Deviation between wall and roof surface-to-air temperature difference values for different orientations and wind speeds.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7751",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Fault Detection, Diagnosis and Prognosis",title:"Fault Detection, Diagnosis and Prognosis",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book presents the main concepts, state of the art, advances, and case studies of fault detection, diagnosis, and prognosis. This topic is a critical variable in industry to reach and maintain competitiveness. Therefore, proper management of the corrective, predictive, and preventive politics in any industry is required. This book complements other subdisciplines such as economics, finance, marketing, decision and risk analysis, engineering, etc. The book presents real case studies in multiple disciplines. It considers the main topics using prognostic and subdiscipline techniques. It is essential to link these topics with the areas of finance, scheduling, resources, downtime, etc. to increase productivity, profitability, maintainability, reliability, safety, and availability, and reduce costs and downtime. Advances in mathematics, modeling, computational techniques, dynamic analysis, etc. are employed analytically. Computational techniques, dynamic analysis, probabilistic methods, and mathematical optimization techniques are expertly blended to support the analysis of prognostic problems with defined constraints and requirements. The book is intended for graduate students and professionals in industrial engineering, business administration, industrial organization, operations management, applied microeconomics, and the decisions sciences, either studying maintenance or needing to solve large, specific, and complex maintenance management problems as part of their jobs. The work will also be of interest to researches from academia.",isbn:"978-1-78984-214-2",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-213-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-661-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77564",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"fault-detection-diagnosis-and-prognosis",numberOfPages:176,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"d54796f7da58f58fa679b94a2b83af00",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7751.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8875,numberOfWosCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitations:12,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:19,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:36,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 20th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 19th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 18th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 8th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 7th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/22844/images/system/22844.jpeg",biography:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez has been a full professor at the University of Castilla–La Mancha (UCLM), Spain, since 2013. He is an honorary senior research fellow at Birmingham University, UK, and a lecturer at the Postgraduate European Institute. From 2013 to 2014, Dr. Márquez was a senior manager at Accenture. He obtained his European Ph.D. with a maximum distinction. He has been awarded several prizes, including the Runner (2020) and Advancement Prizes (2018) for Management Science and Engineering Management; First International Business Ideas Competition Award (2017); Runner (2015), Advancement (2013), and Silver (2012) Prizes from the International Society of Management Science and Engineering Management (ICMSEM); and Best Paper Award, Renewable Energy (2015). He has published more than 150 papers in reputable journals. He is the author and editor of thirty-one books and five patents. He is an editor for five international journals and a committee member of more than forty international conferences. He has been the principal investigator for four European projects, six national projects, and more than 150 projects for universities and companies. His main interests are artificial intelligence, maintenance, management, renewable energy, transport, advanced analytics, and data science. He is an expert in the European Union in AI4People (EISMD), and ESF. He is also the director of the Ingenium Research Group.",institutionString:"University of Castile-La Mancha",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"11",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"11",institution:{name:"University of Castile-La Mancha",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"968",title:"Mathematical Modeling",slug:"applied-mathematics-mathematical-modeling"}],chapters:[{id:"67579",title:"Introductory Chapter: Prognostics - An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86894",slug:"introductory-chapter-prognostics-an-overview",totalDownloads:612,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67579",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67579",authors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],corrections:null},{id:"65747",title:"Prognostics 102: Efficient Bayesian-Based Prognostics Algorithm in MATLAB",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82781",slug:"prognostics-102-efficient-bayesian-based-prognostics-algorithm-in-matlab",totalDownloads:1301,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An efficient Bayesian-based algorithm is presented for physics-based prognostics, which combines a physical model with observed health monitoring data. Unknown