These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
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This collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
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To celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\n
Initially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\n
This collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\n
To celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"965",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Novel Strategies in Ischemic Heart Disease",title:"Novel Strategies in Ischemic Heart Disease",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'The first edition of this book will provide a comprehensive overview of ischemic heart disease, including epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic tests, differential diagnosis, treatment, complications and prognosis. 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1. Introduction
The EEG is a neuroimaging device that reflects the electrophysiological activity of the cerebrum that is generated by the synchronistic firing of nerve cells [1, 2]. Because the EEG reflects dynamic neurocognitive processes according to millisecond variations, the statistical properties of neural activation and processes fluctuate according to time, depth, and orientation of the neural generators. Measurement of the electrical activity reflected by the EEG is best conceptualized as a nonlinear stochastic process that is inherently spatio-temporally dependent [1, 2].
Extracellular currents are derived from excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials allow for dipole moment per unit volume approximations [1, 3]. The dipole moment per unit volume approximations allow for the derivation of weighted estimations of current source density according to neural generators across and between local tissues and the orthogonal orientation of nerve cells within the neocortical layers [1].
While measurements of extracellular currents can be measured using divergent mathematical algorithms (i.e., phase shift, phase lock, coherence, and lagged coherence), the interaction between neurons that generate excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials must be evaluated according to time, frequency, and the location of the neural generators [4, 5]. Utilization of the Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) allows for the derivation of EEG frequency bands from the raw signal according to time. FFT analyses elucidate phase angle and phase differences from the EEG frequency domains. When the phase angle is stable or constant, this indicates that coherence = 1.0 whereas coherence = 0 when there are phase differences due to moment to moment variations in the phase angle. Thus, coherence elucidates communication between distal and contiguous neuroanatomical regions and therefore, across and between functional networks via coupled neural oscillators [4, 5].
Mathematical modeling of current sources can be reflected as P (r′, t) when the estimation is derived according to dipole moment per unit volumetric approximations [1]. This algorithmic model asserts that r′ is the estimated location of the neural source according to volume where t indicates time. Limitations of source localization methods are attributable to the inverse problem and assumptions related to the head volume conduction model [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. The head volume conduction model is significantly flawed because there are multiple layers of biological material that the electrical current must surpass before it can be reflected on the scalp [1, 7]. Furthermore, because of the anisotropic conductivity of the brain, which is attributable to the inhomogeneous conductivity of the cerebrospinal fluid, dura and cerebral tissue, there are an infinite number of solutions to the inverse solution [1, 8, 9, 10].
2. Applications of Maxwell’s law
Applications of Maxwell’s equations to the EEG incorporate fundamental principles related to thermodynamics as derived by Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction and Gauss’ law of electromagnetism [11, 12, 13, 14]. Maxwell’s equations establish that the electrical displacement of neural generators and the field produced by these neurophysiological generators inherently influence accurate estimations of current source density [14].
There are four algorithms that comprise Maxwell’s equations [15, 16, 17]. Eq. (1) defines 𝛁 as a nabla operator [14]. The nabla must act upon the other variables denoted within the equation in order to derive estimations of current source density. E is defined as the electrical current. When E is considered as a cross product with the nabla, it is a mathematical constant that is derived as a function of the partial derivation, 𝛛, of the magnetic field, B, which varies according to temporal changes, t [14].
∇×E=−∂∂tB,E1
Considerations of Eq. (1) indicate that the nabla operator denotes a gradient of a scalar field when this operator is utilized to derive estimations of neural generators according to a Cartesian coordinate system [15]. Thus, this equation attempts to utilize statistical weighting to estimate Laplacian operators that are derived from electromagnetic fields at different points within the head volume conduction model. Because the activity reflected in an EEG recording is derived from the activity of orthogonally oriented neurons, estimations of current source density must account for the errors in estimation that are a result of the inability to determine the precise location of the neurobiological generators that produce dipole magnetic fields [15]. It is important to denote that 𝛁 x E represents a cross-product between these two factors and does not represent an order of multiplication [14].
Eq. (2) indicates that the cross product between the magnetic field strength, H, and the gradient of a scalar field, 𝛁, is equal to current source density, J, as it relates to a partial derivation, 𝛛, of time, t. The field of electric displacement is denoted as D [15].
