\r\n\tUnstoppable progress in the technologies of synthesis of diamond, graphene, and its compounds with stable parameters will provide materials for the industry of devices for integrated, radio, Opto- and quantum electronics and photonics.
\r\n\tIn most electronic and optical properties, diamond and graphene are superior to traditional and perspective semiconductors. It is safe to say that silicon and gallium arsenide are materials for electronics and optoelectronics of the past, gallium nitride and silicon carbide are high-tech today, and diamond and graphene are the future of electronics and photonics.
The development of the system of economic education for students in technical areas involves the following in particular: taking into account the requirements of employers, compliance of domestic standards with foreign ones, creativity in teaching, and the use of electronic learning technologies.
The subject “Economic theory” is included in the block of humanitarian and socioeconomic disciplines that provide students of technical stream with the necessary competencies. There are two main problems in the teaching of economic theory in a technical university:
Uninterested perception of the subject as “not basic” and not relevant to the disciplines in the specialty
Small amount of auditor hours
To solve these problems, the concept of practice-oriented teaching has been implemented at the Department of Economic Theory in recent years [1].
A necessary element in the implementation of the concept of practice-oriented learning is the use of electronic learning technologies.
It consists of the fact that along with the consideration of questions of a theoretical nature, it is obligatory to consider concrete and real data on lectures and seminars on all the topics under study. At the same time, the main methodological principle is the maximum possible usage of examples corresponding to the streams of student training.
A practically oriented approach in teaching the subject “Economic theory” is implemented in the following streams:
Development of presentations of lectures containing real data. This may include—but be not limited to—the following practical applications, addressing the following topics:
Automotive market
Oil and gas market
Information engineering and technology market
The choice of the automotive market as a topic for practical application is justified by acknowledging the following circumstances: widespread use, a lot of information, the ability to historically analyze the evolution of the market and the structure of competition, tracking the effects of mass production, the availability of data on prices, production volumes, and technologies.
In addition, this topic correlates with the use of the business game “Formation of the automotive market” in practical classes.
The subject of the oil and gas market is related to the peculiarities of the Russian economy and is characterized by the possibility of obtaining various data for analysis, thus making it possible to analyze the activities of monopolies and oligopolies.
The choice of the information technology and technology market as a topic for practical application is due to its relevance, the widespread use of digital technologies, and their development. This topic corresponds to the areas of training of one of the faculties of the university and correlates with the business game “Digital Economy” developed within the department.
Change the methodology for conducting practical exercises.
As far as the change in the methodology of teaching is concerned, at first, the technology of preparing and presenting reports by students is introduced. The structure of the report should contain a brief summary of the theoretical content of the key aspect of the topic (5–6 min), as well as bringing statistical and other data on the topic (4–5 min). The recommended subject of reports on all topics coincides with the directions chosen by the department.
In addition to this topic, students are offered other areas in accordance with their specialty.
Development and application of business games and specific situations for analysis in the educational process.
The department has developed a number of business games and specific situations for analysis [2].
Therefore, when studying the topic of supply and demand, the business game “Demand and Supply in the Automotive Market” is used. In a playful way, students analyze the formation of the automotive market in the United States, supply and demand factors, market structure, and the strategy of competing firms.
When reviewing the topic of the production factors market, the business game “Real estate: rent or buy” is used. The game deals with supply and demand in the labor market of engineers, wage dynamics, and housing market data. Students analyze the possibility of buying or renting an apartment depending on the level and dynamics of their future income, other life criteria, and factors of the real estate market.
The study of the topic “Cost theory of the firm” is also conducted using a business game. By imitating small businesses, students are divided into subgroups, creating small enterprises in the field of catering. In doing so, they analyze the main costs, their structure, and dynamics.
Studying the topics “Fiscal policy of the state” and “Monetary policy of the state,” the business game “State regulation of the automotive market” is used. The actions of the “AvtoVAZ Bank” as well as the state policy on supporting the car industry and AvtoVAZ’s efforts to attract investments and implement its production program are considered.
When studying the topic “Economic functions of the state,” the business game “Digital Economy” is used. During the business game, four teams of students interact, representing the positions of the state, business, consumers, and experts, assessing the socioeconomic consequences of implementing programs for the development of the digital economy.
Attraction of students of technical faculties for participation in conferences with reports on economic theory of practical orientation.
In the context of the practical orientation of teaching, students of technical faculties are involved in terms of participating in conferences. They present reports on economic topics with the involvement of specific materials. Some of the students present their own reports, while others act in collaboration with the teachers of the department.
The experience of students participating in conferences held at the university showed that students readily present reports on specific topics.
It is worth noting at this point that at the Russian scientific and practical conference of students, that is, postgraduate students of the “Modern problems of management” (2019), 34 reports of students were presented by the department (which accounted for more than 40% of all the reports presented by four departments of the Faculty of Economics and Management).
