\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7251",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Organizational Culture",title:"Organizational Culture",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"It is stated that the concept of organizational culture reveals that the behavior of people in organizations is highly influenced by the established attitudes and values of their members, and objective characteristics of organizational culture are everything that exists regardless of its members' thoughts. A lot of researchers of organizational culture continue to look for answers about these relationships. Thus, organizational culture is a phenomenon that constantly receives both researchers' and practitioners' attention. This book supplies the reader with a comprehensive overview of the latest results of studies carried out by scientists from different countries. A lot of attention is given to role of national cultures, organizational culture as a determinant of competitiveness, organizational structures, model of culture for innovation, transformational leadership, leadership competencies, project activity etc.",isbn:"978-1-78984-451-1",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-450-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-790-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74347",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"organizational-culture",numberOfPages:176,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"b3327ed12ba56dbfd84812f7a34e8d38",bookSignature:"Jolita Vveinhardt",publishedDate:"November 28th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7251.jpg",numberOfDownloads:15253,numberOfWosCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitations:12,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:18,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:41,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 31st 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 21st 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 22nd 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 11th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 9th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",middleName:null,surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/179629/images/system/179629.jpg",biography:"Prof. dr. Jolita Vveinhardt – a chief researcher of the Vytautas Magnus University, a professor at the Management Department of the Faculty of Economics and Management at the Vytautas Magnus University (Lithuania). The scientist is heading three scientific groups: 'Neuro-Relationships” (Lithuanian Sports University (LSU)), 'Managerial Solutions to Violence in Sport” (LSU), 'The Group of Interdisciplinary Research on Working Environment” (Vytautas Magnus University (VMU)). Jolita Vveinhardt is the author and co-author of three monographs, four scientific studies, one textbook, and five educational books. The scientist is the editor of three books published by InTech publishing house 'Congruence of Personal and Organizational Values” 2017, 'Organizational Culture” 2018, 'Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility” 2018). For the past several years she explores the phenomena of mobbing and nepotism, climate of the organisation and other aspects related to human resource management. She has published more than 200 scientific articles, 90 of which were published in peer reviewed journals of Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate Analytics) database and read more than 50 papers in national and international scientific conferences. She is a member of editorial boards of 14 scientific periodicals. Prof. Dr. Jolita Vveinhardt is a member of 15 associations and societies. She teaches the following subjects for Master’s degree programme students: Contemporary Organization Theories (VMU) and Novelties of Management Science (LSU). Her main research interests are destructive relationships among employees (mobbing, bullying, nepotism, favouritism, social loafing, social ostracism, organizational cynicism, cronyism, protectionism), business ethics, organizational culture, management culture, organizational climate, personal and organizational values, value congruence, corporate social responsibility, decision-making, neuromanagement, etc.",institutionString:"Vytautas Magnus University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"22",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Vytautas Magnus University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"441",title:"Organizational Behavior Management",slug:"organizational-behavior-management"}],chapters:[{id:"63860",title:"Introductory Chapter: Organizational Culture - How Much Underused Potential Does Science Have?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81134",slug:"introductory-chapter-organizational-culture-how-much-underused-potential-does-science-have-",totalDownloads:1256,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jolita Vveinhardt",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63860",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63860",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"63886",title:"Model of Culture for Innovation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81002",slug:"model-of-culture-for-innovation",totalDownloads:2252,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the current economic panorama, innovation is considered to be an important source of sustainable competitive advantage. The literature indicates that organizational culture is one of the most important factors in innovation stimulation, given that influencing employee behavior promotes the acceptance of innovation as a fundamental organizational value and employee commitment to it. As such, organizations should concentrate on promoting an innovative culture that permits the institutionalization of innovation, which may occur by way of planned action or by means controlled by leaders or indirect mechanisms, such as structures, procedures, or institutional policy declarations. The importance of an innovative culture model which serves as a basis for cultural transformation emerges therefrom. Previous investigations have addressed innovative culture models focused on cultural traits and/or cultural determinants. The present study offers a holistic innovative culture model that in addition to addressing cultural traits and their determinants, as is done in other models, and takes into account management competencies and organizational capacities that are required to conform to cultural traits, to achieve innovative behavior on the part of the individuals of the organization.",signatures:"Julia C. Naranjo-Valencia and Gregorio Calderon-Hernández",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63886",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63886",authors:[{id:"247967",title:"Dr.",name:"Julia",surname:"Naranjo-Valencia",slug:"julia-naranjo-valencia",fullName:"Julia Naranjo-Valencia"},{id:"260915",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregorio",surname:"Calderon-Hernández",slug:"gregorio-calderon-hernandez",fullName:"Gregorio Calderon-Hernández"}],corrections:null},{id:"63695",title:"The Role of National Cultures in Shaping the Corporate Management Cultures: A Three-Country Theoretical Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78051",slug:"the-role-of-national-cultures-in-shaping-the-corporate-management-cultures-a-three-country-theoretic",totalDownloads:5088,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter explores answers to the question that how national cultures influence the management cultures of organizations. In this case, therefore, differences and similarities among the national cultures of Pakistan, Mexico, and the USA are under investigation in order to analyze the impacts of such differences and similarities on the management cultures of organizations located in these countries. The outcomes of the analysis based on the existing literature suggest that differences in national cultures greatly influence the way organizations are managed in these countries. These findings present cross-cultural management challenges for organizations working in these countries, especially when they want to build trilateral or bilateral business partnerships. This is in addition to the fact that the USA and Mexico are geographically far from Pakistan.",signatures:"Mohammad Ayub Khan and Laurie Smith Law",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63695",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63695",authors:[{id:"247709",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Khan",slug:"mohammad-khan",fullName:"Mohammad Khan"},{id:"247712",title:"Prof.",name:"Laurie Smith",surname:"Law",slug:"laurie-smith-law",fullName:"Laurie Smith Law"}],corrections:null},{id:"62016",title:"Project Organizational Culture Framework in Construction Industry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78628",slug:"project-organizational-culture-framework-in-construction-industry",totalDownloads:1237,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Project organizational culture (POC) has been recognized as a significant influencing factor of the success or failure of a project. Although numerous studies on this topic have been conducted to develop organizational culture models, these have mainly been for generic business settings, and one has not yet been developed for construction organizations at the project level. The aim of this chapter was to perform this task in Vietnam. A case study shows that cultural artifacts were arranged into a five-factor project organizational culture framework: “Project goal setting,” “Contractor assurance,” “Cooperative emphasis,” “Empowerment assignment,” and “Workforce emphasis.” The chapter’s findings suggest that the construction contracting organizations are more focused on the culture of mission and adaptability, with a relatively higher emphasis on clear project goals and contractor assurance. They favored a culture of involvement less, with a relatively lower emphasis on empowerment and workforce.",signatures:"Luong Hai Nguyen and Tsunemi Watanabe",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62016",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62016",authors:[{id:"243375",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luong Hai",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"luong-hai-nguyen",fullName:"Luong Hai Nguyen"},{id:"243408",title:"Prof.",name:"Tsunemi",surname:"Watanabe",slug:"tsunemi-watanabe",fullName:"Tsunemi Watanabe"}],corrections:null},{id:"61335",title:"Organizational Culture as a Determinant of Construction Companies’ Competitiveness: Case Study of Croatia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77165",slug:"organizational-culture-as-a-determinant-of-construction-companies-competitiveness-case-study-of-croa",totalDownloads:1317,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The aim of this chapter is to assess the organizational culture in construction industry in Croatia. The introductory part of the chapter highlights the purpose of the study presented in terms of learning the characteristics of the current and preferred organizational culture of the Croatian construction industry as well as understanding the relationship between the culture and competitiveness. Being a transitional country, Croatia is facing the need for behavior change of companies seeking competitive advantage, especially after becoming a part of the united European market. In a labor-intensive business like construction, adaptation of companies strongly depends on the underlying values and assumptions of their employees. Therefore, change management implies a need to learn about culture profiles. Results of the conducted research reveal culture profiles within construction industry in Croatia in respect of the size, core business, regional orientation and ownership of the analyzed companies. The preferences of existing engineers together with expectations of Generation Y have been also considered in order to anticipate the trends and necessary changes of organizational culture in construction industry in Croatia. Finally, findings of the cross-country analysis of culture’s implications on competitiveness will be presented, proving that culture’s role should be considered by decision makers trying to improve competitiveness.",signatures:"Ivana Šandrk Nukić",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61335",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61335",authors:[{id:"246557",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ivana",surname:"Šandrk Nukić",slug:"ivana-sandrk-nukic",fullName:"Ivana Šandrk Nukić"}],corrections:null},{id:"62015",title:"Reflex-Adaptive Organizational Structure in the Implementation of Large-Scale Projects",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78627",slug:"reflex-adaptive-organizational-structure-in-the-implementation-of-large-scale-projects",totalDownloads:1046,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This work reflects the results of research on the study and creation of a new class of highly effective organizational structures of the reflex-adaptive type in the context of the implementation of a large-scale project. The research is based on the information paradigm of organizational structures’ formation. From this perspective, any manufacturing company is represented as a system that converts resources into a final product on the basis of an information imperative. The structure of the production