheryl G",middleName:null,surname:"Pfeifer",fullName:"Cheryl G Pfeifer",slug:"cheryl-g-pfeifer"}]},{id:"53523",title:"Hypoxia, Angiogenesis and Atherogenesis",slug:"hypoxia-angiogenesis-and-atherogenesis",signatures:"Lamia Heikal and Gordon Ferns",authors:[{id:"195461",title:"Dr.",name:"Lamia",middleName:null,surname:"Heikal",fullName:"Lamia Heikal",slug:"lamia-heikal"},{id:"199995",title:"Prof.",name:"Gordon",middleName:null,surname:"Ferns",fullName:"Gordon Ferns",slug:"gordon-ferns"}]},{id:"54134",title:"Coronary Collateral Growth: Clinical Perspectives and Recent Insights",slug:"coronary-collateral-growth-clinical-perspectives-and-recent-insights",signatures:"Bhamini Patel, Peter Hopmann, Mansee Desai, Kanithra Sekaran,\nKathleen Graham, Liya Yin and William Chilian",authors:[{id:"192680",title:"Dr.",name:"Wiliam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Chilian",fullName:"Wiliam M. Chilian",slug:"wiliam-m.-chilian"},{id:"203403",title:"Dr.",name:"Liya",middleName:null,surname:"Yin",fullName:"Liya Yin",slug:"liya-yin"},{id:"203404",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Hopmann",fullName:"Peter Hopmann",slug:"peter-hopmann"},{id:"203405",title:"Dr.",name:"Kathleen",middleName:null,surname:"Graham",fullName:"Kathleen Graham",slug:"kathleen-graham"},{id:"203406",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhamini",middleName:null,surname:"Patel",fullName:"Bhamini Patel",slug:"bhamini-patel"},{id:"203407",title:"Dr.",name:"Kanithra",middleName:null,surname:"Sekaran",fullName:"Kanithra Sekaran",slug:"kanithra-sekaran"},{id:"203408",title:"Dr.",name:"Mansee",middleName:null,surname:"Desai",fullName:"Mansee Desai",slug:"mansee-desai"}]},{id:"53407",title:"Angiogenesis and Cardiovascular Diseases: The Emerging Role of HDACs",slug:"angiogenesis-and-cardiovascular-diseases-the-emerging-role-of-hdacs",signatures:"Ana Moraga, Ka Hou Lao and Lingfang Zeng",authors:[{id:"192735",title:"Dr.",name:"Lingfang",middleName:null,surname:"Zeng",fullName:"Lingfang Zeng",slug:"lingfang-zeng"},{id:"193673",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Moraga",fullName:"Ana Moraga",slug:"ana-moraga"},{id:"196605",title:"Dr.",name:"Ka Hou",middleName:null,surname:"Lao",fullName:"Ka Hou Lao",slug:"ka-hou-lao"}]},{id:"53248",title:"Unique Phenotypes of Endothelial Cells in Developing Arteries: A Lesson from the Ductus Arteriosus",slug:"unique-phenotypes-of-endothelial-cells-in-developing-arteries-a-lesson-from-the-ductus-arteriosus",signatures:"Norika Mengchia Liu and Susumu Minamisawa",authors:[{id:"160350",title:"Prof.",name:"Susumu",middleName:null,surname:"Minamisawa",fullName:"Susumu Minamisawa",slug:"susumu-minamisawa"},{id:"192875",title:"MSc.",name:"Norika",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Norika Liu",slug:"norika-liu"}]},{id:"54438",title:"Vascular Repair and Remodeling: A Review",slug:"vascular-repair-and-remodeling-a-review",signatures:"Nicolás F. Renna, Rodrigo Garcia, Jesica Ramirez and Roberto M.\nMiatello",authors:[{id:"192616",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolás",middleName:null,surname:"Renna",fullName:"Nicolás Renna",slug:"nicolas-renna"},{id:"202536",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:"Damián",surname:"García",fullName:"Rodrigo García",slug:"rodrigo-garcia"},{id:"202537",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesica",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez",fullName:"Jesica Ramirez",slug:"jesica-ramirez"},{id:"202539",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto M.",middleName:null,surname:"Miatello",fullName:"Roberto M. Miatello",slug:"roberto-m.-miatello"}]},{id:"53018",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis: A Focus on the Role of Cancer Stem Cells",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-a-focus-on-the-role-of-cancer-stem-cells",signatures:"Keiko Fujita and Masumi Akita",authors:[{id:"26281",title:"Prof.",name:"Masumi",middleName:null,surname:"Akita",fullName:"Masumi Akita",slug:"masumi-akita"},{id:"192582",title:"Dr.",name:"Keiko",middleName:null,surname:"Fujita",fullName:"Keiko Fujita",slug:"keiko-fujita"}]},{id:"53461",title:"VEGF-Mediated Signal Transduction in Tumor Angiogenesis",slug:"vegf-mediated-signal-transduction-in-tumor-angiogenesis",signatures:"Lucia Napione, Maria Alvaro and Federico Bussolino",authors:[{id:"193680",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Napione",fullName:"Lucia Napione",slug:"lucia-napione"},{id:"196917",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Alvaro",fullName:"Maria Alvaro",slug:"maria-alvaro"},{id:"196992",title:"Prof.",name:"Federico",middleName:null,surname:"Bussolino",fullName:"Federico Bussolino",slug:"federico-bussolino"}]},{id:"54103",title:"Noncoding RNAs in Lung Cancer Angiogenesis",slug:"noncoding-rnas-in-lung-cancer-angiogenesis",signatures:"Ioana Berindan-Neagoe, Cornelia Braicu, Diana Gulei, Ciprian\nTomuleasa and George Adrian Calin",authors:[{id:"193102",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioana",middleName:null,surname:"Berindan-Neagoe",fullName:"Ioana Berindan-Neagoe",slug:"ioana-berindan-neagoe"},{id:"193316",title:"Dr.",name:"Cornelia",middleName:null,surname:"Braicu",fullName:"Cornelia Braicu",slug:"cornelia-braicu"},{id:"193317",title:"Dr.",name:"Ciprian",middleName:null,surname:"Tomuleasa",fullName:"Ciprian Tomuleasa",slug:"ciprian-tomuleasa"},{id:"193318",title:"BSc.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Gulei",fullName:"Diana Gulei",slug:"diana-gulei"},{id:"193319",title:"Prof.",name:"George Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Calin",fullName:"George Adrian Calin",slug:"george-adrian-calin"}]},{id:"53402",title:"Recent Advances in Angiogenesis Assessment Methods and their Clinical Applications",slug:"recent-advances-in-angiogenesis-assessment-methods-and-their-clinical-applications",signatures:"Imran Shahid, Waleed H. AlMalki, Mohammed W. AlRabia,\nMuhammad Ahmed, Mohammad T. Imam, Muhammed K. Saifullah\nand Muhammad H. Hafeez",authors:[{id:"188219",title:"Prof.",name:"Imran",middleName:null,surname:"Shahid",fullName:"Imran Shahid",slug:"imran-shahid"},{id:"191256",title:"Prof.",name:"Waleed",middleName:null,surname:"Almalki",fullName:"Waleed Almalki",slug:"waleed-almalki"},{id:"191259",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hassan Hafeez",fullName:"Muhammad Hassan Hafeez",slug:"muhammad-hassan-hafeez"},{id:"195198",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",fullName:"Muhammad Ahmed",slug:"muhammad-ahmed"},{id:"195199",title:"MSc.",name:"Muhammed",middleName:null,surname:"Saifullah",fullName:"Muhammed Saifullah",slug:"muhammed-saifullah"},{id:"195200",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Imam",fullName:"Mohammad Imam",slug:"mohammad-imam"},{id:"195201",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Al Rabia",fullName:"Mohammed Al Rabia",slug:"mohammed-al-rabia"}]},{id:"53313",title:"Novel Methods to Study Angiogenesis Using Tissue Explants",slug:"novel-methods-to-study-angiogenesis-using-tissue-explants",signatures:"Tomoko Takahashi, Keiko Fujita and Masumi Akita",authors:[{id:"26281",title:"Prof.",name:"Masumi",middleName:null,surname:"Akita",fullName:"Masumi Akita",slug:"masumi-akita"},{id:"192582",title:"Dr.",name:"Keiko",middleName:null,surname:"Fujita",fullName:"Keiko Fujita",slug:"keiko-fujita"},{id:"192585",title:"MSc.",name:"Tomoko",middleName:null,surname:"Takahashi",fullName:"Tomoko Takahashi",slug:"tomoko-takahashi"}]},{id:"53219",title:"Therapeutic Angiogenesis: Foundations and Practical Application",slug:"therapeutic-angiogenesis-foundations-and-practical-application",signatures:"Pavel Igorevich Makarevich and Yelena Viktorovna Parfyonova",authors:[{id:"75221",title:"Prof.",name:"Yelena",middleName:null,surname:"Parfyonova",fullName:"Yelena Parfyonova",slug:"yelena-parfyonova"},{id:"192434",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",middleName:null,surname:"Makarevich",fullName:"Pavel Makarevich",slug:"pavel-makarevich"}]},{id:"53828",title:"Platelet Lysate to Promote Angiogenic Cell Therapies",slug:"platelet-lysate-to-promote-angiogenic-cell-therapies",signatures:"Scott T. Robinson and Luke P. Brewster",authors:[{id:"193297",title:"Dr.",name:"Luke",middleName:null,surname:"Brewster",fullName:"Luke Brewster",slug:"luke-brewster"},{id:"193532",title:"Dr.",name:"Scott",middleName:null,surname:"Robinson",fullName:"Scott Robinson",slug:"scott-robinson"}]},{id:"53483",title:"Anti-VEGF Therapy in Cancer: A Double-Edged Sword",slug:"anti-vegf-therapy-in-cancer-a-double-edged-sword",signatures:"Victor Gardner, Chikezie O. Madu and Yi Lu",authors:[{id:"40915",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Yi Lu",slug:"yi-lu"},{id:"195224",title:"Mr.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Gardner",fullName:"Victor Gardner",slug:"victor-gardner"},{id:"195226",title:"Dr.",name:"Chikezie",middleName:null,surname:"Madu",fullName:"Chikezie Madu",slug:"chikezie-madu"}]},{id:"53575",title:"Antiangiogenic Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma",slug:"antiangiogenic-therapy-for-hepatocellular-carcinoma",signatures:"Kosuke Kaji and Hitoshi Yoshiji",authors:[{id:"192883",title:"Dr.",name:"Kosuke",middleName:null,surname:"Kaji",fullName:"Kosuke Kaji",slug:"kosuke-kaji"},{id:"195636",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshiji",fullName:"Hitoshi Yoshiji",slug:"hitoshi-yoshiji"}]},{id:"53335",title:"MCAM and its Isoforms as Novel Targets in Angiogenesis Research and Therapy",slug:"mcam-and-its-isoforms-as-novel-targets-in-angiogenesis-research-and-therapy",signatures:"Jimmy Stalin, Lucie Vivancos, Nathalie Bardin, Françoise Dignat-\nGeorge and Marcel Blot-Chabaud",authors:[{id:"192897",title:"Dr.",name:"Jimmy",middleName:null,surname:"Stalin",fullName:"Jimmy Stalin",slug:"jimmy-stalin"},{id:"195979",title:"Ms.",name:"Lucie",middleName:null,surname:"Vivancos",fullName:"Lucie Vivancos",slug:"lucie-vivancos"},{id:"195980",title:"Prof.",name:"Nathalie",middleName:null,surname:"Bardin",fullName:"Nathalie Bardin",slug:"nathalie-bardin"},{id:"195981",title:"Prof.",name:"Francoise",middleName:null,surname:"Dignat-George",fullName:"Francoise Dignat-George",slug:"francoise-dignat-george"},{id:"195982",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcel",middleName:null,surname:"Blot-Chabaud",fullName:"Marcel Blot-Chabaud",slug:"marcel-blot-chabaud"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"222",title:"Diagnosis, Screening and Treatment of Abdominal, Thoracoabdominal and Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5414d5b88ca007aeb24487e703cf0351",slug:"diagnosis-screening-and-treatment-of-abdominal-thoracoabdominal-and-thoracic-aortic-aneurysms",bookSignature:"R.T. Grundmann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/222.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37604",title:"Prof.",name:"Reinhart",surname:"Grundmann",slug:"reinhart-grundmann",fullName:"Reinhart Grundmann"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3435",title:"Ischemic Heart Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"882248c482dce0e13a0cafa2a738032a",slug:"ischemic-heart-disease",bookSignature:"David C. Gaze",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3435.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71983",title:"Dr.",name:"David C.",surname:"Gaze",slug:"david-c.-gaze",fullName:"David C. Gaze"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"266",title:"Advances in the Diagnosis of Coronary Atherosclerosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d1b79102630c8528027d0f1f92042d32",slug:"advances-in-the-diagnosis-of-coronary-atherosclerosis",bookSignature:"Suna F. Kiraç",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/266.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51494",title:"Prof.",name:"Suna",surname:"Kirac",slug:"suna-kirac",fullName:"Suna Kirac"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3439",title:"Research Directions in Tumor Angiogenesis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fe5692f82fb9709aca8d230560dc38d5",slug:"research-directions-in-tumor-angiogenesis",bookSignature:"Jianyuan Chai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3439.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianyuan",surname:"Chai",slug:"jianyuan-chai",fullName:"Jianyuan Chai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"288",title:"Myocarditis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"641982de7111f331fc849131901b3a68",slug:"myocarditis",bookSignature:"Daniela Cihakova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/288.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"61797",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",surname:"Cihakova",slug:"daniela-cihakova",fullName:"Daniela Cihakova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"79644",title:"Postoperative Pain Control Following Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Implantation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101517",slug:"postoperative-pain-control-following-cardiac-implantable-electronic-device-implantation",body:'
1. Introduction
Postoperative pain of all types is often under-treated and may lead to chronic postsurgical pain, a centralized painful condition that can be challenging to treat [1]. Reports of postimplant pain can vary. In a survey of pacemaker patients, most patients were satisfied overall with their device and not affected by pain, soreness, or discomfort [2]. Yet in another study, over 40% of surgical patients from a single-center Italian study (n = 235) reported still having mild postsurgical pain at six months [3]. Despite the frequency of device implants for cardiac conditions, there is little study on the incidence, intensity, or duration of pain associated with cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) implantation.
