CAT CTV berthing limits for monopile various floater designs.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6350",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Space Flight",title:"Space Flight",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'Space has always been intriguing people\'s imagination. However, space flight has only been feasible over the last 60 years. The collective effort of distinguished international researchers, within the field of space flight, has been incorporated into this book suitable to the broader audience. The book has been edited by Prof. George Dekoulis, Aerospace Engineering Institute (AEI), Cyprus, an expert on the state-of-the-art implementations of reconfigurable space physics systems. The book consists of six sections, namely, "Introduction," "Spacecraft Simulators," "Spacecraft Navigation," "Spacecraft Propulsion," "Suborbital Flight," and "Deep-Space Flight." We hope that this book will be beneficial for professionals, researchers, and academicians and inspires the younger generations into pursuing relevant academic studies and professional careers within the space industry.',isbn:"978-1-78923-283-7",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-282-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-422-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69789",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"space-flight",numberOfPages:258,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"023c9b0d77a58c0a263c075a7deed7e5",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",publishedDate:"June 20th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6350.jpg",numberOfDownloads:15400,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:7,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 22nd 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 12th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 25th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 25th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 25th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/9833/images/system/9833.jfif",biography:"Prof. George Dekoulis received his Ph.D. in Space Computing and Communications from Lancaster University, UK, in 2007. He was awarded a First Class BEng (Hons) degree in Communications Engineering from De Montfort University, UK, in 2001. He has received several awards from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), and the Hudswell International Research Scholarship (IET). He is the Founding Dean of the Faculty of Sciences and Technology at the American University of Cyprus (AUCY), Cyprus. He was previously a professor at the Aerospace Engineering Institute (AEI), Cyprus. Founder of the IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society (AESS), Cyprus. General chair of IEEE Aerospace Engineering Innovations 2019 (IEEE AEI 2019), Limassol, Cyprus. He has worked as a professor in Computer Science & Communications at various departments, such as Space & Planetary Physics, Aeronautical and Space Engineering, Professional Flight, Robotics/Mechatronics & Mechanical Engineering, Computer Science & Engineering, and Electrical and Electronics Engineering. His research focuses on the design of reconfigurable Digital Logic Computer Science and Engineering Systems.",institutionString:"American University of Cyprus (AUCY)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"9",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"683",title:"Aeronautics",slug:"aeronautics"}],chapters:[{id:"61079",title:"Introductory Chapter: Space Flight",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77280",slug:"introductory-chapter-space-flight",totalDownloads:973,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"George Dekoulis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61079",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61079",authors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],corrections:null},{id:"59192",title:"Space Thermal and Vacuum Environment Simulation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73154",slug:"space-thermal-and-vacuum-environment-simulation",totalDownloads:2045,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The space simulation chambers are systems used to recreate as closely as possible the thermal environmental conditions that spacecraft experience in space, as well as also serve to space components qualification and material research used in spacecraft. These systems analyze spacecraft behavior, evaluating its thermal balance, and functionalities to ensure mission success and survivability. The objective of this chapter is to give a broad overview on space simulation chambers, describe which are the environmental parameters of space that can be simulated in this type of ground test facilities, types of the space environment simulators, class of phenomena generated inside, and the technological evolution of these systems from its conception. This chapter describes the basic systems and devices that compose the space simulation chambers.",signatures:"Roy Stevenson Soler Chisabas, Geilson Loureiro and Carlos de\nOliveira Lino",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59192",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59192",authors:[{id:"224870",title:"Dr.",name:"Roy",surname:"Stevenson Soler Chisabas",slug:"roy-stevenson-soler-chisabas",fullName:"Roy Stevenson Soler Chisabas"}],corrections:null},{id:"57954",title:"Fractal Pyramid: A New Math Tool to Reorient and Accelerate a Spacecraft",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71751",slug:"fractal-pyramid-a-new-math-tool-to-reorient-and-accelerate-a-spacecraft",totalDownloads:1118,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An original mathematical instrument matching two different operational procedures aimed to change orientation and velocity of a spacecraft is suggested and described in detail. The tool’s basements, quaternion algebra with its square-root (pregeometric) image, and