In particular, students presented reports on the following topics:
Demand and supply in the Russian electronics market
Competition in the electronics market in Russia
Domestic market of laser equipment and laser technology
On the state of the instrument making and measuring equipment market
Russian market of medical technologies and medical equipment
On the development of the market for ultrasonic non-destructive testing
Effect of scale in the development of the automotive industry
On factors affecting the oil market
Demand and supply in the world oil market
Structure of the information technology market in Russia
Change in supply and demand in the information technology market
Development of technologies for electronic testing and support of business games.
Electronic teaching technologies are considered in the context of a practice-oriented approach. The technology of electronic testing allows one to save time of class hours, increasing the possibilities for meaningful studying. It furthermore improves the quality of testing in assessing students’ mastery of the main theoretical material.
Indeed, it may be stated that the electronic support of business games is an essential element of their conduct.
Development of online courses and use of other forms of distance learning.
At the Department of Economic Theory, a point-rating system for assessing students’ knowledge has been used for a long time [3].
At present, this system has the following structure:
Basic controls.
Test papers:
Two for “Microeconomics” and two for “Macroeconomics.”
The maximum number of points for each control work is 10.
Final examination—the maximum number of points is 15.
The relevant control works are carried out in the form of test tasks and include tests and tasks.
Report
This is rated from 0 to 10 points.
Each student has the right to make only one report during the semester.
Preparation of one report by a group of two students is allowed.
Variably considered forms of educational work.
Solving problems and test tasks at the seminar. Points allocated range from 0 to 3 points.
Performances: evaluated from 0 to 4 points.
Answers to questions for discussion and control questions, participation in the discussion of the report, and the discussion: evaluated for each type of activity and making-up between 0 to 3 points.
The approximate structure of time spent in a practical lesson (one topic is considered for 40–45 min):
report—no more than 10 min.
discussion of the report: 5 min.
speeches on the topic of the report or the topic of the seminar: 5 min.
discussion of the issues of the topic and answers to control questions: 10 min.
problem solving: 10 min.
Total: 40 min.
The final rating is formed as follows:
The mark “satisfactory” is set if the student scores 55–69 points, “good” is awarded between 70 and 84 points, and “excellent” from 85 points upwards.
If a student does not score 55 points, he/she receives an unsatisfactory grade and must pass the exam with the performance of test tasks.
Urgency of development
An urgency of development is related, first of all, with the reduction of time of class hours. The working program on economic theory provides the study of 12 topics. The lectures and seminars are allocated for 18 h. Practically, for each topic, both the lecture and the practical lesson have one academic hour (45 min). Such a structure of classes assumes a significant change and improvement in the methods of lecturing and conducting practical classes.
Before the introduction of the electronic testing system, knowledge control was carried out only during practical classes, and this was done by using paper carriers for test tasks.
Its main purpose was to eliminate these problems that the development of a system of electronic tests was primarily aimed at.
The following shortcomings of this system were revealed:
too much time-related expenditures,
limited variants,
cribbing,
replicating the right answers,
difficulty in controlling the independent work of students due to lack of time in practical classes.
Formation of the base of test tasks.
As the experience of other developers of similar methods and our estimates has shown, in order to avoid repetition of the questions, it was necessary to form at least 40 test tasks for each topic. Taking into account that all the topics of the course were subject to testing, the total number of generated test tasks was more than 500. As such, the author of this research work used previously proven test tasks, newly developed, as well as tasks taken from other sources, in particular from websites attnica.ru, i-exam.ru, and fepo.ru, which was a time-consuming and laborious work. The formation of the base of test tasks was done by a group of three people.
Software.
To develop computer tests and questions, students used the database management system Question Mark Perception, which allows them to reproduce memories, as well as generate the results of various forms of reports for data analysis.
The Database Management System Question Mark Perception supports different types of questions:
open-ended questions included in the tested text of the answer;
question with one choice—the subject must choose one correct answer from several;
multiple choice questions—the subject must choose at least the correct answer from the proposed ones;
a question with a Likert scale—the subject chooses one of several values based on the scale;
filling in the void—the subject must enter the missing word in a paragraph of the text;
selection of words from the drop-down list—the subject must choose the correct answer from the drop-down list;
a question about the details of the text;
a question about entering a number—it involves entering the answer in a countable form;
a question about the transfer of objects—the subject must reassign a lot of markers on the image;
a question with a graphic choice—the subject must reassign the marker on the image
matrix question—it is a table in each series of which the subject must choose one answer (column);
ordering question—the subject must put the options in the correct order.
When setting rules for checking answers, many options are also possible, for example, correct answer, wrong answer, partially correct answer, etc. For each individual answer option, one needs to create one’s own rule. It is also possible to set up a feedback, for example, a message with comments on the answer.
The evaluation of each question is also configured by the author, and the points awarded for the answer depend on the specified conditions.
Test events can be taken on any device that has access to the Internet. This allows testing not only in the classroom, but also to give homework in the form of independent work.