There is a paucity of literature to inform clinicians about pain management for those undergoing an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) or pacemaker implantation. A single-center study from Europe (n = 372) analyzed pain control retrospectively over the course of device implant [4]. The study found about a quarter of patients received analgesia or sedation in advance of surgery. During surgery, all patients received local lidocaine anesthesia. Upon completion of the surgery, less than one-third (31%) were given pain medication or sedated. Using a 0 to 10 numeric rating scale, the highest pain rating during the implantation was 8. Pain above 5 was reported one, three, six, eight, and 24 hours after surgery, with the most frequently reported pain sites being the surgical incision, shoulder area, and chest region [4].
2. Postoperative pain control
There has been a little systematic study of pain associated with CIED implantation even though, such procedures are increasingly prevalent. Further complicating the subject of postoperative pain control are differences between subcutaneous and transvenous devices and the fact that some implantation procedures are done on an outpatient basis.
2.1 Risk factors for postoperative pain
The BRUISE-CONTROL studies 1 and 2 used a visual analog scale to assess pain in 1308 patients who had a CIED implanted. Using multivariable regression analysis, the following were associated with clinically important postsurgical pain: clinically significant hematoma (odds ratio [OR] 3.8), de novo CIED implantation (OR 1.9), female sex (OR 1.6), age < 65 years (OR 1.5), and body mass index <20 (OR 2.1) [5].
In a study of 21 consecutive adult CIED patients (mean age 61 ± 11 years), patients were asked to rate their pain on a 0 to 100 visual analog scale, where 0 was no pain at all and 100 was the worst possible pain imaginable. Patients rate their pain 24 hours after surgery and again at one month postoperatively. At 24 hours postimplant, the mean VAS score was 34 ± 20. Only one patient in the study experienced severe pain, with the rest rating pain as moderate (48%) or mild (48%). Using regression analysis, it was found that the use of intraoperative fentanyl and a longer time spent in the procedure were significant predictors of more intense postoperative pain. The mean VAS score for pain at one month was 19 ± 18 and 17 out of 21 patients rated this pain as “mild” [6].
2.2 Inpatient versus outpatient pain control
Device implantation may be done on an inpatient or outpatient basis, depending on a variety of factors, including patient characteristics, comorbidities, physician preference, geography, patient frailty, and other factors. A retrospective chart review of 415 consecutive primary-prevention ICD patients found that same-day discharge was safe and feasible [7]. However, in real-world clinical practice, many such procedures are performed on inpatients. In a prospective study of 327 de novo ICD patients, 40.3% were implanted during acute hospitalization [8]. Of these inpatients, 57.6% were secondary-prevention patients [8]. Predictors of hospitalization include, a more complex device (non-single-chamber device), New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV symptoms, low diastolic blood pressure, higher blood urea nitrogen levels, and lower hemoglobin [8].
2.3 Subcutaneous ICDs
Subcutaneous ICDs are often implanted under general anesthesia and postoperative pain may be managed with opioid analgesia. However, there is a trend toward moving away from general anesthesia and postoperative opioids to a different type of pain control [9]. Monitored anesthesia care (MAC) has been reported in the literature to be a safe and effective method for subcutaneous ICD implantation [10, 11]. The truncal plane block along with perioperative nonopioid analgesics is being considered and appears feasible and effective [12]. A study of 91 consecutive patients undergoing subcutaneous ICD implantation at 10 centers found ultrasound-guided serratus anterior plane block was effective for anesthesia during the procedure and postoperative analgesia [13].
The Subcutaneous Defibrillator and Send Home (DASH) study investigated the feasibility and safety of subcutaneous ICD implant in patients (mean age 47 ± 14 years) discharged on the same day [14]. In total, 49 patients were enrolled and all were discharged following the surgery without staying overnight at the hospital. The protocol called for preoperative acetaminophen 975 mg and oxycodone 10 mg, local bupivacaine during the surgery, and limited fixed-dose combination oral analgesic of oxycodone plus acetaminophen (5/325 mg) after surgery, every 6 hours as needed. Using a 0 to 10 numerical pain rating scale, severe pain (defined as a score ≥ 8) occurred in 14.3% of patients on the day of surgery, 14.3% on postoperative day 1, and 8.2% of patients on a postoperative day 3 [14].
In a study of 104 adult patients undergoing subcutaneous ICD implantation, 69% were administered intraprocedural liposomal bupivacaine but there were no statistically significant differences between those who received bupivacaine and those who did not in terms of inpatient opioid consumption, outpatient opioid prescriptions, or overall opioid consumption in the postoperative period [15]. Similar findings were observed in a study of liposomal bupivacaine in knee arthroplasty [16].
In a study of opioid use following CIED implantations, patients who underwent subcutaneous ICD implantation were more likely to be prescribed opioids than those implanted with transvenous devices (25% vs. 20%) [17]. In a retrospective single-center study of structured interviews with female patients who were implanted with a subcutaneous ICD (mean time since implant 4.6 ± 3.1 years) 54% said their postsurgical pain was worse than they expected [18]. About half (44%) said that they experienced daily discomfort with their bra and the implanted device [18]. Thus, while postoperative pain can be managed following subcutaneous ICD implant, there are important gaps to be recognized in how pain is treated. In particular, patients should be advised about the nature, duration, and intensity of pain anticipated and provided with an analgesic regimen with specific instructions.
2.4 Device revision
ICDs and other CIEDs require replacement upon battery depletion, and the incidence of any type of complication within 45 days of device revision is 4.3% [19]. Device infections are more common for ICD and CRT-D system revisions than initial implants (2.9% and 3.9% for revisions, respectively, and 1.6% for both ICD and CRT-D de novo systems) [20]. It should be noted in this context that a CRT-D system is a more complicated device than a transvenous ICD, even a dual-chamber ICD, and requires a left-ventricular lead. This risk for infection may be cumulative with subsequent device revisions; in fact, each intervention at the same implant site appears to double the risk for infection [21]. There are no studies, comparing postoperative pain intensity or characteristics of initial and revised procedures. Since up to 40% of ICD procedures involve a generator replacement [22], this represents a significant knowledge gap.
In an analysis of opioid prescribing for CIED implantation, patients undergoing device upgrades and generator change-outs were less likely to receive opioids than those getting a de novo implant (18.3%, 11.6%, and 20%, respectively) [17].
2.5 Special populations
2.5.1 Pediatric
The number of pediatric device patients is a relatively small subset of the device population, but babies, as well as children and adolescents, may be recipients of CIEDs. Nerve blocks have been effectively used in pediatric patients undergoing implantation of a subcutaneous ICD [23]. In this case series of 10 patients, the combination of bilateral parasternal blocks with a left erector spinae plane block provided good pain control. Pectoral nerve blocks have been shown to reduce perioperative anesthetic requirements and postoperative pain in children undergoing transvenous ICD implantation [24].
2.5.2 Women
A study of 180 men and 60 women, who had a de novo ICD implantation, found that women were statistically significantly more likely to be younger and less likely to be married or have a history of coronary artery disease than men [25]. However, women had lower functional status, reported more intense pain, and had more sleep problems than men. Men and women were similar in terms of symptoms of anxiety and depression [25]. A study of 179 consecutive ICD outpatients (mean age 60.5 ± 15.9 years) found women reported significantly more intense pain than men [26].
Women have been historically under-represented in ICD clinical trials and historically were sometimes overlooked in consideration for ICD implantation. In a retrospective study of 5156 outpatients with an ejection fraction ≤35%, 25.0% of women had received an ICD compared to 36.3% men (p < 0.01) [27]. In an observational study based on Get with the Guidelines-Heart Failure Program, 21,059 patients with an ejection fraction ≤35%, were evaluated in the time frame from 2011 to 2014. During this time, women were less likely to be counseled about ICD therapy than men (19.3% vs. 24.6%, p < 0.001) [28]. It may be that women who receive ICDs are not adequately counseled about what to expect from surgery or treated for pain.
2.5.3 Overweight
Studies suggest that obese patients, defined as a body mass index >30 kg/m2, are at an elevated risk for inappropriate shock and failed defibrillation testing when a subcutaneous device is implanted [29, 30]. Electrocardiographic testing before implant and appropriate patient selection may reduce such risks [10]. It is unknown whether obese patients experience more pain or more intense pain than normal-weight patients.
2.5.4 Racial/ethnic groups
In a retrospective analysis of 5156 outpatients with an ejection fraction ≤35%, 28.0% of Black compared to 33.2% of White patients had an ICD, p = 0.02 [27]. Although this difference was statistically significant, it was less pronounced than sex-based differences in ICD implantation, where men were more likely to receive an ICD than women [27]. Since Blacks Americans are less likely to have health insurance than Whites, it might be speculated that part of this difference can be traced back to differences in health coverage. However, a study from the United Kingdom found that despite free, universal healthcare, there were racial disparities in ICD implantations; ICDs in the United Kingdom were significantly more likely to be implanted in White than South Indian residents [31]. Although the population of Caucasians in the area of Leicestershire was 77.7% and South Asians made up 15.9% of the population, 91.9% of all ICDs in that areas were implanted in Caucasians compared to 8.1% South Asians. These differences persisted for primary- and secondary-prevention patients although the gap between Caucasians and South Asians was even wider for secondary-prevention treatment [31]. It is unclear, why this marked difference occurs. The lower rate of Black patients for ICD therapy is particularly concerning because Blacks are at greater risk than Whites for sudden cardiac death [32]. However, in the United States, Blacks also had a higher ICD refusal rate than other groups when ICD therapy was presented to them as a consideration [32]. Among patients who are at higher risk of sudden cardiac death, Blacks had significantly less probability of getting an ICD [33].