model parameters are estimated using the observed data, from which the remaining useful life (RUL) of the system is predicted. This paper focuses on the Bayesian method for parameter estimation of a damage degradation model where epistemic uncertainty in model parameters is reduced with the observed data. Markov-chain Monte Carlo sampling is used to generate samples from the posterior distribution, which are then propagated through the physical model to estimate the distribution of the RUL. A MATLAB script of 76 lines is included in this paper with detailed explanations. A battery degradation model and crack growth model are used to explain the process of parameter estimation, the evolution of degradation and RUL prediction. The code presented in this paper can easily be altered for different applications. This code may help beginners to understand and use Bayesian method-based prognostics.",signatures:"Ting Dong, Dawn An and Nam H. Kim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65747",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65747",authors:[{id:"278745",title:"Prof.",name:"Nam-Ho",surname:"Kim",slug:"nam-ho-kim",fullName:"Nam-Ho Kim"},{id:"285438",title:"Ms.",name:"Ting",surname:"Dong",slug:"ting-dong",fullName:"Ting Dong"},{id:"285439",title:"Dr.",name:"Dawn",surname:"An",slug:"dawn-an",fullName:"Dawn An"}],corrections:null},{id:"65362",title:"Predicting Sets of Automata: Architecture, Evolution, Examples of Prognosis, and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83807",slug:"predicting-sets-of-automata-architecture-evolution-examples-of-prognosis-and-applications",totalDownloads:716,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter describes the sets of interacting automata constructed on the cascades of wavelet coefficients of input signal. The basic principles of the evolution of automata during the processing of incoming cascades and the vector of processes consisting of segments of cascades of constant length are described. The main principles of constructing the family of automata are determined from the internal symmetry of incoming cascades and the definition of symmetry groups of vector processes and their isotropy groups. The trajectories of states are defined on nontrivial topological spaces, the so-called degeneration spaces of the characteristic functional. The family of evolving automata with tunable communications architecture is designed to predict the state of engineering objects and identify predictors, early predictors, and hidden predictors of failure. This chapter provides examples of the work of predictive automata in various fields of engineering and medicine. It demonstrates the operation of the automaton in spaces with a nontrivial topology of input cascades, algorithms of the predictor search, and estimations. The family of evolving automata with reconstructing architecture of connections is designed to predict the state of engineering objects and medicine and identify predictors, early predictors, and hidden predictors of failure. The architecture and functional properties of automata are determined from the results and main conclusions.",signatures:"Sergey Kirillov, Aleksandr Kirillov, Vitalii Iakimkin, Michael Pecht and Yuri Kaganovich",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65362",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65362",authors:[{id:"4148",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",surname:"Pecht",slug:"michael-pecht",fullName:"Michael Pecht"},{id:"234788",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Kirillov",slug:"sergey-kirillov",fullName:"Sergey Kirillov"},{id:"235391",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandr",surname:"Kirillov",slug:"aleksandr-kirillov",fullName:"Aleksandr Kirillov"},{id:"247701",title:"Dr.",name:"Vitalii",surname:"Yakimkin",slug:"vitalii-yakimkin",fullName:"Vitalii Yakimkin"},{id:"279379",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuri",surname:"Kaganovich",slug:"yuri-kaganovich",fullName:"Yuri Kaganovich"}],corrections:null},{id:"65244",title:"Fault Diagnosis Techniques for a Wind Turbine System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83810",slug:"fault-diagnosis-techniques-for-a-wind-turbine-system",totalDownloads:1220,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The fault diagnosis and prognosis of wind turbine systems represent a challenging issue, thus justifying the research topics developed in this work with application to safety-critical systems. Therefore, this chapter addresses these research issues and demonstrates viable techniques of fault diagnosis and condition monitoring. To this aim, the design of the so-called fault detector relies on its estimate, which involves data-driven methods, as they result effective methods for managing partial information of the system dynamics, together with errors, model-reality mismatch and disturbance effects. In particular, the considered data-driven strategies use fuzzy systems and neural networks, which are employed to establish non-linear dynamic links between measurements and faults. The selected prototypes are based on non-linear autoregressive with exogenous input descriptions, since they are able to approximate non-linear dynamic functions with arbitrary degree of accuracy. The capabilities of the designed fault diagnosis schemes are verified via a high-fidelity simulator, which describes the normal and the faulty behaviour of a wind turbine plant. Finally, the robustness and the reliability features of the proposed methods are validated in the presence of uncertainty and disturbance implemented in the wind turbine simulator.",signatures:"Silvio Simani