COVID-19 vaccines [2].
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8912",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Biochemical Analysis Tools - Methods for Bio-Molecules Studies",title:"Biochemical Analysis Tools",subtitle:"Methods for Bio-Molecules Studies",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book explores the role of nucleic acid analysis and the advances it has led to in the field of life sciences. The first section is a collection of chapters covering experimental methods used in molecular biology, the techniques adjacent to these methods, and the steps of analysis before and after obtaining raw DNA data. The second section deals with the principles of chromatography, method development, sample preparation, and industrial applications.",isbn:"978-1-78984-857-1",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-856-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-903-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82530",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"biochemical-analysis-tools-methods-for-bio-molecules-studies",numberOfPages:206,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"10a6269502e58eda525718afec8e667e",bookSignature:"Oana-Maria Boldura, Cornel Baltă and Nasser Sayed Awwad",publishedDate:"June 24th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8912.jpg",numberOfDownloads:15995,numberOfWosCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:19,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:34,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 27th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 29th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 30th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 18th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 17th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"189429",title:"Prof.",name:"Oana-Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Boldura",slug:"oana-maria-boldura",fullName:"Oana-Maria Boldura",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189429/images/system/189429.jpg",biography:"Oana-Maria Boldura is licensed in Genetic Engineering with specialization in Molecular Biology (2005), Master\\'s Degree in Genetic Manipulation (2007) and Pharmacy (2014), and PhD in Biotechnology field (2010). From 2015 she has been an Assistant Professor at Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine 'King Michael I of Romania” Timisoara, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and researcher at ,,Horia Cernescu” Research Unit. Her main scientific competences are in the field of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology, Genomics and Biosecurity with technical aptitudes in manipulation and experimentation with nucleic acid and proteins (purification, sequencing, gene expression studies, SDS-PAGE analysis of proteins fractions, ,,Lab-on-chip” electrophoresis, Immunological Testing). Her areas of interest are Molecular Forensic Methods and Apoptotic Process Pathways.",institutionString:"Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"222863",title:"Dr.",name:"Cornel",middleName:null,surname:"Balta",slug:"cornel-balta",fullName:"Cornel Balta",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/222863/images/system/222863.jpg",biography:"Dr. Cornel Baltă, MD, DVM, is a licensed veterinarian with both\na PhD and MD in Veterinary Medicine. He is a researcher at the\nInstitute of Life Sciences, at “Vasile Goldis” Western University\nArad, Romania. Dr. Baltă’s main scientific competences are in\nthe fields of laboratory animals, molecular biology, physiology,\nhistology, and clinical Laboratory. He has technical aptitudes in\nnucleic acid examination by electrophoresis techniques, PCR and\nqPCR, and qualitative and quantitative determination of proteins by Western Blot\nand microelectrophoresis. His areas of interest include molecular mechanisms involved in the evolution of liver and gastrointestinal diseases, and bone regeneration\nand remodeling using different types of polymers.",institutionString:'"Vasile Goldis" Western University of Arad',position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/145209/images/system/145209.jpg",biography:"Nasser Awwad received his Ph.D. in inorganic and radiochemistry in 2000 from Ain Shams University . Nasser Awwad was an Associate Professor of Radiochemistry in 2006 and Professor of Inorganic and Radiochemistry in 2011. He has been a Professor at King Khalid University, Abha, KSA, from 2011 until now. Prof Awwad has edited four books (Uranium, New trends in Nuclear Sciences, Lanthanides, and Nuclear Power Plants) and he has co-edited two books (Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments and Biochemical Analysis Tools). He has also published 205 papers at ISI journals. He has supervised 4 Ph.D. and 18 MSc students in the field of radioactive and wastewater treatment. He has participated in 26 international conferences in South Korea, the USA, Lebanon, KSA, and Egypt. He has reviewed 2 Ph.D. and 15 MSc theses. He participated in 10 big projects with KACST at KSA and Sandia National Labs in the USA. He is a member of the Arab Society of Forensic Sciences and Forensic Medicine. He is a permanent member of the American Chemical Society, and a rapporteur of the Permanent Committee for Nuclear and Radiological Protection at KKU. He is Head of the Scientific Research and International Cooperation Unit, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University.",institutionString:"King Khalid University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"King Khalid University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"43",title:"Biochemistry",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-biochemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"71721",title:"Latest Implications of Next-Gen Sequencing in Diagnosis of Acute and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92068",slug:"latest-implications-of-next-gen-sequencing-in-diagnosis-of-acute-and-chronic-myeloid-leukemia",totalDownloads:802,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The spectacular progress which was present in the past few years in the field of genome sequencing, together with the appearance on the market of some