For testing within the disciplines of the Department of Economic Theory, questions with a single choice and a question for entering a number and choosing a word from a drop-down list were mainly used. Evaluation is carried out according to the system wherein the correct answer is linked to a simple question—one point, the correct answer to the problem—two to four points (depending on the level of complexity).
Approbation of technology.
The technology of electronic testing was proved during practical classes in economic theory at the Faculty of Economics and Management, the Humanities Faculty, and a number of groups of other technical faculties.
Testing was carried out for each topic of the course of economic theory in computer labs during the practical classes immediately after passing the corresponding topic. For a number of groups, testing on the same topics was conducted on an extracurricular basis (online).
The analysis of the results of testing on the parameters noted above was carried out, and the answers of students in computer classes and at home were compared.
A number of test tasks have been adjusted.
There was a slight repetition of the questions and some unevenness in the complexity of some tests.
It turned out that the percentage of failure to perform tests in extracurricular time for various reasons (including technical ones) was about 7%. This made it possible to compile a real timetable for retesting on the examination week and to estimate the scope of retesting with a larger number of students.
The total number of students tested in each academic year was more than a thousand people. On average, about 1–2% of students tested outside the classroom had problems during testing for technical reasons. They were promptly retested.
At present, the system is fully debugged.
Application of testing technology and changing teaching methods.
The technology of electronic testing for students of technical faculties is introduced from the 2014/2015 academic year. In this regard, the system of monitoring was changed. Four tests are carried out in the test form (two under the section “Microeconomics” and two under the section “Macroeconomics”). Test works included test tasks and exercises on all topics of the course. For each section, one control work was done in a computer lab (or in the classroom—in written form), and the other—on an extracurricular time (online). A test schedule was prepared, students were given logins and passwords, and consultations were conducted on testing technology. As previously mentioned, the total number of students tested in each academic year was more than a thousand people. On average, about 1–2% of students tested on an extracurricular time had problems in testing for technical reasons. Retesting was reopened for them promptly. Currently, the system is completely debugged.
A business game is conducted in the form of an analysis of a specific situation using the role method. The business game is directly related to the lecture’s material and the topic of the practical class.
The goal of the business game is to assimilate learning issues by students, to teach the skills of applying knowledge in economic theory to the analysis of the real situation, and to develop the abilities of working in small groups.
The business game is based on the careful study of a specific situation by students, searching for and analyzing additional materials, organizing individual and group work, preparing a report in accordance with questions and tasks for the business game, presenting the report, and discussing it at the seminar.
Electronic technologies are an essential component in the preparation, organization, and implementation of business games developed at the department.
This is determined by the following specific circumstances:
The need to present materials in the form of presentations and texts,
The training schedule, according to which the practical classes are held in a week, and therefore, a high efficiency is required in the preparation for the conduct of a business game
The time for conducting a business game is one to two academic hours; therefore, strict requirements are imposed on the representativeness, volume, and quality of the information provided.
Introductory instructive explanations of the lecturer on the organization of the business game are accompanied by the issuance of a task, a scenario, an algorithm for conducting, and the necessary materials in electronic form. A schedule is established for presenting the reports of students to the lecturer. In the process of preparing for a business game, consultations and necessary adjustments of the submitted materials take place. When conducting a business game, it is necessary to introduce presentations of the final report and other materials.
The departments are focused on the development of online courses and other products using the university’s technological and organizational resources.
The St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI” has developed a strategy in the field of distance learning and distance learning technologies.
The strategy is a formalized set of approaches consistent with the development priorities of the university, on the basis of which an action plan is implemented to saturate the educational process with information and communication technologies [4].
The technical infrastructure is:
computer network, including wireless access equipment;
computer equipment, telecommunication and communication devices, presentation, and video equipment;
mobile devices for access to digital resources;
systems for monitoring and managing access to resources, alarm, and video surveillance systems.
The information infrastructure consists of the following systems:
intrauniversity SPOC3 platform on open edX;
automated e-learning system (LMS);
interactive media library;
system for online conferences;
electronic library platforms;
the “Electronic Dean’s Office” system for the implementation of educational programs of all forms of education.
The information infrastructure is implemented in the form of digital resources and services of the corporate information environment. A single attribute for accessing university resources is the personal IDs of students and staff.
The Center for New Educational Technologies and Distance Learning and the Department of Educational Programs are responsible for the development of the online education system at LETI [5].
During the implementation, the following organizational technology was used:
At the beginning of the semester, consultative meetings were held with all the students (in groups and on streams) on the organization of the educational process. Students were provided with information about the procedure for registering for online courses, the training schedule, types of classes, reporting, and the assessment system.
During the semester, several times a week, mailing lists were sent with information about the opening of new course materials and deadlines for completing tests and handing in practical assignments.
On a weekly basis, the Dean’s offices were provided with detailed information on the development of the online course by students. At the end of the semester, all the students passed the final certification for their courses in the format of offline proctoring.
