One-pot synthesis of zinc complexes
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These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6152",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Debatable Topics in PCOS Patients",title:"Debatable Topics in PCOS Patients",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The book deliberates a wide range of the latest research issues on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The topics discussed include the diagnosis and management of PCOS, dwelling in more depth into the pathophysiology of the syndrome and its genetic and epigenetic basis. The book covers a contemplative discussion on the influence of changing lifestyle patterns on PCOS. The book also includes a number of chapters defining a detailed description of the associated morbidities of PCOS and its long-term sequelae. Since PCOS is quite prevalent globally, the book is also of great interest to the public. Providing detailed information suitable for patients and clinicians, it provides information about the various treatment regimens and screening recommendations for women having this condition.",isbn:"978-953-51-3812-9",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3811-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4048-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68300",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"debatable-topics-in-pcos-patients",numberOfPages:120,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"c47a69bf2dac1f402c7f1b5751f1ea7e",bookSignature:"Neeraj Kumar Agrawal and Kiran Singh",publishedDate:"February 14th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6152.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8855,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:11,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 24th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 15th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 20th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 20th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 20th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"136647",title:"Dr.",name:"N.K.",middleName:null,surname:"Agrawal",slug:"n.k.-agrawal",fullName:"N.K. Agrawal",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136647/images/system/136647.jpeg",biography:'Prof. Neeraj Kumar Agrawal, DM (Endocrinology), is a professor at the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. He has clinical and research training in endocrinology and metabolism. He completed his DM course in 2000 and is since actively involved in teaching and training. He has keen interest in reproductive endocrinology and adolescent endocrinology, diabetes, and thyroid disorders. He has published over 100 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings, and has edited books on "Thyroid Hormone" and "Debatable topics in PCOS patients". He acts as an examiner in endocrinology training centres, is actively involved in the Endocrine Society of India, and is a speaker at annual conferences.',institutionString:"Banaras Hindu University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Banaras Hindu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"90135",title:"Dr.",name:"Kiran",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"kiran-singh",fullName:"Kiran Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90135/images/6845_n.jpg",biography:"Kiran Singh, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. She completed her PhD degree in the year 2005 from Cytogenetic Laboratory, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. She specializes in reproductive genetics including diabetes and diabetic foot ulcer genetics, genetics of male and female infertility, PCOS, endometriosis and recurrent miscarriage. She has over 65 scientific publications in peer-reviewed national and international journals with good citations. She is a principal or key investigator on over eight active grants. She has also published a book on male infertility under Springer publication and many book chapters. She has many recognitions and awards to her credit. She is an editorial member and academic editor of many reputed journals. She has also delivered invited lectures in national and international conferences.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Banaras Hindu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1071",title:"Urogynecology",slug:"urogynecology"}],chapters:[{id:"58554",title:"Introductory Chapter: Polycystic Ovarian Disease: The Rainbow Without Color (SPECTRUM)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73335",slug:"introductory-chapter-polycystic-ovarian-disease-the-rainbow-without-color-spectrum-",totalDownloads:1136,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Abha Kiran, Uma Pandey and Neeraj Kumar Agarwal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58554",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58554",authors:[{id:"136647",title:"Dr.",name:"N.K.",surname:"Agrawal",slug:"n.k.