2.5.5 Geriatric
Advanced age and frailty have been associated with less-frequent use of ICD systems and indications require the patient have a reasonable expectation to live at least one more year after device implant [34]. This life expectancy requirement is not always taken into account. In a survey of 386 physicians who refer selected patients for possible ICD implantation, 23% said that they do not consider life expectancy and 13% have knowingly referred patients with a life expectancy of under one year [35]. However, there is no specific age cutoff for ICD indications. More than 40% of all first implants of ICD systems occur in patients over the age of 70, and de novo patients over age 80 are not uncommon [36]. Biological age may be more important than chronological age in this regard [37].
Postsurgical pain in geriatric device patients is not well studied; indeed, elderly patients are often under-represented in clinical trials, if they are included at all. In a study of 150,264 primary-prevention patients, there were significantly more adverse events in the oldest patients (4.5% in those ≥80 years) compared to the youngest group (2.8% in those <65 years) [38]. This rate of adverse events plateaued at about 4.5% at age 80 and beyond. Comorbid conditions were stronger predictors for complications than age [38]. However, the proportions of older and younger patients who specifically experienced pain were not reported.
The control of postsurgical pain in geriatric patients can be challenging due to comorbid conditions, concurrent drug therapies (polypharmacy), and age-related pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic alterations [39]. Pain assessment maybe even more challenging in elderly patients with impaired communication skills or cognitive deficits. Because elderly patients may get benefit from ICD therapy and may have special limitations with respect to pain therapy, further study is much needed.
2.6 Opioid considerations
Opioids have come under increasing scrutiny as routine analgesics since the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published guidance to limit their use because of growing concerns for their risks, opioid-associated side effects, and opioid use disorder (OUD). In addition, opioids may increase the risk of atrial fibrillation or other arrhythmias [40]. Nevertheless, opioids are effective analgesic agents and are often used for appropriate patients under clinical supervision to manage the acute pain associated with surgery.
In a retrospective analysis of all CIED procedures done at the three Mayo Clinics in Minnesota, Arizona, and Florida, from 2010 to early 2018, opioids were prescribed to 20.2% of the 16,517 patients (mean age 70 ± 15 years) after device implantation. Of this group, 80% were opioid naïve. Of the opioid-naïve patients, 9.4% refilled their opioid prescription at least once and 38.8% of patients received >200 oral morphine equivalents (ME) [17]. The mean amount of ME prescribed was 243 ± 346 overall. Opioid-experienced patients were prescribed significantly more opioids than opioid-naïve patients with 335 ME compared to 219 ME for the opioid-naïve patients (p < 0.001) [17].
Opioids are associated with many well-known side effects, including nausea, somnolence, mental fogginess, pruritus, and constipation [41]. In most cases, these side effects are mild to moderate although they can in some instances be severe and even treatment-limiting. A short course of postsurgical opioids typically does not result in treatment-limiting side effects, although some patients find opioid analgesics unpleasant. In a study of 250 surgical inpatients, who had a variety of different types of surgery, 25% of those who had received some form of analgesic reported having side effects, although 90% said that they were satisfied with the pain control medications they were administered [42].
Although this chapter deals with postoperative pain control following device implant, it is difficult to discuss pain management isolated to the specific postoperative period without describing preoperative and perioperative techniques, which can affect the pain experienced by the patient when the procedure has ended and the patient enters recovery.
2.7.1 Preoperative
The implant of an ICD or any CIED can be associated with severe acute pain. The pain is most intense immediately after the implant procedure and diminished gradually over the next few days as the implant site heals. Postoperative pain should be managed with preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative strategies. In discussing the device implant with the patient, the clinical team should educate the patient on pain control goals and available options with their risks and benefits. It is important to manage the patient’s expectations because complete pain eradication is likely not possible. It has been found that oral gabapentin (600–1200 mg) or pregabalin (150–300 mg) administered an hour or two before surgery can reduce postsurgical opioid consumption [43, 44]. Likewise, oral celecoxib (200–400 mg) 30 minutes to 1 hour before surgery can likewise diminish the need for postoperative opioids [43, 45]. Note that the individual patient must be considered in any analgesic regimen; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as celecoxib may be contraindicated in certain cardiology patients.
A structured plan to help to reduce the pain associated with CIED implantation and other related procedures, such as catheter ablation, could significantly reduce pain up to 8–24 hours after the procedure [46]. The elements of such programs include patient education, regular pain assessments, analgesic protocols, and prompt referrals to pain specialists if the pain becomes severe or cannot be managed.
It is concerning that many device patients do not receive any preoperative analgesics. In a study from Croatia, it was found that 75% of patients undergoing CIED implantation received no preoperative pain medications at all [4].
2.7.2 Perioperative
Perioperative pain control is typically managed by local medications and/or regional anesthesia [4]. Proper device placement in the fascia and good hemostasis during the procedure may reduce pain following the operation. Liposomal bupivacaine extended-release formulation may provide good anesthetic infiltration with an effect that can last up to 72 hours [47]. In some cases, general anesthesia is used but truncal plane blocks may also provide adequate anesthesia for difficult procedures or those involving a subcutaneous device [12]. For conventional ICDs and devices with transvenous lead systems, local anesthetic infiltration is probably adequate, but sometimes cervical or pectoral nerve block may be employed [48, 49]. Intravenous ketamine is not recommended because of the potential for myoclonus, which can interfere with device function and cause double-counting [17].
2.7.3 Postoperative
Following surgery, the patient may get benefit from oral analgesics to manage acute pain. Opioid analgesics may be considered for a short course in appropriate patients. A great concern about the use of opioids in any patient is the potential for OUD. Risk stratification tools exist that can help to determine which patients may be at elevated risk for opioid misuse and abuse [50] (see Table 1). Opioid overdose may result in potentially life-threatening respiratory depression; naloxone is a rapid-acting rescue drug. Patients taking opioids following CIED implantation may benefit from a prescription for naloxone and the family or caregivers should be trained in how to administer it in an emergency.
Diagnosis, Intractability, Risk, and Efficacy Inventory (DIRE)
Scoring system
More suitable for long-term therapy or ongoing therapy
Clinician does assessment
Opioid Risk Tool
Clinician-guided questionnaire-based interview; stratifies low, medium, and high risk for aberrant drug-taking behaviors
May be used before start of opioid therapy
High degree of sensitivity and specificity
Pain Medication Questionnaire (PMQ)
Questionnaire
Designed for chronic pain patients
Validated translated versions available
Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients with Pain-Revised (SOAPP-R)
Questionnaire
To identify those at low risk of OUD
Validated translated versions available
Table 1.
While there is no consensus as to the best opioid-screening tool, a variety of validated instruments exist [51, 52, 53]. In place of an assessment tool, a clinical interview with the patient may be conducted to assess past drug experiences, familial history of substance use disorders, and attitudes about pain control. Note that these tools are often used in the setting of long-term opioid therapy, rather than short-term postoperative use.
In a single-center retrospective study from Croatia (n = 372), 31% of patients being implanted with an ICD received pain medication following surgery; the highest intensity pain recorded in this study was 8 on a 0 to 10 scale [4]. The most frequently prescribed medications in this study were fixed-dose combination oral tramadol and acetaminophen 37.5/325 mg (29%), diazepam 5 mg (17%), tramadol 5 mg monotherapy (16%), and acetaminophen monotherapy 500 mg (12%) [4]. It should be noted that in this study 69% of patients received no postoperative analgesic medications at all [4]. This strongly suggests that many CIED patients have poorly controlled pain after surgery. Of course, postoperative pain control may be inadequate for many types of surgery. In USA survey of surgical inpatients, who had a variety of procedures, about 80% reported they suffered pain following surgery with 86% of them ranking this pain as “moderate” to “severe” [42]. Perhaps most important is that pain was reported to occur more frequently after discharge than before [42]. Patients may not always know what to expect and some may accept moderate to severe postoperative pain following surgery, not knowing that postoperative pain can often be safely and effectively managed.
An important analgesic strategy involves a combination of multimodal analgesia. Multimodal analgesia is based on the use of two or more analgesics with different mechanisms of action to offer a synergistic benefit to patients. Some fixed-dose combination products offer oral acetaminophen plus, a small amount of opioid, such as oxycodone, in a single oral dose. Adjuvant agents may also be helpful such as gabapentin or pregabalin to help with a neuropathic component to postsurgical pain.
A challenge in pain management following implant is the fact that most device patients do not spend prolonged periods of time in the hospital. Most CIED patients are discharged home shortly after surgery, whether they are outpatients or spend the night in the hospital. Thus, most device patients must manage the longest duration of their postsurgical pain at home. For this reason, patients and their families or caregivers must be educated about the pain medications they are to take, the appropriate doses and timing, and the risks as well as the benefits of these medications. Following transvenous device implant, patients should be educated about arm movements to prevent capsulitis (“frozen shoulder”) [54].
3. Conclusions
With millions of device patients around the world, it is important to develop good guidance in terms of how to manage postoperative pain in these patients. Most postoperative pain is moderate to severe but has a predictable trajectory in which the pain is most intense immediately after surgery and diminished day over day over the course of several days. A good strategy for pain control for CIED patients is to consider managing pain perioperatively and then offer the patient postoperative counseling for pain management at home along with appropriate analgesics. For appropriate patients, a short course of opioid analgesics may be appropriate but other nonopioid agents may be considered as well. Subcutaneous ICD implantation is likely associated with more severe or longer-duration postoperative pain although there are no specific head-to-head comparative pain studies. Barring complications, device patients recover over the course of days and weeks and should need analgesia only for a short duration of time.
Conflict of interest
Peter Magnusson has received speaker’s fees or grants from Abbott, Alnylam, Amicus Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Coala Life, Internetmedicin, Lilly, MSD, Novo Nordisk, Octopus Medical, Orion Pharma, Pfizer, Sanofi, Vifor Pharma, and Zoll.
Jo Ann LeQuang has no disclosures.
Joseph Pergolizzi is a consultant/speaker, owner, or researcher for Spirify, US World Meds, Salix, Enalare, Scilex, Pfizer, Lilly, Teva, Taketa, Regeneron, Grünenthal, Neumentum, NativeCardio, BDSI, and Bridge Therapeutics.