fractal surface are represented in a parenthetical but in a sufficient format, indicating their principle properties providing solution to the operational task. A supplementary notion of vector-quaternion version of relativity theory is introduced since the spacecraft-observer mechanical system appears congenitally relativistic. The new tool is shown to have a simple pregeometric image of a fractal pyramid whose tilt and distortion evoke needed changes in the spacecraft’s motion parameters, and the respective math procedures proved to be simplified compared with the traditionally used math methods.",signatures:"Alexander P. Yefremov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57954",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57954",authors:[{id:"219086",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Yefremov",slug:"alexander-yefremov",fullName:"Alexander Yefremov"}],corrections:null},{id:"57576",title:"Code Optimization for Strapdown Inertial Navigation System Algorithm",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71732",slug:"code-optimization-for-strapdown-inertial-navigation-system-algorithm",totalDownloads:1589,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Inertial navigation systems are in common use for decades due to its advantages. Since INS outputs are usually used for inputs in different control algorithms (depending on applications), INS will induce certain errors and limitations. This chapter deals with optimization of the inertial navigation algorithm against limitations due to the accuracy and stability of signals from the sensors and constraints resulting from the integration step and processor speed used for embedded applications. Inertial navigation considered here is “strapdown” inertial navigation system (SINS) which assumes a fixed inertial measurement unit (IMU). In this chapter, fundamentals of strapdown inertial navigation will be presented as well as three different algorithms which will be analyzed in regard to numerical stability, time consumption and processor load criteria.",signatures:"Ivana Todić and Vladimir Kuzmanović",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57576",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57576",authors:[{id:"212177",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivana",surname:"Todic",slug:"ivana-todic",fullName:"Ivana Todic"},{id:"213914",title:"MSc.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Kuzmanovic",slug:"vladimir-kuzmanovic",fullName:"Vladimir Kuzmanovic"}],corrections:null},{id:"59256",title:"On Six DOF Relative Orbital Motion of Satellites",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73563",slug:"on-six-dof-relative-orbital-motion-of-satellites",totalDownloads:1076,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we reveal a dual-tensor-based procedure to obtain exact expressions for the six degree of freedom (6-DOF) relative orbital law of motion in the specific case of two Keplerian confocal orbits. The result is achieved by pure analytical methods in the general case of any leader and deputy motion, without singularities or implying any secular terms. Orthogonal dual tensors play a very important role, with the representation of the solution being, to the authors’ knowledge, the shortest approach for describing the complete onboard solution of the 6-DOF orbital motion problem. The solution does not depend on the local-vertical–local-horizontal (LVLH) properties involves that is true in any reference frame of the leader with the origin in its mass center. A representation theorem is provided for the full-body initial value problem. Furthermore, the representation theorems for rotation part and translation part of the relative motion are obtained.",signatures:"Daniel Condurache",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59256",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59256",authors:[{id:"112362",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Condurache",slug:"daniel-condurache",fullName:"Daniel Condurache"}],corrections:null},{id:"57504",title:"Consensus-Based Attitude Maneuver of Multi-spacecraft with Exclusion Constraints",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71506",slug:"consensus-based-attitude-maneuver-of-multi-spacecraft-with-exclusion-constraints",totalDownloads:1035,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Some space missions involve cooperative multi-vehicle teams, for such purposes as interferometry and optimal sensor coverage, for example, NASA Terrestrial Planet Finder Mission. Cooperative navigation introduces extra constraints of exclusion zones between the spacecraft to protect them from damaging each other. This is in addition to external exclusion constraints introduced by damaging or blinding celestial objects. This work presents a quaternion-based attitude consensus protocol, using the communication topology of the team of spacecraft. The resulting distributed Laplacians of their communication graph are applied by semidefinite programming (SDP), to synthesize a series of time-varying optimal stochastic matrices. The matrices are used to generate various cooperative attitude maneuvers from the initial attitudes of the spacecraft. Exclusion constraints are satisfied by quaternion-based quadratically constrained attitude control (Q-CAC), where both static and dynamic exclusion zones are identified every time step, expressed as time-varying linear matrix inequalities (LMI) and solved by semidefinite programming.",signatures:"Innocent Okoloko",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57504",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57504",authors:[{id:"212560",title:"Dr.",name:"Innocent",surname:"Okoloko",slug:"innocent-okoloko",fullName:"Innocent Okoloko"}],corrections:null},{id:"59388",title:"Mars Networks-Based Navigation: Observability and Optimization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73605",slug:"mars-networks-based-navigation-observability-and-optimization",totalDownloads:1013,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In