∇xH=J+∂∂tD,E2
Eq. (3) indicates that the gradient of a scalar field as a cross product between the electrical displacement, D, allows for the derivation of the unbounded charge density, p [15]. Eq. (3) is derived from Gauss’ law of electromagnetism [15]. Gauss’ law of electromagnetism indicates that the electrical flux that is reflected by a closed surface must be proportional to the total electrical charge within that surface [14, 16]
∇·D=pE3
Applications of Maxwell’s law and Gauss’ law of electromagnetism incorporate the divergence theorem [17]. The divergence theorem states that the properties of a continuous entity, such as electrical flux, within a closed circuit is equal to the spread of that continuous entity over the volume of the closed-circuit system. Thus, because the flow of a continuous entity must be calculated as a 3-dimensional dispersion, the calculation must consider the magnitude, directionality, and the time by which the divergence occurs. This theorem indicates that a geometric interpretation of the dispersion of a waveform that uses a 3-coordinate configuration system is equivalent to the derivation of current source density [17].
Eq. (4) indicates that the sum of the voltages within a closed-circuit loop must inherently sum to zero [15]. This assertion is consistent with Laplacian physics and Kirchhoff’s Circuit Theory [18].
∇·B=0E4
3. Laplacian physics
Geometric models and calculus-based physics in EEG source localization include applications of Coulomb’s inverse-square law [19]. Coulomb’s law indicates that the magnitude of the electrical force between two particles is inversely related to the distance between the two charges. Thus, as distance increases, the magnitude of the two charges decrease. This law also indicates that electrical force increases as the charge of two particles increase. Coulomb’s law can be applied to estimations of source localization if the difference in magnitude between divergent neural generators is considered similarly to the difference in charge of two particles. Specifically, as the distance between electrophysiological generators from the scalp increases, there is a decreased probability that this activity will be reflected on the surface. Coulomb’s inverse square law is mathematically defined in Eq. (5) [19].
|FE|=kq1q2r2E5
Because the depth of a signal inherently influences the electrical field within a volume conductor, applications of Ohm’s law to the EEG are also related to source localization [19]. Algorithmic modeling of Ohm’s law can be reflected according to vector computations. Eq. (6) denotes that E(r) is the electrical field represented at a specific location, p is resistance, and j is current source density [19].
Er=pjrE6
Gradient derivations are also employed to evaluate the Laplacian operators [19, 20]. Estimations of Cartesian coordinates to evaluate locations of electrical generators are determined by computations that derive the statistical term weights in vector space models. Eq. (7) indicates that the electrical field is computed as a vector function that fluctuates according to time. The derivation of the estimated coordinates account for the time and direction of the magnetic field which inherently affects the magnitude of power reflected by electrical generators. Eq. (7) defines 𝛛 as a partial derivative of V(r) according to its location and i, j, and k as individual Cartesian coordinates according to their orthogonal directionality. The orientation of the generator inherently affects the weighting or probabilistic influence of each coordinate in relation to the electrical signal. Grad indicates a gradient of V(r) which is a measurement of the rate of change of electrical flux within a physical construct according to its radial direction [19, 20].
GradVr=∂Vr∂xî+∂Vr∂yĵ+∂Vr∂zk̂E7
Computations of Laplacian operators require considerations of resistivity [1, 10, 21]. Because the resistivity of biologic materials within the EEG are anisotropic, estimations of Laplacian operators according to the head volume conduction model are inherently flawed. The head volume conduction model assumes isotropy or uniform conductivity. Weighted approximations of the resistivity within a biologic medium must account for the time, region, directionality and the type of tissue by which the electrical currents propagate. Because electrical currents indicate a non-uniform distribution, a cross-section within the brain may present divergent resistive properties dependent upon the Laplacian operator being cortical or subcortical in origin [21].
Further applications of Maxwell’s equations include the Maxwell-Rayleigh algorithm [21]. This algorithm is utilized to calculate the resistive properties that occur within a spherical conductive model. Thus, the Maxwell-Rayleigh equation incorporates geometric configurations to estimate of gradations of resistivity that are attributable to a homogenous suspension that exists within a volume conductor. This application is directly related to the estimation of current source density as the brain is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid. Eq. (8) defines η is resistance according to a specific medium, ηs is fluid resistivity, h is configured according to the geometrical shape of the volume conductor, and 𝛂 is the partial derivative of the volume by which the suspension occupies [21].