The following models of embedding distance learning technologies are assumed [6]:
full distance learning;
express distance learning;
full or partial reduction of lecture classes;
partial replacement of classroom hours with in-depth study of the material;
flipped learning;
automated issuance of individual homework assignments and carrying out control activities in the form of computer tests;
controlled independent work on discipline.
When developing online courses, there is a need for their expertise. The university has the following system of peer review, which includes the following two stages:
Preliminary technical expertise: It includes the availability and performance of the online course components.
Comprehensive expertise: The subjects of a comprehensive examination are:
assessment of the compliance of the course structure and its content with the goals and objectives in the development of the academic discipline for which the online course is being created;
assessment of the presentation of text and presentation materials, various audiovisual aspects of the online course;
evaluation of the control materials used in the online course.
Before creating the online course “Economics,” the following main issues were analyzed:
the educational objectives of the course,
the audience of the course,
technical capabilities.
Depending on the objectives of the course, audience, and technical capabilities, the format was chosen and the components of the course were determined, i.e.:
who will be involved in creating the course,
what the length of the course and its volume will be,
whether the course provides additional classroom lessons,
whether a situational assessment with instant feedback is needed.
As a result, it was decided that the course would be recorded by an employee of the department who would work together with the author and producer of the course. In the case described herein, the producer was also a member of the department.
The online course is seen as an addition to the classroom.
The course contains 13 topics and corresponds to the program of the discipline “Economic theory.” The course structure includes video content and testing based on the results of mastering. The online course developed at the department is an integral part of the educational process and can be used as an independent material at the same time.
It should be noted that the development of the course required a significant amount of time. In addition, there was a need to master new competencies in content design and lecture recording.
Electronic teaching technologies are considered in the context of a practice-oriented approach.
The used score-rating system for assessing students’ knowledge has become even more effective. Furthermore, the developed technology of electronic testing has allowed to improve essentially the technique of conducting practical classes.
The quality of testing has significantly improved. The time for discussing issues of the topic, presenting reports, and solving problems has increased. The control of independent work of students became better.
Experience has shown that the electronic support of business games is an indispensable element of their conduct. The developed technology of electronic support has allowed to considerably increase the effectiveness of the conducted business games.
As a result of the introduction of electronic testing and business games support technologies, the perception of subject has expressively been enhanced, and the quality and effectiveness of training has advanced.
A short online course developed at the Department of Economic Theory is included in the system of the educational process and is its important component.
According to the results of a sociological survey [7, 8], the main advantages of online learning as named by students were:
the ability to independently organize the process of mastering the academic discipline;
the rational use of time in the development of the course;
the use of video materials in the educational process;
the possibility of returning to lecture materials and restudying these.
The most important aspects of online learning for students were: the clarity and consistency of the presentation of the educational material, the usefulness of the course for the specialty, and the pleasure of attending the course.
Main directions of further work may include but not be limited to the following areas:
inclusion in the online course of business games and case studies;
creation of a number of webinars and forums on the problems of economic theory;
organization of design work in groups using remote
technologies;
creating a massive online course in economics for engineering students.
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\n\nIntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