order to achieve more scientific returns for Mars, future Mars landers will be required to land at certain landing point with special scientific interest. Therefore, autonomous navigation is indispensable during the Mars approach, entry, and landing phase. However, the number of beacons or the Mars orbiters which can provide the navigation service is so limited and the line-of-sight visibility cannot be guaranteed during the landing period. So the navigation scheme especially the beacon configuration has to be optimized in order to efficiently use the limited navigation information. This chapter aims to analyze the feasibility and optimize the performance of the Mars Networks-based navigation scheme for the Mars pinpoint landing. The observability of navigation system is used as an index describing the navigation capability. Focusing on the relationship between the configuration of radio beacons and observability, the Fisher information matrix is introduced to analytically derive the degree of observability, which gives valuable conclusions for navigation system design. In order to improve the navigation performance, the navigation scheme is optimized by beacon configuration optimization, which gives the best locations of beacons (or the best orbit of navigation orbiters). This is the main approach to improve the navigation capability.",signatures:"Zhengshi Yu, Pingyuan Cui, Rui Xu and Shengying Zhu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59388",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59388",authors:[{id:"227521",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengshi",surname:"Yu",slug:"zhengshi-yu",fullName:"Zhengshi Yu"},{id:"227745",title:"Prof.",name:"Pingyuan",surname:"Cui",slug:"pingyuan-cui",fullName:"Pingyuan Cui"},{id:"227746",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui",surname:"Xu",slug:"rui-xu",fullName:"Rui Xu"},{id:"227747",title:"Dr.",name:"Shengying",surname:"Zhu",slug:"shengying-zhu",fullName:"Shengying Zhu"}],corrections:null},{id:"58804",title:"Long-Life Technology for Space Flight Hall Thrusters",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73043",slug:"long-life-technology-for-space-flight-hall-thrusters",totalDownloads:1199,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The vastly improved durability of spacecrafts, coupled with the simultaneous continuous development of thrusters for high power output, has created a strong demand for Hall thrusters (HT) with long service lives. However, erosion of the discharge channel walls by high-energy ions is the most impactful and visible process that limits the lifetime of the thruster. This process is very sensitive to the operation mode of the thruster and the corresponding power density. We hereby present the results of our investigation on the factors that limit the lifetime of Hall thrusters, and three proven techniques for improving longevity of use including magnetic shielding (MS), wall-less technology, and aft-magnetic fields with large gradient.",signatures:"Yongjie Ding, Liqiu Wei, Hong Li and Daren Yu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58804",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58804",authors:[{id:"32224",title:"Prof.",name:"Daren",surname:"Yu",slug:"daren-yu",fullName:"Daren Yu"},{id:"220482",title:"Prof.",name:"Yongjie",surname:"Ding",slug:"yongjie-ding",fullName:"Yongjie Ding"},{id:"230091",title:"Prof.",name:"Liqiu",surname:"Wei",slug:"liqiu-wei",fullName:"Liqiu Wei"}],corrections:null},{id:"58802",title:"Low-Thrust Control Strategies for Earth-to-Mars Trajectories",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73041",slug:"low-thrust-control-strategies-for-earth-to-mars-trajectories",totalDownloads:1255,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Recent advances in electric propulsion systems have demonstrated that these engines have the potential to be used for long-duration travels, with applications such as cargo and human transportation for interplanetary voyages. The Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASIMR) is an example of this type of engine, possessing the ability to operate at a wide range of specific impulse levels. This chapter presents the results of a study comparing three different thrust control strategies for Earth-Mars trajectories, using the VASIMR engine at a power of 150 kW. These are constant thrust trajectories, trajectories with coasting periods, and trajectories with variable specific impulse, resulting in variable thrust. To achieve this, an optimization tool was created using spherical coordinates to model the dynamics of the spacecraft, optimal control theory to setup the optimization problem, and a differential evolution algorithm to minimize the cost function. A novel approach to model variable specific impulse and coast-arcs in the trajectories for spherical coordinates is presented as well. The optimization tool was utilized to find optimal trajectories from Earth to Mars orbit, and it was concluded that using variable thrust reduces propellant consumption for a variety of trajectories, when compared to the other two methods.",signatures:"Marco Gómez Jenkins and Jose Antonio Castro Nieto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58802",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58802",authors:[{id:"225173",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",surname:"Gomez Jenkins",slug:"marco-gomez-jenkins",fullName:"Marco Gomez Jenkins"},{id:"236747",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Antonio",surname:"Castro Nieto",slug:"jose-antonio-castro-nieto",fullName:"Jose Antonio Castro Nieto"}],corrections:null},{id:"59274",title:"Suborbital Flight: An Affordable and Feasible Option for Mexican Aerospace Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73859",slug:"suborbital-flight-an-affordable-and-feasible-option-for-mexican-aerospace-development",totalDownloads:953,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Suborbital