-agrawal",fullName:"N.K. Agrawal"}],corrections:null},{id:"58249",title:"Controversies in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72513",slug:"controversies-in-polycystic-ovary-syndrome",totalDownloads:1090,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy that affects women from puberty to whole reproductive life. Diagnosis and treatment of PCOS is not clear. Polycystic ovary syndrome is a multisystem disease that involves dermatologist examining patients with clinical hyperandrogenism and/or biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism; gynecologist examines patients with oligo-ovulation or infertility. The management of PCOS should be tailored to each woman’s specific symptoms, fertility-related implications, and metabolic disorders. Pharmacologic treatment is not necessary for all patients with PCOS, also lifestyle changes like exercise, weight loss, and diet are effective for treatment. Lifestyle changes are often recommended as first-line treatment for PCOS to benefit general health. Topical nonhormonal therapies and laser hair removal may be effective for cutaneous symptoms like acne, hirsutism, and androgenetic alopecia in the PCOS population and are useful first-line agents. Some pharmacological agents (anti-androgens) are used to control the dermatological symptoms of hyperandrogenism. Metformin is useful for metabolic and glycemic anomalies and for the treatment of menstrual irregularities, but less effective than antiandrogens for the treatment of both hirsutism and acne. The aim of this study is to talk about unclear topics in PCOS and multidisciplinary approach to patients.",signatures:"Işık Kaban, Filiz Cebeci, Melek Aslan Kayıran and Vefa Asli Erdemir",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58249",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58249",authors:[{id:"193587",title:"Dr.",name:"Filiz",surname:"Cebeci",slug:"filiz-cebeci",fullName:"Filiz Cebeci"},{id:"193588",title:"Dr.",name:"Melek",surname:"Aslan Kayıran",slug:"melek-aslan-kayiran",fullName:"Melek Aslan Kayıran"},{id:"216470",title:"Dr.",name:"Işık",surname:"Kaban",slug:"isik-kaban",fullName:"Işık Kaban"},{id:"216525",title:"Dr.",name:"Vefa Asli",surname:"Erdemir",slug:"vefa-asli-erdemir",fullName:"Vefa Asli Erdemir"}],corrections:null},{id:"56911",title:"Lean Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70621",slug:"lean-women-with-polycystic-ovary-syndrome",totalDownloads:1326,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Most of the time, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOs) is considered as an obese women disease; lean PCOs patients need to evaluate and treat completely as a neglected subgroup. Androgen excess signs and symptoms, insulin resistance (IR) and its consequences, cardiometabolic risks, and regular exercise must be noted and managed carefully.",signatures:"Elham Pourmatroud",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56911",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56911",authors:[{id:"79982",title:"Dr.",name:"Elham",surname:"Pourmatroud",slug:"elham-pourmatroud",fullName:"Elham Pourmatroud"}],corrections:null},{id:"58827",title:"Lifestyle Changes and Weight Loss: Effects in PCOS",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73298",slug:"lifestyle-changes-and-weight-loss-effects-in-pcos",totalDownloads:1421,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Even though controversies surrounding the polycystic ovary syndrome are not yet close to be solved, its clinical manifestations are well known—insulin resistance and obesity, hirsutism, irregular and anovulatory menstrual cycles. The treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is mainly symptomatic as its etiology is not yet clear. Lifestyle changes are the primary therapy in overweight and obese women with PCOS. According to majority of the studies, lifestyle changes are the most effective form of treatment not only for weight loss but also for the improvement of insulin sensitivity, decreasing incidence of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Studies also show that weight loss has fertility benefits by restoring ovulatory cycles. Although initial studies researching pharmacologic treatment were showing excellent results concerning the weight loss, maintenance of weight loss and reduction of cardiovascular risks, some of these drugs were in the end, has proven to actually increase the risk for cardiovascular events and were removed from the market. Bariatric surgery has been demonstrated to improve or even cure type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and obstructive sleep apnea. More so, there are studies that reported complete resolution of all features of PCOS, even hirsutism, hyperandrogenism, anovulation, and menstrual irregularity.",signatures:"Cringu Antoniu Ionescu, Ina Popescu, Mihail Banacu and Mihai\nDimitriu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58827",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58827",authors:[{id:"215200",title:"Prof.",name:"Cringu Antoniu",surname:"Ionescu",slug:"cringu-antoniu-ionescu",fullName:"Cringu Antoniu Ionescu"},{id:"229212",title:"Dr.",name:"Ina",surname:"Popescu",slug:"ina-popescu",fullName:"Ina Popescu"},{id:"229213",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihai",surname:"Banacu",slug:"mihai-banacu",fullName:"Mihai Banacu"},{id:"229214",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihai",surname:"Dimitriu",slug:"mihai-dimitriu",fullName:"Mihai Dimitriu"}],corrections:null},{id:"56951",title:"Incretin System: New Pharmacological Target in Obese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70648",slug:"incretin-system-new-pharmacological-target-in-obese-women-with-polycystic-ovary-syndrome",totalDownloads:1290,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Introduction: Obesity is highly prevalent in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It aggravates adverse features of the syndrome. Weight management by lifestyle intervention