high performance devices in this field, the reduction of the costs regarding the analysis of the samples and the standardization of some protocols, has led to the establishment and introduction of the new generation of sequencing techniques in clinical diagnostic labs. An important role is played by the implementation of this technique in the oncology clinics. In this context, we found it appropriate to discuss in this chapter about the role of next-gen sequencing in determining the genetic probabilities of occurrence of oncological pathologies in the healthy population, the screening of these diseases at the population level, the diagnosis and classification of this pathology, the establishment of the therapeutic conduct using the technique, as well as the progression of the disease. In this chapter, we intend to discuss in particular the involvement of this technology in hemato-oncological diseases.",signatures:"Oana Maria Boldura, Cristina Petrine, Alin Mihu and Cornel Balta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71721",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71721",authors:[{id:"189429",title:"Prof.",name:"Oana-Maria",surname:"Boldura",slug:"oana-maria-boldura",fullName:"Oana-Maria Boldura"},{id:"222863",title:"Dr.",name:"Cornel",surname:"Balta",slug:"cornel-balta",fullName:"Cornel Balta"},{id:"316272",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Petrine",slug:"cristina-petrine",fullName:"Cristina Petrine"},{id:"316273",title:"Dr.",name:"Alin",surname:"Mihu",slug:"alin-mihu",fullName:"Alin Mihu"}],corrections:null},{id:"66704",title:"Biological Evidence Analysis in Cases of Sexual Assault",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82164",slug:"biological-evidence-analysis-in-cases-of-sexual-assault",totalDownloads:1707,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Sexual assault (SA) is a crime of violence against a person’s body resulting in a physical trauma, mental anguish, and suffering for victims generating expenses for government intended criminal investigation, medical care, and psychological attention. During the crime scene investigation, the identification and recovery of biological evidence (BE) are utmost important, since sometimes these are the only way to prove sexual contact and the perpetrator’s identity. The examiner, with the help of specific technologies and techniques, must be able to find evidence that otherwise could go unnoticed. Forensic laboratories identify biological evidence with systemized protocols and use molecular methods to generate DNA profiles based on the amplification and DNA sequencing. Before the arrival of the new-generation sequencers, the application of other markers (single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertion-deletion of nucleotides (INDEL), or microhaplotypes (MHs)) was laborious, expensive, and not very informative for forensic purposes; however, now they are useful in this field. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) brought a new series of applications like epigenetics, microbiota, messenger RNA, and microRNA analysis and the inferences in the ancestry and phenotyping of individuals. In the end, the results obtained from such analyses and stored in databases are very useful for the identification of sexual aggressors.",signatures:"Benito Ramos González, Miranda Córdova Mercado, Orlando Salas Salas, Juan Carlos Hernández Reyes, Martín Guardiola Ramos, Elton Solis Esquivel, Gerardo Castellanos Aguilar and Porfirio Diaz Torres",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66704",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66704",authors:[{id:"88480",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Benito",surname:"Ramos-González",slug:"benito-ramos-gonzalez",fullName:"Benito Ramos-González"},{id:"271333",title:"BSc.",name:"Miranda",surname:"Córdova Mercado",slug:"miranda-cordova-mercado",fullName:"Miranda Córdova Mercado"},{id:"271335",title:"BSc.",name:"Juan Carlos",surname:"Hernández Reyes",slug:"juan-carlos-hernandez-reyes",fullName:"Juan Carlos Hernández Reyes"},{id:"271336",title:"MSc.",name:"Mártin",surname:"Guardiola Ramos",slug:"martin-guardiola-ramos",fullName:"Mártin Guardiola Ramos"},{id:"271337",title:"Dr.",name:"Elton",surname:"Solis Esquivel",slug:"elton-solis-esquivel",fullName:"Elton Solis Esquivel"},{id:"271338",title:"BSc.",name:"Gerardo",surname:"Castellanos Aguilar",slug:"gerardo-castellanos-aguilar",fullName:"Gerardo Castellanos Aguilar"},{id:"271339",title:"MSc.",name:"Porfirio",surname:"Díaz Torres",slug:"porfirio-diaz-torres",fullName:"Porfirio Díaz Torres"},{id:"271340",title:"BSc.",name:"Orlando",surname:"Salas Salas",slug:"orlando-salas-salas",fullName:"Orlando Salas Salas"}],corrections:null},{id:"67852",title:"DNA Sequencing Resolves Misdiagnosed and Rare Genetic Disorders",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86556",slug:"dna-sequencing-resolves-misdiagnosed-and-rare-genetic-disorders",totalDownloads:839,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter focuses on the mandatory requirement of DNA sequencing approaches for genetic diagnosis and recurrence prevention of inherited diseases. Sequencing the DNA and coded transcripts has intensely promoted our understanding of functional genomics and the fundamental importance of non-coding genomic sequences in causing heritable diseases, when mutated. Though Sanger sequencing, the first employed approach in identifying genetic mutations has been replaced nowadays in many laboratories with the highly robust massive parallel sequencing techniques, “Sanger” remains vital in countries with limited resources and also of essential importance in validating the results of large scale sequencing technologies. Next generation sequencing (NGS) enabled the parallel sequencing of the whole exome (WES) and whole genome (WGS) regions of human genome and has revolutionized the field of genetic and genomic research in human. WES and WGS have facilitated the identification of the role of previously unrecognized genes in causing neurologic phenotypes, brain structural malformation, and resolved the causal genes in puzzling and misdiagnosed genetic phenotypes. Role of fusion genes and non-coding RNA in causing neurogenetic recessive diseases has been uncovered