management and executive subsystems is selected. The composition and functions of the subsystems and the formation of system elements’ feedbacks are described. Also, the development methodology of the management and executive subsystems is presented along with synthesis of these subsystems into the cybernetic type organizational structure. The chapter focuses on developing enterprise substructure of the executive subsystem, which is called the project matrix, which factually is its network model. Its properties, and transformation rules are described, and the algorithm of its formation is presented. The system properties of the organizational structure are examined in detail. The methodology for forming the reflex-adaptive organizational structure is presented. Particular attention is paid to the quantitative estimation of flexibility and stableness of organizational structures.",signatures:"Andrey Morozenko",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62015",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62015",authors:[{id:"246628",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrey",surname:"Morozenko",slug:"andrey-morozenko",fullName:"Andrey Morozenko"}],corrections:null},{id:"63974",title:"Leadership Competencies Affecting Projects in Organization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80781",slug:"leadership-competencies-affecting-projects-in-organization",totalDownloads:1670,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Leadership and organizational culture are linked to project performance. The culture of the organization exerts an influence on the leader and shapes the actions and competencies of the leader with the passage of time. For last few decades, project management has extensively been involved in management of projects but still projects are not guaranteed to be successful in various organizational environments. There are certain factors affecting management of projects in different situations where the competence of project leadership is one of the key factors. This chapter employed different keywords and methods for selection of articles synthesizing findings and research gaps of earlier studies. This chapter offers certain limitations and future directions for researchers. The outcomes of this chapter are expected to advance the body of knowledge and help the practitioners in the field of leadership and project management.",signatures:"Riaz Ahmed",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63974",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63974",authors:[{id:"195432",title:"Dr.",name:"Riaz",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"riaz-ahmed",fullName:"Riaz Ahmed"}],corrections:null},{id:"63543",title:"Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture: Keys to Binding Employees to the Dutch Public Sector",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81003",slug:"transformational-leadership-and-organizational-culture-keys-to-binding-employees-to-the-dutch-public",totalDownloads:1395,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In response to the growing ethnic and cultural diversity in Dutch society and its labor market, public organizations in the Netherlands are increasingly crafting diversity policies and conducting diversity interventions. Little is known, however, about the effectiveness of interventions that are used to improve employee engagement in the public sector. This chapter discusses the influence of diversity interventions related to the binding of employees with Dutch public organizations with an emphasis on the role of leadership and organizational culture. This chapter concludes that transformational leadership and organizational culture are the keys to the binding of employees to the public sector in today’s diverse Netherlands. An inclusive organizational culture in which there is a room for diversity is decisive for the success of interventions used in public organizations. It also appears that managers of these organizations play a critical role. The effect of diversity interventions on the binding of employees with their organizations appears to be less when the manager uses a transformational leadership style. This demonstrates the importance of an inclusive organizational culture and a people-oriented transformational leadership style in the Dutch public sector.",signatures:"Saniye Çelik",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63543",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63543",authors:[{id:"246109",title:"Dr.",name:"Saniye",surname:"Çelik",slug:"saniye-celik",fullName:"Saniye Çelik"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5858",title:"Congruence of Personal and Organizational Values",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e59bb665f108a72351652ae2bb5a3bcd",slug:"congruence-of-personal-and-organizational-values",bookSignature:"Jolita Vveinhardt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6673",title:"Dark Sides of Organizational Behavior and Leadership",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"27634eca6401e330ec9b04f3a1e7e770",slug:"dark-sides-of-organizational-behavior-and-leadership",bookSignature:"Maria Fors Brandebo and Aida Alvinius",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6673.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"229002",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Fors Brandebo",slug:"maria-fors-brandebo",fullName:"Maria Fors Brandebo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"erratum-the-mechanism-of-misalignment-of-saw-cutting-crack-of-concrete-pavement",title:"Erratum - The Mechanism of Misalignment of Saw Cutting Crack of Concrete Pavement",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/71364.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71364",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71364",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/71364",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/71364",chapter:{id:"71109",slug:"the-mechanism-of-misalignment-of-saw-cutting-crack-of-concrete-pavement",signatures:"Chatarina Niken",dateSubmitted:"October 18th 2019",dateReviewed:"January 11th 2020",datePrePublished:"February 14th 2020",datePublished:"September 23rd 2020",book:{id:"7615",title:"Fracture Mechanics Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Fracture Mechanics Applications",slug:"fracture-mechanics-applications",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",bookSignature:"Hayri Baytan Ozmen and H. Ersen Balcioglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7615.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"198122",title:"Dr.",name:"Hayri Baytan",middleName:null,surname:"Ozmen",slug:"hayri-baytan-ozmen",fullName:"Hayri Baytan Ozmen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"313776",title:"Dr.",name:"Chatarina",middleName:null,surname:"Niken",fullName:"Chatarina Niken",slug:"chatarina-niken",email:"chatarinaniken@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"71109",slug:"the-mechanism-of-misalignment-of-saw-cutting-crack-of-concrete-pavement",signatures:"Chatarina Niken",dateSubmitted:"October 18th 2019",dateReviewed:"January 11th 2020",datePrePublished:"February 14th 2020",datePublished:"September 23rd 2020",book:{id:"7615",title:"Fracture Mechanics Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Fracture Mechanics Applications",slug:"fracture-mechanics-applications",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",bookSignature:"Hayri Baytan Ozmen and H. Ersen Balcioglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7615.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"198122",title:"Dr.",name:"Hayri Baytan",middleName:null,surname:"Ozmen",slug:"hayri-baytan-ozmen",fullName:"Hayri Baytan Ozmen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"313776",title:"Dr.",name:"Chatarina",middleName:null,surname:"Niken",fullName:"Chatarina Niken",slug:"chatarina-niken",email:"chatarinaniken@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7615",title:"Fracture Mechanics Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Fracture Mechanics Applications",slug:"fracture-mechanics-applications",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",bookSignature:"Hayri Baytan Ozmen and H. Ersen Balcioglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7615.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"198122",title:"Dr.",name:"Hayri Baytan",middleName:null,surname:"Ozmen",slug:"hayri-baytan-ozmen",fullName:"Hayri Baytan Ozmen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9607",leadTitle:null,title:"Immunosuppression",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Our immune system is equipped with a series of defence mechanisms to recognise and respond to non-self molecules. Although essential for fighting off infections and preventing cancers, destructive immune responses pose a considerable challenge in autoinflammation and transplantation. Currently available immunosuppressants help to control destructive immune responses. However, management of side-effects of lifelong immunosuppression, including cancer development and reduced survival, remain major problems. For this reason, an increasing amount of interest is directed towards the natural specific regulatory mechanism of the immune system. A better understanding of these mechanisms holds the key. This book presents a comprehensive overview of immune suppression in transplantation, cancer and viral infections. Chapters cover modulation of Treg as well as the new era of immunotherapy.",isbn:"978-1-83968-124-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-123-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-125-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87403",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"immunosuppression",numberOfPages:104,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"9e4a6d6f6a85696f31c1afb3edba3306",bookSignature:"Xuehui He",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9607.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:3444,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfTotalCitations:2,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 13th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 27th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 26th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 14th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 13th 2020",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"284559",title:"Dr.",name:"Xuehui",middleName:null,surname:"He",slug:"xuehui-he",fullName:"Xuehui He",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284559/images/system/284559.jpg",biography:"Dr. Xuehui He received her PhD at Tuebingen University, Germany, in the field of molecular biology. Thereafter, she moved to Nijmegen, The Netherlands, for continuing the adventure in immunology field. Over the years, the regulation of the immune system especially in relation to autoimmune diseases has been her main topic of research including the basics of T cell activation, the induction of immune tolerance, and the modulatory effect of various immune suppressants. Identification of biomarkers for personalized therapy and using the biomarker profile as a co-diagnostic tool is her recent research focus. Her final aim is to capture disease severity in validated outcome measures and assess side effects of treatments in real clinical practice.",institutionString:"Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Netherlands"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1039",title:"Immunopathology",slug:"immunology-allergology-and-rheumatology-immunopathology"}],chapters:[{id:"71499",title:"Induced Immunosuppression in Critical Care",slug:"induced-immunosuppression-in-critical-care",totalDownloads:628,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"71759",title:"Biological Modulation of the Treg:Teff Ratio: From Immunosuppression to Immunoactivation",slug:"biological-modulation-of-the-treg-teff-ratio-from-immunosuppression-to-immunoactivation",totalDownloads:750,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"72606",title:"Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach to Antibody-Mediated Rejections in Heart Transplantation",slug:"novel-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-approach-to-antibody-mediated-rejections-in-heart-transplantation",totalDownloads:334,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"71922",title:"Immunosuppression and Viral Infections",slug:"immunosuppression-and-viral-infections",totalDownloads:548,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"74090",title:"The New Era of Immunotherapy in Bile Duct Cancer Management",slug:"the-new-era-of-immunotherapy-in-bile-duct-cancer-management",totalDownloads:476,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"71107",title:"Role of Hybrid Operating Room: Present and Future",slug:"role-of-hybrid-operating-room-present-and-future",totalDownloads:711,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"280415",firstName:"Josip",lastName:"Knapic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280415/images/8050_n.jpg",email:"josip@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copy-editing and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2026",title:"Inflammatory Diseases",subtitle:"Immunopathology, Clinical and Pharmacological Bases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55567318dc2901acbc8cdbab9c48feef",slug:"inflammatory-diseases-immunopathology-clinical-and-pharmacological-bases",bookSignature:"Mahin Khatami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2026.