and Paolo Castaldi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65244",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65244",authors:[{id:"209626",title:"Prof.",name:"Silvio",surname:"Simani",slug:"silvio-simani",fullName:"Silvio Simani"},{id:"209627",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",surname:"Castaldi",slug:"paolo-castaldi",fullName:"Paolo Castaldi"}],corrections:null},{id:"70067",title:"Analytic Prognostic in the Linear Damage Case Applied to Buried Petrochemical Pipelines and the Complex Probability Paradigm",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90157",slug:"analytic-prognostic-in-the-linear-damage-case-applied-to-buried-petrochemical-pipelines-and-the-comp",totalDownloads:2569,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In 1933, Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov established the system of five axioms that define the concept of mathematical probability. This system can be developed to include the set of imaginary numbers by adding a supplementary three original axioms. Therefore, any experiment can be performed in the set \n\nC\n\n of complex probabilities which is the summation of the set \n\nR\n\n of real probabilities and the set \n\nM\n\n of imaginary probabilities. The purpose here is to include additional imaginary dimensions to the experiment taking place in the “real” laboratory in \n\nR\n\n and hence to evaluate all the probabilities. Consequently, the probability in the entire set \n\nC\n=\nR\n+\nM\n\n is permanently equal to one no matter what the stochastic distribution of the input random variable in \n\nR\n\n is; therefore the outcome of the probabilistic experiment in \n\nC\n\n can be determined perfectly. This is due to the fact that the probability in \n\nC\n\n is calculated after subtracting from the degree of our knowledge the chaotic factor of the random experiment. Consequently, the purpose in this chapter is to join my complex probability paradigm to the analytic prognostic of buried petrochemical pipelines in the case of linear damage accumulation. Accordingly, after the calculation of the novel prognostic model parameters, we will be able to evaluate the degree of knowledge, the magnitude of the chaotic factor, the complex probability, the probabilities of the system failure and survival, and the probability of the remaining useful lifetime; after that a pressure time t has been applied to the pipeline, which are all functions of the system degradation subject to random and stochastic influences.",signatures:"Abdo Abou Jaoude",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70067",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70067",authors:[{id:"248271",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdo",surname:"Abou Jaoudé",slug:"abdo-abou-jaoude",fullName:"Abdo Abou Jaoudé"}],corrections:null},{id:"68233",title:"Fault Detection of Single and Interval Valued Data Using Statistical Process Monitoring Techniques",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88217",slug:"fault-detection-of-single-and-interval-valued-data-using-statistical-process-monitoring-techniques",totalDownloads:707,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Principal component analysis (PCA) is a linear data analysis technique widely used for fault detection and isolation, data modeling, and noise filtration. PCA may be combined with statistical hypothesis testing methods, such as the generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) technique in order to detect faults. GLR functions by using the concept of maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) in order to maximize the detection rate for a fixed false alarm rate. The benchmark Tennessee Eastman Process (TEP) is used to examine the performance of the different techniques, and the results show that for processes that experience both shifts in the mean and/or variance, the best performance is achieved by independently monitoring the mean and variance using two separate GLR charts, rather than simultaneously monitoring them using a single chart. Moreover, single-valued data can be aggregated into interval form in order to provide a more robust model with improved fault detection performance using PCA and GLR. The TEP example is used once more in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of using of interval-valued data over single-valued data.",signatures:"Mohammed Ziyan Sheriff, Nour Basha, Muhammad Nazmul Karim, Hazem Nounou and Mohamed Nounou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68233",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68233",authors:[{id:"21281",title:"Prof.",name:"Hazem",surname:"Nounou",slug:"hazem-nounou",fullName:"Hazem Nounou"},{id:"21282",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed N.",surname:"Nounou",slug:"mohamed-n.-nounou",fullName:"Mohamed N. Nounou"},{id:"191340",title:"Mr.",name:"M. Ziyan",surname:"Sheriff",slug:"m.-ziyan-sheriff",fullName:"M. Ziyan Sheriff"},{id:"191345",title:"Prof.",name:"M. Nazmul",surname:"Karim",slug:"m.