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Foodborne diseases can be prevented and acute diarrhea syndromes, fever and even death from dehydration can be avoided, especially in children under the age of 5 and in immunocompromised people.",book:{id:"5873",slug:"poisoning-from-specific-toxic-agents-to-novel-rapid-and-simplified-techniques-for-analysis",title:"Poisoning",fullTitle:"Poisoning - From Specific Toxic Agents to Novel Rapid and Simplified Techniques for Analysis"},signatures:"Cecilia Hernández-Cortez, Ingrid Palma-Martínez, Luis Uriel\nGonzalez-Avila, Andrea Guerrero-Mandujano, Raúl Colmenero Solís\nand Graciela Castro-Escarpulli",authors:[{id:"204160",title:"Prof.",name:"Graciela",middleName:null,surname:"Castro-Escarpulli",slug:"graciela-castro-escarpulli",fullName:"Graciela Castro-Escarpulli"},{id:"204162",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Cortez",slug:"cecilia-hernandez-cortez",fullName:"Cecilia Hernández-Cortez"},{id:"204163",title:"MSc.",name:"Ingrid",middleName:null,surname:"Palma-Martinez",slug:"ingrid-palma-martinez",fullName:"Ingrid Palma-Martinez"},{id:"204164",title:"MSc.",name:"Luis Uriel",middleName:null,surname:"González-Avila",slug:"luis-uriel-gonzalez-avila",fullName:"Luis Uriel González-Avila"},{id:"204165",title:"MSc.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero-Mandujano",slug:"andrea-guerrero-mandujano",fullName:"Andrea Guerrero-Mandujano"}]},{id:"56530",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69955",title:"Poisoning by Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Humans and Animals: Causes and Consequences",slug:"poisoning-by-anticoagulant-rodenticides-in-humans-and-animals-causes-and-consequences",totalDownloads:1847,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are a keystone of the management of rodent populations in the world. The widespread use of these molecules raises questions on exposure and intoxication risks, which define the safety of these products. Exposures and intoxications can affect humans, domestic animals and wildlife. Consequences are different for each group, from the simple issue of intoxication in humans to public health concern if farm animals are exposed. After a rapid presentation of the mechanism of action and the use of anticoagulant rodenticides, this chapter assesses the prominence of poisoning by anticoagulant rodenticides in humans, domestic animals and wildlife.",book:{id:"5873",slug:"poisoning-from-specific-toxic-agents-to-novel-rapid-and-simplified-techniques-for-analysis",title:"Poisoning",fullTitle:"Poisoning - From Specific Toxic Agents to Novel Rapid and Simplified Techniques for Analysis"},signatures:"Sébastien Lefebvre, Isabelle Fourel, Stéphane Queffélec, Dominique\nVodovar, Bruno Mégarbane, Etienne Benoit, Virginie Siguret and\nVirginie Lattard",authors:[{id:"180156",title:"Dr.",name:"Virginie",middleName:null,surname:"Lattard",slug:"virginie-lattard",fullName:"Virginie Lattard"},{id:"185579",title:"Dr.",name:"Sébastien",middleName:null,surname:"Lefebvre",slug:"sebastien-lefebvre",fullName:"Sébastien Lefebvre"},{id:"185580",title:"Prof.",name:"Etienne",middleName:null,surname:"Benoit",slug:"etienne-benoit",fullName:"Etienne Benoit"},{id:"209023",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabelle",middleName:null,surname:"Fourel",slug:"isabelle-fourel",fullName:"Isabelle Fourel"},{id:"209031",title:"Mr.",name:"Stéphane",middleName:null,surname:"Queffélec",slug:"stephane-queffelec",fullName:"Stéphane Queffélec"},{id:"209032",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Megarbane",slug:"bruno-megarbane",fullName:"Bruno Megarbane"},{id:"209033",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominique",middleName:null,surname:"Vodovar",slug:"dominique-vodovar",fullName:"Dominique Vodovar"},{id:"209034",title:"Prof.",name:"Virginie",middleName:null,surname:"Siguret",slug:"virginie-siguret",fullName:"Virginie Siguret"}]},{id:"56551",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70199",title:"Toxicity of β-Lactam Antibiotics: Pathophysiology, Molecular Biology and Possible Recovery Strategies",slug:"toxicity-of-lactam-antibiotics-pathophysiology-molecular-biology-and-possible-recovery-strategies",totalDownloads:1682,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Beta (β)-lactam antibiotics are wide-spectrum antibiotics used for various bacterial infections. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the knowledge about the toxicity of β-lactam antibiotics and issues associated to their inappropriate use. This review has highlighted that β-lactam antibiotics are a group of products that have a chemical structure characterized by a β-lactam ring and are one of the most common antibacterial agents. However, due to the inappropriate use including abuse and misuse, resistance to the β-lactam antibiotics is currently a global crisis. Moreover, even when used appropriately, they have been linked to triggering allergic reactions like urticaria, bronchoconstriction, also severe conditions like immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and intravascular haemolysis. It is known that some β-lactam antibiotics are neurotoxic, some are nephrotoxic, some are genotoxic and some are toxic to urogenital system. Several factors are involved in the occurrence of toxic effects including the dosage and renal status. Several strategies are possible to overcome β-lactam antibiotics-triggered toxicity, including rational prescribing, substitution combination and phage therapy which seems promising. Public health education for clinical teams and patients is essential in ensuring that this group of antibiotics are retained in therapeutics.",book:{id:"5873",slug:"poisoning-from-specific-toxic-agents-to-novel-rapid-and-simplified-techniques-for-analysis",title:"Poisoning",fullTitle:"Poisoning - From Specific Toxic Agents to Novel Rapid and Simplified Techniques for Analysis"},signatures:"Elif Bozcal and Melih Dagdeviren",authors:[{id:"190684",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Melih",middleName:null,surname:"Dagdeviren",slug:"melih-dagdeviren",fullName:"Melih Dagdeviren"},{id:"203449",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Elif",middleName:null,surname:"Bozcal",slug:"elif-bozcal",fullName:"Elif Bozcal"}]},{id:"57898",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72006",title:"Occupational Risk