by the application of NGS platforms, published examples are presented in this chapter. Extensive phenotypic variability that retained patients either as misdiagnosed or undiagnosed cases for years has been correctly diagnosed through NGS research applications.",signatures:"Alice Abdel Aleem",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67852",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67852",authors:[{id:"289784",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Alice",surname:"Abdel Aleem",slug:"alice-abdel-aleem",fullName:"Alice Abdel Aleem"}],corrections:null},{id:"69756",title:"Molecular Tools for Gene Analysis in Fission Yeast",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84896",slug:"molecular-tools-for-gene-analysis-in-fission-yeast",totalDownloads:917,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Schizosaccharomyces pombe or fission yeast has been called micromammal due to the potential application of the knowledge derived from the yeast in the physiology of higher eukaryotes. Fission yeast has been consolidated as an excellent model for the study of highly conserved cellular processes. The possibility of using haploid or diploid strains facilitates the analysis of the dominant or recessive phenotype of an allele as well as its function, making it a model of first choice for the development of any investigation in eukaryotes cells. With a growing community that employs fission yeast as a model system for the study of numerous cellular processes, it has motivated the simultaneous development of molecular tools that facilitate the study of genes and proteins in the yeast. In this review, we present the most used molecular techniques in fission yeast for the analysis of genes, its characterization, as well as the determination of its function.",signatures:"Irma Pilar Herrera-Camacho, Lourdes Millán-Pérez-Peña, Francisca Sosa-Jurado, Nancy Martínez-Montiel, Rebeca Débora Martínez-Contreras and Nora Hilda Rosas Murrieta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69756",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69756",authors:[{id:"86998",title:"Prof.",name:"Irma",surname:"Herrera-Camacho",slug:"irma-herrera-camacho",fullName:"Irma Herrera-Camacho"},{id:"169522",title:"Dr.",name:"Lourdes",surname:"Millán-Pérez-Peña",slug:"lourdes-millan-perez-pena",fullName:"Lourdes Millán-Pérez-Peña"},{id:"169523",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisca",surname:"Sosa-Jurado",slug:"francisca-sosa-jurado",fullName:"Francisca Sosa-Jurado"},{id:"174538",title:"Dr.",name:"Nora-Hilda",surname:"Rosas-Murrieta",slug:"nora-hilda-rosas-murrieta",fullName:"Nora-Hilda Rosas-Murrieta"},{id:"174818",title:"Dr.",name:"Rebeca D.",surname:"Martínez-Contreras",slug:"rebeca-d.-martinez-contreras",fullName:"Rebeca D. Martínez-Contreras"},{id:"174819",title:"MSc.",name:"Nancy",surname:"Martínez-Montiel",slug:"nancy-martinez-montiel",fullName:"Nancy Martínez-Montiel"}],corrections:null},{id:"69570",title:"Detection of the Species Composition of Food Using Mitochondrial DNA: Challenges and Possibilities of a Modern Laboratory",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89579",slug:"detection-of-the-species-composition-of-food-using-mitochondrial-dna-challenges-and-possibilities-of",totalDownloads:635,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Monitoring food quality is an important and constant element of the food market. This need is connected with health issues, religious beliefs of consumers, and economic considerations. For analysis, mtDNA is most commonly used because it is resist to physical factors such as temperature and pressure, which very often accompany food processing. Nowadays, scientific publications present a number of methods describing species identification from both farm animals and also less common animals. The most effective methods for determining species are based on PCR, real-time PCR, and sequencing. The methods are very sensitive, limit of detection (LOD) is 0.001% for many of them. An indispensable element of performing the described research is the strict application in the laboratory of several principles, which are intended to improve the work and make it safe for the lab technician, as well as guarantee the quality and effectiveness of the experiments carried out. The high work requirements set for the crew naturally shape the quality system from which the most popular is ISO/IEC 17025. Modern methods based on mtDNA are a good tool for food analysis, creating great opportunities for the researcher, at the same time causing challenges for the contemporary laboratory.",signatures:"Małgorzata Natonek-Wiśniewska and Piotr Krzyścin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69570",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69570",authors:[{id:"304480",title:"Dr.",name:"Małgorzata",surname:"Natonek-Wiśniewska",slug:"malgorzata-natonek-wisniewska",fullName:"Małgorzata Natonek-Wiśniewska"},{id:"309474",title:"Dr.",name:"Piotr",surname:"Krzyścin",slug:"piotr-krzyscin",fullName:"Piotr Krzyścin"}],corrections:null},{id:"68722",title:"Molecular Markers and Their Optimization: Addressing the Problems of Nonhomology Using Decapod COI Gene",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86993",slug:"molecular-markers-and-their-optimization-addressing-the-problems-of-nonhomology-using-decapod-coi-ge",totalDownloads:737,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Advancements in DNA sequencing and computational technologies influenced almost all areas of biological sciences. DNA barcoding technology employed for generating nucleotide sequences (DNA barcodes) from standard gene region(s) is capable of resolving the complexities caused due to morphological characters. Thus, they complement taxonomy, population analysis, and phylogenetic and evolutionary studies. DNA barcodes are also utilized for species identification from eggs, larvae, and commercial products. Sequence similarity search using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) is the most reliable and widely used strategy for characterizing newly generated sequences. Similarity searches identify “homologous” gene sequence(s) for query sequence(s) by statistical calculations and provide identity scores. However, DNA barcoding