ηηs=1+hα1−αE8
Considerations of algorithms that attempt to model estimations of current source density according to the EEG must consider physiological constraints and mathematical limitations [1]. Derivations of the cumulative density function according to Eq. (9) does not consider the resistivity of the biological material by which the electrical signals must bypass. The resistivity of these biological materials alters the conductivity of the electrical signals that are reflected on the scalp. Eq. (9) defines 𝚽 as the cumulative magnetic flux, for a given region, r, according to time, t. Determination of the cumulative magnetic flux is a function of the interaction between independent variables that vary according to time. This equation defines ∫ as the integral of B, the imaginary component, GH as the weighted term of volume conductance, P (r′, t) as the three-dimensional electrical field, and dV as the electrical flux according to density. V is defined as volume [1].
ϕSrt=∫GHr,r′Pr′,tdVr′E9
GH is a direct application of Coulomb’s law of electrostatic force with regard to source localization. This equation indicates that GH is always larger for cortical generators compared to subcortical generators [1]. Thus, this is a direct application of Coulomb’s law because as the distance between the electrophysiological generators and the scalp increases, the probability that the activity will be shown on the surface decreases. The reduced probability is attributable to Coulomb’s law that indicates that the magnitude of electric force decreases as a factor of 1/r2 where r is defined as the distance between the two charges or generators that produce the dipole field [1, 19].
4. Quantum mechanics and Schrodinger equation applications
Applications of quantum mechanics indicate that linear models that are utilized to conceptualize EEG data are inherently flawed [22]. Linear models that attempt to model EEG signals according to volume conduction include the linear instantaneous time-invariant mixing algorithm [23]. The linear instantaneous time-invariant mixing model indicates that the generation of electrophysiological signals can be modeled as a linear function. This is attributable to the assertion that the cumulative electrical activity reflected on the scalp is a result of the mixing of underlying sources within the head volume conduction model. Congedo and Sherlin [23] indicate that the mixing coefficients or the individual sources do not vary according to time and are therefore fixed. Eq. (10) defines xi as the voltage, ai and aiM as the mixing coefficients, s as the source, and t as time [23].
xit=ai1⋅s1t+ai2⋅s2t+…+aiM⋅sMtE10
Eq. (10) negates the inclusion of factors related to the resistivity of the biologic medium by which the electrical signals are derived [23]. Furthermore, this equation is inherently flawed in that the mixing coefficients are deemed as time invariant factors. Considerations of the inverse problem and Coulomb’s law of electrical force indicate that the estimation of the electrical sources is dependent upon the depth, orientation, and number of neurons that generate the EEG rhythms that are reflected on the scalp [1, 7].
Applications of Heinsenberg’s Uncertainty Principle and Schrodinger’s equation further exemplify the error associated with conceptualizing the EEG as a linear function [22, 24]. These principles and algorithms indicate that EEG waveforms can be modeled as a summation of individual waves and quantum particles. Heinsenberg’s Uncertainty Principle indicates that statistical modeling can be utilized in a priori estimations of the location and position of quantum objects as the precise location and momentum of particles cannot be simultaneously determined. Eq. (11) is a representation of the time independent derivative of the Schrodinger equation [22, 24].
iħ∂Ψxt∂t=−ħ22m∇2Ψxt+Vxt+ψxtE11
Eq. (11) defines iħ as energy, 𝛛 as the partial derivative of the waveform according to time [24]. ħ is Plank’s constant, 𝚿 indicates the wave function, and 𝛁 indicates the degree to which the wave function changes according to space relative to the conductor by which it is modeled. V is defined as the magnitude or force of the particle according to location and time where m represents the mass of the particle. Because the Schrodinger equation indicates that waveforms within the EEG can be conceptualized as quantum particles, this suggests that the energy or magnitude of the quanta that produce neuro-oscillatory behavior and EEG rhythms can be defined as a function of kinetic energy [24].
4.1 EEG application of Schrodinger equation
The Schrodinger equation exemplifies the inherent limitations of the head volume conduction model and, therefore, the inverse problem. Albeit Nunez and Srinivasan [21] have derived estimations of resistivity for divergent biological materials such as the skull, cerebrospinal fluid, dura, blood and the cortex, the Schrodinger equation indicates that the precise location of individual quantum particles and waveforms cannot be determined unless invasive procedures are utilized to isolate these particles [21, 22]. Postulates of the Schrodinger equation indicate that probability distributions are utilized to estimate the dispersion of each wave form [24]. This postulate can be applied to the EEG in relation to the derivation of dipole magnetic fields.
Because multiple ‘neurorhythmicities’ are generated at any given time, where each waveform will have its own probabilities and estimated dispersions of the dipole fields related to that wave, there is not a unique solution to the inverse problem. Derivation of the individual statistical weights for each waveform that is cortical or subcortical in origin is mathematically infeasible. These mathematical and physiological challenges that are specific to the head volume conduction model and inverse problem indicate the necessity to incorporate integrals and imaginary components to reduce statistical error in estimations of source localization.