Factors for Acute Pesticide Poisoning among Farmers in Asia",slug:"occupational-risk-factors-for-acute-pesticide-poisoning-among-farmers-in-asia",totalDownloads:1449,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Types of pesticides are used in farming to increase the productivity and protection of crops or to control pests. However, exposure to acute pesticide poisoning is one of the most important occupational risk factors among farmers all over the world. They are directly exposed to high levels of pesticide poisoning when involved in the handling, spraying, mixing, or preparing of it. The low educational level, lack of information, training, judgment or experience, and the inability to read on pesticide safety are playing an important role for farmers’ acute poisoning. On the other side, poor technology, inadequate personal protection, inappropriate type of clothing and equipment also leads to farmers? acute poisoning. Hence, this paper focuses on occupational risk factors for acute pesticide poisoning among farmers and their occupational safety. Discovering risk factors is also crucial for investigating health problems of farmers and its inevitable effects on their body. As it is seen from previous studies instead of field research such as deep interview on farmers’ acute poisoning, data were mostly collected from hospitals. This study tries to emphasize the importance of field study to discover the risk factors for acute pesticide poisoning among farmers and their occupational safety in Asia.",book:{id:"5873",slug:"poisoning-from-specific-toxic-agents-to-novel-rapid-and-simplified-techniques-for-analysis",title:"Poisoning",fullTitle:"Poisoning - From Specific Toxic Agents to Novel Rapid and Simplified Techniques for Analysis"},signatures:"Emine Selcen Darçın, Murat Darçın, Murat Alkan and Gürdoğan\nDoğrul",authors:[{id:"196869",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Darçın",slug:"murat-darcin",fullName:"Murat Darçın"},{id:"220223",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Alkan",slug:"murat-alkan",fullName:"Murat Alkan"},{id:"220224",title:"Prof.",name:"E. Selcen",middleName:null,surname:"Darçın",slug:"e.-selcen-darcin",fullName:"E. Selcen Darçın"},{id:"220225",title:"Dr.",name:"Gürdoğan",middleName:null,surname:"Doğrul",slug:"gurdogan-dogrul",fullName:"Gürdoğan Doğrul"}]},{id:"57953",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72004",title:"Acute Poisoning with Neonicotinoid Insecticide",slug:"acute-poisoning-with-neonicotinoid-insecticide",totalDownloads:1900,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Neonicotinoids are a class of insecticides considered less toxic to humans than organophosphates, carbamates, organochloride and pyrethroids. The purpose of this chapter was to systematize existing data in the literature on acute intoxication with neonicotinoids to help practitioners. Clinical manifestations vary across different human systems. Gastrointestinal symptoms consist of nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and corrosive lesions. In the central nervous system, headaches, agitation, confusion, fasciculations, seizures or coma may occur, while tachycardia or bradycardia, hypertension, hypotension and palpitations occur in the cardiovascular system. Respiratory effects are dyspnea, aspiration pneumonia or respiratory failure. Solvents that drive the insecticide also have an important role in the toxic effects. There are no specific biological tests of neonicotinoid intoxication, and their dosing is not routinely available. Treatment is symptomatic. Mortality is less than 3%, well below the poisoning with anticholinesterase insecticides, like organophosphates and carbamates.",book:{id:"5873",slug:"poisoning-from-specific-toxic-agents-to-novel-rapid-and-simplified-techniques-for-analysis",title:"Poisoning",fullTitle:"Poisoning - From Specific Toxic Agents to Novel Rapid and Simplified Techniques for Analysis"},signatures:"Nicolai Nistor, Otilia Elena Frăsinariu and Violeta Ştreangă",authors:[{id:"219606",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolai",middleName:null,surname:"Nistor",slug:"nicolai-nistor",fullName:"Nicolai Nistor"},{id:"219884",title:"Dr.",name:"Otilia",middleName:"Elena",surname:"Frasinariu",slug:"otilia-frasinariu",fullName:"Otilia Frasinariu"},{id:"219885",title:"Dr.",name:"Violeta",middleName:null,surname:"Streanga",slug:"violeta-streanga",fullName:"Violeta Streanga"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56521",title:"Food Poisoning Caused by Bacteria (Food Toxins)",slug:"food-poisoning-caused-by-bacteria-food-toxins-",totalDownloads:5880,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"In the environment, there are polluting substances that can cause adverse reactions in human beings when entering the body through different ways (ingestion, inhalation, injection, or absorption). The main pollutants can be poisons, chemical compounds, toxic gases, and bacterial toxins. These can be found in different places and their effects depend on the dose and exposure time. Furthermore, foodborne diseases (FBDs) can cause disability; these diseases can be caused by toxins produced by bacteria or other toxic substances in the food, which can cause severe diarrhea, toxic shock syndrome, debilitating infections such as meningitis and even death. FBDs are transmitted through food contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms that have multiple factors of virulence, which gives them the ability to cause an infection; some bacterial genres can produce toxins directly in the food, but other genres can