\n',keywords:"CIED implant, device surgery, ICD implant, ICD implant, implant pain control, implantable cardioverter defibrillator, pacemaker",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79644.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/79644.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79644",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79644",totalDownloads:95,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"September 9th 2021",dateReviewed:"November 5th 2021",datePrePublished:"December 12th 2021",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"December 12th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Postoperative pain following cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) surgery may not always be adequately treated. The postoperative pain trajectory occurs over several days following the procedure with tenderness and limited arm range of motion lasting for weeks after surgery. Pain control typically commences in the perioperative period while the patient is in the hospital and may continue after discharge; outpatients may be given a prescription and advice for their analgesic regimen. It is not unusual for CIED patients to be discharged a few hours after implantation. While opioids are known as an effective analgesic to manage acute postoperative pain, growing scrutiny on opioid use as well as their side effects and potential risks have limited their use. Opioids may be considered for appropriate patients for a short course of treatment of acute postoperative pain, but other analgesics may likewise be considered.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79644",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79644",signatures:"Peter Magnusson, Jo Ann LeQuang and Joseph V. Pergolizzi",book:{id:"10863",type:"book",title:"Cardiac Rhythm Management - Pacing, Ablation, Devices",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Cardiac Rhythm Management - Pacing, Ablation, Devices",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mart Min and Dr. Gabriel Cismaru",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10863.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-010-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-009-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-011-4",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"62780",title:"Prof.",name:"Mart",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"mart-min",fullName:"Mart Min"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Postoperative pain control",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Risk factors for postoperative pain",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Inpatient versus outpatient pain control",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Subcutaneous ICDs",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4 Device revision",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"2.5 Special populations",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"2.5.1 Pediatric",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"2.5.2 Women",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"2.5.3 Overweight",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9_3",title:"2.5.4 Racial/ethnic groups",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"2.5.5 Geriatric",level:"3"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"2.6 Opioid considerations",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"2.7 Clinical strategies: Preoperative, perioperative, postoperative",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_3",title:"2.7.1 Preoperative",level:"3"},{id:"sec_14_3",title:"2.7.2 Perioperative",level:"3"},{id:"sec_15_3",title:"Table 1.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_18",title:"3. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_22",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Lesin M, Domazet Bugarin J, Puljak L. Factors associated with postoperative pain and analgesic consumption in ophthalmic surgery: A systematic review. Survey of Ophthalmology. 2015;60(3):196-203'},{id:"B2",body:'Magnusson P, Liv P. Living with a pacemaker: Patient-reported outcome of a pacemaker system. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 2018;18(1):110'},{id:"B3",body:'Sansone P, Pace MC, Passavanti MB, Pota V, Colella U, Aurilio C. Epidemiology and incidence of acute and chronic Post-Surgical pain. Annali Italiani di Chirurgia. 2015;86(4):285-292'},{id:"B4",body:'Biocic M, Vidosevic D, Boric M, Boric T, Giunio L, Fabijanic D, et al. Anesthesia and perioperative pain management during cardiac electronic device implantation. Journal of Pain Research. 2017;10:927-932'},{id:"B5",body:'Nair GM, Birnie DH, Sumner GL, Krahn AD, Healey JS, Nery PB, et al. Post-operative pain following cardiac implantable electronic device implantation: Insights from the BRUISE CONTROL trials. Europace. 2021;23(5):748-756'},{id:"B6",body:'Bollmann A, Marx A, Sathavorn C, Mera F, DeLurgio D, Walter PF, et al. Patient discomfort following pectoral defibrillator implantation using conscious sedation. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology. 1999;22(1 Pt 2):212-215'},{id:"B7",body:'Darda S, Khouri Y, Gorges R, Al Samara M, Jain SK, Daccarett M, et al. Feasibility and safety of same-day discharge after implantable cardioverter defibrillator placement for primary prevention. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology. 2013;36(7):885-891'},{id:"B8",body:'Nishimura M, Sab S, Birgersdotter-Green U, Krummen D, Schricker A, Raissi F, et al. Reasons for and predictors of acute hospitalization versus elective outpatient implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation and subsequent differential clinical outcomes. Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology: An International Journal of Arrhythmias and Pacing. 2017;50(1):85-93'},{id:"B9",body:'Afzal MR, Okabe T, Hsu K, Cook S, Koppert T, Weiss R. How to minimize peri-procedural complications during subcutaneous defibrillator implant? Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy. 2020;18(7):427-434'},{id:"B10",body:'Vedachalam S, Cook S, Koppert T, Okabe T, Weiss R, Afzal MR. Approaches to minimizing periprocedural complications during subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement. The Journal of Innovations in Cardiac Rhythm Management. 2020;11(5):4100-4105'},{id:"B11",body:'Afzal MR, Okabe T, Koppert T, Tyler J, Houmsse M, Augostini RS, et al. Implantation of subcutaneous defibrillator is feasible and safe with monitored anesthesia care. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology. 2019;42(12):1552-1557'},{id:"B12",body:'Miller MA, Garg J, Salter B, Brouwer TF, Mittnacht AJ, Montgomery ML, et al. Feasibility of subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation with opioid sparing truncal plane blocks and deep sedation. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology. 2019;30(1):141-148'},{id:"B13",body:'Ziacchi M, Bisignani G, Palmisano P, Scalone A, Martignani C, Elvira Mocavero P, et al. Serratus anterior plane block in subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation: A case-control analysis. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology. 2020;31(1):144-149'},{id:"B14",body:'Okabe T, Miller A, Koppert T, Cavalcanti R, Alcivar-Franco D, Osei J, et al. Feasibility and safety of same day subcutaneous defibrillator implantation and send home (DASH) strategy. Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology: An International Journal of Arrhythmias and Pacing. 2020;57(2):311-318'},{id:"B15",body:'Lee JZ, Glasgow AE, Habermann EB, Scott L, Shen WK, Kusumoto FM, et al. Liposomal bupivacaine during subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation for pain management. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology. 2021;44(3):513-518'},{id:"B16",body:'Pichler L, Poeran J, Zubizarreta N, Cozowicz C, Sun EC, Mazumdar M, et al. Liposomal Bupivacaine does not reduce inpatient opioid prescription or related complications after knee arthroplasty: A database analysis. Anesthesiology. 2018;129(4):689-699'},{id:"B17",body:'Lee JZ, Pasha AK, Glasgow AE, Habermann EB, Kusumoto FM, McLeod CJ, et al. Postoperative opioid prescription patterns and new opioid refills following cardiac implantable electronic device procedures. Heart Rhythm. 2019;16(12):1841-1848'},{id:"B18",body:'van der Stuijt W, Quast ABE, Baalman SWE, Olde Nordkamp LRA, Wilde AAM, Knops RE. Improving the care for female subcutaneous ICD patients: A qualitative study of gender-specific issues. International Journal of Cardiology. 2020;317:91-95'},{id:"B19",body:'Krahn AD, Lee DS, Birnie D, Healey JS, Crystal E, Dorian P, et al. Predictors of short-term complications after implantable cardioverter-defibrillator replacement: Results from the Ontario ICD database. Circulation. Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology. 2011;4(2):136-142'},{id:"B20",body:'Clémenty N, Carion PL, Léotoing L, Lamarsalle L, Wilquin-Bequet F, Brown B, et al. Infections and associated costs following cardiovascular implantable electronic device implantations: A nationwide cohort study. EP Europace. 2018;20(12):1974-1980'},{id:"B21",body:'Arana-Rueda E, Pedrote A, Frutos-López M, Acosta J, Jauregui B, García-Riesco L, et al. Repeated procedures at the generator pocket are a determinant of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator infection. Clinical Cardiology. 2017;40(10):892-898'},{id:"B22",body:'Hammill SC, Kremers MS, Stevenson LW, Heidenreich PA, Lang CM, Curtis JP, et al. Review of the registry’s fourth year, incorporating lead data and pediatric ICD procedures, and use as a National performance measure. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7(9):1340-1345'},{id:"B23",body:'Koller MP, Cortez D, Kim TW. Nerve blocks for postoperative pain management in children receiving a subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: A case series. A&A Practice. 2020;14(13):e01351'},{id:"B24",body:'Yang JK, Char DS, Motonaga KS, Navaratnam M, Dubin AM, Trela A, et al. Pectoral nerve blocks decrease postoperative pain and opioid use after pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement in children. Heart Rhythm. 2020;17(8):1346-1353'},{id:"B25",body:'Smith G, Dunbar SB, Valderrama AL, Viswanathan B. Gender differences in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator patients at the time of insertion. Progress in Cardiovascular Nursing. 2006;21(2):76-82'},{id:"B26",body:'Rahmawati A, Chishaki A, Sawatari H, Tsuchihashi-Makaya M, Ohtsuka Y, Nakai M, et al. Gender disparities in quality of life and psychological disturbance in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Circulation Journal. 2013;77(5):1158-1165'},{id:"B27",body:'Johnson AE, Adhikari S, Althouse AD, Thoma F, Marroquin OC, Koscumb S, et al. Persistent sex disparities in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology. 2018;41(9):1150-1157'},{id:"B28",body:'Hess PL, Hernandez AF, Bhatt DL, Hellkamp AS, Yancy CW, Schwamm LH, et al. Sex and race/ethnicity differences in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator counseling and use among patients hospitalized with heart failure: Findings from the Get With The Guidelines-Heart Failure Program. Circulation. 2016;134(7):517-526'},{id:"B29",body:'Amin AK, Gold MR, Burke MC, Knight BP, Rajjoub MR, Duffy E, et al. Factors associated with high-voltage impedance and subcutaneous implantable defibrillator ventricular fibrillation conversion success. Circulation. Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology. 2019;12(4):e006665'},{id:"B30",body:'Frankel DS, Burke MC, Callans DJ, Stivland TM, Duffy E, Epstein AE. Impact of body mass index on safety and efficacy of the subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology. 2018;4(5):652-659'},{id:"B31",body:'Mistry A, Vali Z, Sidhu B, Budgeon C, Yuyun MF, Pooranachandran V, et al. Disparity in implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy among minority South Asians in the United Kingdom. Heart. 2020;106(9):671-676'},{id:"B32",body:'Thomas KL, Sullivan LT 2nd, Al-Khatib SM, LaPointe NA, Sears S, Kosinski AS, et al. Videos to reduce racial disparities in ICD therapy Via Innovative Designs (VIVID) trial: Rational, design and methodology. American Heart Journal. 2020;220:59-67'},{id:"B33",body:'Thomas KL, Al-Khatib SM, Kelsey RC 2nd, Bush H, Brosius L, Velazquez EJ, et al. Racial disparity in the utilization of implantable-cardioverter defibrillators among patients with prior myocardial infarction and an ejection fraction of <or=35%. The American Journal of Cardiology. 2007;100(6):924-929'},{id:"B34",body:'Munir MB, Alqahtani F, Aljohani S, Bhirud A, Modi S, Alkhouli M. Trends and predictors of implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation after sudden cardiac arrest: Insight from the national inpatient sample. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology. 2018;41(3):229-237'},{id:"B35",body:'Dewland TA, Hsu JC, Castellanos JM, Smith LM, Marcus GM. Consideration of patient age and life expectancy in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator referral. American Heart Journal. 2013;166(1):164-170'},{id:"B36",body:'Epstein AE, Kay GN, Plumb VJ, McElderry HT, Doppalapudi H, Yamada T, et al. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator prescription in the elderly. Heart Rhythm. 2009;6(8):1136-1143'},{id:"B37",body:'Barra S, Providência R, Paiva L, Heck P, Agarwal S. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in the elderly: Rationale and specific age-related considerations. EP Europace. 2015;17(2):174-186'},{id:"B38",body:'Tsai V, Goldstein MK, Hsia HH, Wang Y, Curtis J, Heidenreich PA. Influence of age on perioperative complications among patients undergoing implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for primary prevention in the United States. Circulation. Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 2011;4(5):549-556'},{id:"B39",body:'Aubrun F, Marmion F. The elderly patient and postoperative pain treatment. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology. 2007;21(1):109-127'},{id:"B40",body:'Behzadi M, Joukar S, Beik A. Opioids and cardiac arrhythmia: A literature review. Medical Principles and Practice. 2018;27(5):401-414'},{id:"B41",body:'Benyamin R, Trescot AM, Datta S, Buenaventura R, Adlaka R, Sehgal N, et al. Opioid complications and side effects. Pain Physician. 2008;11(2 Suppl):S105-S120'},{id:"B42",body:'Apfelbaum JL, Chen C, Mehta SS, Gan TJ. Postoperative pain experience: results from a national survey suggest postoperative pain continues to be undermanaged. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003;97(2):534-540 table of contents'},{id:"B43",body:'Chou R, Gordon DB, de Leon-Casasola OA, Rosenberg JM, Bickler S, Brennan T, et al. Management of Postoperative Pain: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American Pain Society, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists’ Committee on Regional Anesthesia, Executive Committee, and Administrative Council. The Journal of Pain. 2016;17(2):131-157'},{id:"B44",body:'Agarwal A, Gautam S, Gupta D, Agarwal S, Singh PK, Singh U. Evaluation of a single preoperative dose of pregabalin for attenuation of postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2008;101(5):700-704'},{id:"B45",body:'Ekman EF, Wahba M, Ancona F. Analgesic efficacy of perioperative celecoxib in ambulatory arthroscopic knee surgery: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthroscopy. 2006;22(6):635-642'},{id:"B46",body:'Dörschner M, Bollmann A, Dinov B, Richter S, Döring M, Arya A, et al. Structured pain management reduces patient discomfort after catheter ablation and rhythm device surgery. European Journal of Pain. 2017;21(10):1723-1731'},{id:"B47",body:'Malik O, Kaye AD, Kaye A, Belani K, Urman RD. Emerging roles of liposomal bupivacaine in anesthesia practice. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology. 2017;33(2):151-156'},{id:"B48",body:'Martin R, Dupuis JY, Tetrault JP. Regional anesthesia for pacemaker insertion. Regional Anesthesia. 1989;14(2):81-84'},{id:"B49",body:'Mittnacht AJC, Shariat A, Weiner MM, Malhotra A, Miller MA, Mahajan A, et al. Regional techniques for cardiac and cardiac-related procedures. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 2019;33(2):532-546'},{id:"B50",body:'Oliva EM, Bowe T, Tavakoli S, Martins S, Lewis ET, Paik M, et al. Development and applications of the Veterans Health Administration’s Stratification Tool for Opioid Risk Mitigation (STORM) to improve opioid safety and prevent overdose and suicide. Psychological Services. 2017;14(1):34-49'},{id:"B51",body:'Kaye AD, Jones MR, Kaye AM, Ripoll JG, Galan V, Beakley BD, et al. Prescription opioid abuse in chronic pain: An updated review of opioid abuse predictors and strategies to curb opioid abuse: Part 1. Pain Physician. 2017;20(2s):S93-s109'},{id:"B52",body:'Webster LR, Webster RM. Predicting aberrant behaviors in opioid-treated patients: Preliminary validation of the opioid risk tool. Pain Medicine. 2005;6(6):432-442'},{id:"B53",body:'Belgrade MJ, Schamber CD, Lindgren BR. The DIRE score: Predicting outcomes of opioid prescribing for chronic pain. The Journal of Pain. 2006;7(9):671-681'},{id:"B54",body:'Naffe A, Iype M, Easo M, McLeroy SD, Pinaga K, Vish N, et al. Appropriateness of sling immobilization to prevent lead displacement after pacemaker/implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation. Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center). 2009;22(1):3-6'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Peter Magnusson",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Caring Services, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, University of Gävle, Sweden