relies on diverse DNA regions which differ considerably among taxa. Even, region-specific variations within barcode sequences from a single gene leading to “nonhomology” have been reported. This causes complications in specimen identification, population analysis, phylogeny, evolution, and allied studies. Hence, the selection of appropriate barcode region(s) homologous to organism of interest is inevitable. Such complications could be avoided using standardized barcode regions sequenced using optimized primers. This chapter discusses about the potential problems encountered due to the unknown/unintentional/intentional use of nonhomologous barcode regions and the need for primer optimization.",signatures:"Deepak Jose and Mahadevan Harikrishnan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68722",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68722",authors:[{id:"293863",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepak",surname:"Jose",slug:"deepak-jose",fullName:"Deepak Jose"},{id:"293867",title:"Prof.",name:"Harikrishnan",surname:"Mahadevan",slug:"harikrishnan-mahadevan",fullName:"Harikrishnan Mahadevan"}],corrections:null},{id:"71889",title:"Ambient Biobanking Solutions for Whole Blood Sampling, Transportation, and Extraction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91995",slug:"ambient-biobanking-solutions-for-whole-blood-sampling-transportation-and-extraction",totalDownloads:798,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Biobanking increases the rate at which precision medicine can be used to successfully refine currently existing medical treatment methodologies. The purpose of precision medicine is to increase a patient’s likelihood of defeating a chronic disease, by creating a unique and personal treatment method. However, the research necessary to develop precision medicine requires thousands of biospecimens, which is why biobanking is necessary to move precision medicine forward. Traditional biobanks are a library of preserved biological specimens, such as tissue and whole blood, that can be later accessed for further testing and analysis. Maintaining these types of biobanks is cumbersome and expensive, due to freezer care. Biobank samples are used to support therapeutic drug monitoring in clinical trials, epidemiology, public health screening, and biomarker discovery. Collecting samples for large translational studies requires making regular trips to the phlebotomist or a clinic, which is an inconvenience that is exacerbated when collecting samples in remote and/or resource-limited locations. Inconsistencies in sample collection can affect downstream clinical studies. Remedies for these procedural issues include the development of a medium that effectively preserves the samples at ambient temperature and developing a virtual biobanking system that allows for long-distance access to bioinformatic data of previously analyzed biospecimens.",signatures:"Armaity Nasarabadi Fouts, Alejandro Romero, James Nelson, Mike Hogan and Shanavaz Nasarabadi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71889",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71889",authors:[{id:"311399",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Shanavaz",surname:"Nasarabadi",slug:"shanavaz-nasarabadi",fullName:"Shanavaz Nasarabadi"},{id:"312331",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Hogan",slug:"michael-hogan",fullName:"Michael Hogan"},{id:"316859",title:"Mrs.",name:"Armaity",surname:"Fouts",slug:"armaity-fouts",fullName:"Armaity Fouts"},{id:"316860",title:"Mr.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"Romero",slug:"alejandro-romero",fullName:"Alejandro Romero"},{id:"316873",title:"Dr.",name:"James",surname:"Nelson",slug:"james-nelson",fullName:"James Nelson"}],corrections:null},{id:"72074",title:"The Chemistry Behind Plant DNA Isolation Protocols",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92206",slug:"the-chemistry-behind-plant-dna-isolation-protocols",totalDownloads:3708,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Various plant species are biochemically heterogeneous in nature, a single deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) isolation protocol may not be suitable. There have been continuous modification and standardization in DNA isolation protocols. Most of the plant DNA isolation protocols used today are modified versions of hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) extraction procedure. Modification is usually performed in the concentration of chemicals used during the extraction procedure according to the plant species and plant part used. Thus, understanding the role of each chemical (viz. CTAB, NaCl, PVP, ethanol, and isopropanol) used during the DNA extraction procedure will benefit to set or modify protocols for more precisions. A review of the chemicals used in the CTAB method of DNA extraction and their probable functions on the highly evolved yet complex to students and researchers has been summarized.",signatures:"Jina Heikrujam, Rajkumar Kishor and Pranab Behari Mazumder",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72074",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72074",authors:[{id:"74521",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajkumar",surname:"Kishor",slug:"rajkumar-kishor",fullName:"Rajkumar Kishor"},{id:"309357",title:"Prof.",name:"Pranab Behari",surname:"Mazumder",slug:"pranab-behari-mazumder",fullName:"Pranab Behari Mazumder"},{id:"318351",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Jina",surname:"Heikrujam",slug:"jina-heikrujam",fullName:"Jina Heikrujam"}],corrections:null},{id:"69775",title:"Principles of Chromatography Method Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89501",slug:"principles-of-chromatography-method-development",totalDownloads:4244,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter aims to explain the key parameters of analytical method development using the chromatography techniques which are used for the identification, separation, purification, and quantitative estimation of complex mixtures of organic compounds. Mainly, the versatile techniques of ultra−/high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC/HPLC) are in use for the analysis of assay and organic impurities/related