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63956",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahin",surname:"Khatami",slug:"mahin-khatami",fullName:"Mahin Khatami"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4587",title:"Immunopathology and Immunomodulation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0346bffd3a481c57a940d89686b53e32",slug:"immunopathology-and-immunomodulation",bookSignature:"Krassimir Metodiev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4587.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"141685",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Krassimir",surname:"Metodiev",slug:"krassimir-metodiev",fullName:"Krassimir Metodiev"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2027",title:"Inflammatory Diseases",subtitle:"A Modern Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb1a244125407385f6b1151815c08f5f",slug:"inflammatory-diseases-a-modern-perspective",bookSignature:"Amit Nagal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2027.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63003",title:"Dr.",name:"Amit",surname:"Nagal",slug:"amit-nagal",fullName:"Amit Nagal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8269",title:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"76a423b1edee17156cff61414de76079",slug:"new-insights-into-systemic-sclerosis",bookSignature:"Michal Tomcik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8269.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193284",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",surname:"Tomcik",slug:"michal-tomcik",fullName:"Michal Tomcik"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"34728",title:"Preoperative Factors as Predictors of Outcome of Midurethral Sling in Women with Mixed Urinary Incontinence",doi:"10.5772/32723",slug:"preoperative-factors-for-outcome-of-midurethral-sling-in-women-with-mixed-urinary-incontinence",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/34728.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/34728",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/34728",totalDownloads:1691,totalViews:77,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:18,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"April 13th 2011",dateReviewed:"October 12th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 4th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/34728",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/34728",book:{id:"1448",slug:"urinary-incontinence"},signatures:"Jin Wook Kim, Mi Mi Oh and Jeong Gu Lee",authors:[{id:"92461",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeong",middleName:"Gu",surname:"Lee",fullName:"Jeong Lee",slug:"jeong-lee",email:"jeongkl@kumc.or.kr",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Korea University (South Korea)",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Korea, South"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1448",type:"book",title:"Urinary Incontinence",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Urinary Incontinence",slug:"urinary-incontinence",publishedDate:"April 4th 2012",bookSignature:"Ammar Alhasso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1448.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0484-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6956-7",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:20,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"124685",title:"Mr.",name:"Ammar",middleName:null,surname:"Alhasso",slug:"ammar-alhasso",fullName:"Ammar Alhasso"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1162"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"34717",type:"chapter",title:"The Role of Altered Connective Tissue in the Causation of Pelvic Floor Symptoms",slug:"connective-tissue-looseness-and-development-of-pelvic-floor-dysfunction-and-symptoms",totalDownloads:3128,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"B. Liedl, O. Markovsky, F. Wagenlehner and A. Gunnemann",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"92322",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernhard",middleName:null,surname:"Liedl",fullName:"Bernhard Liedl",slug:"bernhard-liedl"},{id:"102798",title:"Prof.",name:"Florian",middleName:null,surname:"Wagenlehner",fullName:"Florian Wagenlehner",slug:"florian-wagenlehner"},{id:"102799",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfons",middleName:null,surname:"Gunnemann",fullName:"Alfons Gunnemann",slug:"alfons-gunnemann"}]},{id:"34718",type:"chapter",title:"Epidemiology of Urinary Incontinence in Pregnancy and Postpartum",slug:"epidemiology-of-urinary-incontinence-during-pregnancy-and-postpartum",totalDownloads:3743,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Stian Langeland Wesnes, Steinar Hunskaar and Guri Rortveit",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"96897",title:"Dr.",name:"Stian Langeland",middleName:null,surname:"Wesnes",fullName:"Stian Langeland Wesnes",slug:"stian-langeland-wesnes"},{id:"97544",title:"Prof.",name:"Steinar",middleName:null,surname:"Hunskaar",fullName:"Steinar Hunskaar",slug:"steinar-hunskaar"},{id:"97545",title:"Prof.",name:"Guri",middleName:null,surname:"Rortveit",fullName:"Guri Rortveit",slug:"guri-rortveit"}]},{id:"34719",type:"chapter",title:"A Multi-Disciplinary Perspective on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Urinary Incontinence in Young Women",slug:"interdisciplinary-approach-to-the-treatment-of-urinary-incontinence",totalDownloads:2295,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mariola Bidzan, Jerzy Smutek, Krystyna Garstka-Namysł, Jan Namysł and Leszek Bidzan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"98042",title:"Prof.",name:"Mariola",middleName:null,surname:"Bidzan",fullName:"Mariola Bidzan",slug:"mariola-bidzan"},{id:"104019",title:"Dr.",name:"Jerzy",middleName:null,surname:"Smutek",fullName:"Jerzy Smutek",slug:"jerzy-smutek"},{id:"104020",title:"Prof.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Bidzan",fullName:"Leszek Bidzan",slug:"leszek-bidzan"},{id:"128274",title:"Dr.",name:"Krystyna",middleName:null,surname:"Garstka-Namysł",fullName:"Krystyna Garstka-Namysł",slug:"krystyna-garstka-namysl"},{id:"129976",title:"MSc.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Namysł",fullName:"Jan Namysł",slug:"jan-namysl"}]},{id:"34720",type:"chapter",title:"Effects of Pelvic Floor Muscle Training with Biofeedback in Women with Stress Urinary Incontinence",slug:"effects-of-pelvic-floor-muscle-training-with-biofeedback-in-women-with-stress-urinary-incontinence-",totalDownloads:3029,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Nazete dos Santos Araujo, Érica Feio Carneiro Nunes, Ediléa Monteiro de Oliveira, Cibele Câmara Rodrigues and Lila Teixeira de Araújo Janahú",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"103452",title:"MSc.",name:"Nazete",middleName:null,surname:"Araujo",fullName:"Nazete Araujo",slug:"nazete-araujo"},{id:"139572",title:"MSc.",name:"Lila",middleName:"Teixeira De Araujo",surname:"Janahu",fullName:"Lila Janahu",slug:"lila-janahu"},{id:"140050",title:"Dr.",name:"Erica",middleName:null,surname:"Feio",fullName:"Erica Feio",slug:"erica-feio"},{id:"140051",title:"Dr.",name:"Edilea",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"Edilea Oliveira",slug:"edilea-oliveira"},{id:"140052",title:"Dr.",name:"Cibele",middleName:null,surname:"Câmara",fullName:"Cibele Câmara",slug:"cibele-camara"}]},{id:"34721",type:"chapter",title:"Incontinence[A1]: Physical Activity as a Supporting Preventive Approach",slug:"-female-urinary-incontinence-physical-activity-as-a-supporting-preventive-approach-",totalDownloads:3263,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Aletha Caetano",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"92192",title:"Dr.",name:"Aletha",middleName:"Silva",surname:"Caetano",fullName:"Aletha Caetano",slug:"aletha-caetano"}]},{id:"34722",type:"chapter",title:"Elderly Women and Urinary Incontinence in Long-Term Care",slug:"elderly-women-and-urinary-incontinence-in-long-term-care",totalDownloads:3560,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Catherine MacDonald",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"100440",title:"Prof.",name:"Catherine",middleName:"Doreen",surname:"MacDonald",fullName:"Catherine MacDonald",slug:"catherine-macdonald"}]},{id:"34723",type:"chapter",title:"Geriatric Urinary Incontinence - Special Concerns on the Frail Elderly",slug:"geriatric-urinary-incontinence-special-concerns-on-the-frail-elderly-",totalDownloads:2616,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Verdejo-Bravo Carlos",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"92441",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Verdejo Bravo",fullName:"Carlos Verdejo Bravo",slug:"carlos-verdejo-bravo"}]},{id:"34724",type:"chapter",title:"A Model of the Psychological Factors Conditioning Health Related Quality of Life in Urodynamic Stress Incontinence Patients After TVT",slug:"a-model-of-the-psychological-factors-conditioning-health-related-quality-of-life-in-genuine-stress-i",totalDownloads:1630,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mariola Bidzan, Leszek Bidzan and Jerzy Smutek",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"98042",title:"Prof.",name:"Mariola",middleName:null,surname:"Bidzan",fullName:"Mariola Bidzan",slug:"mariola-bidzan"},{id:"104019",title:"Dr.",name:"Jerzy",middleName:null,surname:"Smutek",fullName:"Jerzy Smutek",slug:"jerzy-smutek"},{id:"104020",title:"Prof.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Bidzan",fullName:"Leszek Bidzan",slug:"leszek-bidzan"}]},{id:"34725",type:"chapter",title:"The Concept and Pathophysiology of Urinary Incontinence",slug:"a-novel-concept-on-urinary-incontinence-in-women-",totalDownloads:2399,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Laila A. Mousa and Ibrahim M. Kandil",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"101208",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel Karim",middleName:"Mohamad",surname:"El Hemaly",fullName:"Abdel Karim El Hemaly",slug:"abdel-karim-el-hemaly"},{id:"133413",title:"Prof.",name:"Laila",middleName:null,surname:"Mousa",fullName:"Laila Mousa",slug:"laila-mousa"},{id:"133425",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrahim M.",middleName:null,surname:"Kandil",fullName:"Ibrahim M. Kandil",slug:"ibrahim-m.-kandil"}]},{id:"34726",type:"chapter",title:"Diagnosis and Treatment of Overactive Bladder",slug:"diagnosis-and-treatment-of-overactive-bladder",totalDownloads:2589,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Howard A. Shaw and Julia A. Shaw",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"95168",title:"Dr.",name:"Howard",middleName:"Andrew",surname:"Shaw",fullName:"Howard Shaw",slug:"howard-shaw"}]},{id:"34727",type:"chapter",title:"Biomarkers in the Overactive Bladder Syndrome",slug:"biomarkers-in-the-overactive-bladder-syndrome",totalDownloads:1931,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Célia Duarte Cruz, Tiago Antunes Lopes, Carlos Silva and Francisco Cruz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"104321",title:"Prof.",name:"Celia",middleName:null,surname:"Cruz",fullName:"Celia Cruz",slug:"celia-cruz"},{id:"104328",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Cruz",fullName:"Francisco Cruz",slug:"francisco-cruz"},{id:"136318",title:"Dr.",name:"Tiago",middleName:null,surname:"Antunes-Lopes",fullName:"Tiago Antunes-Lopes",slug:"tiago-antunes-lopes"},{id:"136319",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"SilvA",fullName:"Carlos SilvA",slug:"carlos-silva"}]},{id:"34728",type:"chapter",title:"Preoperative Factors as Predictors of Outcome of Midurethral Sling in Women with Mixed Urinary Incontinence",slug:"preoperative-factors-for-outcome-of-midurethral-sling-in-women-with-mixed-urinary-incontinence",totalDownloads:1691,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jin Wook Kim, Mi Mi Oh and Jeong Gu Lee",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"92461",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeong",middleName:"Gu",surname:"Lee",fullName:"Jeong Lee",slug:"jeong-lee"}]},{id:"34729",type:"chapter",title:"Suburethral Slingplasty Using a Self-Fashioned Mesh for Treating Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse",slug:"suburethral-slingplasty-using-a-self-fashioned-mesh-for-treating-urinary-incontinence-and-anterior-v",totalDownloads:1778,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Chi-Feng Su, Soo-Cheen Ng, Horng-Jyh Tsai and Gin-Den Chen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"92189",title:"Prof.",name:"Gin-Den",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Gin-Den Chen",slug:"gin-den-chen"},{id:"100236",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi-Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Su",fullName:"Chi-Feng Su",slug:"chi-feng-su"},{id:"100237",title:"Dr.",name:"Soo-Cheen",middleName:null,surname:"Ng",fullName:"Soo-Cheen Ng",slug:"soo-cheen-ng"},{id:"136224",title:"Dr.",name:"Horng-Jyh",middleName:null,surname:"Tsai",fullName:"Horng-Jyh Tsai",slug:"horng-jyh-tsai"}]},{id:"34730",type:"chapter",title:"Refractory Stress Urinary Incontinence",slug:"surgery-for-refractory-urinary-incontinence",totalDownloads:2451,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sara M. Lenherr and Arthur P. Mourtzinos",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"95950",title:"Dr.",name:"Arthur",middleName:null,surname:"Mourtzinos",fullName:"Arthur