flights are a low-cost option for universities. To perform suborbital missions, it is necessary to design, plan, test, verify, and validate each and every one of the subsystems that integrate the payload without leaving the Earth. In Mexico, some experiments have been carried out since the 1990s to test communication systems in case of disaster and emergency. The Mexican Service Gondola (CSM) from 2015 to date has made suborbital flights in conjunction with the National Polytechnic Institute and the group of Protective Coatings Resistant to Thermal Changes and Cosmic Radiation (CRTCR) to test communication systems and glass-ceramic coatings. Suborbital flights are a great opportunity to explore the national territory and test new communication systems, structures, and materials.",signatures:"Barbara Bermudez-Reyes, Frederic Trillaud, Fernando Velazquez-\nVillegas, Jonathan Remba-Uribe, Ana M. Arizmendi-Morquecho,\nAlberto Caballero-Ruíz, Mario A. Mendoza-Barcenas, Rafael Prieto-\nMelendez, Leopoldo Ruiz-Huerta and Lauro Santiago-Cruz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59274",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59274",authors:[{id:"230321",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",surname:"Bermúdez-Reyes",slug:"barbara-bermudez-reyes",fullName:"Barbara Bermúdez-Reyes"},{id:"231477",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Vázquez-Villegas",slug:"fernando-vazquez-villegas",fullName:"Fernando Vázquez-Villegas"},{id:"231478",title:"Dr.",name:"Frederic",surname:"Trillau",slug:"frederic-trillau",fullName:"Frederic Trillau"},{id:"231479",title:"Dr.",name:"Lauro",surname:"Santiago-Cruz",slug:"lauro-santiago-cruz",fullName:"Lauro Santiago-Cruz"},{id:"231480",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Remba Uribe",slug:"jonathan-remba-uribe",fullName:"Jonathan Remba Uribe"},{id:"231481",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",surname:"Caballero-Ruiz",slug:"alberto-caballero-ruiz",fullName:"Alberto Caballero-Ruiz"},{id:"231482",title:"Dr.",name:"Leopoldo",surname:"Ruiz-Huerta",slug:"leopoldo-ruiz-huerta",fullName:"Leopoldo Ruiz-Huerta"},{id:"231484",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alberto",surname:"Mendoza-Bárcenas",slug:"mario-alberto-mendoza-barcenas",fullName:"Mario Alberto Mendoza-Bárcenas"},{id:"231485",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Prieto-Meléndez",slug:"rafael-prieto-melendez",fullName:"Rafael Prieto-Meléndez"},{id:"231486",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana María",surname:"Arizmendi-Morquecho",slug:"ana-maria-arizmendi-morquecho",fullName:"Ana María Arizmendi-Morquecho"}],corrections:null},{id:"58400",title:"Cost-Effective Platforms for Near-Space Research and Experiments",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72168",slug:"cost-effective-platforms-for-near-space-research-and-experiments",totalDownloads:1806,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"High-altitude balloons (HABs) are commonly used for atmospheric research. In recent years, newly developed platforms and instruments allow to measure position, temperature, radiation, humidity and gas profile in the troposphere and stratosphere. However, current platforms, such as radiosonde, have limited bandwidth and relatively small number of possible sensors on board. Furthermore, all the measuring instruments carried on board the balloon cannot be reused since most of the times the radiosonde cannot be retrieved. In this chapter, we present a generic near-space research platform based on an improved radio frequency (RF) communication, an advanced set of sensors that might also include a return-to-home (RTH) micro-UAV. We present the overall structure of an advanced HAB payload, which is equipped with a low-cost sophisticated set of sensors along with HD camera system, which weight less than 300 g. The payload is tied to a weather balloon with a smart autonomous release mechanism and two-way RF telemetry channel (LoRa or Iridium communication). The payload can be released from the balloon at any given time or position, allowing it to fall at a predicted area. In case the payload is attached to a micro UAV, it can return autonomously by multioptional smart decline to a pre-defined location using a built-in autopilot. The suggested new strategy is presented using several case studies and field experiments.",signatures:"Kobi Gozlan, Yuval Reuveni, Kfir Cohen, Boaz Ben-Moshe and Eyal\nBerliner",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58400",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58400",authors:[{id:"203049",title:"Prof.",name:"Boaz",surname:"Benmoshe",slug:"boaz-benmoshe",fullName:"Boaz Benmoshe"},{id:"214063",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuval",surname:"Reuveni",slug:"yuval-reuveni",fullName:"Yuval Reuveni"},{id:"214064",title:"MSc.",name:"Kobi",surname:"Gozlan",slug:"kobi-gozlan",fullName:"Kobi Gozlan"},{id:"214065",title:"Mr.",name:"Kfir",surname:"Cohen",slug:"kfir-cohen",fullName:"Kfir Cohen"}],corrections:null},{id:"58067",title:"Cassini Spacecraft-DSN Communications, Handling Anomalous Link Conditions, and Complete Loss-of-Spacecraft Signal",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72075",slug:"cassini-spacecraft-dsn-communications-handling-anomalous-link-conditions-and-complete-loss-of-spacec",totalDownloads:1338,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Once spacecraft are launched, it is impossible for engineers to physically repair anything that breaks onboard the vehicle. 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The development of floating wind farms implies the issue of offshore O and M workers safety. It is therefore of upmost importance to know the constraints and acceptable conditions for berthing a CTV.
For berthing with the “bump and jump” method, a CTV comes and pushes its fender against the boat landing ladder. The fender studied here is the stiff fender [1].