substances/degradation products of a drug substance or drug product or intermediate or raw material of pharmaceuticals. A suitable analytical method is developed only after evaluating the major and critical separation parameters of chromatography (examples for UPLC/HPLC are selection of diluent, wavelength, detector, stationary phase, column temperature, flow rate, solvent system, elution mode, and injection volume, etc.). The analytical method development is a process of proving the developed analytical method is suitable for its intended use for the quantitative estimation of the targeted analyte present in pharmaceutical drugs. And it mostly plays a vital role in the development and manufacture of pharmaceuticals drugs.",signatures:"Narasimha S. Lakka and Chandrasekar Kuppan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69775",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69775",authors:[{id:"304950",title:"Prof.",name:"Chandrasekar",surname:"Kuppan",slug:"chandrasekar-kuppan",fullName:"Chandrasekar Kuppan"},{id:"309984",title:"Mr.",name:"Narasimha S",surname:"Lakka",slug:"narasimha-s-lakka",fullName:"Narasimha S Lakka"}],corrections:null},{id:"68865",title:"Online Automated Micro Sample Preparation for High-Performance Liquid Chromatography",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89079",slug:"online-automated-micro-sample-preparation-for-high-performance-liquid-chromatography",totalDownloads:950,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Sample preparation is one of the most labor-intensive and time-consuming operations in sample analysis. Sample preparation strategies include the exhaustive or non-exhaustive extraction of analytes from matrices. Online coupling of sample preparation with the separation system is regarded as an important goal. In-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is an effective sample preparation technique that uses an open tubular fused-silica capillary column as an extraction device. In-tube SPME is useful for trace enrichment, automated sample cleanup, and rapid online analysis. Moreover, this method can be used to determine the analytes in complex matrices by direct sample injection or merely by simple sample treatment such as filtration. In-tube SPME is frequently combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using online column-switching techniques. Various operating systems and new sorbent materials have been reported to improve extraction efficiency, such as sorption capacity and selectivity. 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The organic-inorganic composite cation exchanger was prepared by using sol-gel process. The organic polymer part furnishes the good chemical and mechanical properties, whereas the inorganic part improves the ion-exchange behavior and thermal stability. A new and novel polyaniline-Bi(III) iodovanadate composite cation exchanger prepared by using sol-gel process and was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM-EDS studies. The ion exchange capacity, effect of size and charge of metal ion, eluent concentration, effect of time on IEC elution behavior and oxidizing properties of Bi(III) iodovanadate was also studied by column method. 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He was then honored with a prestigious fellowship from the Canadian Commonwealth to pursue a Ph.D. degree at the University of British Columbia (UBC), Canada, where he worked on the application of remote sensing for forest resources management. He has been involved in numerous collaborative international research projects that led to publications in reputable journals. Altogether, he has published a total of 14 books and more than 200 research publications. His research interests cover several aspects of forestry, mainly forest modeling, forest ecology, and biodiversity. He received the UiTM’s Best Researcher and Top Talent Awards in 2015 and 2021, respectively. 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The safety of COVID-19 vaccines has been closely monitored during clinical trials, but even now, during their use, both local and systemic adverse reactions occur immediately after administration and delayed reactions [1].
Several types of COVID 19 vaccines have been used or are being used (Table 1):
Vaccine | Trade-named | Type |
---|---|---|
Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 | Comirnaty | mRNA vaccine1 |
Moderna COVID-19 | Spikevax | mRNA vaccine1 |
Janssen COVID-19 | Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 | Viral vector vaccine2 |
Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 | Vaxzevria, Covishield | Viral vector vaccine3 |
Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 | BBIBP-CorV | Inactivated virus vaccine4 |
CoronaVac COVID-19 | Sinovac COVID-19 | Inactivated virus vaccine4 |
Gam-COVID-Vac | Sputnik V | Viral vector vaccine5 |
NVX-CoV2373 | Novavax COVID-19 | Protein subunit vaccine and a virus-like particle vaccine, though the producers call it a “recombinant nanoparticle vaccine”6 |
BBV152 | Covaxin | Inactivated virus vaccine4 |
AD5-nCOV | Convidecia | Viral vector vaccine7 |
CIGB-66 | Abdala | Subunit vaccine8 |
EpiVacCorona | Peptide vaccine9 | |
ZF2001 | Zifivax | Subunit vaccine7 |
FINLAY-FR-2 | Soberana 02 | Conjugate vaccine10 |
CoviVac | Inactivated virus vaccine4 | |
VLA2001 | Valneva COVID-19 vaccine | Inactivated virus vaccine4 |
QazCovid-in | QazVac | Inactivated virus vaccine4 |
Minhai COVID-19 vaccine | KCONVAC | Inactivated virus vaccine4 |
COVIran Barekat | Inactivated virus-vaccine4 | |
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences COVID-19 vaccine IMBCAMS COVID-19 vaccine | Covidful | Inactivated virus vaccine4 |
MVC-COV1901 | Medigen | Protein subunit vaccine6 |
ZyCoV-D | DNA plasmid based COVID-19 vaccine11 | |
FAKHRAVAC | MIVAC | Inactivated virus vaccine4 |
COVAX-19 | SpikoGen | Protein subunit vaccine6 |
Razi Cov Pars | Protein subunit vaccine6 | |
Turkovac | ERUCOV-VAC | Inactivated virus vaccine4 |
Sinopharm CNBG COVID-19 vaccine | Recombinant protein subunit vaccine6 | |
Corbevax | Protein subunit vaccine6 | |
FINLAY-FR-1A, | Soberana Plus | Conjugate vaccine10 |
CoVLP | Virus-Like Particle vaccine12 | |
Noora | Protein-based vaccine6 |
COVID-19 vaccines [2].