-nazmul-karim",fullName:"M. Nazmul Karim"},{id:"253580",title:"Mr.",name:"Nour",surname:"Basha",slug:"nour-basha",fullName:"Nour Basha"}],corrections:null},{id:"70649",title:"Real-Time Fault Detection and Diagnosis Using Intelligent Monitoring and Supervision Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90158",slug:"real-time-fault-detection-and-diagnosis-using-intelligent-monitoring-and-supervision-systems",totalDownloads:1061,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In monitoring and supervision schemes, fault detection and diagnosis characterize high efficiency and quality production systems. To achieve such properties, these structures are based on techniques that allow detection and diagnosis of failures in real time. Detection signals faults and diagnostics provide the root cause and location. Fault detection is based on signal and process mathematical models, while fault diagnosis is focused on systems theory and process modeling. Monitoring and supervision complement each other in fault management, thus enabling normal and continuous operation. Its application avoids stopping productive processes by early detection of failures and by applying real-time actions to eliminate them, such as predictive and proactive maintenance based on process conditions. The integration of all these methodologies enables intelligent monitoring and supervision systems, enabling real-time fault detection and diagnosis. Their high performance is associated with statistical decision-making techniques, expert systems, artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic and computational procedures, making them efficient and fully autonomous in making decisions in the real-time operation of a production system.",signatures:"Gustavo Pérez Alvarez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70649",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70649",authors:[{id:"216192",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo",surname:"Alvarez",slug:"gustavo-alvarez",fullName:"Gustavo Alvarez"}],corrections:null},{id:"68879",title:"An Approach to Optimize the Management of Information Security in Public Organizations of Ecuador",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88931",slug:"an-approach-to-optimize-the-management-of-information-security-in-public-organizations-of-ecuador",totalDownloads:693,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The problems of information security in public organizations in Ecuador are evident, which, as a result, have led to corruptions that are present at all levels of operational, tactical and strategic management. The objective of this chapter is to analyze the available information found in different media, written, spoken, among others. The deductive method was used for the collection of information and observation techniques. It turned out the improve in the administrative processes, prototype diagram of sequence of access of users and services, prototype of integration of technologies of security of the information for public organizations of Ecuador. It was concluded that to avoid corruption in a country change should happen at all levels: the way of thinking and culture of the inhabitants, laws, penalties to politicians without parliamentary immunity, application of information and communications technologies (ICT) in an appropriate manner, and complying with international standards in information security. To improve information security, administrative policies on information security must be changed, and technologies related to immutable security algorithms, Ledger, Hyperledger, etc., must be used.",signatures:"Segundo Moisés Toapanta Toapanta and Luis Enrique Mafla Gallegos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68879",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68879",authors:[{id:"272865",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Moisés",surname:"Toapanta",slug:"moises-toapanta",fullName:"Moisés Toapanta"},{id:"294086",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Enrique",surname:"Mafla Gallegos",slug:"luis-enrique-mafla-gallegos",fullName:"Luis Enrique Mafla Gallegos"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:[{id:"65",label:"highly cited contributor"}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"120",title:"Digital Filters",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"10692f498575728ddac136b0b327a83d",slug:"digital-filters",bookSignature:"Fausto 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Al-Megren",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1901.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104672",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamid",surname:"Al-Megren",slug:"hamid-al-megren",fullName:"Hamid Al-Megren"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"74736",title:"Radiation Exchange at Greenhouse Tilted Surfaces under All-Sky Conditions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95595",slug:"radiation-exchange-at-greenhouse-tilted-surfaces-under-all-sky-conditions",body:'Thermal radiation dominates the heat transfer mechanisms especially between the cover material surface and the surrounding atmosphere. The radiation heat transfer depends on the orientation of the surfaces relative to each other as well as their radiation properties and temperatures [1]. For a non-horizontal surface (e.g. roof and wall), the radiation exchange between the surface and the sky is weighted by a view factor. The view factor gives the fraction of the view from a base surface obstructed by a given other surface [2]. Generally, single-span greenhouses are oriented such that the length runs east–west. This orientation maximizes winter sunlight and heat gain in the greenhouse [3]. Gutter-connected greenhouses are oriented with the length running north–south (Figure 1). According to Sanford [3], this ensures that the shadow cast by the gutters moves during the day. If the orientation is east–west in this case, the shadow of the gutter will move very little, resulting in less direct sunlight and thus slowing down the plant growth. Spatial irregularities of irradiance with east–west oriented greenhouses could often be a problem at all latitudes [4]. Generally, a specific orientation is suitable for a given purpose and location.