Centre for Research and Development, Uppsala University/Region Gävleborg, Sweden
Cardiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
'},{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Jo Ann LeQuang",address:"joannlequang@gmail.com",affiliation:'
NEMA Research, Inc., United States of America
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Joseph V. Pergolizzi",address:null,affiliation:'
NEMA Research, Inc., United States of America
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10863",type:"book",title:"Cardiac Rhythm Management - Pacing, Ablation, Devices",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Cardiac Rhythm Management - Pacing, Ablation, Devices",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mart Min and Dr. Gabriel Cismaru",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10863.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-010-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-009-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-011-4",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"62780",title:"Prof.",name:"Mart",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"mart-min",fullName:"Mart Min"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"100943",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Valencia",email:"valencm@imp.edu.mx",fullName:"Marcelo Valencia",slug:"marcelo-valencia",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Mental Health",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"37617",title:"Integration of Pharmacological and Psychosocial Treatment for Schizophrenia in Mexico: The Case of a Developing Country Proposal",slug:"integration-of-pharmacological-and-psychosocial-treatment-for-schizophrenia-the-case-of-a-develo",abstract:null,signatures:"Marcelo Valencia, Alejandro Diaz and Francisco Juarez",authors:[{id:"100943",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo",surname:"Valencia",fullName:"Marcelo Valencia",slug:"marcelo-valencia",email:"valencm@imp.edu.mx"},{id:"100980",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"Diaz",fullName:"Alejandro Diaz",slug:"alejandro-diaz",email:"adiazanz@gmail.com"},{id:"100981",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Juarez",fullName:"Francisco Juarez",slug:"francisco-juarez",email:"pacojge@imp.edu.mx"}],book:{id:"1516",title:"Pharmacotherapy",slug:"pharmacotherapy",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"76422",title:"Dr.",name:"Lingli",surname:"Zhang",slug:"lingli-zhang",fullName:"Lingli Zhang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"81513",title:"Mr.",name:"Yi",surname:"Liang",slug:"yi-liang",fullName:"Yi Liang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"94505",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrizia",surname:"Russo",slug:"patrizia-russo",fullName:"Patrizia Russo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"97263",title:"Prof.",name:"Tulio",surname:"Couto",slug:"tulio-couto",fullName:"Tulio Couto",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"97374",title:"Dr.",name:"María-José",surname:"Martín-Vázquez",slug:"maria-jose-martin-vazquez",fullName:"María-José Martín-Vázquez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Infanta Sofía",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"99414",title:"Dr.",name:"Ale",surname:"Närvänen",slug:"ale-narvanen",fullName:"Ale Närvänen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Eastern Finland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Finland"}}},{id:"100665",title:"Mrs.",name:"Linan",surname:"Zeng",slug:"linan-zeng",fullName:"Linan Zeng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"100980",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"Diaz",slug:"alejandro-diaz",fullName:"Alejandro Diaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Mental Health",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"100981",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Juarez",slug:"francisco-juarez",fullName:"Francisco Juarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Mental Health",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"101112",title:"Ms.",name:"Die",surname:"Hu",slug:"die-hu",fullName:"Die Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"careers-at-intechopen",title:"Careers at IntechOpen",intro:'
Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. The values of our business are based on the same ones that all good scientists apply to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly, and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\n
Please check out our job board for open positions.
',metaTitle:"Careers at IntechOpen",metaDescription:"Employee quote to be added",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/careers-at-intechopen",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
Integrity - We are consistent and dependable, always striving for precision and accuracy in the true spirit of science.
\\n\\n
Openness - We communicate honestly and transparently. We are open to constructive criticism and committed to learning from it.
\\n\\n
Disruptiveness - We are eager for discovery, for new ideas and for progression. We approach our work with creativity and determination, with a clear vision that drives us forward. We look beyond today and strive for a better tomorrow.
\\n\\n
What makes IntechOpen a great place to work?
\\n\\n
IntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
\\n\\n
If this sounds like a place that you would like to work, whether you are at the beginning of your career or are an experienced professional, we invite you to drop us a line and tell us why you could be the right person for IntechOpen.
Integrity - We are consistent and dependable, always striving for precision and accuracy in the true spirit of science.
\n\n
Openness - We communicate honestly and transparently. We are open to constructive criticism and committed to learning from it.
\n\n
Disruptiveness - We are eager for discovery, for new ideas and for progression. We approach our work with creativity and determination, with a clear vision that drives us forward. We look beyond today and strive for a better tomorrow.
\n\n
What makes IntechOpen a great place to work?
\n\n
IntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
\n\n
If this sounds like a place that you would like to work, whether you are at the beginning of your career or are an experienced professional, we invite you to drop us a line and tell us why you could be the right person for IntechOpen.
\n\n
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6654},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5945},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2452},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12681},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1014},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17701}],offset:12,limit:12,total:133951},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"16,19,25 FILLER ads"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4422},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10774",title:"Model Organisms in Plant Genetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6624b58571ac10c9b636c5d85ec5e54",slug:"model-organisms-in-plant-genetics",bookSignature:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10774.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",slug:"protein-detection",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Applications of Calorimetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c87f7e2199db33b5dd7181f56973a97",slug:"applications-of-calorimetry",bookSignature:"José Luis Rivera Armenta and Cynthia Graciela Flores Hernández",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"20",title:"Physics",slug:"physics",parent:{id:"1",title:"Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology",slug:"physical-sciences-engineering-and-technology"},numberOfBooks:155,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:3640,numberOfWosCitations:4735,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2258,numberOfDimensionsCitations:4933,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"20",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10672",title:"Nonlinear Optics",subtitle:"Nonlinear Nanophotonics and Novel Materials for Nonlinear Optics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cfe87b713a8bee22c19361b86b03d506",slug:"nonlinear-optics-nonlinear-nanophotonics-and-novel-materials-for-nonlinear-optics",bookSignature:"Boris I. Lembrikov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10672.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2359",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris I.",middleName:"I.",surname:"Lembrikov",slug:"boris-i.-lembrikov",fullName:"Boris I. Lembrikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10966",title:"Acoustic Emission",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e4cbf5fe77dcf581393247bd9ac4277a",slug:"acoustic-emission-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10966.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15068",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmut",middleName:null,surname:"Reyhanoglu",slug:"mahmut-reyhanoglu",fullName:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10209",title:"Quantum Computing and Communications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588d044631767881b7490cd9cb2c052b",slug:"quantum-computing-and-communications",bookSignature:"Yongli Zhao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10209.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199527",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yongli",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",slug:"yongli-zhao",fullName:"Yongli Zhao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10921",title:"Plasma Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c45670ef4b081fd9eebaf911b2b4627b",slug:"plasma-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Aamir Shahzad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10921.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"288354",title:"Dr.",name:"Aamir",middleName:null,surname:"Shahzad",slug:"aamir-shahzad",fullName:"Aamir Shahzad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10168",title:"Electromagnetic and Acoustic Waves in Bioengineering Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fab55a6aa34e666274aabfdd3dc7f32d",slug:"electromagnetic-and-acoustic-waves-in-bioengineering-applications",bookSignature:"Ivo Čáp, Klára Čápová, Milan Smetana and Štefan Borik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10168.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"314791",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivo",middleName:null,surname:"Čáp",slug:"ivo-cap",fullName:"Ivo Čáp"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"9655",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Technology and Biology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"26b9e7dade717a5ffdc2dbcfaa1ea43d",slug:"bioluminescence-technology-and-biology",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki and Katsunori Ogoh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9655.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10674",title:"Topics on Quantum Information Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d7481712cff0157cd8f849cba865727d",slug:"topics-on-quantum-information-science",bookSignature:"Sergio Curilef and Angel Ricardo Plastino",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10674.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"125424",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Curilef",slug:"sergio-curilef",fullName:"Sergio Curilef"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10205",title:"Quantum Chromodynamic",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d9403b5c874f6e63b0686cd7c432e00",slug:"quantum-chromodynamic",bookSignature:"Zbigniew Piotr Szadkowski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10205.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67836",title:"Prof.",name:"Zbigniew Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Szadkowski",slug:"zbigniew-piotr-szadkowski",fullName:"Zbigniew Piotr Szadkowski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10767",title:"Fiber Optics",subtitle:"Technology and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6624b8ef72a4a369383a4b719bba2a4",slug:"fiber-optics-technology-and-applications",bookSignature:"Guillermo Huerta-Cuellar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10767.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"237167",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Huerta-Cuellar",slug:"guillermo-huerta-cuellar",fullName:"Guillermo Huerta-Cuellar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10481",title:"Practical Applications of Laser Ablation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e9f235e98a88813c08a9dba80525b195",slug:"practical-applications-of-laser-ablation",bookSignature:"Dongfang Yang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10481.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"177814",title:"Dr.",name:"Dongfang",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"dongfang-yang",fullName:"Dongfang Yang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10017",title:"Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e20f25706d03f0c52ac852f7fa2375e7",slug:"optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Mike Haidar Shahine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10017.