is often insufficient. We reviewed studies addressing the use of agents mediating through incretin system in obese PCOS.",signatures:"Mojca Jensterle Sever, Simona Ferjan and Andrej Janez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56951",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56951",authors:[{id:"116431",title:"Dr.",name:"Mojca",surname:"Jensterle",slug:"mojca-jensterle",fullName:"Mojca Jensterle"},{id:"215208",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",surname:"Ferjan",slug:"simona-ferjan",fullName:"Simona Ferjan"},{id:"215209",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrej",surname:"Janez",slug:"andrej-janez",fullName:"Andrej Janez"}],corrections:null},{id:"57117",title:"Ovulation Induction in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: What is the Optimal Option?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70812",slug:"ovulation-induction-in-women-with-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-what-is-the-optimal-option-",totalDownloads:1185,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Infertility is a distressing medical and psychosocial problem afflicting about a quarter of all couples wanting to reproduce their offspring. Majority of the anovulatory problem in the female, as a cause of infertility, is due to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This condition is a complex interplay of factors, which affect women even beyond their fertility. It has been found to increase the risk of other adverse conditions such as the metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, type II diabetes mellitus, and endometrial cancer as well as infertility. Different groups have made diagnosis of PCOS with various diagnostic criteria. The Rotterdam criteria used in the diagnosis of PCOS mainly emphasize the reproductive malfunctions of this complex disease. The treatment of anovulatory infertility in PCOS is as enigmatic as the disease itself. Various methods have been deployed to treat the anovulation with variable success. Clomiphene citrate is a traditional first-line drug in treating anovulation in women with PCOS. Weight reduction, letrozole, metformin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and ovarian drilling are some of the other ways in which anovulation has been treated in these women. What method is more likely to succeed in treating the infertility from anovulation in PCOS and in what circumstance are the subject matters of this discussion.",signatures:"Vaduneme K. Oriji and Kennedy Nyengidiki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57117",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57117",authors:[{id:"171742",title:"Dr.",name:"Nyengidiki",surname:"Tamunomie",slug:"nyengidiki-tamunomie",fullName:"Nyengidiki Tamunomie"},{id:"211454",title:"Dr.",name:"Vadeneme",surname:"Oriji",slug:"vadeneme-oriji",fullName:"Vadeneme Oriji"}],corrections:null},{id:"57533",title:"Complementary Therapy with Traditional Chinese Medicine for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71654",slug:"complementary-therapy-with-traditional-chinese-medicine-for-polycystic-ovarian-syndrome",totalDownloads:1407,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common, heterogeneous, complex, endocrinopathic condition that causes menstrual dysfunction and infertility in women. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been widely used for PCOS in Far-East countries for thousands of years. There are significant advantages in treating PCOS with TCM. This chapter aims to investigate the current developments in TCM therapy for PCOS.",signatures:"Yen-Nung Liao, Wen-Long Hu and Yu-Chiang Hung",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57533",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57533",authors:[{id:"49804",title:"Dr.",name:"Yu-Chiang",surname:"Hung",slug:"yu-chiang-hung",fullName:"Yu-Chiang Hung"},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu"},{id:"221962",title:"Dr.",name:"Yen-Nung",surname:"Liao",slug:"yen-nung-liao",fullName:"Yen-Nung Liao"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2589",title:"Thyroid Hormone",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"10402e127b33c9f3f428b99add65a29c",slug:"thyroid-hormone",bookSignature:"Neeraj Kumar Agrawal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2589.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"136647",title:"Dr.",name:"N.K.",surname:"Agrawal",slug:"n.k.-agrawal",fullName:"N.K. 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Organometallic complexes involving oxazoline ligands are typically obtained in two steps, where the free ligand is given firstly from a functionalized nitrile through condensation reaction with an amino alcohol in the presence of a Lewis or Bronsted acid catalyst, followed by further complexed coordination with metal salts to obtain the corresponding oxazolinyl metal complexes (Figure 1) [9, 10]. Usually, the yield of the two-step procedure is relatively low, and certain oxazolinyl organometallic complexes are difficult to obtain due to the poor coordination ability of the imine group from the oxazoline. It is conceivable that the two steps may be telescoped by using the requisite Lewis acid precursor. Herein, through the assembly of three reaction components (a nitrile, an amino alcohol, and metal salts), we first report a simple, one-step procedure for the preparation of N-containing heterocyclic zinc complexes (
Common method for the preparation of oxazolinyl metal complexes.