type of vaccine that uses a copy of a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce an immune response.
adenovirus serotype 26.
chimpanzee adenovirus ChAdOx1.
vaccine consisting of virus particles that have been grown in culture and then killed to destroy disease-producing capacity.
adenovirus serotype 26 for the first shot and serotype 5 for the second.
the vaccine that contains purified parts of the pathogen that are antigenic, or necessary to elicit a protective immune response.
adenovirus serotype 5.
contains purified parts of the pathogen that are antigenic.
subunit vaccines made from peptides.
type of subunit vaccine which combines a weak antigen with a strong antigen as a carrier so that the immune system has a stronger response to the weak antigen.
type of vaccine that transfects a specific antigen-coding DNA sequence into the cells of an organism as a mechanism to induce an immune response.
molecules that closely resemble viruses, but are non-infectious because they contain no viral genetic material.
The most common local effects after vaccination are pain, redness, and swelling at the injection site [3]. In a study conducted in the Czech Republic, on 922 health workers, local pain was reported in 89.8% of cases, after the administration of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine [4]. Side effects after the second shot may be more intense than the ones experienced after the first shot [3].
Tiredness, headache, muscle aches, chills, joint pain, and fever (more common after the second dose) were also reported [5].
In his paper published in 2021, Meo et al. [6] analyzed the most recent and eloquent data on the side effects of the 2 RNA vaccines, Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 and Moderna, data published in the Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics), PubMed, EMBASE, World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Drug Authorities (FDA) USA, Local Ministries, Health Institutes, and Google Scholar. It was found that the most common reactions caused by administration of the first dose vaccine of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 were pain, swelling, redness, fever, fatigue, headache, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle pain, joint pain, lymphadenopathy, shoulder injury, right axillary lymphadenopathy, paroxysmal ventricular arrhythmia, syncope, and right leg paresthesia [7]; and pain, swelling, redness at the site of vaccine, fever, fatigue, headache, chills, vomiting, arthralgia, myalgia, and urticaria after the first dose of Moderna vaccine (Figure 1) [7]. Moderate or severe reactions have been reported after the second dose of vaccine, and facial swelling and Bell’s palsy have also been reported [8].
Comparison between frequencies of adverse effects of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines [
Also, the most common reactions after administration of the most commonly used vaccines are shown in the Table 2 [2].
Vaccine | Side effects prevalence | Common Side effects |
---|---|---|
Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 | < 1 in 10 people. | Pain and swelling at the injection site, tiredness, headache, muscle aches, chills, joint pain, and fever |
< 1 in 1000 people | Temporary one-sided facial drooping and allergic reactions such as hives or swelling of the face | |
Moderna COVID-19 | < 1 in 10 people. | Pain at the injection site, fatigue, headache, myalgia (muscle pain), and arthralgia (joint pain) |
< 1 in 1000 people | Delayed cutaneous reactions at injection site resulting in rash-like erythemas | |
Janssen COVID-19 | < 1 in 10 people. | Pain and swelling at the injection site, redness, headache, tiredness, muscle pain, nausea, coughing, joint pain, fever, and chills |
< 1 in 100 people. | sneezing, tremor, throat pain, rash, sweating, muscle weakness, pain in the arms and legs, backache, weakness, and feeling generally unwell | |
< 1 in 1000 people | hypersensitivity (allergy), and itchy rash | |
Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 | < 1 in 10 people | Vomiting, diarrhea, fever, swelling, redness at the injection site, and low levels of blood platelets |
< 1 in 100 people. | Enlarged lymph nodes, decreased appetite, dizziness, sleepiness, sweating, abdominal pain, itching, and rash | |
< 1 in 1000 people | Hypersensitivity (allergy) |
The most common reactions after administration of Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, Janssen, and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines [2].
Most side effects were mild and moderate, and severe allergic reactions were rare [10]. In patients who have experienced severe side effects after receiving the first dose of mRNA vaccines, dose 2 has not been given. Also, no other dose was given to patients who experienced severe allergic reactions after COVID 19 Janssen or Oxford-Astra Zeneca vaccines [10].
Documented hypersensitivity to polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a contraindication to the COVID-19 Pfizer vaccine, severe allergic reaction has been observed in about 10 cases per million doses of vaccine administered [11].
According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), the 15-minute postvaccination monitoring recommendation is certified by the fact that most allergic reactions (71%) occur during this period, especially in patients with a history of allergic events (81%) [11].
Anaphylaxis after COVID-19 vaccination is rare with rates of 4.7 cases/million Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine doses administered and 2.5 cases/million Moderna vaccine doses administered [12]. In cases where anaphylaxis has been reported, it has occurred within the first 15 minutes of receiving the vaccine, especially at the first dose of vaccine, usually in people who have reported allergic reactions or anaphylaxis in their medical history [13].
Myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination are rare. Most cases have been reported after receiving Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna (mRNA COVID-19 vaccines), particularly in male adolescents and young adults [14]. Most of them (95%) had mild or moderate manifestations, self-limiting in most cases, and did not require hospitalization for more than four days [15, 16]. Myocarditis has been reported more often after the second dose, usually within a week of vaccination [14].