Multi-span Venlo glass greenhouse in Hannover, Germany.
The precise determination of the radiation components is essential for a good estimate of the net radiation balance and, consequently, of the radiation and energy balances [5]. The radiation balance, the main source of energy available for the physical and biological processes, is the essential component of the energy balance at the surface. With the availability of hydro-meteorological data such as air temperature, relative humidity, and cloudiness, the longwave radiation can be estimated for any location and at any given time. The understanding of the factors which control the ascending and descending flows in the atmosphere is essential to improve the models used in the various environmental applications [6].
Internationally, a substantial emphasis is placed on a greenhouse orientation that maximizes light interception. At different surface inclinations and orientations, accurate radiation data and models are required for the longwave radiation exchange at representative conditions [7]. Hence, this chapter seeks to determine the influence of the glass-covered greenhouse surface inclination and orientation on the exterior longwave radiation exchange.
Generally, there is greater thermal radiation interaction between greenhouses and the surroundings compared to other buildings. As a result, thermal radiation loss can particularly become the dominant mechanism of total heat loss especially at night. Thermal radiation is therefore a very important factor in determining the thermal environment inside a greenhouse. Simulation models help to address the challenges related to the high costs of directly measuring longwave radiation. The simulation models further allow the estimation of the thermal exchange on any building surfaces. It is evident from the models that neglecting to consider thermal radiation (shortwave and longwave) exchange in sufficient detail can lead to serious inaccuracies in the model predictions. For the energy balance under daytime conditions, the solar irradiance on greenhouse surfaces plays a very important role and should, therefore, be accounted for precisely. The solar radiation data is readily available from most weather stations particularly for horizontal surfaces and this, together with other parameters, can be utilized in calculating the total irradiance on tilted surfaces with an acceptable accuracy. Knowledge of the thermal radiation exchange is vitally important for numerous applications in agriculture requiring surface radiation and energy balance.
Modeling of longwave radiation exchange between the outside surfaces and the sky requires the knowledge of the sky temperature [8]. The equivalent sky temperature
Sky conditions were modeled on the basis of the cloudiness factor
A computer vision-based algorithm was developed in Halcon 11.0 (HALCON 11.0.3, 2012) which identified selected regions of interest on the weather maps and calculated the cloudiness situation at a given location, thus yielding a cloudiness factor
Procedure overview for the image analysis with Halcon 11.0.
The weather maps were obtained from the web-service Weather Online (WetterOnline). Within a given region, the weather map shows the cloud cover intensity and distribution. It also shows whether rain or snow is falling. Cloudiness influences the longwave radiation emitted by the atmosphere downward to the earth’s surface.
For all-sky conditions, the downwelling longwave radiation
The
The positive relationship of the radiation with the air temperature and cloudiness indicates that empirical models can be used in the simulation under all-sky conditions.
According to Howard and Stull [12], longwave radiation from the surrounding objects such as trees can enhance the total downwelling longwave radiation
The view factor gives the fraction of the view from a base surface obstructed by a given other surface [2]. It can be calculated numerically or analytically. A horizontal surface can see the whole sky, hence it radiates to the whole sky and its view factor with respect to the sky is equal to one. For a non-horizontal surface (e.g. roof and wall), the view factor has to be used since this is less than one. A vertical surface (tilt angle from the vertical plane = 0°) will only see half of the sky. The radiation that leaves the inclined surface is either incident on the ground or it goes to the sky (Figure 3).
Longwave radiation exchange processes at an exterior building surface.
An additional term accounting for the reflected downwelling radiation is incorporated in the computation of the upwelling longwave radiation [13]. From the equations above, the sum of the emitted longwave radiation by the surface
Prediction models provide a more realistic understanding of the thermal radiation exchange between the greenhouse surfaces and the sky if all the required parameters can be accurately determined. The clear-sky atmospheric emissivity parameterizations that include both the near-surface water vapor pressure and the air temperature tend to outperform those consisting of only the air temperature.
Considering an exterior surface and the relevant parameters, the thermal radiation exchange at the surface
According to El-Sebaii et al. [15], estimation of total solar radiation incident on tilted surfaces can be expressed by Eq. (7) as:
The radiation conversion factors (
Components of solar irradiance on tilted surfaces.