The one-pot procedure was initially tested from the reaction of different 1-piperidine propionitrile derivatives with 2–3 eq. of amino alcohol refluxed in chlorobenzene for 72 h in the presence of 1–2.6 eq. of ZnCl2. After cooling to room temperature, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was dissolved in H2O and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic extracts were evaporated to give a crude red oil, which was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/CH2Cl2, 4/1) to afford the title compound as crystals. During the preliminary work, it quickly became apparent that the reaction results are controlled by the amount of ZnCl2 used (Figure 2); for example, employing 1.1 eq. or 2.6 eq. of ZnCl2, the desired crystal structures of the amino-oxazolidinyl zinc complex
Effect of the reaction stoichiometry of (metal precursor) ZnCl2.
The nature of the side chain (R1) influenced the reaction outcome. Using L-phenylalaninol with 1.6 eq. of ZnCl2 or 1.5 eq. of ZnCl2 with 1-morpholinepropionitrile (X = O) and D-phenylglycinol, both led to the cleavage of the propionitrile, providing asymmetric diamine complexes
From the crystal structures of complexes
Zinc complexes
The formation of complexes
Complexes
Surprisingly, the combination of L-leucinol and L-phenylglycinol with tetracyanoethylene in the presence of 0.42 eq. of ZnCl2, respectively, provided neutral bis[bis(oxazoline)]zinc (II) complexes
Neutral zinc complexes derived from tetracyanoethylene.
In further study, 2-hydroxy-6-methylnicotinonitrile was employed as a precursor to test the applicability of the one-pot methodology in assembling complex multinuclear structures. In the presence of different amounts of ZnCl2 (1.72, 1.31, and 1.54 eq.), the corresponding condensation products with valinol, leucinol, or phenylalaninol furnished the binuclear zwitterionic complex
Multinuclear zinc complexes
The crystal structures of all the complexes (Figures 7–21) are determined and reported by X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, and IR. In all the cases, a distorted tetrahedral geometry is found at zinc(II), and the C〓N double-bond character of the oxazolinyl ligand is largely retained in the metal complexes (Table 1).
\nThe crystal structure of complex 1.
The crystal structure of complex 2.
The crystal structure of complex 3.
The crystal structure of complex 4.
The crystal structure of complex 5.
The crystal structure of complex 6.
The crystal structure of complex 7.
The crystal structure of complex 8.
The crystal structure of complex 9.
The crystal structure of complex 10.
The crystal structure of complex 11.
The crystal structure of complex 12.
The crystal structure of complex 13.
The crystal structure of complex 14.
The crystal structure of complex 15.
ZnCl2 (%) | \nProducts | \nYield (%)a\n | \n
---|---|---|
114.2 | \n1 | \n25 | \n
259.8 | \n2 | \n65 | \n
152.8 | \n3 | \n86 | \n
144.6 | \n4 | \n90 | \n
245.8–256.0 | \n5 | \n56 | \n
44.1 | \n6 | \n90 | \n
121.8 | \n7 | \n80 | \n
122.9 | \n8 | \n85 | \n
56.1 | \n9 | \n86 | \n
72.6 | \n10 | \n90 | \n
42.2 | \n11 | \n88 | \n
42.2 | \n12 | \n86 | \n
172.1 | \n13 | \n86 | \n
130.7 | \n14 | \n80 | \n
153.6 | \n15 | \n82` | \n
One-pot synthesis of zinc complexes
Isolated yield from silica gel.