According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), a significant number of cases of myocarditis have been reported in young people, after the administration of mRNA vaccine, especially the second dose, with favorable evolution under specific treatment and hospitalization [17].
Related to the age group, most cases were reported in young people in the 16–17 age group (105.9 cases per one million doses) [17], followed by the 12–15 age group (70.7 cases per one million doses) and 18–24 age group (52.4 cases per million doses) [17].
In the study published in August 2021 by Diaz et al., myocarditis occurred a median of 3.5 days (IQR, 3.0–10.8 days) after mRNA vaccination, the median age was 36 years (IQR, 26–48 years), all were discharged after a median of 2 days (IQR, 2–3 days), and there were no readmissions or deaths [18].
Pericarditis developed especially after the second immunization, median onset was 20 days (IQR, 6.0–41.0 days) after the vaccination, median age was 59 years (IQR, 46–69 years median stay in hospital was 1 day (IQR, 1–2 days), no deaths were reported [18].
Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) has been associated with the administration of the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine [19]. TTS is rare and has occurred in approximately 4 cases per one million doses administered [19]. A review of reports indicates a causal relationship between the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine and TTS [20, 21].
The following features were found in relation to TTS [20, 21]:
All side effects have been reported after the first dose of the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine (none after booster doses).
Median time from vaccination to symptom onset: 9 days (range 0–18 days).
48% are women aged <50 years.
Median age: 44.5 years (range 18–70 years).
83% in White non-Hispanic persons.
54% have a cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST).
Venous thrombosis risk factors in U.S. TTS cases following Janssen COVID-19 vaccination are [20, 21]: obesity (46%), hypertension (30%), diabetes (13%), and systemic estrogen therapy (6%).
Thrombotic adverse events have also been reported following the administration of the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, especially in younger women [19, 22]. Analysis of VigiBase reported embolic and thrombotic events after vaccination with Oxford-AstraZeneca, found a related incidence of 0.21 cases per 1 million vaccinated-days [23].
The following characteristics were found in cases with TTS in connection with Astra Zeneca COVID-19 vaccination [19]:
TTS developed 5 to 24 days after initial vaccination.
Women younger than 50 years of age, some of whom were receiving estrogen replacement therapy or oral contraceptives.
Patients were known to have had previous thrombosis or a preexisting prothrombotic condition.
A high percentage of the patients had thromboses at unusual sites (cerebral venous sinus thrombosis or thrombosis in the portal, splanchnic, or hepatic veins).
The median platelet counts at diagnosis were approximately 20,000 to 30,000 per cubic millimeter (range, approximately 10,000 to 110,000).
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in people who have received the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine is a very rare side effect and was reported during the 42 days following vaccination, especially in men ages 50 years and older [24].
Based on a recent analysis of data from the Vaccine Safety Datalink, the rate of GBS was 11 times higher following Janssen COVID-19 vaccination compared to Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna (mRNA COVID-19 vaccines) [25].
In a study, conducted by Miguel García-Grimshaw and published in August 2021, on more than 3 million people who received mRNA vaccines, GBS was very rare, with incidence of 0.18/100,000 administered doses, within 30 days from first dose vaccine administration [26]. No cases were reported after second dose administration [26]. The presence of a concomitant trigger in most of our cases suggests a lack of mechanistic connection between mRNA vaccines and GBS [26].
Delayed hypersensitivity reactions after the administration of vaccines for COVID-19 have been reported, a median of 7 days after the first vaccine dose, mainly after administration of mRNA vaccines [27]. Delayed large local reactions were noted as well urticaria, morbilliform eruptions, erythromelalgia, erythema multiforme, vasculitis, petechiae, pityriasis-rosea-like exanthems, or persistent maculopapular exanthema [28, 29]. Angioedema and liver damage were also described [28, 29].
A number of very rare side effects have been reported with various vaccines:
A rare autoimmune neurologic disorder characterized by ascending weakness and paralysis after Janssen COVID-19 vaccination [30]
Ocular adverse effects like facial nerve palsy, abducens nerve palsy, acute macular neuroretinopathy, central serous retinopathy, thrombosis, uveitis, multiple evanescent white dot syndrome, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease reactivation, and new-onset Graves’ Disease [31]
Reactive arthritis (ReA) after CoronaVac vaccination [32]
Auto-immune hepatitis following Covishield vaccination [33]
Sudden sensorineural hearing loss after Oxford-AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccination [34]
Bullous pemphigoid rash following Moderna [35]
Interstitial lung disease after BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine [36]
COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective; most side effects are mild and moderate and resolve in a few days. Severe reactions after vaccination are rare; however, the benefit of vaccination is much greater than the risk.
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\n\nAny use of the above terminology, or other words in the singular, plural, capitalization and/or he/she or they, are taken as interchangeable.
\n\nUnless otherwise stated, IntechOpen and/or its licensors own the intellectual property rights for all materials on www.intechopen.com. All intellectual property rights are reserved. You may view, download, share, link and print pages from www.intechopen.com for your own personal use, subject to the restrictions set out in these Terms and Conditions.
\n\nWe employ the use of cookies. By using the IntechOpen website you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with IntechOpen’s Privacy Policy. Most modern day interactive websites use cookies to enable the retrieval of user details for each visit. On our site, cookies are predominantly used to enable functionality and ease of use for those visiting the site.
