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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3617",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Technologies",title:"Recent Advances in Technologies",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The techniques of computer modelling and simulation are increasingly important in many fields of science since they allow quantitative examination and evaluation of the most complex hypothesis. 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Nurses are trained with a particular skill or type of behavior through practice and instruction over a period of time to assist the physicians in many aspects of tasks. Their ultimate role has the intention to reduce the burden of work of the physicians. They shall help the physicians to administer medicines, monitor desired or undesired medical conditions as well as provide sufficient or essential health welfare. Such a course of action acquires the nurses to learn or develop a particular skill, habit, or quality as a way to reflect their image as competent healthcare worker. Therefore, they must gain or acquire knowledge of or skill in a particular task by study, experience, or being formally taught. The process of learning shall maneuver them to integrate the essential knowledge, skills, perception, and behavior into their actual activities [1]. Sometimes, they must take the challenge to move forward from their comfortable way of practice towards more advanced knowledge and skills [2]. It shall benefit them and enhance their image in the healthcare system.
Nurses are having the chance to provide and lead a Palliative Home Care Service (PHCS) as a way to optimize quality of life and mitigate suffering among people with serious and complex illnesses [3]. Their roles in PHCS are well notified in many scientific writing papers [4]. Nonetheless, Sekse et al. noticed that they need additional knowledge and training, guidance, and support to fulfill their role in PHCS [4]. It is because the nurses might have to be in the state of being independent. PHCS is patient and family-centered care that optimizes quality of life by decreasing the suffering of continuum illnesses [3]. Most of the time, the patients might stay at home instead of the hospital. Such a scenario might reflect the absence of regular physician’s attendance or attention. As a result, the nurses should take the responsibility to be key decision maker in the PHCS [5]. To ensure the high standard provision of tailored PHCS to patients with life-threatening illnesses and their relatives, the nurses need all their knowledge of basic nursing with additional and adequate skills. Such knowledge and skills might have the chance to make the nurses ready to deal with the challenges in term of practice, relationship with the patient and family members, and their self-motivation. Furthermore, the PHCS always demands on their role to be in a comprehensive way.
Among the essential knowledge and skills acquired in the PHCS are making a quick and accurate triaging decision [6]. Such a role needs the nurses to perceive the significance, explanation, or cause of triaging action. They must be knowledgeably aware of the character or nature of their patient’s medical condition, particularly the illnesses which acquire immediate medical attention or examination. In addition to that, they must have the skills to identify, prevent, and resolve the actual or potential drug-related problems (DRP) [7]. Moreover, they should aware of their patient’s drug-related needs [8]. The entire mode of action might have the chance to protect their patients from harm and danger of medication use and undesired diseases or condition.
This article shall highlight a potential approach is known as STARZ-DRP to maneuver the nurses to provide an efficient and competent PHCS [9]. STARZ-DRP had demonstrated its ability, capability, competence, and quality to make an accurate and quick triaging decision as well as identify, prevent, and resolve DRPs [10]. Foremost, the tool shall have the chance to assist the nurses to response to their patients’ drug-related needs [10]. Therefore, STARZ-DRP had been acknowledged its values as a potential approach to give professional help and advice to patients in the healthcare system [11]. It is to be hoped that the approach shall enhance the importance, worth, or usefulness of PHCS in eyes of patients, their family members, policymakers, and other healthcare providers.
Nurses who provide PHCS must act or conduct themselves appropriately in response to a particular situation or practice. Such attitudes ensure they have a desire to perform the exact duties or services. Firstly, they must be ready to engage in providing PHCS. PHCS is constantly carried out at the place where the patient lives permanently. For such scenario, they must also possess the skills to communicate effectively or be involved directly with a member of their patient’s family [12]. Otherwise, the family members might not have the chance to be actively interested in and concerned for the success of PHCS. Furthermore, the patient needs for assistance especially financial support as necessities for PHCS.