produce them once they have colonized the intestine. Among the pathogens involved in FBDs that are also considered to be toxigenic are Salmonella spp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes. Foodborne diseases can be prevented and acute diarrhea syndromes, fever and even death from dehydration can be avoided, especially in children under the age of 5 and in immunocompromised people.",book:{id:"5873",slug:"poisoning-from-specific-toxic-agents-to-novel-rapid-and-simplified-techniques-for-analysis",title:"Poisoning",fullTitle:"Poisoning - From Specific Toxic Agents to Novel Rapid and Simplified Techniques for Analysis"},signatures:"Cecilia Hernández-Cortez, Ingrid Palma-Martínez, Luis Uriel\nGonzalez-Avila, Andrea Guerrero-Mandujano, Raúl Colmenero Solís\nand Graciela Castro-Escarpulli",authors:[{id:"204160",title:"Prof.",name:"Graciela",middleName:null,surname:"Castro-Escarpulli",slug:"graciela-castro-escarpulli",fullName:"Graciela Castro-Escarpulli"},{id:"204162",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Cortez",slug:"cecilia-hernandez-cortez",fullName:"Cecilia Hernández-Cortez"},{id:"204163",title:"MSc.",name:"Ingrid",middleName:null,surname:"Palma-Martinez",slug:"ingrid-palma-martinez",fullName:"Ingrid Palma-Martinez"},{id:"204164",title:"MSc.",name:"Luis Uriel",middleName:null,surname:"González-Avila",slug:"luis-uriel-gonzalez-avila",fullName:"Luis Uriel González-Avila"},{id:"204165",title:"MSc.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero-Mandujano",slug:"andrea-guerrero-mandujano",fullName:"Andrea Guerrero-Mandujano"}]},{id:"56551",title:"Toxicity of β-Lactam Antibiotics: Pathophysiology, Molecular Biology and Possible Recovery Strategies",slug:"toxicity-of-lactam-antibiotics-pathophysiology-molecular-biology-and-possible-recovery-strategies",totalDownloads:1682,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Beta (β)-lactam antibiotics are wide-spectrum antibiotics used for various bacterial infections. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the knowledge about the toxicity of β-lactam antibiotics and issues associated to their inappropriate use. This review has highlighted that β-lactam antibiotics are a group of products that have a chemical structure characterized by a β-lactam ring and are one of the most common antibacterial agents. However, due to the inappropriate use including abuse and misuse, resistance to the β-lactam antibiotics is currently a global crisis. Moreover, even when used appropriately, they have been linked to triggering allergic reactions like urticaria, bronchoconstriction, also severe conditions like immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and intravascular haemolysis. It is known that some β-lactam antibiotics are neurotoxic, some are nephrotoxic, some are genotoxic and some are toxic to urogenital system. Several factors are involved in the occurrence of toxic effects including the dosage and renal status. Several strategies are possible to overcome β-lactam antibiotics-triggered toxicity, including rational prescribing, substitution combination and phage therapy which seems promising. Public health education for clinical teams and patients is essential in ensuring that this group of antibiotics are retained in therapeutics.",book:{id:"5873",slug:"poisoning-from-specific-toxic-agents-to-novel-rapid-and-simplified-techniques-for-analysis",title:"Poisoning",fullTitle:"Poisoning - From Specific Toxic Agents to Novel Rapid and Simplified Techniques for Analysis"},signatures:"Elif Bozcal and Melih Dagdeviren",authors:[{id:"190684",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Melih",middleName:null,surname:"Dagdeviren",slug:"melih-dagdeviren",fullName:"Melih Dagdeviren"},{id:"203449",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Elif",middleName:null,surname:"Bozcal",slug:"elif-bozcal",fullName:"Elif Bozcal"}]},{id:"56530",title:"Poisoning by Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Humans and Animals: Causes and Consequences",slug:"poisoning-by-anticoagulant-rodenticides-in-humans-and-animals-causes-and-consequences",totalDownloads:1845,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are a keystone of the management of rodent populations in the world. The widespread use of these molecules raises questions on exposure and intoxication risks, which define the safety of these products. Exposures and intoxications can affect humans, domestic animals and wildlife. Consequences are different for each group, from the simple issue of intoxication in humans to public health concern if farm animals are exposed. After a rapid presentation of the mechanism of action and the use of anticoagulant rodenticides, this chapter assesses the prominence of poisoning by anticoagulant rodenticides in humans, domestic animals and wildlife.",book:{id:"5873",slug:"poisoning-from-specific-toxic-agents-to-novel-rapid-and-simplified-techniques-for-analysis",title:"Poisoning",fullTitle:"Poisoning - From Specific Toxic Agents to Novel Rapid and Simplified Techniques for Analysis"},signatures:"Sébastien Lefebvre, Isabelle Fourel, Stéphane Queffélec, Dominique\nVodovar, Bruno Mégarbane, Etienne Benoit, Virginie Siguret and\nVirginie Lattard",authors:[{id:"180156",title:"Dr.",name:"Virginie",middleName:null,surname:"Lattard",slug:"virginie-lattard",fullName:"Virginie Lattard"},{id:"185579",title:"Dr.",name:"Sébastien",middleName:null,surname:"Lefebvre",slug:"sebastien-lefebvre",fullName:"Sébastien Lefebvre"},{id:"185580",title:"Prof.",name:"Etienne",middleName:null,surname:"Benoit",slug:"etienne-benoit",fullName:"Etienne