5. Conclusion
The classification of EEG waveforms as continuous or discrete quantum matter and the output of the EEG as a linear or nonlinear function inherently affects algorithmic modeling for estimations of source localization [23, 24]. While Nunez and Srinivasan [21] have estimated the degree to which specific biologic mediums and materials possess resistive properties, these parametric configurations do not provide a solution to the inverse problem. Applications of quantum mechanics indicate that neurodynamic behavior that originates in thalamo-cortical compared to cortico-cortical regions yield divergent 3-dimensional dispersions of wave forms and quantum energy [21].
The area of tissue by which the oscillatory mechanisms are thought to originate inherently determines the validity and applicability of Ohm’s law to the EEG [1]. Specifically, the amount of tissue by which the neuro-oscillatory generators are thought to be dispersed distorts mathematical estimations of source localization. As the magnitude of space where neural generators are thought to originate increases, Ohm’s law may only be applicable when estimates of current source density are calculated using matrices to account for the macroscopic and anisotropic heterogeneities that permeate calculations of resistivity in subcortical and cortical regions [21].
Applications of the Schrodinger equation and Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle indicate that if EEG waveforms are considered as a summation of discrete particles and individual waveforms, the precise cytoarchitectural boundaries and power of the specific quantum particles that comprise these waveforms cannot be derived simultaneously. Estimations of current source density must obey laws of physics related to thermodynamics and electromagnetism. Thus, laws of classical physics and quantum mechanics such as Coulomb’s inverse square law, Gauss’s law of electromagnetism, and Maxwell’s equations can be applied to derive estimations of the Cartesian coordinates that are utilized in 3-dimensional dipole electrical field per unit volumetric estimations of current source density [1, 19].
\n',keywords:"EEG, electroencephalogram, physics, neurophysics, current source density",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/80691.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/80691.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80691",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80691",totalDownloads:19,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"January 18th 2022",dateReviewed:"January 24th 2022",datePrePublished:"April 7th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"March 2nd 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Applications of quantum mechanics and physics-based calculus allow for advanced mathematical modeling of source localization estimations. Because EEG waveforms can be modeled as continuous or discrete quantum matter, algorithmic models that estimate current source density must also consider the statistical properties of the dipole fields that are etiologically relevant to the reflected waveforms. Further applications of quantum physics to the electroencephalogram (EEG) suggest that neurodynamic behavior that originates in thalamo-cortical regions compared to cortico-cortical regions yield divergent 3-dimensional dispersions of wave forms and quantum energy. Evaluations of the dispersion of quantum energy and dipole magnetic fields according to classical physics and electromagnetism indicate that the area of tissue by which the oscillatory mechanisms are thought to originate inherently influences the algorithmic modeling and estimations current source density. Principles and algorithms related to classical physics are included within this paper to evaluate limitations of algorithmic models of source localization and the inverse problem.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/80691",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/80691",signatures:"Kristin S. Williams",book:{id:"11153",type:"book",title:"Biosignal Processing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Biosignal Processing",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Vahid Asadpour and Dr. Selcan Karakuş",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-562-1",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-561-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-563-8",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Applications of Maxwell’s law",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Laplacian physics",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Quantum mechanics and Schrodinger equation applications",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"4.1 EEG application of Schrodinger equation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"5. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Nunez MD, Nunez PL, Srinivasan R. Electroencephalography (EEG): Neurophysics, experimental methods, and signal processing. In: Ombao H, Linquist M, Thompson W, Aston J, editors. Handbook of Neuroimaging Data Analysis. London: Chapman & Hall/CRC; 2016. pp. 175-197'},{id:"B2",body:'Teleńczuk B, Baker SN, Kempter R, Curio G. Correlates of a single cortical action potential in the epidural EEG. NeuroImage. 2015;109:357-367. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.057'},{id:"B3",body:'Olejniczak P. Neurophysiologic basis of EEG. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2006;23(3):186-189'},{id:"B4",body:'Thatcher RW. Coherence, phase differences, phase shift, and phase lock in EEG/ERP analyses. Developmental Neuropsychology. 