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"102474",title:"Dr.",name:"Mike Haidar",middleName:null,surname:"Shahine",slug:"mike-haidar-shahine",fullName:"Mike Haidar Shahine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7886",title:"Photodynamic Therapy",subtitle:"From Basic Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d7ef096c2bcf9efbda76d7631ce1e3ac",slug:"photodynamic-therapy-from-basic-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Natalia Mayumi Inada, Hilde Harb Buzzá, Kate Cristina Blanco and Lucas Danilo Dias",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7886.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"90788",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia Mayumi",middleName:null,surname:"Inada",slug:"natalia-mayumi-inada",fullName:"Natalia Mayumi Inada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:155,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"32842",doi:"10.5772/34901",title:"Sterilization by Gamma Irradiation",slug:"sterilization-by-gamma-irradiation",totalDownloads:74766,totalCrossrefCites:37,totalDimensionsCites:85,abstract:null,book:{id:"1590",slug:"gamma-radiation",title:"Gamma Radiation",fullTitle:"Gamma Radiation"},signatures:"Kátia Aparecida da Silva Aquino",authors:[{id:"102109",title:"Dr.",name:"Katia",middleName:"Aparecida Da S.",surname:"Aquino",slug:"katia-aquino",fullName:"Katia Aquino"}]},{id:"49652",doi:"10.5772/61720",title:"Sample Preparations for Scanning Electron Microscopy – Life Sciences",slug:"sample-preparations-for-scanning-electron-microscopy-life-sciences",totalDownloads:8726,totalCrossrefCites:37,totalDimensionsCites:83,abstract:"Sample preparations are essential in scanning electron microscopy. Flawed sample preparations can undermine the quality of results and lead to false conclusions. Thus, the aim of this chapter is to equip researchers, post graduate students and technicians with essential knowledge required to prepare samples for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations in the life sciences.",book:{id:"5075",slug:"modern-electron-microscopy-in-physical-and-life-sciences",title:"Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences",fullTitle:"Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences"},signatures:"Mogana Das Murtey and Patchamuthu Ramasamy",authors:[{id:"176330",title:"Dr.",name:"Mogana",middleName:"Das",surname:"Murtey",slug:"mogana-murtey",fullName:"Mogana Murtey"},{id:"181159",title:"Mr.",name:"Patchamuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Ramasamy",slug:"patchamuthu-ramasamy",fullName:"Patchamuthu Ramasamy"}]},{id:"30963",doi:"10.5772/34176",title:"Microstructural and Mineralogical Characterization of Clay Stabilized Using Calcium-Based Stabilizers",slug:"microstructural-and-mineralogical-characterization-of-clay-stabilized-using-calcium-based-stabilizer",totalDownloads:6789,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:48,abstract:null,book:{id:"1505",slug:"scanning-electron-microscopy",title:"Scanning Electron Microscopy",fullTitle:"Scanning Electron Microscopy"},signatures:"Pranshoo Solanki and Musharraf Zaman",authors:[{id:"20942",title:"Prof.",name:"Pranshoo",middleName:null,surname:"Solanki",slug:"pranshoo-solanki",fullName:"Pranshoo Solanki"},{id:"20945",title:"Prof.",name:"Musharraf",middleName:null,surname:"Zaman",slug:"musharraf-zaman",fullName:"Musharraf Zaman"}]},{id:"26791",doi:"10.5772/28067",title:"Optical Vortices in a Fiber: Mode Division Multiplexing and Multimode Self-Imaging",slug:"optical-vortices-in-a-fiber-mode-division-multiplexing-and-multimode-self-reproducing",totalDownloads:4530,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:47,abstract:null,book:{id:"2018",slug:"recent-progress-in-optical-fiber-research",title:"Recent Progress in Optical Fiber Research",fullTitle:"Recent Progress in Optical Fiber Research"},signatures:"S.N. Khonina, N.L. Kazanskiy and V.A. Soifer",authors:[{id:"72613",title:"Prof.",name:"Svetlana",middleName:null,surname:"Khonina",slug:"svetlana-khonina",fullName:"Svetlana Khonina"}]},{id:"49655",doi:"10.5772/61830",title:"Electrical Discharge in Water Treatment Technology for Micropollutant Decomposition",slug:"electrical-discharge-in-water-treatment-technology-for-micropollutant-decomposition",totalDownloads:4985,totalCrossrefCites:31,totalDimensionsCites:44,abstract:"Hazardous micropollutants are increasingly detected worldwide in wastewater treatment plant effluent. As this indicates, their removal is insufficient by means of conventional modern water treatment techniques. In the search for a cost-effective solution, advanced oxidation processes have recently gained more attention since they are the most effective available techniques to decompose biorecalcitrant organics. As a main drawback, however, their energy costs are high up to now, preventing their implementation on large scale. For the specific case of water treatment by means of electrical discharge, further optimization is a complex task due to the wide variety in reactor design and materials, discharge types, and operational parameters. In this chapter, an extended overview is given on plasma reactor types, based on their design and materials. Influence of design and materials on energy efficiency is investigated, as well as the influence of operational parameters. The collected data can be used for the optimization of existing reactor types and for development of novel reactors.",book:{id:"5093",slug:"plasma-science-and-technology-progress-in-physical-states-and-chemical-reactions",title:"Plasma Science and Technology",fullTitle:"Plasma Science and Technology - Progress in Physical States and Chemical Reactions"},signatures:"Patrick Vanraes, Anton Y. Nikiforov and Christophe Leys",authors:[{id:"49112",title:"Prof.",name:"Christophe",middleName:null,surname:"Leys",slug:"christophe-leys",fullName:"Christophe Leys"},{id:"176861",title:"Dr.",name:"Anton",middleName:null,surname:"Nikiforov",slug:"anton-nikiforov",fullName:"Anton Nikiforov"},{id:"176862",title:"Mr.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Vanraes",slug:"patrick-vanraes",fullName:"Patrick Vanraes"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"49562",title:"Laser-Induced Plasma and its Applications",slug:"laser-induced-plasma-and-its-applications",totalDownloads:4709,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:"The laser irradiation have shown a range of applications from fabricating, melting, and evaporating nanoparticles to changing their shape, structure, size, and size distribution. Laser induced plasma has used for different diagnostic and technological applications as detection, thin film deposition, and elemental identification. The possible interferences of atomic or molecular species are used to specify organic, inorganic or biological materials which allows critical applications in defense (landmines, explosive, forensic (trace of explosive or organic materials), public health (toxic substances pharmaceutical products), or environment (organic wastes). Laser induced plasma for organic material potentially provide fast sensor systems for explosive trace and pathogen biological agent detection and analysis. The laser ablation process starts with electronic energy absorption (~fs) and ends at particle recondensation (~ms). Then, the ablation process can be governed by thermal, non-thermal processes or a combination of both. There are several types of models, i.e., thermal, mechanical, photophysical, photochemical and defect models, which describe the ablation process by one dominant mechanism only. Plasma ignition process includes bond breaking and plasma shielding during the laser pulse. Bond breaking mechanisms influence the quantity and form of energy (kinetic, ionization and excitation) that atoms and ions can acquire. Plasma expansion depends on the initial mass and energy in the plume. The process is governed by initial plasma properties (electron density, temperature, velocity) after the laser pulse and the expansion medium. During first microsecond after the laser pulse, plume expansion is adiabatic afterwards line radiation becomes the dominant mechanism of energy loss.",book:{id:"5093",slug:"plasma-science-and-technology-progress-in-physical-states-and-chemical-reactions",title:"Plasma Science and Technology",fullTitle:"Plasma Science and Technology - Progress in Physical States and Chemical Reactions"},signatures:"Kashif Chaudhary, Syed Zuhaib Haider Rizvi and Jalil Ali",authors:[{id:"176684",title:"Dr.",name:"Kashif Tufail",middleName:null,surname:"Chaudhary",slug:"kashif-tufail-chaudhary",fullName:"Kashif Tufail Chaudhary"},{id:"176867",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Zuhaib",middleName:null,surname:"Haider Rizivi",slug:"syed-zuhaib-haider-rizivi",fullName:"Syed Zuhaib Haider Rizivi"},{id:"176868",title:"Prof.",name:"Jalil",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"jalil-ali",fullName:"Jalil Ali"}]},{id:"52164",title:"An Overview on Quantum Cascade Lasers: Origins and Development",slug:"an-overview-on-quantum-cascade-lasers-origins-and-development",totalDownloads:3232,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"This chapter presents an introductory review on quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). An overview is prefaced, including a brief description of their beginnings and operating basics. Materials used, as well as growth methods, are also described. The possibility of developing GaN-based QCLs is also shown. Summarizing, the applications of these structures cover a broad range, including spectroscopy, free-space communication, as well as applications to near-space radar and chemical/biological detection. Furthermore, a number of state-of-the-art applications are described in different fields, and finally a brief assessment of the possibilities of volume production and the overall state of the art in QCLs research are elaborated.",book:{id:"5389",slug:"quantum-cascade-lasers",title:"Quantum Cascade Lasers",fullTitle:"Quantum Cascade Lasers"},signatures:"Raúl Pecharromán-Gallego",authors:[{id:"188866",title:"Dr.",name:"Raúl",middleName:null,surname:"Pecharromán-Gallego",slug:"raul-pecharroman-gallego",fullName:"Raúl Pecharromán-Gallego"}]},{id:"49526",title:"Focused Ion Beams (FIB) — Novel Methodologies and Recent Applications for Multidisciplinary Sciences",slug:"focused-ion-beams-fib-novel-methodologies-and-recent-applications-for-multidisciplinary-sciences",totalDownloads:4299,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Considered as the newest field of electron microscopy, focused ion beam (FIB) technologies are used in many fields of science for site-specific analysis, imaging, milling, deposition, micromachining, and manipulation. Dual-beam platforms, combining a high-resolution scanning electron microscope (HR-SEM) and an FIB column, additionally equipped with precursor-based gas injection systems (GIS), micromanipulators, and chemical analysis tools (such as energy-dispersive spectra (EDS) or wavelength-dispersive spectra (WDS)), serve as multifunctional tools for direct lithography in terms of nano-machining and nano-prototyping, while advanced specimen preparation for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can practically be carried out with ultrahigh precision. Especially, when hard materials and material systems with hard substrates are concerned, FIB is the only technique for site-specific micro- and nanostructuring. Moreover, FIB sectioning and sampling techniques are frequently used for revealing the structural and morphological distribution of material systems with three-dimensional (3D) network at micro-/nanoscale.This book chapter includes many examples on conventional and novel processes of FIB technologies, ranging from analysis of semiconductors to electron tomography-based imaging of hard materials such as nanoporous ceramics and composites. In addition, recent studies concerning the active use of dual-beam platforms are mentioned",book:{id:"5075",slug:"modern-electron-microscopy-in-physical-and-life-sciences",title:"Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences",fullTitle:"Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences"},signatures:"Meltem Sezen",authors:[{id:"176338",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Meltem",middleName:null,surname:"Sezen",slug:"meltem-sezen",fullName:"Meltem Sezen"}]},{id:"50866",title:"Effects of Different Laser Pulse Regimes (Nanosecond, Picosecond and Femtosecond) on the Ablation of Materials for Production of Nanoparticles in Liquid Solution",slug:"effects-of-different-laser-pulse-regimes-nanosecond-picosecond-and-femtosecond-on-the-ablation-of-ma",totalDownloads:6073,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:34,abstract:"Ultra-short laser pulse interaction with materials has received much attention from researchers in micro- and nanomachining, especially for the generation of nanoparticles in liquid environments, because of the straightforward method and direct application for organic solvents. In addition, the colloidal nanoparticles produced by laser ablation have very high purity—they are free from surfactants and reaction products or by-products. In this chapter, nanosecond, picosecond and femtosecond laser pulse durations are compared in laser material processing. Due to the unique properties of the short and ultra-short laser pulse durations in material processing, they are more apparent in the production of precision material processing and generation of nanoparticles in liquid environments.",book:{id:"5236",slug:"high-energy-and-short-pulse-lasers",title:"High Energy and Short Pulse Lasers",fullTitle:"High Energy and Short Pulse Lasers"},signatures:"Abubaker Hassan Hamad",authors:[{id:"183494",title:"Dr.",name:"Abubaker",middleName:"Hassan",surname:"Hamad",slug:"abubaker-hamad",fullName:"Abubaker Hamad"}]},{id:"49537",title:"Electron Diffraction",slug:"electron-diffraction",totalDownloads:10111,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:"Electron microscopes are usually supplied with equipment for obtaining diffraction patterns and micrographs from the same area of a specimen and the best results are attained if the complete use is to be made of these combined facilities. Electron diffraction patterns are used to obtain quantitative data including phase identification, orientation relationship and crystal defects in materials, etc. At first, a general introduction including a geometrical and quantitative approach to electron diffraction from a crystalline specimen, the reciprocal lattice and electron diffraction in the electron microscope are presented. The scattering process by an individual atom as well as a crystal, the Bragg law, Laue conditions and structure factor are also discussed. Types of diffraction patterns such as ring pattern, spot pattern and Kikuchi pattern, and general and unique indexing diffraction patterns are explained. The procedure for indexing simple, complicated and imperfect patterns as well as Kikuchi lines and a combination of Kikuchi lines and spots is outlined. The known and unknown materials are identified by indexing patterns. Practical comparisons between various methods of analysing diffraction patterns are also described. The basic diffraction patterns and the fine structure in the patterns including specimen tilting experiments, orientation relationship determination, phase identification, twinning, second phases, crystallographic information, dislocation, preferred orientation and texture, extra spots and streaks are described