The present work relies on the results of a study performed by HSVA [2] and endeavors to meet the results obtained in its CTV model tank test. However, our approach here is different from HSVA numerical berthing calculations, which are more sophisticated.
The calculation is based on a simplified linear diffraction-radiation model applied in the frequential domain [1].
The studied ship is a CATamaran CTV (CAT CTV) [2, 3]: 27 m long, 8.2 m wide, twin hulls 3.2 m wide. It is modelled with Wigley hulls (Figure 1) [1].
CTV berthing against monopile (3D view).
The software used are GMSH for meshing [4] and NEMOH for hydrodynamics [5].
The Wigley hull, due to the wave excitation, moves in a vertical plane as follows (Figure 2) [1]:
1 rotation against her floatation centre | 1 degree of freedom | θ (pitch) |
1 translation against her original position O | 2 degrees of freedom | τx (surge) τz (heave) |
CTV sea keeping without berthing (elevation).
The equations of dynamics are:
Fexcit: vector of wave loads Ia: matrix of added inertia (both calculated by NEMOH [5]) | |
(calculated with NEMOH [5]) | |
P = propeller thrust. If: |
The friction coefficient without sliding is, about the principle of action and reaction (Figure 3) [1]:
Coulomb’s friction law.
Assumptions:
A thrust P is added to N, in order never to reach N < 0:
For a low friction berthing:
The equations at the berthing point A = A- become therefore:
We define tT and tN respectively as the time phase corrections required to get the calculated loads T(t) and N(t) in phase with HSVA test results THSVA (t) and NHSVA (t) [2].
We also define the following notations:
In order for the function f(t) to get relative extremes, the numerator of the quotient in Eq. (8) must have a positive discriminant δ′:
Moreover, the denominator in Eq. (8) must never be null. Physically that means that the CTV propeller thrust P should be great enough in order never to get N < 0. Mathematically that implies both that its discriminant Δ′ must be negative and that
If the conditions (3) and (4) are met, then, over a wave period, the friction coefficient will reach its extremes at the instants t+ and t−, which correspond to the following values T+ and T−:
Then the maximum friction coefficient over a wave period is:
We must therefore choose. Physically, that is the CTV surge over which the CTV captain has the time to adjust the propeller thrust P, in order for the fender never to lose contact with the boat landing. Nevertheless, the CTV is limited by her maximum thrust Pmax. We infer that:
Or, in other words:
The selected criterion for CTV boarding at the berthing point is that the friction coefficient must never exceed the grip factor:
For benchmarking purpose, the first calculation models the “bump and jump” against a monopile (Figures 1 and 4). The water depth is 29 m.
CTV berthing against monopile (plane view).
The studied monopile has a 5 m diameter [2].
It may be noted that the CAT CTV is wider than the monopile: therefore the former is not masked from the waves by the latter.
Figure 5 compares for 2 m significant wave height (Hs) the calculated ratio of wave vertical force over wave horizontal force (T/N) with the grip coefficient of rubber against very wet soil (fgrip) [6].
Curves T/N and fgrip versus wavelength over boat length for 2 m Hs.
For comparison reference [7] estimates the berthing limit to be for a ratio wavelength over boat length of 1.85 (λ/B): both results meet with 5% accuracy.
The second calculation models the “bump and jump” against a planned [8] cylindrical wind turbine floater (Figures 6 and 7). The water depth is 70 m [8].
CTV berthing against 13 m diameter cylindrical floater (3D view).
CTV berthing against 13 m diameter cylindrical floater (plane view).
The studied cylinder has [8]: a 13 m diameter, 14 m draft, 2000 T displacement.
This time, the floater masks the CAT CTV from the incidental waves, therefore the horizontal incident wave loads are masked, while the vertical incident wave loads are only the ones passing below the floater keel.
Figure 8 compares for 2 m Hs the calculated ratio T/N with fgrip versus λ/B.
Curves T/N and fgrip versus λ/B for 2 m Hs.
This time berthing may take place for 2 m Hs whatever the wavelength.
The third calculation models the “bump and jump” against a cylindrical wind turbine floater (Figures 9 and 10). The water depth is 23 m.
CTV berthing against 41 m diameter cylindrical floater (3D view).
CTV berthing against 13 m diameter cylindrical floater (plane view).
The studied cylinder has: a 41 m diameter, 7 m draft, 9300 T displacement.
One more time, the floater masks the CAT CTV from the incidental waves, therefore the horizontal incident wave loads are masked, while the vertical incident wave loads are only the ones passing below the floater keel.
Figure 11 compares for 2 m Hs the calculated ratio T/N with fgrip versus λ/B.
Curves T/N and fgrip versus λ/B for 2 m Hs.
This time berthing may take place for 2 m Hs whatever the wavelength.
