\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6642",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Plant Pathology",title:"Advances in Plant Pathology",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Plant pathology deals mainly with biotic phenomena that interfere with the normal metabolism of plants. Plants have developed mechanisms to deal with pathogenic attacks, while at the same time, pathogens are actively devising ways of overcoming the plant defense systems. Plant pathologists have been advancing their studies from morphological and physiological to now molecular studies at the gene level. There are various approaches for different microorganisms and plants. This makes the study of plant pathology diverse. This book, Advances in Plant Pathology, attempts to investigate advances in viral, fungal, bacterial, and other diagnostic molecular approaches in various plants.",isbn:"978-1-78923-609-5",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-608-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-611-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71796",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"advances-in-plant-pathology",numberOfPages:132,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"99196a55714f4057fd77655b42e6855f",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",publishedDate:"August 29th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6642.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8844,numberOfWosCitations:13,numberOfCrossrefCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:22,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:49,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 25th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 15th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 14th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 4th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 3rd 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224171/images/system/224171.jpg",biography:"Prof. Josphert Ngui Kimatu is an associate professor in the School of Sciences and Computing, Department of Life Science, South Eastern Kenya University. He has a Ph.D. in Plant Molecular Epigenetics from Northeast Normal University (NENU), Changchun City, China, and an MPhil in Forestry Pathology and a bachelor’s degree in Botany and Zoology, both from Moi University, Kenya. He also has a Post Graduate Diploma in Education (PGDE) from Maseno University, Kenya. Dr. Kimatu was trained in post-harvest management in maize, legumes, and rice via a four-module certificate course at Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Sydney University, Australia; and Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana. He also has a certificate in molecular diagnostics from the University of Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kimatu obtained a training certificate in integrated pest management and pesticide safety (IPM) from Soybean Innovation Lab in 2020 and a training certificate on COVID-19 from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.",institutionString:"South Eastern Kenya University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"South Eastern Kenya University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kenya"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"367",title:"Pathology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-plant-biology-pathology"}],chapters:[{id:"60661",title:"Modeling the Main Fungal Diseases of Winter Wheat: Constraints and Possible Solutions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75983",slug:"modeling-the-main-fungal-diseases-of-winter-wheat-constraints-and-possible-solutions",totalDownloads:1505,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The first step in the formulation of disease management strategy for any cropping system is to identify the most important risk factors. This is facilitated by basic epidemiological studies of pathogen life cycles, and an understanding of the way in which weather and cropping factors affect the quantity of initial inoculum and the rate at which the epidemic develops. Weather conditions are important factors in the development of fungal diseases in winter wheat, and constitute the main inputs of the decision support systems used to forecast disease and thus determine the timing for efficacious fungicide application. Crop protection often relies on preventive fungicide applications. Considering the slim cost−revenue ratio for winter wheat and the negative environmental impacts of fungicide overuse, necessity for applying only sprays that are critical for disease control becomes paramount for a sustainable and environmentally friendly crop production. Thus, fungicides should only be applied at critical stages for disease development, and only after the pathogen has been correctly identified. This chapter provides an overview of different weather-based disease models developed for assessing the real-time risk of epidemic development of the major fungal diseases (Septoria leaf blotch, leaf rusts and Fusarium head blight) of winter wheat in Luxembourg.",signatures:"Moussa El Jarroudi, Louis Kouadio, Bernard Tychon, Mustapha El\nJarroudi, Jürgen Junk, Clive Bock and Philippe Delfosse",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60661",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60661",authors:[{id:"195767",title:"Prof.",name:"Bernard",surname:"Tychon",slug:"bernard-tychon",fullName:"Bernard Tychon"},{id:"233438",title:"Dr.",name:"Moussa",surname:"El Jarroudi",slug:"moussa-el-jarroudi",fullName:"Moussa El Jarroudi"},{id:"234557",title:"Dr.",name:"Louis",surname:"Kouadio",slug:"louis-kouadio",fullName:"Louis Kouadio"},{id:"234559",title:"Dr.",name:"Jürgen",surname:"Junk",slug:"jurgen-junk",fullName:"Jürgen Junk"},{id:"234560",title:"Prof.",name:"Mustapha",surname:"El Jarroudi",slug:"mustapha-el-jarroudi",fullName:"Mustapha El Jarroudi"},{id:"234561",title:"Dr.",name:"Clive",surname:"Bock",slug:"clive-bock",fullName:"Clive Bock"},{id:"234562",title:"Dr.",name:"Philippe",surname:"Delfosse",slug:"philippe-delfosse",fullName:"Philippe Delfosse"}],corrections:null},{id:"62605",title:"The Biology of Thecaphora frezii Smut and Its Effects on Argentine Peanut Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75837",slug:"the-biology-of-thecaphora-frezii-smut-and-its-effects-on-argentine-peanut-production",totalDownloads:1103,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Thecaphora frezii was first reported in 1962 in wild peanut from Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. In Argentina, it was first detected in 1995 in commercial crops from the central-northern area of Córdoba province. The fungus can survive in the soil as teliospores. When peanut gynophore penetrates the soil, their exudates disrupt telial dormancy; T. frezii penetrates and colonizes the tissues and replaces the cells with teliospores. Since its first report, peanut smut prevalence has gradually increased in peanut areas to reach a 100% in 2012. Currently, it is the most important peanut disease in Argentina, not only for its destructive power on crop but also for its quick