In addition to that, they must have considerable skills to communicate with the necessary confidentiality with other healthcare providers [13]. They should share or exchange information, news, or ideas using the principal method of communication which consists of comprehensive words in a structured and conventional mode and conveyed by speech, writing, or gesture [13]. Such communication skills should include or deal with all or nearly all elements or aspects of PHCS. The elements shall ensure the successful conveying or sharing of ideas and feelings by speaking, writing, or using some other mediums. Foremost, it shall make PHCS recognized, familiar, or within the scope of knowledge of patients and other healthcare providers.
They should have the ability to understand and share the feelings of another, particularly with the patients or their family members. Nonetheless, the feelings should be emphasized in the context of empathy. Such course of action shall ensure their feelings are not being bonded with their patients or family members. Moudatsou et al. notified that healthcare providers with high levels of empathy are having the chance to elicit better therapeutic outcomes [14]. The empathetic relationship between nurse and patient shall reinforce the need to complete the drug therapy plan as a way to achieve a desired outcome in the absence of medical or medication errors [15]. As a consequence, it shall enhance the quality of PHCS.
STARZ-DRP is a simple mnemonic which established to assist the healthcare providers to make an accurate triage-decision as well as identify, prevent, and resolve the actual or potential drug-related problem. STARZ-DRP was developed by a group of clinical researchers from Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia to meet a specified degree which proposed by the philosophy of Pharmaceutical Care (PC) [9]. The philosophy of PC acquires the healthcare providers to response to the patients’ drug-related needs [16]. In addition to that, PC maneuvers them to identify, prevent, and resolve the actual or potential drug-related problems (DRPs) [16]. Such course of action is critical to put in the picture because DRPs shall have the chance to cause someone to be vulnerable or at risk of death or decrease his or her health quality of life. Whereas, an act of reacting quickly or positively to drug-related needs of an individual shall persuade the patient to meet the aims of PHCS as well as enhance compliance behavior towards therapy plan.
STARZ-DRP had involved in the previous study to determine its feasibilities to perform an accurate and quick triaging action as well as exercise a particular ability to proficiency identify, prevent, and resolve DRPs repeatedly or regularly [10]. Foremost, each component in STARZ-DRP was evaluated and estimated by a group of physicians and pharmacists to ascertain its nature, ability, and quality of making a triage-decision and identify the actual or potential DRPs [17]. Therefore, STARZ-DRP is having a chance to maneuver the healthcare provider to be an expert with adequate skill and knowledge in a particular field.
STARZ-DRP (Table 1) consists of the five most significantly original and influential alphabetic characters (S-T-A-R-Z). The first letter,
Alphabetical character | Description |
---|---|
S | Symptom presentation refers to subjective evidence of health problem perceived by the patient. |
T | Time of onset and duration of the present symptoms. |
A | Associated symptoms refer to patient symptoms explored and determined by the nurse during the interview. It does not refer to the symptoms presented earlier by the patient. This is done by using the pictorial documentation form. To aid and ease the nurse during the interview, the human body is arbitrarily divided into four regions: (1) Front: the part of the body facing the nurse (asking for symptoms like bloating, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, breathlessness, extra), (2) Back (asking for symptoms like lower and upper back pain, shoulder pain, and neck pain), (3) Upper (head) (asking for symptoms like headache, dizziness, problems with sleep, extra), and (4) Lower (asking for symptoms like numbness in both legs and hands, constipation, and swollen feet). Perhaps, the method is likened to a filtering or screening process to rule out the presence of severe symptoms. |
R | Recurrence problem refers to the symptoms have been treated before, precisely when the symptoms recur and persist despite the treatment prescribed. |
Z | Zoom into the patient’s medication experience refers to information collected by the nurse related to any medical problems (for example, hypertension, diabetes, hyperthyroid, and extra), medication utilization (for example, use of prescription and non-prescription drugs, and herbal supplements), immunization history, allergies, drug sensitivities, drug side effects, adverse reactions, and the consumption of alcohol, caffeine, and tobacco. |
This is not a diagnostic tool, rather it is a format with the purpose of organizing a nurse’s knowledge in a manner that allows him/her to begin identifying the actual and potential DRPs and subsequently referring triage patients to the appropriate healthcare professionals.