Mourtzinos",slug:"arthur-mourtzinos"},{id:"138520",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Lenherr",fullName:"Sara Lenherr",slug:"sara-lenherr"}]},{id:"34731",type:"chapter",title:"Surgical Complications with Synthetic Materials",slug:"complications-of-genital-prolapse-and-urinary-incontinence-surgery",totalDownloads:6284,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Verónica Ma. De J. Ortega-Castillo and Eduardo S. Neri-Ruz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"98557",title:"Dr.",name:"Ortega",middleName:null,surname:"Castillo Veronica",fullName:"Ortega Castillo Veronica",slug:"ortega-castillo-veronica"}]},{id:"34732",type:"chapter",title:"Treatment of Post-Prostatic Surgery Stress Urinary Incontinence",slug:"the-periurethral-constrictor-an-efficient-cost-effective-solution-for-the-post-prostatic-surgery-uri",totalDownloads:2937,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"José Anacleto Dutra de Resende Júnior, João Luiz Schiavini, Danilo Souza Lima da Costa Cruz, Renata Teles Buere, Ericka Kirsthine Valentin, Gisele Silva Ribeiro and Ronaldo Damião",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"99276",title:"Prof.",name:"José Anacleto Dutra De",middleName:null,surname:"Resende Júnior",fullName:"José Anacleto Dutra De Resende Júnior",slug:"jose-anacleto-dutra-de-resende-junior"},{id:"103469",title:"Prof.",name:"João Luiz",middleName:null,surname:"Schiavini",fullName:"João Luiz Schiavini",slug:"joao-luiz-schiavini"},{id:"103471",title:"Prof.",name:"Ronaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Damião",fullName:"Ronaldo Damião",slug:"ronaldo-damiao"},{id:"103473",title:"Ms.",name:"Renata Teles",middleName:null,surname:"Buere",fullName:"Renata Teles Buere",slug:"renata-teles-buere"},{id:"103475",title:"Dr.",name:"Danilo Souza Lima Da",middleName:null,surname:"Costa Cruz",fullName:"Danilo Souza Lima Da Costa Cruz",slug:"danilo-souza-lima-da-costa-cruz"},{id:"103488",title:"Prof.",name:"Ericka Kirsthine",middleName:"Kirsthine",surname:"Valentin",fullName:"Ericka Kirsthine Valentin",slug:"ericka-kirsthine-valentin"},{id:"103492",title:"Ms.",name:"Gisele Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro",fullName:"Gisele Silva Ribeiro",slug:"gisele-silva-ribeiro"}]},{id:"34733",type:"chapter",title:"Continent Urinary Diversions in Non Oncologic Situations: Alternatives and Complications",slug:"urinary-derivations-alternatives-and-complications",totalDownloads:3189,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ricardo Miyaoka and Tiago Aguiar",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"92486",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Miyaoka",fullName:"Ricardo Miyaoka",slug:"ricardo-miyaoka"}]},{id:"34734",type:"chapter",title:"Futuristic Concept in Management of Female SUI: Permanent Repair Without Permanent Material",slug:"futuristic-concept-in-management-of-female-sui-permanent-repair-without-permanent-material",totalDownloads:2718,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yasser Farahat and Ali Abdel Raheem",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"96993",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasser",middleName:null,surname:"Farahat",fullName:"Yasser Farahat",slug:"yasser-farahat"},{id:"120155",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Raheem",fullName:"Ali Abdel Raheem",slug:"ali-abdel-raheem"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5352",title:"Synopsis in the Management of Urinary Incontinence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7793498d8fd7ab427e9449e34faf438c",slug:"synopsis-in-the-management-of-urinary-incontinence",bookSignature:"Ammar Alhasso and Holly Bekarma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5352.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"124685",title:"Mr.",name:"Ammar",surname:"Alhasso",slug:"ammar-alhasso",fullName:"Ammar Alhasso"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"53692",title:"Assessment of Urinary Incontinence (UI) in Adult Patients",slug:"assessment-of-urinary-incontinence-ui-in-adult-patients",signatures:"Raheela M. Rizvi and Mohammad Hammad Ather",authors:[{id:"88868",title:"Prof.",name:"M Hammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ather",fullName:"M Hammad Ather",slug:"m-hammad-ather"},{id:"185970",title:"Dr.",name:"Raheela",middleName:"Mohsin",surname:"Rizvi",fullName:"Raheela Rizvi",slug:"raheela-rizvi"}]},{id:"53709",title:"Adjustable Midurethral Slings in the Treatment of Female Stress Urinary Incontinence",slug:"adjustable-midurethral-slings-in-the-treatment-of-female-stress-urinary-incontinence",signatures:"Funda Gungor Ugurlucan and Cenk Yasa",authors:[{id:"83201",title:"Dr.",name:"Funda",middleName:null,surname:"Gungor Ugurlucan",fullName:"Funda Gungor Ugurlucan",slug:"funda-gungor-ugurlucan"}]},{id:"53511",title:"Complementary and Alternative Medicine Treatment for Urinary Incontinence",slug:"complementary-and-alternative-medicine-treatment-for-urinary-incontinence",signatures:"Ran Pang, Ri Chang, Xin-Yao Zhou and Chun-Lan Jin",authors:[{id:"186524",title:"Prof.",name:"Ran",middleName:null,surname:"Pang",fullName:"Ran Pang",slug:"ran-pang"},{id:"193855",title:"Dr.",name:"Xin-Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",fullName:"Xin-Yao Zhou",slug:"xin-yao-zhou"},{id:"200293",title:"Dr.",name:"Ri",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Ri Chang",slug:"ri-chang"},{id:"200300",title:"Prof.",name:"Chun-Lan",middleName:null,surname:"Jin",fullName:"Chun-Lan Jin",slug:"chun-lan-jin"}]},{id:"53697",title:"Physiotherapy in Women with Urinary Incontinence",slug:"physiotherapy-in-women-with-urinary-incontinence",signatures:"Özlem Çinar Özdemir and Mahmut Surmeli",authors:[{id:"185712",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Özlem",middleName:null,surname:"Çinar Özdemir",fullName:"Özlem Çinar Özdemir",slug:"ozlem-cinar-ozdemir"},{id:"193852",title:"Mr.",name:"Mahmut",middleName:null,surname:"Surmeli",fullName:"Mahmut Surmeli",slug:"mahmut-surmeli"}]},{id:"53493",title:"Medical and Surgical Treatment for Overactive Bladder",slug:"medical-and-surgical-treatment-for-overactive-bladder",signatures:"Rodrigo Garcia-Baquero, Madurga Patuel Blanca, Lafuente\nMolinero Candelaria and Alvarez-Ossorio Jose Luis",authors:[{id:"185782",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia-Baquero",fullName:"Rodrigo Garcia-Baquero",slug:"rodrigo-garcia-baquero"},{id:"193860",title:"Dr.",name:"Blanca",middleName:null,surname:"Madurga Patuel",fullName:"Blanca Madurga Patuel",slug:"blanca-madurga-patuel"},{id:"193862",title:"Dr.",name:"Candelaria",middleName:null,surname:"Lafuente Molinero",fullName:"Candelaria Lafuente Molinero",slug:"candelaria-lafuente-molinero"},{id:"194046",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Ossorio",fullName:"Jose Luis Alvarez-Ossorio",slug:"jose-luis-alvarez-ossorio"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1762",title:"Evolving Trends in Urology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4b9965c1c8ed456914c0a375d06d1df8",slug:"evolving-trends-in-urology",bookSignature:"Sashi S. Kommu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1762.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9902",title:"Dr.",name:"Sashi S.",surname:"Kommu",slug:"sashi-s.-kommu",fullName:"Sashi S. Kommu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2676",title:"Current Concepts in Kidney Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9513ddae671c1c1d920820209c22ca4c",slug:"current-concepts-in-kidney-transplantation",bookSignature:"Sandip Kapur, Cheguevara Afaneh and Meredith J. Aull",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78020",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandip",surname:"Kapur",slug:"sandip-kapur",fullName:"Sandip Kapur"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3313",title:"Recent Advances in the Field of Urinary Tract Infections",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"02d234a9ee56794bfa06cce7bb94fdf1",slug:"recent-advances-in-the-field-of-urinary-tract-infections",bookSignature:"Thomas Nelius",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"53464",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Nelius",slug:"thomas-nelius",fullName:"Thomas Nelius"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7957",title:"Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction",subtitle:"From Evidence to Clinical Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e29f9949691e86e226d6c7f7aa81134c",slug:"lower-urinary-tract-dysfunction-from-evidence-to-clinical-practice",bookSignature:"Ran Pang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7957.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186524",title:"Prof.",name:"Ran",surname:"Pang",slug:"ran-pang",fullName:"Ran Pang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"369",title:"Current Concepts of Urethroplasty",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b4cf5fd57e6ce8906f3770e50c4ac21d",slug:"current-concepts-of-urethroplasty",bookSignature:"Ivo Donkov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/369.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"61180",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivo",surname:"Donkov",slug:"ivo-donkov",fullName:"Ivo Donkov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"82979",title:"Lupus Genetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106372",slug:"lupus-genetics",body:'
Autoimmunity occurs when a component of a certain tissue of the human body becomes immunogenic with consequent production of autoantibodies against it.
For induction of autoimmunity three conditions are required.
Self-antigen.
An inflammatory environment.
A genetic predisposition.
For the production of a self-antigen, two mechanisms are implicated. A part of an inflammatory agent, a virus, for instance, may have similarities with a component of human tissue and in this way it becomes immunogenic; this mechanism is called molecular mimicry – a mechanism quite commonly encountered in nature. Another mechanism is epitope spreading when fragments of damaged tissue during the inflammatory process become immunogenic. Stimuli that may induce an inflammation are multiple: microbes, viruses, chemicals, stress, etc. As all human beings are exposed to various agents very frequently, it is quite difficult to identify the initial moment autoimmunity occurs and the responsible factor [1].
Lupus is the prototype of autoimmune diseases with B-cell hyperactivity resulting in the production of anti-DNA autoantibodies and manifests with abnormalities of internal organs. Renal insufficiency, hemolytic anemia, arterial and venous thromboses are common in SLE. Skin eruptions may also be observed in patients with SLE. Females are more frequently affected with the disease female: male ratio 6-10:1. Prevalence of SLE is relatively low 1 in 2000, in general population. Despite this fact, SLE remains an important health care problem and is associated with a significant financial burden to the community because of the young age of the individuals suffering from the disease. A study of survival from 2000 to 2002 has shown that almost 4% of all patients hospitalized in New York AND Pennsylvania with lupus die [2, 3].
Lupus is a disease with a strong genetic component as it runs in families [4].
Genes associated with lupus include genes of the HLA of the MHC group of genes and non-HLA genes such as interferon genes, autophagy genes and the X-linked group genes and others. Among them, the HLA genes are those that play the most important role in the pathogenesis of lupus erythematosus. The different groups of these genes will be discussed in detail below [5].
The human MHC genes are located in a segment of chromosome 6 (6p21.3) that consists of three areas (I, II and III) encoding three major classes of proteins: class I human leukocyte antigens, HLA divided into antigens (A, B and Cw), HLA class II (DP, DQ and DR) and class III whose components are complement, tumor necrosis factor (TNFa) and heat shock proteins. The HLA genes were the first to be associated with SLE and this since 1970. Studies in the past have identified HLA A1, B8 – a weak association in some studies with other studies showing no association at all -DR2, DR3, DQW1, DRW52, C4 null ancestral haplotypes as susceptibility genes for lupus erythematosus. HLA DR2 has been found in 75% of white patients with SLE (normal subjects 24%), 75% are positive for DR3 (normal subjects 25%), 75% are positive for DQW1 (normal subjects 55%) and 65% haveDRW52 (normal subjects 46%) [6]. Data suggest that the HLA-D region is exerting its effect on certain autoantibody responses in lupus erythematosus. Recently, the DRB1 gene polymorphisms have been associated with different sub-groups of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Different groups of SLE are defined by autoantibodies status, HLA-DRB1 polymorphisms, immunological and clinical manifestations.
Recent research has identified four different groups described below:
Subgroup 1 is dominated by anti-SSA/R060/Ro52/SSB autoantibodies and is strongly associated with HLA-DRB103. Discoid lesions are more common in this subgroup.
Subgroup 2 is dominated by anti-nucleosome/SmRNP/DNA/RNPA autoantibodies and is associated with HLA-DRB115. Nephritis is most common in this subgroup.
Subgroup 3 is characterized by anti-b2GPI-IgG/ANTI-cl-IgG/IgM autoantibodies and a higher frequency of HLA-DRB104 compared with other patients with SLE. Vascular events are more common in this subgroup.
Subgroup 4 was negative for all the above-investigated autoantibodies and was not associated with HLA-DRB1 [7].