Benoit"},{id:"209023",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabelle",middleName:null,surname:"Fourel",slug:"isabelle-fourel",fullName:"Isabelle Fourel"},{id:"209031",title:"Mr.",name:"Stéphane",middleName:null,surname:"Queffélec",slug:"stephane-queffelec",fullName:"Stéphane Queffélec"},{id:"209032",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Megarbane",slug:"bruno-megarbane",fullName:"Bruno Megarbane"},{id:"209033",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominique",middleName:null,surname:"Vodovar",slug:"dominique-vodovar",fullName:"Dominique Vodovar"},{id:"209034",title:"Prof.",name:"Virginie",middleName:null,surname:"Siguret",slug:"virginie-siguret",fullName:"Virginie Siguret"}]},{id:"56446",title:"Carbon Monoxide Intoxication: Experiences from Hungary",slug:"carbon-monoxide-intoxication-experiences-from-hungary",totalDownloads:2994,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Carbon monoxide (CO) is odorless, colorless, tasteless, and nonirritating gas. Hence, mild CO poisoning often remains unrecognized and appears lethally. Carbon and gas systems, unfavorable architectural designs and machines may also cause intoxications. The prevalence rates in Hungary ranged from 2.37 to 3.80 cases per 100,000 people per year between 2013 and 2015; fatality rates have been decreased from 5.96 in 2013 to 3.38 in 2015. Given the vagueness and the broad spectrum of complaints, misdiagnosis of CO toxicity is common. The gold standard diagnosis is detecting the level of circulating carboxyhemoglobin (CO-Hgb). The measurement of CO-Hgb can be performed via blood-gas analyses or by spectrophotometry. Treatment protocol should follow the ACBDE rule. Administration of 100% oxygen should be performed as soon as possible. Later in-hospital management includes evaluation, treatment and prevention of further peripheral organ damage and long-term neurological complications. Fetuses and children are prone to suffer more severe intoxication due to higher oxygen demand. Though hyperbaric oxygen is the mainstay therapy, a prompt cesarean section is effective in preventing further intoxication. In conclusion, fatal CO intoxication can occur due to plain early signs and symptoms. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy should be considered in severe intoxication, in fetal and children.",book:{id:"5873",slug:"poisoning-from-specific-toxic-agents-to-novel-rapid-and-simplified-techniques-for-analysis",title:"Poisoning",fullTitle:"Poisoning - From Specific Toxic Agents to Novel Rapid and Simplified Techniques for Analysis"},signatures:"Edit Gara",authors:[{id:"198479",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Edit",middleName:null,surname:"Gara Dr",slug:"edit-gara-dr",fullName:"Edit Gara Dr"}]},{id:"57953",title:"Acute Poisoning with Neonicotinoid Insecticide",slug:"acute-poisoning-with-neonicotinoid-insecticide",totalDownloads:1898,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Neonicotinoids are a class of insecticides considered less toxic to humans than organophosphates, carbamates, organochloride and pyrethroids. The purpose of this chapter was to systematize existing data in the literature on acute intoxication with neonicotinoids to help practitioners. Clinical manifestations vary across different human systems. Gastrointestinal symptoms consist of nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and corrosive lesions. In the central nervous system, headaches, agitation, confusion, fasciculations, seizures or coma may occur, while tachycardia or bradycardia, hypertension, hypotension and palpitations occur in the cardiovascular system. Respiratory effects are dyspnea, aspiration pneumonia or respiratory failure. Solvents that drive the insecticide also have an important role in the toxic effects. There are no specific biological tests of neonicotinoid intoxication, and their dosing is not routinely available. Treatment is symptomatic. Mortality is less than 3%, well below the poisoning with anticholinesterase insecticides, like organophosphates and carbamates.",book:{id:"5873",slug:"poisoning-from-specific-toxic-agents-to-novel-rapid-and-simplified-techniques-for-analysis",title:"Poisoning",fullTitle:"Poisoning - From Specific Toxic Agents to Novel Rapid and Simplified Techniques for Analysis"},signatures:"Nicolai Nistor, Otilia Elena Frăsinariu and Violeta Ştreangă",authors:[{id:"219606",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolai",middleName:null,surname:"Nistor",slug:"nicolai-nistor",fullName:"Nicolai Nistor"},{id:"219884",title:"Dr.",name:"Otilia",middleName:"Elena",surname:"Frasinariu",slug:"otilia-frasinariu",fullName:"Otilia Frasinariu"},{id:"219885",title:"Dr.",name:"Violeta",middleName:null,surname:"Streanga",slug:"violeta-streanga",fullName:"Violeta Streanga"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1010",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. 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He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. 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He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:6}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:229,paginationItems:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",biography:"Dr. Aneesa Moolla has extensive experience in the diverse fields of health care having previously worked in dental private practice, at the Red Cross Flying Doctors association, and in healthcare corporate settings. She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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