For a surface with a given orientation, the daily value of
The energy balance at the exterior greenhouse surface is necessary in order to establish the net radiation gain (daytime solar gain) or the net radiation loss (due to heating at night). The net radiation
This net radiation balance
During the day, the sun which generally provides a large amount of radiation assures a net gain of energy, because the losses are much smaller. This net gain of energy causes a subsequent greenhouse air temperature rise. However, at night, the warm masses within the greenhouse (earthen floor, concrete paths, metal benches, plants, etc.) produce significant radiation losses to the colder outdoor environment. The net energy loss is caused by the transmission of infrared and thermal radiation through the cover, as well as the emission of radiation from the cover to the cold sky.
Under daytime and nighttime situations, the net radiation of the greenhouse is important for the evaluation of the greenhouse energy situation. It is essentially a measure of the fundamental energy available at greenhouse surfaces. A combination of night sky conditions (e.g. cloudiness, atmospheric emissivity, relative humidity) and the location of adjacent surfaces (such as other greenhouses or buildings) can directly affect the net radiation losses. For a dry greenhouse system (with no plants), energy balance requires knowledge of air exchange rate.
Four identical thermal boxes were developed to represent the surfaces of a glass-covered greenhouse. The four boxes were necessary in order to achieve the east, west, north, and south orientations, while changing the inclination angles characterizing the standard Venlo greenhouse surfaces. Each of the developed thermal boxes measured 1.2 m long, 0.95 m wide and 0.6 m high. The base and sidewalls of the boxes were made of Styrodur (BASF, Germany) with a thickness of 10 cm and a lightweight construction. The Styrodur also has excellent insulation properties, high compressive strength, low water absorption and resistance to aging and decay. The initial determination of the air exchange rate due to leaks with a tracer gas [19] proved that the boxes were identical. The errors due to workmanship and closing of the boxes were therefore minimized as much as possible. The exterior surfaces were inclined such that they characterize the roof slope and the walls. Based on the revised German standard for Venlo greenhouses, the roof had an inclination angle of 24° [20]. As expected, both the side and end walls of the Venlo-type greenhouse design had an angle of 90°.
This approach enabled a proper evaluation of the variations in key parameters at the external surfaces due to varied inclination and orientation. In order to avoid obstructions from buildings and trees, an appropriate rooftop was selected for positioning of miniaturized thermal boxes for assessing surface inclination and orientation effects on thermal radiation exchange (Figure 5). The measured parameters included net radiation, air temperature, inside and surface temperatures of the boxes, and wind speeds at different directions [7].
An arrangement of thermal boxes for surface radiation measurement.
A window heating pad (ProfiPower, axhess GmbH & Co. KG, Hausen, Germany) was attached to the bottom section inside the thermal boxes. It was provided with 12 V DC power and in return supplied about 120 W (10 A, 12 V). The heating pad measured 40 cm by 100 cm and weighed about 0.6 kg. The maximum temperature attained by the heating pad was 55 ± 5°C and it had an integrated thermostat for temperature control. A switch-mode DC power supply unit (model 6459, Graupner GmbH & Co. KG, Kirchheim/Teck, Germany) was used. The input voltage was 230 V while the output voltage varied between 5 V and 15 V. The output current was adjustable in the range of 0 A to 20 A. Adjustment of the voltage and ampere knobs gave the needed voltage and current values, respectively. In order to reduce the voltage drop, each DC power supply unit was connected to the heating pad using a twin wire cable of 6 mm2 cross-sectional area and approximately 46 m length. To ensure uniform heat distribution within the box, an aluminum sheet was attached firmly to the upper side of the heating pad. The aluminum sheet was 0.98 m long, 0.65 m wide, and 0.003 m thick.