Recent research has shown that HLA genes are implicated differently in the pathogenesis of lupus according to age. HLA genes are more implicated in the pathogenesis of lupus in older than in younger patients. This may be due to the fact that lupus in young patients is more related to infection while in older individuals is associated with the intake of drugs administered for various other ailments such as antihypertensive drugs, for instance, captopril [8, 9].
An association of lupus with myasthenia gravis in a male patient has been HLA investigated and found positivity for HLA DRB1602-frequent in autoimmune disorders associated with the production of autoantibodies, DRB1401 frequent in late-onset myasthenia gravis, and A1B8 found in three of seven patients with both lupus erythematosus and myasthenia gravis [10, 11, 12].
INF—is a protein produced mainly by dendritic cells and lymphocytes following a viral infection and links innate and adaptive immunity. It confers resistance to viral infection and susceptibility to autoimmunity. Previous studies showed that interferon type I is strongly associated with the pathogenesis of lupus. The primary pathogenic factor in SLE escalates IFN-a signaling, which can activate STAT4, a transcription factor [13]. Genetic variations of this transcription factor have been associated with the risk of SLE and rheumatoid arthritis. Immature pDCs are activated through innate toll receptors TLRs, TLR7 and TLR9 by immune complexes to produce inflammatory cytokines including type I INF. High levels of serum IFN type I together with overexpression of IFN inducible genes have been found in individuals with SLE. The level of IFN correlated with the severity of the disease. The top 10 genes identified, associated with excessive production of IFN in viral infection, are I STAT1, IRF7, IRF5, IRF8 MX1, OASL, ISG15, IFIT3, IFIT1, OAS2 and GBP1 [14]. Among those, all associated with SLE only GBP1 was of recent association with the disease IRF5, IRF7 and IRF8 a family of transcription factors downstream of endosomal TLRs, are required for activating transcription of IFN-a and IFN-inducible genes [15, 16, 17]. Genetic variants on these three genes but especially variants of IRF5 and IRF7 have a functional impact on increased serum IFN and such impact depends on the presence of specific autoantibodies. The type I interferon pathway is central to disease pathogenesis. Hydroxychloroquine acts therapeutically on lupus by inhibiting the interferon pathway [18].
Evidence has revealed that complement deficiencies result in a reduced ability in the clearance of apoptotic cells that increase the production of autoantibodies and therefore SLE development in susceptible individuals. The C1q component – the first component of the classical complement pathway - that plays a significant role in the apoptotic cells is associated with SLE. C1q is encoded by three genes (a, b and c genes) all located in chromosome 1. The lupus autoantigens that are located in apoptotic debris may stimulate an inappropriate immune response. C1q may inhibit IFN-gamma production and, in this way, is involved in SLE development. When hereditary homozygous deficiency in any of the three C1q genes occurs, this leads to the development of SLE in all cases. C2, C4A and C4B genes which are part of the HLA class III genes – located at chromosome 6 – constitute components of the classical complement activation pathway. Observed in 0.01–0.02% of the general population C2 deficiency is the commonest but in lupus patients its prevalence is significantly higher depending on the region, 0.4% – 2.33% of people of European origin carry C2 deficiency – caused by a deletion on the DRW2 haplotype. These individuals will eventually develop lupus in their lifetime. C4 is important as a single gene defect. About 70% of the known cases of double homozygous C4 deficiency (C40, deficient at both C4A and C4B genes) result in a lupus phenotype. The C4A null allele is associated with almost every SLE population studied to date and may have an independent HLA effect [19].
The receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (FcγRs) play an important role in the clearance of immune complexes. They also present the modified antigen to the different populations of lymphocytes and are implicated in the modulation of inflammatory processes within the human immune system. Pre three families of FcγRs exist, the FcγRI, is the high-affinity receptor, while FcγRII and FcγRIII are low-affinity receptors. Failure of FcγR mediated clearance of immune complexes and control of inflammatory responses are thought to be predisposing factors for the development of SLE. The FCGR2/3 locus on chromosome 1q23.3 that encodes the low-affinity FcγRs is subject to both single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and copy number variation (CNV). An SNP in the promoter region of FcγRIIb, also known as 2B.4, was found to be more frequently present in lupus [20].
IL-10 is a pivotal cytokine which inhibits T cells and antigen-presenting cells while enhancing B-cell survival and activity. IL-1β, IL-10 and TNF-a genes are important in the pathogenesis of SLE. It has been found that ILβ-511, IL-1β + 3953, IL-10-1082 and TNF-a-308 polymorphisms may be linked to the risk of lupus development and also to a specific phenotype. The high TNF alpha genotypes - 308AA - were associated with SLE independently of IL10 alleles, but the risk of developing CCLE and the prevalence of discoid lesion phenotype - in SLE - were higher in the high IL10/low TNF alpha producer group (−1082/−308GG). In addition, interaction between different cytokines modifies the appearance of autoantibodies. Patients who produce low levels of both TNF alpha and IL10 present anti-Sm-antibodies while patients who produce low IL10/high TNF alpha present more frequently antibodies to SSa and SSb. Furthermore, interleukin 23R gene polymorphisms especially the IL23Rrs10889677 confers SLE susceptibility to individuals of certain ethnicities, such as IL17 A haplotype polymorphisms. In addition, Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism is a disease severity factor in SLE [21, 22, 23, 24].
NF-κB is an inflammation driving factor that mediates the release of IL-6, IL-12 and TNF. In healthy individuals, the A20 binding inhibitors of NF-κB (ABINs1–3) help keeping it in an inactive form in the cytoplasm. It is its activation followed by phosphorylation and degradation and subsequently induction of gene expression that is associated with the pathogenesis of SLE. The gene encoding the ABIN1 protein presents polymorphism that is associated with a predisposition for autoimmune disease. The TNIP1 (TNFAIP3-interacting protein 1) gene locus that encodes for the protein ABIN1 is associated with predisposition to SLE [25].
ITGAM produces macrophage antigen 1(MAC1), an adhesion molecule found on the surface of myeloid cells, natural killer cells and a subgroup of B cells. This is achieved when CD11b-integrin Am - encoded by ITGAM - is united to C818-integrin β2. Leucocyte adhesion and migration may be influenced by MAC1 as it binds to intercellular adhesion molecules - ICAM1 and ICAM2. In addition, MAC1 is a receptor for the cleaved complement factor IC3b. A polymorphism of this gene, particularly the R77H - a single nucleotide polymorphism -(SNP), is associated with SLE by modifying the structure of the gene products. This results in an increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and a reduced Ic3b phagocytosis and cellular adhesion. This makes this polymorphism a probable therapeutic target for lupus treatment. ITGAM gene polymorphisms result in defective clearance of immune complexes and apoptotic cells and lead to initiation and maintenance of autoimmune responses and chronic inflammation in SLE. ITGAM gene polymorphisms are associated with increased susceptibility to CCLE rather than to SLE [26].
The protein phosphatase PP2A consists of three subunits but evidence reveals only the involvement of the catalytic subunit PP2Ac in the pathogenesis of SLE. PP2A controls various cellular pathways including DNA replication, gene translation and cell differentiation. The enzymatic activity of thePP2Ac is augmented in SLE. PP2Ac is dysregulated in SLE, resulting in altered transcription factor activation in T cells that affects their function by decreasing their capacity to produce IL-2 and reducing their expression of the T cell receptor (TCR) associated signaling molecule CD3ζ [27].
Cd22 - also known as SIGLEC2 - is a lectin that belongs to the sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-like lectin family. It is expressed by B cells and functions as a negative regulator of B cell activation. Accordingly, deficiencies of SIAE and CD22 produce phenotypes characterized by hyperactive B cells and spontaneous autoimmunity as in SLE in animal models. In fact, exon sequencing of the SIAE gene in a small group of patients with high titers of antinuclear antibodies (13 of whom had defined autoimmune diseases) found that 2 out of 19 had rare loss of function variants of SIAE. Loss of function alleles was found to be more common in patients with autoimmune diseases [27].
They comprise nine type I trans-membrane glycoprotein receptors that provide potent co-stimulatory signals for the TCR-CD3, complex and mediate regulatory signals between immune cells. Defective SLAMF signals result in B and T cell abnormalities and impaired antibody production. SLAMF 3 and SLAMF 6 molecules are expressed at higher levels on T cells in patients with lupus contributing to SLE pathogenesis [27].
Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) is a negative regulator of T cell activation associated with several autoimmune diseases and SLE. In individuals of European ancestry, The rs2476601 is the most significantly with SLE associated polymorphism expressed at higher levels on T cells from patients with lupus contributing to SLE pathophysiology [27, 28].
Variants of those two genes which are present alone or in combination in a substantial proportion of lupus patients impair suppression of IRF5 and type-I IFN in human B cell lines and likely contribute to genetic risk [29].
PD-1 (Programmed Cell Death Protein 1) discovered in 1992 and described as the rheostat of the immune reaction, because expressed in cells of the lymphoid tissue it inhibits their effector action allowing tumour development, while its blockade induces a robust anti-tumour activity and at the same time the appearance of autoimmune phenomena. Antibodies against PD-1 are currently widely used in cancer chemotherapy but are associated with induction of autoimmunity and subsequently SLE [30].
CCLE in the past referred to as discoid lupus represents the papulosquamous scarring form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Lupus panniculitis and lupus timidus also belong to this group. Lesions similar to these of CCLE have been described in carriers of the X-linked granulomatous disease [31]. Initial research found an association of HLA-A1, B8, HLA-B15, HLA-DRB10303 and HLA-DQA1 haplotype with CCLE. HLA-B8 was more frequently found in white CCLE patients while the HLA-DRW6 was found in an increased proportion of patients with DLE of both white and black races [32]. An association of HLA-DRB116 with CCLE in Mexican mestizo patients, the HLA-DRB116 gene is associated with most immune disorders mediated by the production of autoantibodies [33]. In a homozygous C2 deficiency patient with CCLE lupus, the C2 deficiency gene was associated with HLA-A10, B18, DR2, C4A4B2, Bfs, on one chromosome and with HLA-A2, B7 DR2, C4A4B2, Bfs on the other [34]. Susceptibility to CCLE lupus was recently noticed in a high interleukin10/low TNF alpha producer genotype (−1082 gg-308GG) [35]. A variant of the gene encoding the TRAF31P2, a member of the TNF receptor pathway involved in autoimmune diseases - missense substitution Thr438Asn - has been associated with discoid lupus and folliculitis decalvans [36]. Recently studies have identified 10 hub genes associated with CCLE which are CXCL10, CCR7, FPR3, PPARGC1A, MMP9, IRF7, IL2RG, SOCS1, ISG15 andGSTM3. Although general signs may be absent from skin in CCLE, it is a site of important disease activity. Genetic mapping recently showed overlapping of regions in seven (7) chromosomes - mainly genes of interferons and tumor necrosis factor-alpha between SLE and CCLE. In conclusion, these findings indicate that a genetic risk is shared by both SLE and CCLE [37, 38]. Micro RNA associated with epigenetic processes has also been found decreased in the serum of patients with CCLE [39].
Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus represents a widespread, photosensitive, nonscarring, nonindurated form of lupus erythematosus., associated with a distinctive immunogenetic background including the production of Ro/SS-antibodies. Patients with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus present in most cases the HLA-A1, B8 and DR3 haplotype that is also observed in approximately 25% of the North American Caucasians; this haplotype is now referred as the 8.1 ancestral haplotype. Partial or complete deficiency in C2 and C4, whose genes are located on chromosome 6, has been reported in some patients with SCLEA single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the TNF-alpha gene promoter (−308A) encoding excessive TNF-alpha expression has been associated with skin lesions in patients suffering from SCLE (the TNF, a gene is also located within the HLA region). Also, a robust association of photosensitive systemic lupus erythematosus and a complete congenital deficiency of C1q have been recently revealed. In addition, SCLE subphenotype was significantly associated with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the second exon of the gene encoding the A chain of C1q, which is the molecule that initiates the classical pathway of complement. SCLE patients homozygous for this SNP had lower serum levels of Ciq antigen compared to SCLE patients not having this SNP. To date this C1q an SNP is the only genetic association of SCLE that lies outside the HLA region. Two recent studies are in accordance with finding that in both SCLE and CCLE IFN-pathways are increased, but CCLE does indeed express more IFN-gamma than SCLE [40, 41].
Neonatal lupus erythematosus is noticed in the newborns of women suffering from SLE, and it is characterized by an erythematosus rash around the eyes similar to spectacles, a heart block and the presence of anti-Ro antibodies in the serum. Neonatal lupus has been associated with the HLA-DRB102, HLA-DRB103 and the-308A allele linked to higher TNF- alpha production; these are present in the majority of children with this rash [42].
Chilblain lupus erythematosus is a rare subtype of chronic cutaneous lupus more frequently encountered in middle-aged women and can evolve into SLE in some cases. (18–20%) The clinical picture is characteristic of an acral distribution of bluish-red inflammatory skin lesions on upper and lower extremities following exposure to cold or damp weather. Rarely familial cases have been reported and are associated with autosomal dominant mutations in the TREX gene encoding the 3–5 DNA exonuclease. The TREX1 gene is located on chromosome 3p21. 0.5–3% of all patients with SLE carried mutations in TREX1 [43, 44].
Lupus erythematosus is a disease that affects nine (9) times more frequently females than males. Females have a stronger immune system than males; this can be explained by evolutionary biology. Women are destined to be pregnant and during pregnancy their immune system is suppressed to tolerate the existence and development of the fetus. Therefore, their immune system has to be more robust than that of males to compensate for this relative deficiency during gestation - this is the compensation theory. According to the Lyon theory, women have two chromosomes, but one copy is turned off in every cell very early in embryonic development; this process is known as X inactivation. Recent research, however, revealed that 15 per cent of the genes of the supposedly inactivated X chromosome are still turned on that the number of certain proteins produced in women is an increase compared with that in men. Particularly in women with lupus, some genes are active on both X copies and this higher activity correlates with disease severity [45]. Anguera M has also recently discovered that in mice mature immune cells undergo significant dynamic changes that could make it easier for X-linked genes to get turned on when they should be off.
The AIRE gene was discovered in 1997 and plays an important role in autoimmune regulation. As it is expressed by cells in the thymus, it helps T cells to recognize if proteins presented to them are components of the self or non-self substances. It influences the expression of a wide variety of self-antigens in the thymus and is essential to the negative selection of self-reactive cells and the establishment of self-tolerance. The activity of AIRE is partially controlled by sex hormones, with estrogens and progesterone turning down the expression of AIRE while testosterone increasing its production. Under the influence of sex hormones, women at puberty make less AIRE than men, resulting in more self-reactive T cells escaping from the thymus and causing autoimmune disease. It has been discovered that the AIRE Ser196Ser synonymous variant is a risk factor for SLE.
Another X-linked gene is the gene for toll-like receptor7 or TLR-7 that encodes a protein that recognizes pathogens and increases the production of interferons - molecules directly implicated in the pathogenesis of lupus. The identification of TASL as the component that links endolysosomal TLRs to the IRF5 transcription factor via SLC15A4 provides a mechanistic explanation for the involvement of these proteins in systemic lupus erythematosus. Also, X-linked gene CXorf21 may contribute to sexual dimorphism in systemic lupus erythematosus [46, 47].
Epigenetic processes are molecular events that affect gene expression by reorganizing the structure of chromatin without altering the DNA sequence [48]. Such mechanisms include:
CpG-DNA methylation.
Post-translational modification of histone tails.
micro RNAs (miRNAs).
Epigenetic patterns can be modified by environmental factors or internal ones such as medicines administered to the patients. SLE is one of the disorders where epigenetics plays a major role in the development of the disease. Monozygotic twins that are equipped with the same genome for SLE susceptibility present less than 50% concordance rate. This implies that other mechanisms, mostly epigenetics, are implicated in the pathogenesis of SLE.
B and T cells from patients with SLE exhibit a global decrease in CpG-DNA methylation that correlates with disease activity. Increased methylation of the IL2 gene results in the failure of T cells in patients with SLE to express IL2, while other cytokine genes are overexpressed in T cells in patients with SLE as a result of CpG-DNA hypomethylation. Such genes include IL4, IL6, IL10, IL13, IL17 and genes encoding various surface molecules, namely CD6, CD11a, CD40L and CD70. All these events produce increased numbers of effector memory CD4+ and contribute to the proinflammatory phenotype of SLE.
The most common histone modifications include acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, ubiquitylation and citrullination of histone tails; however, histone modifications are even more complex than CpG-DNA methylation patterns and remain poorly understood. Histone modifications care altered in T cells from patients with SLE. These modifications result in increased TNF expression and subsequent monocyte maturation and cytokine expression. IL2 levels increase while IL17 levels augment as a result of the different expression of the relevant genes.
MicroRNAs are short non-coding(21–23 nucleotide) RNA molecules that act as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and function by forming duplexes with target mRNAs, resulting in mRNA degradation or translational arrest. MicroRNAs may be deregulated in SLE inducing the activation of type I IFN and NκB pathways and also by promoting the release of chemokines leading to exacerbation of inflammatory responses, also by reducing DNA methylation.
Molecular genetics of SLE will in the future provide the clinician with useful therapeutic tools and a cure will be achieved without even awareness of the event that initiated the inflammatory process.
SLE | Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. |
CCLE | Chronic Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus. |
SCLE | Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus. |
Content alerts
",metaTitle:"Content alerts",metaDescription:"Content alerts",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/content-alerts",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Content alerts
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Content alerts
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11661},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135275},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"19"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11690",title:"COVID-19 Drug Development - Recent Advances, New Perspectives, and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f8092a491f68ca0b63cc6d40936a010a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Arli Aditya Parikesit",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11690.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",surname:"Parikesit",slug:"arli-aditya-parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11813",title:"RNA Therapeutics - History, Design, Manufacturing, and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fbffd7b2f97a65ffb0901de38a65bed0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Irina Vlasova-St. Louis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11813.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"211159",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",surname:"Vlasova-St. Louis",slug:"irina-vlasova-st.-louis",fullName:"Irina Vlasova-St. Louis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11814",title:"Liposomes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"62d8542d18b8cddcf507f7948b2ae74b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajeev K. Tyagi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11814.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"269120",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",surname:"Tyagi",slug:"rajeev-tyagi",fullName:"Rajeev Tyagi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12205",title:"Photodynamic Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8099dd8f660b401e5ecfa85ce3f0df81",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12205.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12206",title:"Antibiotic Resistance - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"708d9c997d91bdbe75c55cb5d9f7b526",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ghulam Mustafa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12206.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"298756",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghulam",surname:"Mustafa",slug:"ghulam-mustafa",fullName:"Ghulam Mustafa"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12208",title:"Metformin - A Prospective Alternative for the Treatment of Chronic Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"aa4b8aac3f44ba3ab334530c5d5646ea",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12208.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12209",title:"Vitamin B Complex",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"56e8be78a5a1aed62dbc6e8f3c1371f8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Juber Akhtar, Dr. Mohammad Ahmad, Dr. Mohammad Irfan Khan and Dr. Badruddeen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12209.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"345595",title:"Prof.",name:"Juber",surname:"Akhtar",slug:"juber-akhtar",fullName:"Juber Akhtar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12212",title:"Hypoxia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c7561177210ce5982b54d46a48666012",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12212.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12315",title:"Cosmetic Products and Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4730ab11e05d70d04ea88d87983a5cef",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12315.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12316",title:"Biosimilars",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a1b73e32f785b40296c7b8def525c99f",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12316.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12324",title:"Aspirin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9af8f557ac54627e386caa7cd6015d96",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12324.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12326",title:"Drug Formulation Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"be61949c97a884e4342d41ec7414e678",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rahul Shukla",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12326.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"319705",title:"Dr.",name:"Rahul",surname:"Shukla",slug:"rahul-shukla",fullName:"Rahul Shukla"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:41},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:13},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4797},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"916",title:"Biotechnology",slug:"biomaterials-biotechnology",parent:{id:"154",title:"Biomaterials",slug:"biomaterials"},numberOfBooks:6,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:391,numberOfWosCitations:982,numberOfCrossrefCitations:353,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1058,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"916",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7727",title:"Biotechnology and Bioengineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1e6603fadccf154db3bc2b7a1e473121",slug:"biotechnology-and-bioengineering",bookSignature:"Eduardo Jacob -Lopes and Leila Queiroz Zepka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7727.