Chiral oxazolinyl organometallic complexes are very important catalysts in organic chemistry [14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. Several organometallic complexes containing 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl) oxazolines are reported in the literature [23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42]. The general approach to the synthesis of metal complexes begins with ligand synthesis, followed by ligand reaction with metal salts to afford organometallic complexes [43]. In 2017, our research group first reported a one-pot multicomponent synthesis of chiral oxazolinyl-zinc complexes [44] in the presence of a large amount of ZnCl2 (0.4–2.6 eq.); the yields of certain products reached 90%. Herein, the chiral salicyloxazoline metal complexes
Chiral bis(oxazoline) copper complex
Templated synthesis of complexes
In Figures 23 and 24, refluxing a mixture of 2-cyanophenol and d-phenylglycinol in chlorobenzene for 72 h with 1.0 eq. of cobalt chloride hexahydrate or 1.0 eq. of cobalt acetate tetrahydrate, respectively, afforded complexes
Solvent effects on the formation of complexes
One-pot synthesis of tri(oxazoline) metal complexes
Notably, the product complexes
Similarly, in the synthesis of chiral oxazoline manganese complex
Interestingly, in Figure 25, when employed by 1.0 eq. of PtCl2 in the reaction of 2-hydroxybenzonitrile with D-phenylglycinol in chlorobenzene, the crystal structure of the resulting Pt complex was different from the aforementioned complexes
One-pot synthesis of oxazoline platinum complex
The crystal structure of complex 16.
The crystal structure of complex 17.
The crystal structure of complex 18.
The crystal structure of complex 19.
The crystal structure of complex 20.
The crystal structure of complex 21.
The crystal structure of complex 22.
The crystal structure of complex 23.
The proposed mechanism shows that excess metal salts can activate the reaction of 2-hydroxybenzonitrile with D-phenylglycinol in chlorobenzene to form ligand intermediates and then directly furnish the corresponding organometallic complexes via a one-step procedure (Table 2).
\nMetal salts | \nThe amount of metal salts | \nProducts (%) | \nYield (%) | \n
---|---|---|---|
Cu(OAc)2⋅H2O | \n55.7 | \n16 | \n65 | \n
CuCl2⋅2H2O | \n53.2 | \n16 | \n85 | \n
Ni(OAc)2⋅4H2O | \n51.0 | \n17 | \n92 | \n
NiCl2⋅6H2O | \n53.0 | \n17 | \n95 | \n
CoCl2⋅6H2O | \n44.3 | \n18, 20 | \n72, 85 | \n
PdCl2\n | \n49.8 | \n19 | \n86 | \n
Co(OAc)2⋅4H2O | \n42.3 | \n21 | \n70 | \n
Mn(OAc)2⋅4H2O | \n52.6 | \n22 | \n80 | \n
PtCl2\n | \n33.7 | \n23 | \n82 | \n
One-pot synthesis of salicyloxazoline complexes.
One-pot synthesis of oxazolinyl-zinc(II) complexes
Investigations into other oxazolinyl organometallic complexes and the catalytic properties of these complexes as chiral ligands are currently ongoing. These complexes exhibit bioactivities as anticancer reagents, and the future use of these complexes in medical fields is currently being developed.
\nThis work was supported by the Hefei University of Technology and the University of Science and Technology of China. The authors also thank prof. King Kuok (Mimi) from Imperial College London, prof. Peter J. Stang from the University of Utah and prof. K.H. Lee from the University of Carolina at Chapel Hill for providing supports and help.