The patient’s vital signs will be measured when necessary. At times, the patient’s blood pressure, pulse rate, and body temperature are measured to aid the nurses in assessing the appropriateness of symptoms for self-medication.
Role to determine DRPs is a vigorous action in PHCS [18]. Such activity shall ensure the safety of patients when they start to consume medications [18]. STARZ-DRP is able to maneuver the nurses to identify a wide range of DRPs as notified in Table 2. Nonetheless, they should have adequate knowledge of pharmacological of basic therapeutic as a way to enhance their skill to perform the activities. For that reason, they should attend an accredited training involving those experts who are very knowledgeable about or skillful in identifying, preventing, and resolving DRPs. Furthermore, the trainers shall be a source of information if they want to ascertain something.
Indication | DRP#1: No indication for non-prescription medicine DRP#2: Uncertainty about the indication of drug DRP#3: Need for additional therapy |
Effectiveness | DRP#4: Inappropriate drug choice DRP#5: Dose too low DRP#6: Ineffective therapy DRP#7: Interference with medical therapy by smoking/alcohol consumption DRP#8: Lack of understanding of the medication DRP#9: Monitoring required |
Safety | DRP#10: Use of medication to which the patient is allergic DRP#11: Adverse drug events DRP#12: Potential drug-disease interaction DRP#13: Potential drug-drug interaction DRP#14: Dose too high |
Compliance | DRP#15: Problems arising from the financial impact of therapy DRP#16: Interference with medical therapy by cultural/religious beliefs DRP#17: Failure of the patient to adhere to labelling instructions DRP#18: Others |
List of DRPs.
Interestingly, STARZ-DRP is able to be used or obtained in a documentation form (see Figure 1 – Pharmacy Self-care Advice Form) [19]. The form eases them to evaluate the nature of the patient’s complaint, a physical or mental feature, medical condition, and medication histories [19]. Such documentation activities shall provide information or evidence that serves as a permanent record for later reference. Furthermore, the course of action ensures the nurses might not fail to include critical information for further detailed examination. Foremost, the documentation form makes sure the nurse and patient have in or be able to bring to one’s mind an awareness of something from the past.
Nurses shall have the chance to put in the picture their conclusion or resolution reached after considering the latter information in a documentation form as reflected in Figure 1. They shall write down their triaging decision if the patient needs a specific medication, referral for urgent medical attention, or further health screening test or examination. In addition to that, they shall draw special attention to DRPs by pointing out them in the form (Figure 2). Such documentation shall help them to evaluate and monitor the effectiveness of their essential actions.
Referral activities can be performed using a form that is reflected in Figure 3. The form shall have the chance to ease them to share or exchange critical information with other healthcare providers, particularly physicians and pharmacists. They can highlight the reason of referral as well as a category of DRPs to make physicians or pharmacists aware of a fact or circumstance. Subsequently, the other healthcare providers are able to take immediate action and behave in a specified way to resolve the medical problem. Such act of referral might have the chance to enhance the good quality and excellent of PHCS.
STARZ-DRP is having the chance to maneuver them to provide an excellent service in PHCS. A step-by-step approach notified in the modus operandi shall help them to make an accurate and quick triaging-decision as well as identify, prevent, and resolve DRPs. Foremost, the official documentation shall have the chance to establish a collaboration working relationship with other physician or pharmacist as a way to improve their patient’s health quality of life.
Nurses must be ready to methodically and systematically assess the essential information to evaluate and determine their patient’s chief complaint. For that reason, they must establish or indicate who or what are the critical signs and symptoms that acquire for immediate medical attention or examination. Table 3 reflects the signs and symptoms that need intervention by the physicians [20].
1.Any chest pain in a patient looking grey, sweating, or ill 2.Severe pain in the chest, abdomen, head, or ears 3.Blood loss from any orifice 4.Increasing breathlessness 5.Difficulty in swallowing 6.Tenderness over blood vessels 7.A history of severe injury, particularly a penetrating injury, or loss of consciousness 8.Persistent raised temperature, blood pressure, or heart rate 9.Loss of weight 10.Anorexia 11.Yellow skin colour 12.Ankle swelling 13.Yellow or green sputum 14. Yellow or green discharge from penis or vagina 15.Urinary symptoms 16.Any menstrual abnormality 17.Any swelling or lump of any size, including joints 18.Weakness in arms or legs 19.Any visual changes |
Signs and symptoms that need urgent medical attention.