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"171980",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Jacob-Lopes",slug:"eduardo-jacob-lopes",fullName:"Eduardo Jacob-Lopes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6518",title:"Chitin-Chitosan",subtitle:"Myriad Functionalities in Science and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2bbe245f1821a6691cc6d07e5b3462cf",slug:"chitin-chitosan-myriad-functionalities-in-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Rajendra Sukhadeorao Dongre",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6518.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188286",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Rajendra",middleName:"Sukhadeorao",surname:"Dongre",slug:"rajendra-dongre",fullName:"Rajendra Dongre"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1487",title:"Biomaterials",subtitle:"Applications for Nanomedicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"696e143e9bcc2385c45795c2d73cdafc",slug:"biomaterials-applications-for-nanomedicine",bookSignature:"Rosario Pignatello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1487.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64447",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",middleName:null,surname:"Pignatello",slug:"rosario-pignatello",fullName:"Rosario Pignatello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"395",title:"Biomaterials",subtitle:"Physics and Chemistry",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"41507bb56706aec99bb59a645585d54e",slug:"biomaterials-physics-and-chemistry",bookSignature:"Rosario Pignatello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/395.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64447",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",middleName:null,surname:"Pignatello",slug:"rosario-pignatello",fullName:"Rosario Pignatello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1486",title:"Biomaterials Science and Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38aeff8880e6259e624707abda269b0f",slug:"biomaterials-science-and-engineering",bookSignature:"Rosario Pignatello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1486.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64447",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",middleName:null,surname:"Pignatello",slug:"rosario-pignatello",fullName:"Rosario Pignatello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1293",title:"Application of Thermodynamics to Biological and Materials Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c7a1f8f3707f2cefd44a5d2d209485a1",slug:"application-of-thermodynamics-to-biological-and-materials-science",bookSignature:"Mizutani Tadashi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1293.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14519",title:"Prof.",name:"Mizutani",middleName:null,surname:"Tadashi",slug:"mizutani-tadashi",fullName:"Mizutani Tadashi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:6,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"23617",doi:"10.5772/24118",title:"Collagen- vs. Gelatine-Based Biomaterials and Their Biocompatibility: Review and Perspectives",slug:"collagen-vs-gelatine-based-biomaterials-and-their-biocompatibility-review-and-perspectives",totalDownloads:9462,totalCrossrefCites:63,totalDimensionsCites:203,abstract:null,book:{id:"1487",slug:"biomaterials-applications-for-nanomedicine",title:"Biomaterials",fullTitle:"Biomaterials Applications for Nanomedicine"},signatures:"Selestina Gorgieva and Vanja Kokol",authors:[{id:"55577",title:"Prof.",name:"Vanja",middleName:null,surname:"Kokol",slug:"vanja-kokol",fullName:"Vanja Kokol"},{id:"61285",title:"BSc",name:"Selestina",middleName:null,surname:"Gorgieva",slug:"selestina-gorgieva",fullName:"Selestina Gorgieva"}]},{id:"22917",doi:"10.5772/24901",title:"Ulvan: A Versatile Platform of Biomaterials from Renewable Resources",slug:"ulvan-a-versatile-platform-of-biomaterials-from-renewable-resources",totalDownloads:3502,totalCrossrefCites:20,totalDimensionsCites:67,abstract:null,book:{id:"395",slug:"biomaterials-physics-and-chemistry",title:"Biomaterials",fullTitle:"Biomaterials - Physics and Chemistry"},signatures:"Federica Chiellini and Andrea Morelli",authors:[{id:"60263",title:"Dr.",name:"Federica",middleName:null,surname:"Chiellini",slug:"federica-chiellini",fullName:"Federica Chiellini"},{id:"60747",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Morelli",slug:"andrea-morelli",fullName:"Andrea Morelli"}]},{id:"22922",doi:"10.5772/23929",title:"Research on Mg-Zn-Ca Alloy as Degradable Biomaterial",slug:"research-on-mg-zn-ca-alloy-as-degradable-biomaterial",totalDownloads:2489,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:59,abstract:null,book:{id:"395",slug:"biomaterials-physics-and-chemistry",title:"Biomaterials",fullTitle:"Biomaterials - Physics and Chemistry"},signatures:"B.P. Zhang, Y. Wang and L. Geng",authors:[{id:"54477",title:"Dr",name:"Baoping",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"baoping-zhang",fullName:"Baoping Zhang"},{id:"140304",title:"Dr.",name:"You",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"you-wang",fullName:"You Wang"},{id:"140305",title:"Dr.",name:"Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Geng",slug:"lin-geng",fullName:"Lin Geng"}]},{id:"23634",doi:"10.5772/25177",title:"Biopolymers as Wound Healing Materials: Challenges and New Strategies",slug:"biopolymers-as-wound-healing-materials-challenges-and-new-strategies",totalDownloads:12883,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:56,abstract:null,book:{id:"1487",slug:"biomaterials-applications-for-nanomedicine",title:"Biomaterials",fullTitle:"Biomaterials Applications for Nanomedicine"},signatures:"Ali Demir Sezer and Erdal Cevher",authors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"},{id:"129634",title:"Prof.",name:"Erdal",middleName:null,surname:"Cevher",slug:"erdal-cevher",fullName:"Erdal Cevher"}]},{id:"22919",doi:"10.5772/25071",title:"Human Dentin as Novel Biomaterial for Bone Regeneration",slug:"human-dentin-as-novel-biomaterial-for-bone-regeneration",totalDownloads:3190,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:32,abstract:null,book:{id:"395",slug:"biomaterials-physics-and-chemistry",title:"Biomaterials",fullTitle:"Biomaterials - Physics and Chemistry"},signatures:"Masaru Murata, Toshiyuki Akazawa, Masaharu Mitsugi, In-Woong Um, Kyung-Wook Kim and Young-Kyun Kim",authors:[{id:"61607",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaru",middleName:null,surname:"Murata",slug:"masaru-murata",fullName:"Masaru Murata"},{id:"62246",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshiyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Akazawa",slug:"toshiyuki-akazawa",fullName:"Toshiyuki Akazawa"},{id:"62247",title:"Prof.",name:"Masaharu",middleName:null,surname:"Mitsugi",slug:"masaharu-mitsugi",fullName:"Masaharu Mitsugi"},{id:"62248",title:"Prof.",name:"In-Woong",middleName:null,surname:"Um",slug:"in-woong-um",fullName:"In-Woong Um"},{id:"62249",title:"Prof.",name:"Kyung-Wook",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"kyung-wook-kim",fullName:"Kyung-Wook Kim"},{id:"62484",title:"Prof.",name:"Young-Kyun",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"young-kyun-kim",fullName:"Young-Kyun Kim"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"23633",title:"The Use of Biomaterials to Treat Abdominal Hernias",slug:"the-use-of-biomaterials-to-treat-abdominal-hernias",totalDownloads:8450,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"1487",slug:"biomaterials-applications-for-nanomedicine",title:"Biomaterials",fullTitle:"Biomaterials Applications for Nanomedicine"},signatures:"Luciano Zogbi",authors:[{id:"56634",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciano",middleName:null,surname:"Zogbi",slug:"luciano-zogbi",fullName:"Luciano Zogbi"}]},{id:"65140",title:"Microbial Bioremediation and Different Bioreactors Designs Applied",slug:"microbial-bioremediation-and-different-bioreactors-designs-applied",totalDownloads:1936,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"Microbial remediation of pollutants involves the use of microorganisms to degrade pollutants either completely to water and carbon dioxide (for organic pollutants) or into less toxic forms. In the case of nonbiodegradable inorganic compounds, bioremediation takes the form of bioaccumulation or conversion of one toxic species to a less toxic form for example Cr(VI) is converted to less toxic (III). Bioremediation is considered an environmentally friendly way for pollution clean-up. Microbial clean up can be applied in situ (in place of contamination) or ex situ (off the site of contamination). In situ remediation in the natural environment is deemed slow and often times difficult to control and optimize the different parameters affecting the bioremediation. To this end, use of engineered bioreactors is preferred. Engineered bioreactors providing for optimum conditions for microbial growth and biodegradation have been developed for use in bioremediation processes to achieve the different desired remediation goals. Bioreactors in use range in mode of operation from batch, continuous, and fed batch bioreactors and are designed to optimize microbial processes in relationship to contaminated media and nature of pollutant. Designed bioreactors for bioremediation range from packed, stirred tanks, airlift, slurry phase, and partitioning phase reactors amongst others.",book:{id:"7727",slug:"biotechnology-and-bioengineering",title:"Biotechnology and Bioengineering",fullTitle:"Biotechnology and Bioengineering"},signatures:"Memory Tekere",authors:[{id:"231753",title:"Prof.",name:"Memory",middleName:null,surname:"Tekere",slug:"memory-tekere",fullName:"Memory Tekere"}]},{id:"66868",title:"Structural Design, Fabrication and Evaluation of Resorbable Fiber-Based Tissue Engineering Scaffolds",slug:"structural-design-fabrication-and-evaluation-of-resorbable-fiber-based-tissue-engineering-scaffolds",totalDownloads:1166,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The use of tissue engineering to regenerate viable tissue relies on selecting the appropriate cell line, developing a resorbable scaffold and optimizing the culture conditions including the use of biomolecular cues and sometimes mechanical stimulation. This review of the literature focuses on the required scaffold properties, including the polymer material, the structural design, the total porosity, pore size distribution, mechanical performance, physical integrity in multiphase structures as well as surface morphology, rate of resorption and biocompatibility. The chapter will explain the unique advantages of using textile technologies for tissue engineering scaffold fabrication, and will delineate the differences in design, fabrication and performance of woven, warp and weft knitted, braided, nonwoven and electrospun scaffolds. In addition, it will explain how different types of tissues can be regenerated by each textile technology for a particular clinical application. The use of different synthetic and natural resorbable polymer fibers will be discussed, as well as the need for specialized finishing techniques such as heat setting, cross linking, coating and impregnation, depending on the tissue engineering application.",book:{id:"7727",slug:"biotechnology-and-bioengineering",title:"Biotechnology and Bioengineering",fullTitle:"Biotechnology and Bioengineering"},signatures:"Martin W. King, Jiyang Chen, Monica Deshpande, Ting He, Harshini Ramakrishna, Yu Xie, Fan Zhang and Fan Zhao",authors:[{id:"237132",title:"Prof.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"W. King",slug:"martin-w.-king",fullName:"Martin W. King"},{id:"278816",title:"Dr.",name:"Yu (Sherry)",middleName:null,surname:"Xie",slug:"yu-(sherry)-xie",fullName:"Yu (Sherry) Xie"},{id:"278817",title:"MSc.",name:"Harshini",middleName:null,surname:"Ramakrishna",slug:"harshini-ramakrishna",fullName:"Harshini Ramakrishna"},{id:"278818",title:"MSc.",name:"Jiyang",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jiyang-chen",fullName:"Jiyang Chen"},{id:"278832",title:"MSc.",name:"Fan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",slug:"fan-zhao",fullName:"Fan Zhao"},{id:"281334",title:"Ms.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Deshpande",slug:"monica-deshpande",fullName:"Monica Deshpande"},{id:"281336",title:"Dr.",name:"Ting",middleName:null,surname:"He",slug:"ting-he",fullName:"Ting He"},{id:"281338",title:"MSc.",name:"Fan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"fan-zhang",fullName:"Fan Zhang"}]},{id:"61572",title:"A Review of Chitosan-Based Materials for the Removal of Organic Pollution from Water and Bioaugmentation",slug:"a-review-of-chitosan-based-materials-for-the-removal-of-organic-pollution-from-water-and-bioaugmenta",totalDownloads:1892,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"Chitin is a natural polymer extracted mostly from shrimp or crab shells and is the Earth’s second most abundant polysaccharide. After a simple deacetylation procedure, chitin is converted into chitosan that consists in a polysaccharide structure of deacetylated-β-glucosamine. Chitosan has been largely employed in wastewater treatment the removal of colloids through coagulation-flocculation processes. Different chitosan based materials have been produced and tested in the removal of inorganic pollutants such as toxic metals and metalloids, nutrients, dyes, micropollutants and hydrocarbons. Sorbents such as magnetic-activated carbon chitosan have been successfully tested in the removal of antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and amoxicillin) from water. Raw chitosan and ZnO nanoparticles entrapped in chitosan have demonstrated an excellent potential for the removal of the insecticide permethrin from aqueous effluents. Chitin and chitosan in flake and powder form have also demonstrated a promising effectiveness in the removal of oil spilled in seawater. Superhydrophobic and superoleophilic sponges modified by thioles have been also prepared from chitosan and used for the removal of oil spills. Chitosan hydrogels have been tested as well as entrapment matrices for the immobilization of hydrocarbon-degrading biomass for oil spills. Strains such as R. corynebacteriorides (QBTo), Bacillus subtilis LAMI008 and B. pumilus have been successfully immobilized and employed in hydrocarbon degradation processes. In this book chapter, the use of chitosan and chitosan-based materials in the removal of organic pollutants from water is reviewed.",book:{id:"6518",slug:"chitin-chitosan-myriad-functionalities-in-science-and-technology",title:"Chitin-Chitosan",fullTitle:"Chitin-Chitosan - Myriad Functionalities in Science and Technology"},signatures:"Carlos Escudero-Oñate and Elena Martínez-Francés",authors:[{id:"188725",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Escudero-Oñate",slug:"carlos-escudero-onate",fullName:"Carlos Escudero-Oñate"},{id:"246684",title:"MSc.