in detail. Finally, electron diffraction patterns of new materials are investigated.",book:{id:"5075",slug:"modern-electron-microscopy-in-physical-and-life-sciences",title:"Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences",fullTitle:"Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences"},signatures:"Mohsen Asadi Asadabad and Mohammad Jafari Eskandari",authors:[{id:"176352",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",middleName:null,surname:"Asadi Asadabad",slug:"mohsen-asadi-asadabad",fullName:"Mohsen Asadi Asadabad"},{id:"177600",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Jafari Eskandari",slug:"mohammad-jafari-eskandari",fullName:"Mohammad Jafari Eskandari"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"20",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82228",title:"Nonlinear Intelligent Predictive Control for the Yaw System of Large-Scale Wind Turbines",slug:"nonlinear-intelligent-predictive-control-for-the-yaw-system-of-large-scale-wind-turbines",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105484",abstract:"This chapter presents a nonlinear intelligent predictive control using multi-step prediction model for the electrical motor-based yaw system of an industrial wind turbine. The proposed method introduces a finite control set under constraints for the demanded yaw rate, predicts the multi-step yaw error using the control set element and the prediction wind directions, and employs an exhaustive search method to search the control output candidate giving the minimal value of the objective function. As the objective function is designed for a joint power and actuator usage optimization, the weighting factor in the objective function is optimally determined by the fuzzy regulator that is optimized by an intelligent algorithm. Finally, the proposed method is demonstrated by simulation tests using real wind direction data.",book:{id:"11499",title:"Nonlinear Systems - Recent Developments and Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11499.jpg"},signatures:"Dongran Song, Ziqun Li, Jian Yang, Mi Dong, Xiaojiao Chen and Liansheng Huang"},{id:"82102",title:"Vortex Analysis and Fluid Transport in Time-Dependent Flows",slug:"vortex-analysis-and-fluid-transport-in-time-dependent-flows",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105196",abstract:"In this contribution, we present a set of procedures developed to identify fluid flow structures and characterize their space-time evolution in time-dependent flows. In particular, we consider two different contests of importance in applied fluid mechanics: 1) large-scale almost 2D atmospheric and oceanic flows and 2) flow inside the left ventricle in the human blood circulation. For both cases, we designed an ad hoc experimental model to reproduce and deeply investigate the considered phenomena. We will focus on the post-processing of high-resolution velocity data sets obtained via laboratory experiments by measuring the flow field using a technique based on image analysis. We show how the proposed methodologies represent a valid tool suitable for extracting the main patterns and quantify fluid transport in complex flows from both Eulerian and Lagrangian perspectives.",book:{id:"10958",title:"Vortex Dynamics - From Physical to Mathematical Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10958.jpg"},signatures:"Stefania Espa, Maria Grazia Badas and Simon Cabanes"},{id:"82222",title:"High-Lying Confined Subbands in Terahertz Quantum Cascade Lasers",slug:"high-lying-confined-subbands-in-terahertz-quantum-cascade-lasers",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105479",abstract:"In designing the terahertz quantum cascade lasers, electron injection manner indeed plays a significant role to achieve the population inversion. The resonant tunneling process is commonly employed for this injection process but waste more than 50% fraction of populations out of the active region owing to resonance alignment, and the injection efficiency is obviously degraded due to thermal incoherence. An alternative approach is to consider the phonon-assisted injection process that basically contributes to most of the populations to the upper lasing level. However, this manner is still not realized in experiments if a short-period design only containing two quantum wells is used. In this work, it is found in this design that the population inversion is indeed well improved; however, the optical gain is inherently low even at a low temperature. Those two opposite trends are ascribed to a strong parasitic absorption overlapping the gain. The magnitude of this overlap is closely related to the lasing frequency, where frequencies below 3 THz suffer from fewer effects.",book:{id:"11495",title:"Fundamentals and Application of Femtosecond Optics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11495.jpg"},signatures:"Li Wang"},{id:"81917",title:"Fluidics for Reconfigurable Microwave Components",slug:"fluidics-for-reconfigurable-microwave-components",totalDownloads:11,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104857",abstract:"Dielectric and conducting liquids with varying electromagnetic properties can offer novel alternatives for building tunable microwave passive components as well as antennas. Injecting these fluidics in or around microwave substrates alters their overall electrical characteristics, enabling circuit reconfigurability. Alternatively, changing the shapes and dimensions of conductors by using liquid metals can achieve similar reconfigurability. An overview of different liquids and their electromagnetic properties is first given. The principles behind the reconfigurability of the electrical characteristics of typical guiding structures based on mode shape variation in the presence of fluids are discussed. The realization of an N-bit programmable impedance tuner in 3D LTCC technology based on these principles is presented.",book:{id:"11145",title:"Recent Microwave Technologies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11145.jpg"},signatures:"Dorra Bahloul, Ines Amor and Ammar Kouki"},{id:"82149",title:"Colorimetric Evaluations and Characterization of Natural and Synthetic Dyes/Pigments and Dyed Textiles and Related Products",slug:"colorimetric-evaluations-and-characterization-of-natural-and-synthetic-dyes-pigments-and-dyed-textil",totalDownloads:7,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104774",abstract:"This book chapter covers principles and few case studies on colorimetric Estimation of (i) determining purity/active ingredient % of selective dyes/pigments (ii) Identification of any colorants to distinguish from other similar compound, (iii) Measurement of surface colour strength of a dyed textile, (iv) Measurement of colour differences by estimating DE, DL*, Da*, Db*, DC and DH values, (v)Computer-aided colour match prediction for any standard shades, (vi) Estimation of compatibility of two dyes/colourants to use for compound shades, (vii) Determination of rate of dyeing, dyeing isotherm and dyeing kinetics to control dyeing, (viii) Optimization of dyeing process variables, (ix) Precession grading of Colour Fastness of dyed textiles on fading under different ways/agencies and (x) Estimation of Soil Removal efficacy of different detergent used for textiles. These colorimetric measurements are found to be very useful for effective process and product control of dyed textile materials. Selected Case studies on all the above colorimetric applications with specific example or experimented data are discussed for each of the method under reference. Finally, the other applications of colorimetric analysis besides textiles industry are also mentioned in concluding remarks.",book:{id:"11002",title:"Colorimetry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11002.jpg"},signatures:"Ashis Kumar Samanta"},{id:"82116",title:"Thermo-Rheological Effect on Weak Nonlinear Rayleigh-Benard Convection under Rotation Speed Modulation",slug:"thermo-rheological-effect-on-weak-nonlinear-rayleigh-benard-convection-under-rotation-speed-modulati",totalDownloads:10,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105097",abstract:"The effects of rotation speed modulation and temperature-dependent viscosity on Rayleigh-Benard convection were investigated using a non-autonomous Ginzburg-Landau equation. The rotating temperature-dependent viscous fluid layer has been considered. The momentum equation with the Coriolis term has been used to describe finite-amplitude convective flow. The system is considered to be rotating about its vertical axis with a non-uniform rotation speed. In particular, we assume that the rotation speed is varying sinusoidally with time. Nusselt number is obtained in terms of the system parameters and graphically evaluated their effects. The effect of the modulated system diminishes the heat transfer more than the un-modulated system. Further, thermo-rheological parameter VT is found to destabilize the system.",book:{id:"11498",title:"Boundary Layer Flows - Modelling, Computation, and Applications of Laminar, Turbulent Incompressible and Compressible Flows",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11498.jpg"},signatures:"S.H. Manjula and Palle Kiran"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:50},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 23rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.",institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{id:"82248",title:"Sustainability and Excellence: Pillars for Business Survival",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105420",signatures:"Irina Severin, Maria Cristina Dijmarescu and Mihai Caramihai",slug:"sustainability-and-excellence-pillars-for-business-survival",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82124",title:"Assessment of Diversity, Growth Characteristics and Aboveground Biomass of Tree Species in Selected Urban Green Areas of Osogbo, Osun State",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104982",signatures:"Omolara Aremu, Olusola O. Adetoro and Olusegun Awotoye",slug:"assessment-of-diversity-growth-characteristics-and-aboveground-biomass-of-tree-species-in-selected-u",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}},{id:"81975",title:"Self-Sustained Communities: Food Security in Times of Crisis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104425",signatures:"Kriengsak Chareonwongsak",slug:"self-sustained-communities-food-security-in-times-of-crisis",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81920",title:"Rethinking an Approach for Sustainable Globalization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105141",signatures:"Parakram Pyakurel",slug:"rethinking-an-approach-for-sustainable-globalization",totalDownloads:21,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11446",title:"Industry 4.0 - Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11446.jpg",hash:"be984f45b90c1003798661ef885d8a34",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 12th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"303193",title:"Dr.",name:"Meisam",surname:"Gordan",slug:"meisam-gordan",fullName:"Meisam Gordan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11448",title:"Artificial Neural Networks - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11448.jpg",hash:"e57ff97a39cfc6fe68a1ac62b503dbe9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 3rd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"22866",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi Leung Patrick",surname:"Hui",slug:"chi-leung-patrick-hui",fullName:"Chi Leung Patrick Hui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",slug:"thresholding-image-techniques-for-plant-segmentation",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81471",title:"Semantic Map: Bringing Together Groups and Discourses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103818",signatures:"Theodore Chadjipadelis and Georgia Panagiotidou",slug:"semantic-map-bringing-together-groups-and-discourses",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79491",title:"Fuzzy Perceptron Learning for Non-Linearly Separable Patterns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101312",signatures:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",slug:"fuzzy-perceptron-learning-for-non-linearly-separable-patterns",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Raja Kishor",surname:"Duggirala"}],book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81234",title:"Cognitive Visual Tracking of Hand Gestures in Real-Time RGB Videos",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103170",signatures:"Richa Golash and Yogendra Kumar Jain",slug:"cognitive-visual-tracking-of-hand-gestures-in-real-time-rgb-videos",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81331",title:"Machine Learning Algorithm-Based Contraceptive Practice among Ever-Married Women in Bangladesh: A Hierarchical Machine Learning Classification Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103187",signatures:"Iqramul Haq, Md. Ismail Hossain, Md. Moshiur Rahman, Md. Injamul Haq Methun, Ashis Talukder, Md. Jakaria Habib and Md. Sanwar Hossain",slug:"machine-learning-algorithm-based-contraceptive-practice-among-ever-married-women-in-bangladesh-a-hie",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Computer Vision",value:24,count:8,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10795",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:"Perspectives in Agriculture",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10795.jpg",slug:"plant-stress-physiology-perspectives-in-agriculture",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman and Kamran Nahar",hash:"c5a7932b74fe612b256bf95d0709756e",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Plant Stress Physiology - Perspectives in Agriculture",editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7999",title:"Free Radical Medicine and Biology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7999.jpg",slug:"free-radical-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Kusal Das, Swastika Das, Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar, Varaprasad Bobbarala and S. Subba Tata",hash:"083e5d427097d368a3f8a02bd6c76bf8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Free Radical Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8762",title:"Melatonin",subtitle:"The Hormone of Darkness and its Therapeutic Potential and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8762.jpg",slug:"melatonin-the-hormone-of-darkness-and-its-therapeutic-potential-and-perspectives",publishedDate:"June 24th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marilena Vlachou",hash:"bfbc5538173f11acb0f9549a85b70489",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Melatonin - The Hormone of Darkness and its Therapeutic Potential and Perspectives",editors:[{id:"246279",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Marilena",middleName:null,surname:"Vlachou",slug:"marilena-vlachou",fullName:"Marilena Vlachou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246279/images/system/246279.jpg",institutionString:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institution:{name:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8002",title:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8002.jpg",slug:"tumor-progression-and-metastasis",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ahmed Lasfar and Karine Cohen-Solal",hash:"db17b0fe0a9b6e80ff02b81a93bafa4e",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",editors:[{id:"32546",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Lasfar",slug:"ahmed-lasfar",fullName:"Ahmed Lasfar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32546/images/system/32546.png",institutionString:"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey",institution:{name:"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6897",title:"Biophysical Chemistry",subtitle:"Advance Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6897.jpg",slug:"biophysical-chemistry-advance-applications",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohammed A. A. Khalid",hash:"0ad18ab382e2ffb9ff202d15282297eb",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Biophysical Chemistry - Advance Applications",editors:[{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8430",title:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disorder",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8430.jpg",slug:"neurodevelopment-and-neurodevelopmental-disorder",publishedDate:"November 27th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michael Fitzgerald",hash:"696c96d038de473216e48b199613c111",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disorder",editors:[{id:"205005",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Fitzgerald",slug:"michael-fitzgerald",fullName:"Michael Fitzgerald",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/205005/images/system/205005.jpg",institutionString:"Independant Researcher",institution:{name:"Trinity College Dublin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",slug:"antioxidants",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Antioxidants",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63600/images/system/63600.png",institutionString:"Cairo University",institution:{name:"Cairo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8797",title:"Adipose Tissue",subtitle:"An Update",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8797.jpg",slug:"adipose-tissue-an-update",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leszek Szablewski",hash:"34880b7b450ef96fa5063c867c028b02",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Adipose Tissue - An Update",editors:[{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7264",title:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7264.jpg",slug:"calcium-and-signal-transduction",publishedDate:"October 24th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"John N. Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Plant Physiology",value:13,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Human Physiology",value:12,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell Physiology",value:11,count:8}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:5},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"94",type:"subseries",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",keywords:"Environmental protection, Socio-economic development, Resource exploitation, Environmental degradation, Climate change, Degraded ecosystems, Biodiversity loss",scope:"
\r\n\tSustainable development focuses on linking economic development with environmental protection and social development to ensure future prosperity for people and the planet. To tackle global challenges of development and environment, the United Nations General Assembly in 2015 adopted the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. SDGs emphasize that environmental sustainability should be strongly linked to socio-economic development, which should be decoupled from escalating resource use and environmental degradation for the purpose of reducing environmental stress, enhancing human welfare, and improving regional equity. Moreover, sustainable development seeks a balance between human development and decrease in ecological/environmental marginal benefits. Under the increasing stress of climate change, many environmental problems have emerged causing severe impacts at both global and local scales, driving ecosystem service reduction and biodiversity loss. Humanity’s relationship with resource exploitation and environment protection is a major global concern, as new threats to human and environmental security emerge in the Anthropocene. Currently, the world is facing significant challenges in environmental sustainability to protect global environments and to restore degraded ecosystems, while maintaining human development with regional equality. Thus, environmental sustainability with healthy natural ecosystems is critical to maintaining human prosperity in our warming planet.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11978,editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null},editorialBoard:null},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:34,paginationItems:[{id:"81595",title:"Prosthetic Concepts in Dental Implantology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104725",signatures:"Ivica Pelivan",slug:"prosthetic-concepts-in-dental-implantology",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80963",title:"Pain Perception in Patients Treated with Ligating/Self-Ligating Brackets versus Patients Treated with Aligners",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102796",signatures:"Farid Bourzgui, Rania Fastani, Salwa Khairat, Samir Diouny, Mohamed El Had, Zineb Serhier and Mohamed Bennani Othmani",slug:"pain-perception-in-patients-treated-with-ligating-self-ligating-brackets-versus-patients-treated-wit",totalDownloads:21,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80500",title:"Novel Dental Implants with Herbal Composites: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101489",signatures:"Gopathy Sridevi and Seshadri Srividya",slug:"novel-dental-implants-with-herbal-composites-a-review",totalDownloads:49,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78320",title:"Implant-Retained Maxillary and Mandibular Overdentures - A Solution for Completely Edentulous Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99575",signatures:"Dubravka Knezović Zlatarić, Robert Ćelić and Hrvoje Pezo",slug:"implant-retained-maxillary-and-mandibular-overdentures-a-solution-for-completely-edentulous-patients",totalDownloads:64,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79724",title:"Implant Stability Quotient (ISQ): A Reliable Guide for Implant Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101359",signatures:"Gaurav Gupta",slug:"implant-stability-quotient-isq-a-reliable-guide-for-implant-treatment",totalDownloads:59,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80223",title:"Bridging the Gap: Nasoalveolar Moulding in Early Cleft Palate Rehabilitation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101986",signatures:"Amanda Nadia Ferreira",slug:"bridging-the-gap-nasoalveolar-moulding-in-early-cleft-palate-rehabilitation",totalDownloads:71,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80186",title:"Effects of Various Dentofacial Orthopedic and Orthognathic Treatment Modalities on Pharyngeal Airway",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101719",signatures:"Tejashri Pradhan and Aarti Sethia",slug:"effects-of-various-dentofacial-orthopedic-and-orthognathic-treatment-modalities-on-pharyngeal-airway",totalDownloads:83,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78834",title:"Current Methods for Acceleration of Orthodontic Tooth Movement",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100221",signatures:"Mehmet Akin and Leyla Cime Akbaydogan",slug:"current-methods-for-acceleration-of-orthodontic-tooth-movement",totalDownloads:127,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79817",title:"Peri-Implant Soft Tissue Augmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101336",signatures:"Marko Blašković and Dorotea Blašković",slug:"peri-implant-soft-tissue-augmentation",totalDownloads:123,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Marko",surname:"Blašković"},{name:"Dorotea",surname:"Blaskovic"}],book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79100",title:"Orthodontics and the Periodontium: A Symbiotic Relationship",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100801",signatures:"Betsy Sara Thomas and Mohan Alexander",slug:"orthodontics-and-the-periodontium-a-symbiotic-relationship",totalDownloads:72,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79680",title:"Digital Workflow for Homemade Aligner",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100347",signatures:"Dalal Elmoutawakkil and Nabil Hacib",slug:"digital-workflow-for-homemade-aligner",totalDownloads:201,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79611",title:"Growth Factors and Dental Implantology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101082",signatures:"Deeksha Gupta",slug:"growth-factors-and-dental-implantology",totalDownloads:103,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79584",title:"Orthodontic Management of Adult Sleep Apnea: Clinical Case Reports",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101193",signatures:"Lahcen Ousehal, Soukaina Sahim, Hajar Bouzid, Hakima Aghoutan, Asmaa El Mabrak, Mohamed Mahtar and Mohamed El Fatmi Kadri Hassani",slug:"orthodontic-management-of-adult-sleep-apnea-clinical-case-reports",totalDownloads:86,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78791",title:"Surface Modification of Titanium Orthodontic Implants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100038",signatures:"Abdulqadir Rampurawala and Amol Patil",slug:"surface-modification-of-titanium-orthodontic-implants",totalDownloads:146,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79334",title:"Orthodontic Therapeutic Biomarkers in Saliva and Gingival Crevicular Fluid",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100733",signatures:"Sagar S. Bhat, Ameet V. Revankar and Shrinivas M. Basavaraddi",slug:"orthodontic-therapeutic-biomarkers-in-saliva-and-gingival-crevicular-fluid",totalDownloads:127,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78213",title:"A Review of Current Concepts in Full Arch Rehabilitation with Dental Implants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99704",signatures:"Leandro Díez-Suárez",slug:"a-review-of-current-concepts-in-full-arch-rehabilitation-with-dental-implants",totalDownloads:137,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Leandro",surname:"Díez Suárez"}],book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:4,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",scope:"
\r\n\tIn general, the harsher the environmental conditions in an ecosystem, the lower the biodiversity. Changes in the environment caused by human activity accelerate the impoverishment of biodiversity.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity refers to “the variability of living organisms from any source, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; it includes diversity within each species, between species, and that of ecosystems”.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity provides food security and constitutes a gene pool for biotechnology, especially in the field of agriculture and medicine, and promotes the development of ecotourism.
\r\n
\r\n\tCurrently, biologists admit that we are witnessing the first phases of the seventh mass extinction caused by human intervention. It is estimated that the current rate of extinction is between a hundred and a thousand times faster than it was when man first appeared. The disappearance of species is caused not only by an accelerated rate of extinction, but also by a decrease in the rate of emergence of new species as human activities degrade the natural environment. The conservation of biological diversity is "a common concern of humanity" and an integral part of the development process. Its objectives are “the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits resulting from the use of genetic resources”.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe following are the main causes of biodiversity loss:
\r\n
\r\n\t• The destruction of natural habitats to expand urban and agricultural areas and to obtain timber, minerals and other natural resources.
\r\n
\r\n\t• The introduction of alien species into a habitat, whether intentionally or unintentionally which has an impact on the fauna and flora of the area, and as a result, they are reduced or become extinct.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Pollution from industrial and agricultural products, which devastate the fauna and flora, especially those in fresh water.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Global warming, which is seen as a threat to biological diversity, and will become increasingly important in the future.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/40.jpg",keywords:"Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Fauna, Taxonomy, Invasive species, Destruction of habitats, Overexploitation of natural resources, Pollution, Global warming, Conservation of natural spaces, Bioremediation"},{id:"39",title:"Environmental Resilience and Management",scope:"
\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
\r\n\tWater is not only a crucial substance needed for biological life on Earth, but it is also a basic requirement for the existence and development of the human society. Owing to the importance of water to life on Earth, early researchers conducted numerous studies and analyses on the liquid form of water from the perspectives of chemistry, physics, earth science, and biology, and concluded that Earth is a "water polo". Water covers approximately 71% of Earth's surface. However, 97.2% of this water is seawater, 21.5% is icebergs and glaciers, and only 0.65% is freshwater that can be used directly by humans. As a result, the amount of water reserves available for human consumption is limited. The development, utilization, and protection of freshwater resources has become the focus of water science research for the continued improvement of human livelihoods and society.
\r\n
\r\n\tWater exists as solid, liquid, and gas within Earth’s atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Liquid water is used for a variety of purposes besides drinking, including power generation, ecology, landscaping, and shipping. Because water is involved in various environmental hydrological processes as well as numerous aspects of the economy and human society, the study of various phenomena in the hydrosphere, the laws governing their occurrence and development, the relationship between the hydrosphere and other spheres of Earth, and the relationship between water and social development, are all part of water science. Knowledge systems for water science are improving continuously. Water science has become a specialized field concerned with the identification of its physical, chemical, and biological properties. In addition, it reveals the laws of water distribution, movement, and circulation, and proposes methods and tools for water development, utilization, planning, management, and protection. Currently, the field of water science covers research related to topics such as hydrology, water resources and water environment. It also includes research on water related issues such as safety, engineering, economy, law, culture, information, and education.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/41.jpg",keywords:"Water, Water resources, Freshwater, Hydrological processes, Utilization, Protection"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Environmental Sciences",id:"25"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfPublishedBooks:31,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/35725",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"35725"},fullPath:"/chapters/35725",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()