2012;37(6):476-496'},{id:"B5",body:'Walter DO. Spectral analysis for electroencephalograms: Mathematical determination of neurophysiological relationships from records of limited duration. Experimental Neurology. 1963;8(2):155-181'},{id:"B6",body:'Riera JJ, Ogawa T, Goto T, Sumiyoshi A, Nonaka H, Evans A, et al. Pitfalls in the dipolar model for the neocortical EEG sources. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2012;108:956-975'},{id:"B7",body:'Łęski S, Wójcik DK, Tereszczuk J, Świejkowski DA, Kublik E, Wróbel A. Inverse current-source density method in 3D: Reconstruction fidelity, boundary effects, and influence of distant sources. Neuroinformatics. 2007;5(4):207-222'},{id:"B8",body:'Anastassiou CA, Perin R, Buzsaki G, Markram H, Koch C. Cell type- and activity-dependent extracellular correlates of intracellular spiking. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2015;114:608-623'},{id:"B9",body:'Lei X, Wu T, Valdes-Sosa PA. Incorporating priors for EEG source imaging and connectivity analysis. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2015;9(284):1-12. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00284'},{id:"B10",body:'Wagner T, Eden U, Rushmore J, Russo CJ, Dipietro L, Fregni F, et al. Impact of brain tissue filtering on neurostimulation fields: A modeling study. NeuroImage. Neuro-Enhancement. 2014;85(Part 3):1048-1057'},{id:"B11",body:'Burke WL. Applied Differential Geometry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1985'},{id:"B12",body:'Collell G, Fauquet J. Brain activity and cognition: A connection from thermodynamics and information theory. Frontiers in Psychology. 2015;6(818):1-11. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00818'},{id:"B13",body:'Deschamps GA. Electromagnetics and differential forms. Proceedings of the IEEE. 1981;69(6):676-696'},{id:"B14",body:'Doschoris M, Kariotou F. Mathematical foundation of electroencephalography. In: Sittiprapaporn P, editor. Electroencephalography. London: IntechOpen; 2017. DOI: 10.5772/68021'},{id:"B15",body:'Gratiy S, Halnes G, Denman D, Hawrylycz M, Koch C, Einevoll G, et al. From Maxwell’s equations to the theory of current-source density analysis. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2017;45:1013-1023'},{id:"B16",body:'Nave R. Maxwell’s Equations. 2016. Available from: http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/maxeq.html'},{id:"B17",body:'Warnick K, Selfridge R, Arnold D. Teaching electromagnetic field theory using differential forms. IEEE Transactions on Education. 1997;40(1):53-68'},{id:"B18",body:'Feldmann P, Rohrer R. Proof of the number of independent Kirchhoff equations in an electrical circuit. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems. 1991;38(7):681-684. DOI: 10.1109/31.13573'},{id:"B19",body:'Carvalhaes C, Barros JAD. The surface Laplacian technique in EEG: Theory and methods. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2015;97(3):174-188. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.04.023'},{id:"B20",body:'Schleifer N. Differential forms as a basis for vector analysis—With applications to electrodynamics. American Journal of Physics. 1983;51(12):1139-1145'},{id:"B21",body:'Nunez P, Srinivasan R. Electric fields and currents in biological tissue. In: Electric Fields of the Brain: The Neurophysics of EEG. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006. pp. 147-202'},{id:"B22",body:'Gandhi V, Prasad G, Coyle D, Behera L, McGinnity TM. EEG-based mobile robot control through an adaptive brain-robot interface. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems. 2014;44(9):1278-1285'},{id:"B23",body:'Congedo M, Sherlin L. EEG source analysis: Methods and clinical implications. In: Neurofeedback and Neuromodulation Techniques and Applications. San Diego: Academic Press; 2011. pp. 25-44'},{id:"B24",body:'Thornton ST, Rex A. Modern Physics for Scientist and Engineers. Boston: Brooks/Cole; 2013'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Kristin S. Williams",address:"kw2994@cumc.columbia.edu",affiliation:'
Columbia University, New York, USA
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She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"110854",title:"Mr.",name:"Neeraj",surname:"Garg",slug:"neeraj-garg",fullName:"Neeraj Garg",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110854/images/system/110854.jpg",biography:"Dr. Neeraj K. Garg is presently working as a formulation scientist\n(Manager) in Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited, Vadodara,\nIndia. His doctoral research focused on-to develop and optimize\nthe novel lipid and polymer based nanocarriers for delivery of\nimmunosuppressive drugs. Dr Neeraj have been working in the\nfield of Advanced Drug Delivery System for last 15 years. He is\nworking in the area of targeted lipid and polymeric nanoparticles in general and development of Lipid and polymer based drug delivery vehicles;\npolymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles, nanostructure lipid carriers (NLCs), in particular.",institutionString:"Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:null},{id:"135941",title:"Dr.",name:"Punit",surname:"Prabha",slug:"punit-prabha",fullName:"Punit Prabha",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"open-access-funding",title:"Open Access Funding",intro:"
IntechOpen’s Academic Editors and Authors have received funding for their work through many well-known funders, including: the European Commission, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers, National Institute of Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NSF), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), German Research Foundation (DFG), Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Australian Research Council (ARC).