\nAdditional information is provided in the article as follows:
The characterization spectra of compounds
Supporting information including the NMR spectra for compounds
Supporting information including the NMR spectra for compounds
The crystallographic information of compounds
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Chequer"},{id:"153504",title:"MSc.",name:"Gisele",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"gisele-oliveira",fullName:"Gisele Oliveira"},{id:"163377",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliano",middleName:null,surname:"Cardoso",slug:"juliano-cardoso",fullName:"Juliano Cardoso"},{id:"163393",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisa",middleName:null,surname:"Ferraz",slug:"elisa-ferraz",fullName:"Elisa Ferraz"}]},{id:"70564",title:"Fundamentals of Natural Dyes and Its Application on Textile Substrates",slug:"fundamentals-of-natural-dyes-and-its-application-on-textile-substrates",totalDownloads:2875,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"The meticulous environmental standards in textiles and garments imposed by countries cautious about nature and health protection are reviving interest in the application of natural dyes in dyeing of textile materials. The toxic and allergic reactions of synthetic dyes are compelling the people to think about natural dyes. Natural dyes are renewable source of colouring materials. Besides textiles it has application in colouration of foods, medicine and in handicraft items. Though natural dyes are ecofriendly, protective to skin and pleasing colour to eyes, they are having very poor bonding with textile fibre materials, which necessitate mordanting with metallic mordants, some of which are not eco friendly, for fixation of natural dyes on textile fibres. So the supremacy of natural dyes is somewhat subdued. This necessitates newer research on application of natural dyes on different natural fibres for completely eco friendly textiles. The fundamentals of natural dyes chemistry and some of the important research work are therefore discussed in this review article.",book:{id:"9203",slug:"chemistry-and-technology-of-natural-and-synthetic-dyes-and-pigments",title:"Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments",fullTitle:"Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments"},signatures:"Virendra Kumar Gupta",authors:[{id:"305259",title:"Dr.",name:"Virendra",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Gupta",slug:"virendra-kumar-gupta",fullName:"Virendra Kumar Gupta"}]},{id:"49647",title:"Fiber Selection for the Production of Nonwovens",slug:"fiber-selection-for-the-production-of-nonwovens",totalDownloads:10453,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"The most significant feature of nonwoven fabric is made directly from fibers in a continuous production line. While manufacturing nonwovens, some conventional textile operations, such as carding, drawing, roving, spinning, weaving or knitting, are partially or completely eliminated. For this reason the choice of fiber is very important for nonwoven manufacturers. The commonly used fibers include natural fibers (cotton, jute, flax, wool), synthetic fibers (polyester (PES), polypropylene (PP), polyamide, rayon), special fibers (glass, carbon, nanofiber, bi-component, superabsorbent fibers). Raw materials have not only delivered significant product improvements but also benefited people using these products by providing hygiene and comfort.",book:{id:"5062",slug:"non-woven-fabrics",title:"Non-woven Fabrics",fullTitle:"Non-woven Fabrics"},signatures:"Nazan Avcioglu Kalebek and Osman Babaarslan",authors:[{id:"119775",title:"Prof.",name:"Osman",middleName:null,surname:"Babaarslan",slug:"osman-babaarslan",fullName:"Osman Babaarslan"},{id:"175829",title:"Dr.",name:"Nazan",middleName:null,surname:"Kalebek",slug:"nazan-kalebek",fullName:"Nazan Kalebek"}]},{id:"41409",title:"Surface Modification Methods for Improving the Dyeability of Textile Fabrics",slug:"surface-modification-methods-for-improving-the-dyeability-of-textile-fabrics",totalDownloads:7016,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:36,abstract:null,book:{id:"3137",slug:"eco-friendly-textile-dyeing-and-finishing",title:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing",fullTitle:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing"},signatures:"Sheila Shahidi, Jakub Wiener and Mahmood Ghoranneviss",authors:[{id:"58854",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Shahidi",slug:"shahidi",fullName:"Shahidi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"296",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],testimonialsList:[]},series:{item:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713",scope:"
\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems.
\r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.