The fourth calculation models the “bump and jump” against a parallelepipedal wind turbine floater (Figures 12 and 13). The water depth is 23 m.
CTV berthing against 36 m side parallelepipedal floater (3D view).
CTV berthing against 36 m side parallelepipedal floater (plane view).
The studied cylinder has: a 36 m sides, 7 m draft, 9300 T displacement (same draft and displacement as in Section 5).
One more time, the floater masks the CAT CTV from the incidental waves, therefore the horizontal incident wave loads are masked, while the vertical incident wave loads are only the ones passing below the floater keel.
Figure 14 compares for 2 m Hs the calculated ratio T/N with fgrip versus λ/B.
Curves T/N and fgrip versus λ/B for 2 m Hs.
This time berthing may take place for 2 m Hs whatever the wavelength.
The fifth calculation models the “bump and jump” against an existing [9] square hollow floater (Figures 15 and 16). The water depth is 23 m [10].
CTV berthing against FLOATGEN floater (elevation).
CTV berthing against FLOATGEN floater (plane view).
The studied square has [9, 10]: 36 m side, 7 m draft, 6000 T displacement (same draft as in Sections 5 and 6).
Once again, the floater masks the CAT CTV from the incidental waves, therefore the horizontal incident wave loads are masked, while the vertical incident wave loads are only the ones passing below the floater keel.
Figure 17 compares for 2 m Hs the calculated ratio T/N with fgrip versus λ/B.
Curves T/N and fgrip versus λ/B for 2 m Hs.
One more time berthing may take place for 2 m Hs whatever the wavelength.
Table 1 sums up the Hs found for berthing to occur whatever the wavelength.
Case | Floater geometry | Depth | Maximum Hs for berthing |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 5 m diameter monopile | 23 m | 1.5 m (no masking) |
2 | 13 m diameter cylindrical floater | 70 m | 2.1 m |
3 | 41 m diameter cylindrical floater1 | 23 m | 2.5 m |
4 | 36 m side square floater1 | 23 m | 2.6 m |
5 | 36 m side square hollow floater (FLOATGEN) | 23 m | 2.3 m |
CAT CTV berthing limits for monopile various floater designs.
Those floaters have been chosen to have same displacement and draft.
FLOATGEN 2.3 m Hs berthing limit calculations compare precisely with feedback from offshore site test with full scale prototype [11]:
“Transfer up to 2.3 m significant wave height with no motion compensation”.
From Table 1, it may be noted that berthing limits are influenced by:
Hardly by floater geometry if they have the same displacement.
Significantly by their displacement: the greater the displacement, the greater the berthing limit.
It is possible to propose an approximative analytical of the berthing limit due to the floater masking effect. Indeed, the calculated ratio T/N is (see Eq. (8)):
where:
At the large wave periods we have the following behavior:
Where (see Eq. (11)):
In the case of box barge of same displacement, length and draft, we have:
Note: since the vertical incident wave loads are only the ones passing below the floater keel then, if its draft is |z0|, zm/a = zm(z = z0) = sinh[k(z0 + h)]/sinh(kh) [12] (refer to equations written in Figures 6,9,12, and 15).
Therefore:
Therefore:
Eventually, we get the following formula for berthing to possible [1]:
Table 2 sums up the analytical Hs found for berthing to occur whatever the wavelength, by using Eq. (29).
Case | Floater geometry | Depth | Maximum Hs for berthing (Hs = 2a)1 |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 5 m diameter monopile | 23 m | 1.5 m (no masking) |
2 | 13 m diameter cylindrical floater | 70 m | 2.0 m |
3 | 41 m diameter cylindrical floater | 23 m | 2.3 m |
4 | 36 m side square floater | 23 m | 2.3 m |
5 | 36 m side square hollow floater (FLOATGEN) | 23 m | 2.3 m |
CAT CTV analytical berthing limits for monopile various floater designs.
The CAT CTV fender length is L = 1 m [1].
As can be seen results from Tables 1 and 2 meet with less than 12% discrepancy. The reason why is that the analytical calculation does not account for the diffraction forces.
Eventually, some practical considerations must be accounted for (see Figure 18):
Floater wave masking performances (cylinder versus FLOATGEN).
The more the wave direction varies, the more a large floater width becomes necessary to allow berthing by masking the waves.
The present study results find that berthing a CTV against an offshore wind turbine is not yet optimized, at least from a marine maintenance point of view: most designs do not provide sheltered waters.
Some proposals focus on improving the CTV:
ESNA promote the use of Surface Effect Ships (SES), to minimize their heave. However, the lack of commercial success of the solution seems related to the high fuel consumption of such boats [7].
Other proposals focus rather on the floater side:
IDEOL have designed a pontoon-like floater which provides sheltered waters. At best that solution will prove successful for floating wind farms. Obviously, that is not a solution for fixed wind farms [11].