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
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\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\\n\\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\\n
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If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
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Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\n\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\n\n
\n\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\n\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\n
\n\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\n\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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The historical database is also useful for assisting doctors to support the medical diagnosis. The continuous technological advancements notably, as regards, networking, sensors, and embedded devices have made it possible to monitor and provide assistance to people in their homes. Smart objects with great capabilities for sensing and connecting could revolutionize the way we are monitoring our environment. This chapter consists of a general overview of several real-time monitoring systems developed and published by the authors. In this chapter, the authors present several new open-source and cost-effective systems that had been developed for monitoring environmental parameters, always with the aim of improving indoor air quality for enhanced healthy buildings.",book:{id:"7473",slug:"indoor-environmental-quality",title:"Indoor Environmental Quality",fullTitle:"Indoor Environmental Quality"},signatures:"Gonçalo Marques and Rui Pitarma",authors:[{id:"202912",title:"Prof.",name:"Rui",middleName:null,surname:"Pitarma",slug:"rui-pitarma",fullName:"Rui Pitarma"},{id:"250831",title:"Dr.",name:"Gonçalo",middleName:"Miguel Santos",surname:"Marques",slug:"goncalo-marques",fullName:"Gonçalo Marques"}]},{id:"62021",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78576",title:"Urbanization and Meeting the Need for Affordable Housing in Nigeria",slug:"urbanization-and-meeting-the-need-for-affordable-housing-in-nigeria",totalDownloads:2659,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Urbanization is an ongoing trend in developed and developing countries. With particular reference to Nigeria, studies have shown that many urban centres have been experiencing rapid and continuous growth over the years, as people tend to migrate from rural areas to urban centres in order to better their living conditions. However, there has been an inadequacy of the necessary infrastructures to meet the needs of the increasing urban populace. Empirical studies have also shown that about 75% of the urban settlers live in slums and improper housing, which is antithetical to human dignity. Therefore, this study aims at exploring the causes, advantages, and disadvantages of urban slum dwelling in Nigeria, and similarly proper possible solutions to the prevailing urbanization challenges in the country. The authors agree that the policy can bring about an effective provision of affordable housing, thereby meeting the needs of housing and helping to solve most of the problems of urbanization in Nigeria. It is recommended that each element of an effective housing policy, as entrenched in the National Housing Policy 2012, should be critically explored towards the delivery of affordable housing, which would in turn go a long way in solving urbanization problems in Nigeria.",book:{id:"7205",slug:"housing",title:"Housing",fullTitle:"Housing"},signatures:"Temi Oni-Jimoh and Champika Liyanage",authors:[{id:"245547",title:"Mrs.",name:"Temi",middleName:null,surname:"Oni-Jimoh",slug:"temi-oni-jimoh",fullName:"Temi Oni-Jimoh"},{id:"245550",title:"Dr.",name:"Champika",middleName:null,surname:"Liyanage",slug:"champika-liyanage",fullName:"Champika Liyanage"}]},{id:"9627",doi:"10.5772/8410",title:"Aging in Place: Self-Care in Smart Home Environments",slug:"aging-in-place-self-care-in-smart-home-environments",totalDownloads:3386,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"3631",slug:"smart-home-systems",title:"Smart Home Systems",fullTitle:"Smart Home Systems"},signatures:"Blanson Henkemans, Olivier A., Alpay, Laurence, L., and Dumay Adrie, C.M.",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"67068",title:"Structural Design of a Typical American Wood-Framed Single-Family Home",slug:"structural-design-of-a-typical-american-wood-framed-single-family-home",totalDownloads:2595,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Light-wood framing construction techniques have been traditionally used in America for the construction of single-family residences. Dimensional wood lumber is readily available and due to its convenient unit dimension can be packaged neatly and transported to work sites by either commercial transport or personal vehicle. The unit pieces of dimensional lumber are light and easily handled once on the work site. Design of light-framed single-family homes is typically conducted by an architect or construction contractor using prescriptive building codes. A structural engineer can assist, if needed, with design items not within the scope of the building code or if alternative design approaches are required. An owner may choose to involve the engineer to improve quality or economy of the home design. Engineers typically become involved with design items such as foundation design, steel framing design, or engineered product specification. In this chapter, the design of a typical light-framed home is discussed. The main structural assemblies are described and subsequently designed using a combination of prescriptive guidance and engineering design.",book:{id:"8299",slug:"timber-buildings-and-sustainability",title:"Timber Buildings and Sustainability",fullTitle:"Timber Buildings and Sustainability"},signatures:"Anthony C. Jellen and Ali M. Memari",authors:[{id:"252670",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"M. Memari",slug:"ali-m.