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Francés",slug:"elena-martinez-frances",fullName:"Elena Martínez-Francés"}]},{id:"60805",title:"Chitosan: A Good Candidate for Sustained Release Ocular Drug Delivery Systems",slug:"chitosan-a-good-candidate-for-sustained-release-ocular-drug-delivery-systems",totalDownloads:1708,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"This chapter focuses on the eye, one of the most important organs of humans. Current data on pathophysiology of the human eye are presented in direct correlation with a range of therapeutic products, with a well-known and widely used material, namely chitosan. Applications of chitosan biopolymer are described in the development of innovative, modern, therapeutic devices and solutions. Thus, chitosan is a good excipient either for classic drop-type ocular systems, as well as for complex drug systems such as nanostructures (nanoparticles, nanomicelles and nanosuspensions), liposomes, microemulsions, microspheres, in situ hydrogels and inserts or implants. A number of disadvantages for ocular administration of the drugs are thus overcome.",book:{id:"6518",slug:"chitin-chitosan-myriad-functionalities-in-science-and-technology",title:"Chitin-Chitosan",fullTitle:"Chitin-Chitosan - Myriad Functionalities in Science and Technology"},signatures:"Lăcrămioara Popa, Mihaela Violeta Ghica, Cristina Elena Dinu-Pîrvu\nand Teodora Irimia",authors:[{id:"56579",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihaela Violeta",middleName:null,surname:"Ghica",slug:"mihaela-violeta-ghica",fullName:"Mihaela Violeta Ghica"},{id:"193810",title:"Prof.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Dinu-Pirvu",slug:"cristina-dinu-pirvu",fullName:"Cristina Dinu-Pirvu"},{id:"228211",title:"Prof.",name:"Lacramioara",middleName:null,surname:"Popa",slug:"lacramioara-popa",fullName:"Lacramioara Popa"},{id:"228225",title:"Mr.",name:"Teodora",middleName:null,surname:"Irimia",slug:"teodora-irimia",fullName:"Teodora Irimia"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"916",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. Vouros",slug:"deep-multiagent-reinforcement-learning-methods-addressing-the-scalability-challenge",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Multi-Agent Technologies and Machine Learning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11445.jpg",subseries:{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems"}}},{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:59,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"12086",title:"Cattle Diseases - Molecular and Biochemical Approach",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12086.jpg",hash:"afdbf57e32d996556a94528c06623cf3",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11579",title:"Animal Welfare - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11579.jpg",hash:"12e4f41264cbe99028655e5463fa941a",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"51520",title:"Dr.",name:"Shao-Wen",surname:"Hung",slug:"shao-wen-hung",fullName:"Shao-Wen Hung"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{id:"83092",title:"Novel Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106255",signatures:"Pugalanthipandian Sankaralingam, Poornimadevi Sakthivel and Vijayakumar Chinnaswamy Thangavel",slug:"novel-composites-for-bone-tissue-engineering",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",subseries:{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics"}}},{id:"82800",title:"Repurposing Drugs as Potential Therapeutics for the SARS-Cov-2 Viral Infection: Automatizing a Blind Molecular Docking High-throughput Pipeline",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105792",signatures:"Aldo Herrera-Rodulfo, Mariana Andrade-Medina and Mauricio Carrillo-Tripp",slug:"repurposing-drugs-as-potential-therapeutics-for-the-sars-cov-2-viral-infection-automatizing-a-blind-",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82582",title:"Protecting Bioelectric Signals from Electromagnetic Interference in a Wireless World",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105951",signatures:"David Marcarian",slug:"protecting-bioelectric-signals-from-electromagnetic-interference-in-a-wireless-world",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82586",title:"Fundamentals of Molecular Docking and Comparative Analysis of Protein–Small-Molecule Docking Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105815",signatures:"Maden Sefika Feyza, Sezer Selin and Acuner Saliha Ece",slug:"fundamentals-of-molecular-docking-and-comparative-analysis-of-protein-small-molecule-docking-approac",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82392",title:"Nanomaterials as Novel Biomarkers for Cancer Nanotheranostics: State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105700",signatures:"Hao Yu, Zhihai Han, Cunrong Chen and Leisheng Zhang",slug:"nanomaterials-as-novel-biomarkers-for-cancer-nanotheranostics-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"82184",title:"Biological Sensing Using Infrared SPR Devices Based on ZnO",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104562",signatures:"Hiroaki Matsui",slug:"biological-sensing-using-infrared-spr-devices-based-on-zno",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hiroaki",surname:"Matsui"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82122",title:"Recent Advances in Biosensing in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104922",signatures:"Alma T. Banigo, Chigozie A. Nnadiekwe and Emmanuel M. Beasi",slug:"recent-advances-in-biosensing-in-tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82080",title:"The Clinical Usefulness of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers: Current and Future Directions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103172",signatures:"Donovan McGrowder, Lennox Anderson-Jackson, Lowell Dilworth, Shada Mohansingh, Melisa Anderson Cross, Sophia Bryan, Fabian Miller, Cameil Wilson-Clarke, Chukwuemeka Nwokocha, Ruby Alexander-Lindo and Shelly McFarlane",slug:"the-clinical-usefulness-of-prostate-cancer-biomarkers-current-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82005",title:"Non-Invasive Approach for Glucose Detection in Urine Quality using Its Image Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104791",signatures:"Anton Yudhana, Liya Yusrina Sabila, Arsyad Cahya Subrata, Hendriana Helda Pratama and Muhammad Syahrul Akbar",slug:"non-invasive-approach-for-glucose-detection-in-urine-quality-using-its-image-analysis",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81778",title:"Influence of Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials on the Reconstruction of Biomedical Parts via Additive Manufacturing Techniques: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104465",signatures:"Babatunde Olamide Omiyale, Akeem Abiodun Rasheed, Robinson Omoboyode Akinnusi and Temitope Olumide Olugbade",slug:"influence-of-mechanical-properties-of-biomaterials-on-the-reconstruction-of-biomedical-parts-via-add",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",value:8,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",value:9,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:20,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/26946/images/system/26946.png",institutionString:"University of Zagreb",institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:6}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:229,paginationItems:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",biography:"Dr. Aneesa Moolla has extensive experience in the diverse fields of health care having previously worked in dental private practice, at the Red Cross Flying Doctors association, and in healthcare corporate settings. She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\r\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\r\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Orthodontist, Assoc Prof in the Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"344229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sankeshan",middleName:null,surname:"Padayachee",slug:"sankeshan-padayachee",fullName:"Sankeshan Padayachee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315727",title:"Ms.",name:"Kelebogile A.",middleName:null,surname:"Mothupi",slug:"kelebogile-a.-mothupi",fullName:"Kelebogile A. Mothupi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"337613",title:"Mrs.",name:"Tshakane",middleName:null,surname:"R.M.D. Ralephenya",slug:"tshakane-r.m.d.-ralephenya",fullName:"Tshakane R.M.D. Ralephenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"92",type:"subseries",title:"Health and Wellbeing",keywords:"Ecology, Ecological, Nature, Health, Wellbeing, Health Production",scope:"\r\n\tSustainable approaches to health and wellbeing in our COVID 19 recovery needs to focus on ecological approaches that prioritize our relationships with each other, and include engagement with nature, the arts and our heritage. This will ensure that we discover ways to live in our world that allows us and other beings to flourish. We can no longer rely on medicalized approaches to health that wait for people to become ill before attempting to treat them. We need to live in harmony with nature and rediscover the beauty and balance in our everyday lives and surroundings, which contribute to our well-being and that of all other creatures on the planet. This topic will provide insights and knowledge into how to achieve this change in health care that is based on ecologically sustainable practices.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11976,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:"2753-6580"},editorialBoard:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169536/images/system/169536.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Missouri State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"248594",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jasneth",middleName:null,surname:"Mullings",slug:"jasneth-mullings",fullName:"Jasneth Mullings",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248594/images/system/248594.jpeg",institutionString:"The University Of The West Indies - Mona Campus, Jamaica",institution:null},{id:"331299",title:"Prof.",name:"Pei-Shan",middleName:null,surname:"Liao",slug:"pei-shan-liao",fullName:"Pei-Shan Liao",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000032Fh2FQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T09:39:41.jpg",institutionString:"Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan",institution:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"82701",title:"Pathology of Streptococcal Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105814",signatures:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",slug:"pathology-of-streptococcal-infections",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Yutaka",surname:"Tsutsumi"}],book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82634",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105747",signatures:"Lebeza Alemu Tenaw",slug:"bacterial-sexually-transmitted-disease",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82193",title:"Enterococcal Infections: Recent Nomenclature and emerging trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104792",signatures:"Kavita Raja",slug:"enterococcal-infections-recent-nomenclature-and-emerging-trends",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81821",title:"Pneumococcal Carriage in Jordanian Children and the Importance of Vaccination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104999",signatures:"Adnan Al-Lahham",slug:"pneumococcal-carriage-in-jordanian-children-and-the-importance-of-vaccination",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"80546",title:"Streptococcal Skin and Skin-Structure Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102894",signatures:"Alwyn Rapose",slug:"streptococcal-skin-and-skin-structure-infections",totalDownloads:77,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10795",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:"Perspectives in Agriculture",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10795.jpg",slug:"plant-stress-physiology-perspectives-in-agriculture",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman and Kamran Nahar",hash:"c5a7932b74fe612b256bf95d0709756e",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Plant Stress Physiology - Perspectives in Agriculture",editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/34728",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"34728"},fullPath:"/chapters/34728",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()