FLOATING POWER POINT propose a floating wind turbine combined with a wave energy convertor (WEC), to provide an artificial harbor downstream, thanks to the wave energy extracted by the WEC [13].
Another possible axis of development would be to design an additional wall to existing boat landings, providing a sheltered water.
Eventually, since the present study only applies to a unidirectional wave, the next studies will focus on multidirectional waves, in order represent a more realistic sea state.
The author gratefully acknowledges the support from ENSM and its director of research and industrial relations, Mr. Dominique FOLLUT, for throughout the present research work.
Cat | Catamaran |
CTV | crew transfer vessel |
DP | dynamic positioning |
Hs | significant wave height |
HSVA | Hamburgische Schiffbau-Versuchsanstalt GmbH (Hamburg Ship Model Tank Test Facilities) |
O&M | operation & maintenance |
RAO’s | response amplitude operators |
3D | three dimensional |
2D | two dimensional |
WT | wind turbine |
O, x, y, z | absolute reference frame |
M | operating point fixed to the CTV |
ρ | water specific gravity |
h | water depth |
B | ship length |
H | ship draft |
m (or Δ) | ship mass (or displacement) |
G | ship centre of gravity |
IG | ship inertia at G |
C | ship centre of buoyancy |
I | matrix of ship own inertia |
Ia | matrix of ship added inertia |
K | matrix of stiffnesses |
B | matrix of dampings |
Fexcit | vector of wave loads |
λ | wavelength |
A- | berthing point |
O, X, Y, Z | reference frame attached to the ship |
F | centre of floatation |
g | gravitational acceleration |
xG, zG | coordinates of ship gravity centre |
xC, zC | coordinates of ship buoyancy centre |
b3 | ship heave damping factor |
k3 | ship vertical hydrostatic stiffness |
Cd | shipdrag coefficient |
Cm1 | added mass coefficient in x direction |
ma | added mass in x direction |
X | vector of ship motions |
τx | ship surge |
τz | ship heave |
θ | ship pitch angle |
T | regular wave period |
k | wave number |
a | wave amplitude (half crest to through) |
x (or bc) | flat rate heave damping coefficient (%-age of critical damping) |
xmax or τxm | max. surge estimate (for quadratic damping force) |
ω | wave pulsation |
θmax | adimensional max. pitch estimate (for quadratic damping force) |
Λ | 4ρCCdxmax+Hθmax/3π |
cΛ | ΛH/m+ma |
G | CTV surge over which the CTV captain has the time to adjust the propeller thrust P, in order for the fender never to lose contact with the boat landing |
xm | max. CTV surge |
zm | max. CTV heave |
θm | max. CTV pitch |
φx | max. CTV surge |
φz | max. CTV heave |
φθ | max. CTV pitch |
L | fender length |
Za+ | CTV propeller elevation |
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If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links.
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\\n\\n\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\\n\\nCSIC affiliated authors can also take advantage of a central Open Access fund (amounting to 10,000 EUR) to cover up to 50% of the rest of the OAPF until it expires. Effective for chapters accepted from January 1, 2020.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\\n\\n\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
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\\n\\nThe Claremont Colleges are pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 15% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\\n\\nThe University of Massachusetts, Amherst is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\\n\\nThe University of Surrey is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\\n\\nMonographs Only
\\n\\n\\n\\nImportant: You must be a member or grantee of the above listed institutions in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
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\n\nCSIC affiliated authors can also take advantage of a central Open Access fund (amounting to 10,000 EUR) to cover up to 50% of the rest of the OAPF until it expires. Effective for chapters accepted from January 1, 2020.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\n\n\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
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\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nThe Claremont Colleges are pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 15% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\n\nThe University of Massachusetts, Amherst is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\n\nThe University of Surrey is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\n\nMonographs Only
\n\n\n\nImportant: You must be a member or grantee of the above listed institutions in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
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Two types of sensory feedback, namely, force sense feedback and temperature sense feedback, were proposed. As for the feedback device of force sense, the device is mounted on the user’s upper arm and provides hardness of the object onto the upper arm by winding a belt using a motor. On the other hand, as for the feedback device of temperature sense, the device is mounted on the user’s upper arm and presents temperature of the object onto the upper arm using a Peltier element. Finally, two-sensory feedback devices were united, and a two-sensory feedback device was built.",book:{id:"5943",slug:"biomimetic-prosthetics",title:"Biomimetic Prosthetics",fullTitle:"Biomimetic Prosthetics"},signatures:"Chiharu Ishii",authors:[{id:"17150",title:"Prof.",name:"Chiharu",middleName:null,surname:"Ishii",slug:"chiharu-ishii",fullName:"Chiharu Ishii"}]},{id:"56298",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70027",title:"Detection and Tracking of the Regions of Skin Using the Technique HS-ab",slug:"detection-and-tracking-of-the-regions-of-skin-using-the-technique-hs-ab",totalDownloads:1088,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The content of this work is the proposal of the technical HS-ab for the detection and tracking of the regions of skin in real time. First, two proposed techniques are analyzed for the modeling of skin color in images using a combination of color spaces HSV with YCbCr and HSV with CIELab. 