During the measurement period (October 2014 to March 2015), temperature regulation was necessary to ensure that the inside temperatures in all the four thermal boxes were similar at any given time. This regulation was done with the ProfiLab Expert 4.0 program by setting the inside temperature
The variation of surface-to-air temperature difference Δ
Variation of mean net radiation at roof and wall surfaces with wind speed under all-sky conditions: (a) overcast (
Unlike in the big south-facing thermal box where the view factor remained unchanged, the case was different in the miniaturized thermal boxes. By changing the inclination angle
However, under an overcast condition, the variation in inclination angles did not show any significant changes (
For the chosen wind speed classes and surface orientations, the deviation between the surface-to-air temperature difference Δ
Surface orientation | Selected wind speed classes [m s-1] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0–1.5 | > 1.5–3 | > 3–4.5 | > 4.5–6 | |
South | 1.60 a | 1.49 b | 0.75 c | 0.58 e |
West | 1.82 a | 1.53 b | 1.14 d | 1.01 f |
North | 1.63 a | 1.30 b | 1.22 d | 1.13 f |
East | 1.83 a | 1.41 b | 1.15 d | 1.09 f |
Mean ± Stdev | 1.72 ± 0.12 | 1.41 ± 0.15 | 1.07 ± 0.22 | 0.95 ± 0.26 |
(Within column, same letter indicates insignificant differences at 5% level) |
Deviation between wall and roof surface-to-air temperature difference values for different orientations and wind speeds.
Southerly and westerly wind directions were generally dominant during the measurement period. It is also worth noting that the dominant wind speed class was that between 1.5 m s−1 and 3 m s−1. It was also apparent that wind was very variable both in direction and speed. An increase in wind speed reduces the surface resistance; this generally leads to an increased heat loss which is largely brought about by convection.
Based on the trends of the surface-to-air temperature difference Δ
At the greenhouse surfaces, the weighted contributions of thermal emissions from the sky, the surrounding air, and the ground objects are explained by the view factors. During a clear night, the greenhouse surface loses more heat as it radiates to the very cold clear sky. On a regional scale, clouds play a critical role in the radiation balance at the surface. Under both day and night situations, the study delivers reliable results in terms of the calculation of parameters necessary for the radiation models. The parameters which have an influence on the daytime and nighttime net radiation are surface emissivity, atmospheric emissivity, surface and atmospheric temperatures, and albedo.
With reference to surface inclination and orientation effects, the findings of the study are useful in understanding the impacts of the variously inclined and oriented greenhouse surfaces on heating energy and thus on heat losses. Furthermore, it is important to consider the impact of wind speed specifically for the windward greenhouse surfaces in energy simulations. In this case, the data is distinguished from those of leeward surfaces and the sensitivity to the variation in wind direction can be checked. This becomes more important in uncertainty quantification as a result of variations in the surface orientation.
The author is grateful for the joint scholarship support (between the National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI), Kenya and the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), Germany) and the material support from Biosystems Engineering Section, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany.
The author declares that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this chapter.
constants determined experimentally [−] cloudiness factor [−] view factor to the sky [−] view factor to the air [−] view factor to the ground [−] beam radiation [W m−2] diffuse radiation [W m−2] global radiation on a horizontal surface [W m−2] total solar radiation on the tilted surface [W m−2] downwelling longwave radiation [W m−2] total downwelling longwave radiation [W m−2] upwelling longwave radiation [W m−2] total upwelling longwave radiation [W m−2] thermal radiation exchange [W m−2] effective thermal radiation exchange [W m−2] net (all-wave) radiation [W m−2] net shortwave radiation [W m−2] net longwave radiation [W m−2] air temperature [K] ground temperature [K] surface temperature [K] sky temperature [K] albedo of the earth surface [−] surface-to-air temperature difference [K] deviation between wall and roof Δ ground emissivity [−] effective atmospheric emissivity [−] clear-sky atmospheric emissivity [−] surface emissivity [−] sky emissivity [−] beam radiation conversion factor [−] diffuse radiation conversion factor [−] ground reflected radiation conversion factor [−] angle of inclination from horizontal [°] ground reflectivity [−] Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67 × 10−8 [W m−2 K−4] angle of incidence [°] zenith angle [°]
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Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Plant Physiology",value:13,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Human Physiology",value:12,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell Physiology",value:11,count:8}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:5},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:302,paginationItems:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198499/images/system/198499.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Daniel Glossman-Mitnik is currently a Titular Researcher at the Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Chihuahua, Mexico, as well as a National Researcher of Level III at the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico. His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. 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At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 15th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/35300",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"35300"},fullPath:"/chapters/35300",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()