Among signs and symptoms that are serious to handle themselves are abnormal readings of systolic and diastolic, heart rate, and body temperature (forehead, tympanic, or rectal). In addition to that, too many associated symptoms, frequent emergence undesired symptoms, or too long-suffering of unresolved symptoms notified among the patients might reflect the actual or potential unexpected, undesired, untreated, or unresolved medical conditions. Foremost, it might suggest as potentially harmful or threatening to the patients’ life. For such course of action, they should urgently contact or inform the physician or pharmacist as a way to resolve the condition.
Undesired or unresolved signs and symptoms should be and must be evaluated or estimated its natures if they need for a medication or a medication is the main cause. Such a particular condition requires the nurses to collaborate with the physician and pharmacist to determine an appropriate therapy plan. Their expert skill or knowledge in a particular field might have the chance to resolve the undesired medical condition. For example, the pharmacist might perform a therapeutic drug monitoring test as a potential approach to establish exactly an appropriate dose of a particular medication for an individual patient. The course of action shall ensure the patient is the absence of undesired adverse drug reactions. Foremost, an accurate dose of a medication shall provide an assurance that the patient might gain the benefits of such therapy.
Nurses must identify, prevent, and resolve the actual or potential DRPs among the patients who consume medications. Such a role shall have a chance to magnify the values of PHCS as well as have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of patients towards the service. For example, undesired side-effects or adverse drug reactions shall cause the patients to refuse to consume a specific medication. In addition to that, failure to resolve the medical condition might give rise to an idea that the patient might potentially dispose to agree with the medication’s dosage regimen or its route of administration. For that reason, the nurses should have adequate training to ensure each medication is indicated, safe, and effective [21]. Foremost, they must ensure the patients are complying with the medication’s dosage regimen [21].
They must also be aware of the facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or education the theoretical or practical understanding of laboratory-based health screening tests [25]. Such a test shall provide comprehensive information in revealing the degree to which the medical problems are in good health. In addition, it shall reflect the effectiveness of certain medications to alleviate or resolve a specific medical condition. For example, the hematology profile might have the chance to reflect the conditions of red blood cells and hemoglobin and their characters. Lack of both substances shall have an effect on the oxygen level in the bloodstreams. Whereas, the renal profile might give consideration to the selection of medications that have less undesired effects on the kidneys. The liver profile shall give a rise to awareness of medications that are potentially harmful to the liver. Lipid profile shall maneuver the practitioner to determine the effectiveness of statin drugs to lower the cholesterol readings. In short, the entire information obtained in the test shall have a chance to assist them towards an excellence way of performing PHCS in the healthcare system.
They should also work jointly with physicians on an activity to determine the effectiveness of the therapy plan through results such as
Foremost, they should determine PHCS is able to enhance the health quality of life of their patients. They can utilize EQ-5D questionnaire as a tool to assess the clinical parameter [28]. The tool consists of two parts: (1). descriptive assessment which comprises of five domains—mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain or discomfort, and anxiety or depression, (2). visual analog scale to indicate the general health status with 100 indicating the best health status. Such a tool is easier to use and it is helpful while providing PHCS.
A role to identify, prevent, and resolve DRPs is not well-known in nursing practice. Nonetheless, they should take the responsibility to perform such a role because it has had a chance to keep undesired ADRs from happening. ADRs are potentially life-threatening. For that reason, they must take the role of a medication protector in the absence of physicians and pharmacists. They are ready to take, hold, or deploy the skills to determine DRPs even though the basic training might consume cash and time respectively.