\n\nIn no circumstances shall IntechOpen or its suppliers be liable for any damages (including, without limitation, damages for loss of data or profit, or due to business interruption) arising out of the use, or inability to use, the materials on IntechOpen's websites, even if IntechOpen or an IntechOpen authorized representative has been notified orally or in writing of the possibility of such damage. Some jurisdictions do not allow limitations on implied warranties, or limitations of liability for consequential or incidental damages; consequently, these limitations may not apply to you.
\n\nIntechopen.com website content and services are provided on an "AS IS" and an "AS AVAILABLE" basis. Material appearing on www.intechopen.com could include minor technical, typographical, or photographic errors. IntechOpen may make changes to any material contained on its website at any time without notice.
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\n\nCroatian version of Terms and Conditions available here
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Notably, enhanced AR signaling in CRPC has been documented in several studies; however, which of these factors are important for the biological function it remains poorly understood. Here, I review our current knowledge of the mechanistic roles of AR involved in prostate cancer progression and discuss the importance of the prostate cancer-associated signals.",book:{id:"6762",slug:"advances-in-testosterone-action",title:"Advances in Testosterone Action",fullTitle:"Advances in Testosterone Action"},signatures:"Ken-ichi Takayama",authors:[{id:"239221",title:"Dr.",name:"Ken-Ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Takayama",slug:"ken-ichi-takayama",fullName:"Ken-Ichi Takayama"}]},{id:"75047",title:"Role of Sex Hormones in Human Body",slug:"role-of-sex-hormones-in-human-body",totalDownloads:566,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Gonadal Steroids hormones play an important role in the reproductive and non-reproductive systems. Estrogen has important rule in cardiovascular system as it has vasodilator effect and reduces or prevents platelet activation. In addition, it improves the profile of circulating lipoproteins. All of which may explain why women at premenopausal age are less likely to have heart disease than menopause women or men. E2 play a grate effect on the skeletal system as it is one of the strongest regulators of osteoblast and osteoclast function, and it is responsible for the reduction of adipose tissue and regulation of the body weight, and also has dermatological effect,hence it stimulates the proliferation of keratinocytes and prevents their apoptosis, in addition to the progesterone which increases collagen synthesis. Estrogen is necessary for the functioning and integrity of the tissues of the urinary system specially of the lower urinary tract. Sex steroid are crucial for nervous system, as progesterone is important for production of neurosteroid, and estrogen is currently used in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease because of its effects on mental health. The androgens also have a crucial biological effects on neural, muscle, bone, adipose tissue,prostate, cardiovascular, haemopoietic, and the reproductive systems. The gonadal steroid hormones play an important role in immune system and regulating the immune response against different viral or bacterial infections.",book:{id:"10313",slug:"reproductive-hormones",title:"Reproductive Hormones",fullTitle:"Reproductive Hormones"},signatures:"Nassrin Malik Aubead",authors:[{id:"329956",title:"Dr.",name:"Nassrin",middleName:null,surname:"Malik Aubead",slug:"nassrin-malik-aubead",fullName:"Nassrin Malik Aubead"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1014",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:23,paginationItems:[{id:"82392",title:"Nanomaterials as Novel Biomarkers for Cancer Nanotheranostics: State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105700",signatures:"Hao Yu, Zhihai Han, Cunrong Chen and Leisheng Zhang",slug:"nanomaterials-as-novel-biomarkers-for-cancer-nanotheranostics-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:21,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"82184",title:"Biological Sensing Using Infrared SPR Devices Based on ZnO",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104562",signatures:"Hiroaki Matsui",slug:"biological-sensing-using-infrared-spr-devices-based-on-zno",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hiroaki",surname:"Matsui"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82122",title:"Recent Advances in Biosensing in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104922",signatures:"Alma T. Banigo, Chigozie A. Nnadiekwe and Emmanuel M. Beasi",slug:"recent-advances-in-biosensing-in-tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82080",title:"The Clinical Usefulness of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers: Current and Future Directions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103172",signatures:"Donovan McGrowder, Lennox Anderson-Jackson, Lowell Dilworth, Shada Mohansingh, Melisa Anderson Cross, Sophia Bryan, Fabian Miller, Cameil Wilson-Clarke, Chukwuemeka Nwokocha, Ruby Alexander-Lindo and Shelly McFarlane",slug:"the-clinical-usefulness-of-prostate-cancer-biomarkers-current-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. 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She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"20",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Nutrition",keywords:"Sustainable Animal Diets, Carbon Footprint, Meta Analyses",scope:"An essential part of animal production is nutrition. Animals need to receive a properly balanced diet. One of the new challenges we are now faced with is sustainable animal diets (STAND) that involve the 3 P’s (People, Planet, and Profitability). We must develop animal feed that does not compete with human food, use antibiotics, and explore new growth promoters options, such as plant extracts or compounds that promote feed efficiency (e.g., monensin, oils, enzymes, probiotics). These new feed options must also be environmentally friendly, reducing the Carbon footprint, CH4, N, and P emissions to the environment, with an adequate formulation of nutrients.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11416,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517"},editorialBoard:[{id:"175762",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo J.",middleName:null,surname:"Escribano",slug:"alfredo-j.-escribano",fullName:"Alfredo J. 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