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Nowaday the cosmetic prosthesis becomes the foremost choice of the amputee individuals.",book:{id:"5943",slug:"biomimetic-prosthetics",title:"Biomimetic Prosthetics",fullTitle:"Biomimetic Prosthetics"},signatures:"Smita Nayak and Prasanna Lenka",authors:[{id:"204704",title:"Mrs.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Nayak",slug:"smita-nayak",fullName:"Smita Nayak"},{id:"204705",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Lenka",slug:"prasanna-lenka",fullName:"Prasanna Lenka"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"57877",title:"Passive Biomimetic Prosthesis",slug:"passive-biomimetic-prosthesis",totalDownloads:1354,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Advancement in prosthetic technology provides the prosthesis more natural function and cosmesis to the amputee limb. But in most of the cases due to some limitations of the patient, the most appropriate prosthetic solution is not possible. Custom made silicone prosthesis with some passive function plays the major role to rehabilitate those patients. The cosmetic prosthesis mimics the natural colour and texture of the normal body. Nowaday the cosmetic prosthesis becomes the foremost choice of the amputee individuals.",book:{id:"5943",slug:"biomimetic-prosthetics",title:"Biomimetic Prosthetics",fullTitle:"Biomimetic Prosthetics"},signatures:"Smita Nayak and Prasanna Lenka",authors:[{id:"204704",title:"Mrs.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Nayak",slug:"smita-nayak",fullName:"Smita Nayak"},{id:"204705",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Lenka",slug:"prasanna-lenka",fullName:"Prasanna Lenka"}]},{id:"56619",title:"Optimizing User Integration for Individualized Rehabilitation",slug:"optimizing-user-integration-for-individualized-rehabilitation",totalDownloads:1187,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"User integration with assistive devices or rehabilitation protocols to improve movement function is a key principle to consider for developers to truly optimize performance gains. Better integration may entail customizing operation of devices and training programs according to several user characteristics during execution of functional tasks. These characteristics may be physical dimensions, residual capabilities, restored sensory feedback, cognitive perception, or stereotypical actions.",book:{id:"5943",slug:"biomimetic-prosthetics",title:"Biomimetic Prosthetics",fullTitle:"Biomimetic Prosthetics"},signatures:"Raviraj Nataraj",authors:[{id:"203913",title:"Prof.",name:"Raviraj",middleName:null,surname:"Nataraj",slug:"raviraj-nataraj",fullName:"Raviraj Nataraj"}]},{id:"57587",title:"Sensory Feedback Device for Myoelectric Prosthetic Hand",slug:"sensory-feedback-device-for-myoelectric-prosthetic-hand",totalDownloads:1151,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In this work, a sensory feedback device for myoelectric prosthetic hand was developed to enhance the quality of life (QOL) of myoelectric prosthetic hand users. 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Several biomimetic methods and techniques have been adopted, hence applied to analytically comprehend ways human performs grasping to duplicate human knowledge. A major topic for further study, is related to decoding the resulting EEG brainwaves during motorizing of fingers and moving parts. To accomplish this, there are a number of phases that are performed, including recording, pre-processing, filtration, and understanding of the waves. However, there are two important phases that have received substantial research attentions. The classification and decoding, of such massive and complex brain waves, as they are two important steps towards understanding patterns during grasping. In this respect, the fundamental objective of this research is to demonstrate how to employ advanced pattern recognition methods, like fuzzy c-mean clustering for understanding resulting EEG brain waves, in such a way to control a prosthesis or robotic hand, while relying sets of detected EEG brainwaves. There are a number of decoding and classification methods and techniques, however we shall look into fuzzy based clustering blended with principle component analysis (PAC) technique to help for the decoding mechanism. EEG brainwaves during a grasping and manipulation have been used for this analysis. This involves, movement of almost five fingers during a grasping defined task. The study has found that, it is not a straight forward task to decode all human fingers motions, as due to the complexity of grasping tasks. However, the adopted analysis was able to classify and identify the different narrowly performed and related fundamental events during a simple grasping task.",book:{id:"5943",slug:"biomimetic-prosthetics",title:"Biomimetic Prosthetics",fullTitle:"Biomimetic Prosthetics"},signatures:"Ebrahim A. Mattar, Hessa J. Al-Junaid and Hamad H. 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