STARZ-DRP which has a chance to maneuver them to identify, prevent, and resolve DRPs was patented under the Copyright Act 1987 by Universiti Sains Malaysia with a reference number is CRLY00004047. It was ethically approved to perform towards patients in the previous studies by Universiti Sains Malaysia—Lam Wah Ee Hospital Joint Committee for Clinical Study Ethics (reference number is USM-HLWE/IEC/2008(0026) and Human Research Ethics Committee Universiti Sains Malaysia Centre for Research Initiatives, Clinical and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus (reference number is USM/JEPeM/15040145). For that reason, it is essential to officially inform the author if they would like to utilize STARZ-DRP as their modus operandi.
STARZ-DRP is having constructive, optimism, or confidence among other healthcare providers such as physicians and pharmacists. Their responses had been published in other scientific journals [29]. For that reason, the approach might have the chance to establish an excellent working collaboration relationship with other healthcare providers. In addition, the experts in the healthcare system had notified STARZ-DRP as a potential approach to make an accurate and quick triaging decision as well as identify, prevent, and resolve the actual or potential DRPs. Foremost, the stakeholders noticed the potential of the approach to assess and counsel patients respectively [29].
STARZ-DRP is a potential approach for PHCS to enhance their skills to make a triaging decision and determine DRPs or the needs of their patients. Such course of action shall have the chance to enhance the excellent service of PHCS. Foremost, the approach shall assist them to ensure their patients are having the chance to improve their health quality of life.
Dr. Nazri Nordin is a Specialist in the field of Clinical Pharmacy who established the practice of Pharmaceutical Care in Malaysia through evidence-based clinical research while completing his Master of Science in Clinical Pharmacy and PhD in Clinical Pharmacy at Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. The module which is reflected via a simple mnemonic known as STARZ was patented under the Copyright Act 1987 by Universiti Sains Malaysia (Ref Num: CRLY00004047). It was approved to perform towards patients in the previous studies by Univesiti Sains Malaysia-Lam Wah Ee Hospital Joint Committee for Clinical Study Ethics (Ref Num:USM-HLWE/IEC/2008(0026) and Human Research Ethics Committee Universiti Sains Malaysia, Centre for Research Initiatives, Clinical & Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus (Ref Num: USM/JEPeM/15040145).
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Besides UV radiation exposure, extrinsic factors including tobacco smoking, exposure to environmental pollutants, infrared radiation, and heat contribute to premature skin aging. Like UV radiation, these factors cause ROS formation and increase expression of MMPs, thus accelerating skin aging by inducing extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Accumulated collagen fibrils inhibit the new collagen synthesis and account for the further degradation of the ECM through this positive feedback loop. Accumulating evidence for molecular mechanisms of skin aging should provide clinicians with an expanding spectrum of therapeutic targets in the treatment of skin aging.",book:{id:"5258",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-of-the-aging-process-and-rejuvenation",title:"Molecular Mechanisms of the Aging Process and Rejuvenation",fullTitle:"Molecular Mechanisms of the Aging Process and Rejuvenation"},signatures:"Miri Kim and Hyun Jeong Park",authors:[{id:"47695",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyun Jeong",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"hyun-jeong-park",fullName:"Hyun Jeong Park"},{id:"185767",title:"Prof.",name:"Miri",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"miri-kim",fullName:"Miri Kim"}]},{id:"62731",title:"An Introductory Chapter: Secondary Metabolites",slug:"an-introductory-chapter-secondary-metabolites",totalDownloads:9823,totalCrossrefCites:35,totalDimensionsCites:56,abstract:null,book:{id:"6670",slug:"secondary-metabolites-sources-and-applications",title:"Secondary Metabolites",fullTitle:"Secondary Metabolites - Sources and Applications"},signatures:"Durairaj Thirumurugan, Alagappan Cholarajan, Suresh S.S. 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She has been a faculty member at the University of California, Riverside in the School of Education since 2016. Her research focuses on translational studies to explore the reward system in ASD, as well as how anxiety contributes to social challenges in ASD. She also investigates how behavioral interventions affect neural activity, behavior, and school performance in children with ASD. She is also involved in the diagnosis of children with ASD and is a licensed clinical psychologist in California. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. 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