-memari",fullName:"Ali M. Memari"},{id:"276003",title:"Mr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Jellen",slug:"anthony-jellen",fullName:"Anthony Jellen"}]},{id:"60236",title:"The Feasibility of Constructing Super-Long-Span Bridges with New Materials in 2050",slug:"the-feasibility-of-constructing-super-long-span-bridges-with-new-materials-in-2050",totalDownloads:1847,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter explores the possibility of designing and constructing a super-long-span bridge with new materials in 2050. The proposed bridge design has a total span of 4440 m with two 330-m end spans and a central span of 3780 m. The height of the two pylons is 702 m, and the deck width is 40 m. The features of this structure include the combination of a suspension bridge and cable-stayed bridge, application of carbon fibre materials, extension of deck width and pretension techniques. Linear static analysis, dynamic analysis and theoretical analysis are conducted under different loading cases. In linear static analysis, the stresses under critical load combinations are smaller than the ultimate strength of the materials. However, the maximum deflection under the dead and wind load combination exceeds the specified serviceability limit.",book:{id:"6395",slug:"bridge-engineering",title:"Bridge Engineering",fullTitle:"Bridge Engineering"},signatures:"Faham Tahmasebinia, Samad Mohammad Ebrahimzadeh\nSepasgozar, Hannah Blum, Kakarla Raghava Reddy, Fernando\nAlonso-Marroquin, Qile Gao, Yang Hu, Xu Wang and Zhongzheng\nWang",authors:[{id:"211659",title:"Dr.",name:"Faham",middleName:null,surname:"Tahmasebinia",slug:"faham-tahmasebinia",fullName:"Faham Tahmasebinia"},{id:"221172",title:"Dr.",name:"Samad M.E.",middleName:null,surname:"Sepasgozar",slug:"samad-m.e.-sepasgozar",fullName:"Samad M.E. Sepasgozar"}]},{id:"61896",title:"Children’s Playgrounds in Slovak Mass Housing Estates: History and Current Trends",slug:"children-s-playgrounds-in-slovak-mass-housing-estates-history-and-current-trends",totalDownloads:1328,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Children’s playgrounds represent an important amenity in the concepts of mass housing, The study chapter presents the unique concepts of children’s playgrounds that have been applied in the Slovak mass housing estates of the second half of the twentieth century, designed by architects and artist, and inspired by the best European experiences, for example, by the landscape design of the Stockholm School. The early inhabitants of the Slovak mass housing estates were predominantly young families with children. The residential aging of this homogenous social structure caused that during the lifespan of housing estates, the demand for playgrounds decreased, they became underused and fell into decay. Today, the social structure of mass housing estates becomes more heterogeneous, what puts new requirements on the design of open public spaces and, as well as, on the regeneration and design of children’s playgrounds, to serve the rising demands of the inhabitants and to enhance the livability of the housing estates. The study examines the current examples of the children’s playgrounds from Slovak mass housing estates, which show that nowadays the typified design of the standardized catalog type elements is used and preferred.",book:{id:"7205",slug:"housing",title:"Housing",fullTitle:"Housing"},signatures:"Katarína Kristiánová",authors:[{id:"224853",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarina",middleName:null,surname:"Kristianova",slug:"katarina-kristianova",fullName:"Katarina Kristianova"}]},{id:"62555",title:"Risk Management in Indonesia Construction Project: A Case Study of a Toll Road Project",slug:"risk-management-in-indonesia-construction-project-a-case-study-of-a-toll-road-project",totalDownloads:2886,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"While project risks are generally acknowledged merely from owner and contractor perspectives, other parties also play important roles in the project. The aim of this study is to analyze the application of risk management in the toll road project from stakeholders’ perception, such as contractor, owner, design consultant, supervisory consultant, and community surrounding the project. Data of risk factors were collected through interviews with each stakeholder, including the probability of occurrence and their impacts. Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS) has been adapted to breakdown project risks from various stakeholders. Risk level of each risk factor is obtained by multiplying the probability and the impact. The overall results of risk analysis show various risks as perceived by each stakeholder due to different roles and interests in the project. This research provides an understanding of how project risks need to be fully comprehended for the success of the project.",book:{id:"5422",slug:"risk-management-treatise-for-engineering-practitioners",title:"Risk Management Treatise for Engineering Practitioners",fullTitle:"Risk Management Treatise for Engineering Practitioners"},signatures:"Mochammad Agung Wibowo, Jati Utomo Dwi Hatmoko and Asri\nNurdiana",authors:[{id:"190479",title:"Dr.",name:"Mochamad Agung",middleName:null,surname:"Wibowo",slug:"mochamad-agung-wibowo",fullName:"Mochamad Agung Wibowo"},{id:"223348",title:"Dr.",name:"Jati",middleName:null,surname:"Dwi Hatmoko",slug:"jati-dwi-hatmoko",fullName:"Jati Dwi Hatmoko"},{id:"223349",title:"MSc.",name:"Asri",middleName:null,surname:"Nurdiana",slug:"asri-nurdiana",fullName:"Asri Nurdiana"}]},{id:"64153",title:"Leadership Initiatives for Health and Safety Risk Management Systems in a Small Construction Company: A Case Study",slug:"leadership-initiatives-for-health-and-safety-risk-management-systems-in-a-small-construction-company",totalDownloads:1494,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The need for leadership in the construction industry has been greater due to the fact that health and safety has become an important business tool to reduce accidents to save lives and minimise injuries. This chapter demonstrates the importance and role of leadership for manging risks associated with health and safety aspects in small construction companies. A case study of an Italian family run small construction company is investigated and reported. A diagnostic tool Leadership and Worker Involvement toolkit was administrated in the company. The toolkit had assessment levels (walking, running and sprinting). Analysis showed the company was at walking and running stages in various aspects. But the leadership aspiration of the company was to reach the ?sprinting? stage as a long-term target and sustain it to minimise health and safety risk. A holistic approach was developed to achieve the leadership aspirations of the company. In conclusion, the role of leadership in small companies is to understand the importance of H&S aspects and develop strategies which are then embedded in the processes of the companies to minimise H&S risks for their sustainability and competitiveness. This chapter is beneficial for professional at site, project and programme level and for leadership team.",book:{id:"5422",slug:"risk-management-treatise-for-engineering-practitioners",title:"Risk Management Treatise for Engineering Practitioners",fullTitle:"Risk Management Treatise for Engineering Practitioners"},signatures:"Subashini Suresh, Chike Oduoza and Suresh Renukappa",authors:[{id:"5932",title:"Dr.",name:"Chike",middleName:null,surname:"Oduoza",slug:"chike-oduoza",fullName:"Chike Oduoza"},{id:"196498",title:"Dr.",name:"Subashini",middleName:null,surname:"Suresh",slug:"subashini-suresh",fullName:"Subashini Suresh"},{id:"207976",title:"Dr.",name:"Suresh",middleName:null,surname:"Renukappa",slug:"suresh-renukappa",fullName:"Suresh Renukappa"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"705",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
\r\n
\r\n\t
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11975,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. 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Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.",institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11978,editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11979,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. 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\r\n\tIf we aim to prosper as a society and as a species, there is no alternative to sustainability-oriented development and growth. Sustainable development is no longer a choice but a necessity for us all. Ecosystems and preserving ecosystem services and inclusive urban development present promising solutions to environmental problems. Contextually, the emphasis on studying these fields will enable us to identify and define the critical factors for territorial success in the upcoming decades to be considered by the main-actors, decision and policy makers, technicians, and public in general.
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\r\n\tHolistic urban planning and environmental management are therefore crucial spheres that will define sustainable trajectories for our urbanizing planet. This urban and environmental planning topic aims to attract contributions that address sustainable urban development challenges and solutions, including integrated urban water management, planning for the urban circular economy, monitoring of risks, contingency planning and response to disasters, among several other challenges and solutions.
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Dr. Şentürk currently works as an professor of Biochemistry in the Department of Basic Pharmacy Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ağri Ibrahim Cecen University, Turkey. \nDr. Şentürk published over 120 scientific papers, reviews, and book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists. \nHis research interests span enzyme inhibitor or activator, protein expression, purification and characterization, drug design and synthesis, toxicology, and pharmacology. \nHis research work has focused on neurodegenerative diseases and cancer treatment. Dr. Şentürk serves as the editorial board member of several international journals.",institutionString:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:319,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/34289",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"34289"},fullPath:"/chapters/34289",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()