spread throughout the growing region of Córdoba and the lack of effective tools for its management. It is important for additional research to find effective agronomical practice that reaches high control efficiencies. The collaboration of all those involved in Argentinian peanut production systems is necessary for the management of peanut smut to be successful.",signatures:"Luis Ignacio Cazón, Juan Andrés Paredes and Alejandro Mario Rago",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62605",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62605",authors:[{id:"232647",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Luis Ignacio",surname:"Cazón",slug:"luis-ignacio-cazon",fullName:"Luis Ignacio Cazón"},{id:"240515",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan Andrés",surname:"Paredes",slug:"juan-andres-paredes",fullName:"Juan Andrés Paredes"},{id:"240517",title:"MSc.",name:"Alejandro Mario",surname:"Rago",slug:"alejandro-mario-rago",fullName:"Alejandro Mario Rago"}],corrections:null},{id:"61490",title:"Systematic Identification of the Xylophilus Group in the Genus Bursaphelenchus",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77096",slug:"systematic-identification-of-the-xylophilus-group-in-the-genus-bursaphelenchus",totalDownloads:1003,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The pine wood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer, 1934) Nickle, 1970 is the agent responsible for pine wilt disease (PWD). This nematode has been killing native pine trees (Pinus densiflora, P. thunbergii, P. luchuensis) in Japan since the early twentieth century. It is the number one forest pest in Japan and has been spread to China, Korea, Portugal, and Spain. The nematode is native to North America (Canada, USA, Mexico) and is thought to have been carried to Japan at the beginning of the twentieth century on timber exports. Up to now, the genus Bursaphelenchus Fuchs, 1937 comprises nearly 120 species (14 groups). Around 14 species very similar to B. xylophilus are put together and named the xylophilus group. This chapter presents the grouping history, subspecies or genetic types in species of the xylophilus group, and an identification key for 14 species of the xylophilus group, ITS-RFLP identification, and other molecular identification methods are also discussed.",signatures:"Jianfeng Gu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61490",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61490",authors:[{id:"231873",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianfeng",surname:"Gu",slug:"jianfeng-gu",fullName:"Jianfeng Gu"}],corrections:null},{id:"61617",title:"Quorum Sensing in Gram-Negative Plant Pathogenic Bacteria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78003",slug:"quorum-sensing-in-gram-negative-plant-pathogenic-bacteria",totalDownloads:1627,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Plant pathogenic bacteria regulate expression of specific genes through quorum sensing (QS). Some bacteria encode a single or more than one QS system while others encode a single LuxI and two or more LuxR homologs. Not all plant pathogenic bacteria encode the LuxI and in these situations the LuxR modulates cell behavior in a cell density manner by utilizing signal molecules that are produced by their plant hosts. The advantage of having more than one system is still not well understood. However, it has been speculated that it is essential for regulation of QS traits in different environmental conditions. Quorum sensing systems in plant pathogenic bacteria include those that use acyl homoserine lactones, 3-hydroxy palmitic acid methyl ester or methyl 3-hydroxypalmitate, virulence factor modulation genes and diffusible signal factors. This chapter discusses the various QS systems in Gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria, notably those listed as the top 10 plant pathogenic bacteria that cause significant reduction in yields and inflict economic losses in agriculture. In addition, it explores the various biological processes influenced by QS and the extent of QS regulons in these bacteria.",signatures:"Siphathele Sibanda, Lucy Novungayo Moleleki, Divine Yufetar\nShyntum and Teresa Ann Coutinho",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61617",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61617",authors:[{id:"231776",title:"Prof.",name:"Teresa",surname:"Coutinho",slug:"teresa-coutinho",fullName:"Teresa Coutinho"},{id:"241061",title:"Dr.",name:"Siphathele",surname:"Sibanda",slug:"siphathele-sibanda",fullName:"Siphathele Sibanda"},{id:"241141",title:"Prof.",name:"Lucy Novungayo",surname:"Moleleki",slug:"lucy-novungayo-moleleki",fullName:"Lucy Novungayo Moleleki"},{id:"241144",title:"Dr.",name:"Divine Yufetar",surname:"Shyntum",slug:"divine-yufetar-shyntum",fullName:"Divine Yufetar Shyntum"}],corrections:null},{id:"60615",title:"Leaf Curl Disease: A Significant Constraint in the Production of Tomato in India",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76049",slug:"leaf-curl-disease-a-significant-constraint-in-the-production-of-tomato-in-india",totalDownloads:1436,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is one of the most economically important vegetable crops in the world. Among the major biotic constraints, virus-associated Tomato leaf curl disease (ToLCD) is a major limiting factor affecting its cultivation and yield. Different symptoms associated with disease are reported such as leaf curling, puckering of leaves, vein yellowing, stunting, excessive branching, from pale yellowing to deep yellowing, and small leaves. The genus Begomovirus is a circular single-stranded DNA virus which is exclusively being transmitted by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) in a persistent circulative manner. Most of the begomovirus species are monopartite (having DNA-A molecule only), except few species, which are bipartite (having DNA-A and DNA-B as the genomic component). No absolute effective control measures of the disease could be developed so far, except resistance, management of insect vectors, and altering the dates of sowing to avoid peaks of insect vector population. This chapter reports an account of history, symptoms, transmission, genome organization, distribution, and management of Tomato leaf curl disease.",signatures:"Pradeep Kumar and Manish Kumar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60615",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60615",authors:[{id:"234558",title:"Dr.",name:"Manish",surname:"Kumar",slug:"manish-kumar",fullName:"Manish Kumar"},{id:"239750",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Pradeep",surname:"Kumar",slug:"pradeep-kumar",fullName:"Pradeep Kumar"}],corrections:null},{id:"62173",title:"Plant Defense and Counter Defense by Viruses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79114",slug:"plant-defense-and-counter-defense-by-viruses",totalDownloads:1235,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"RNA silencing is a robust sequence-specific RNA degradation process triggered by the formation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). RNA silencing was first discovered in transgenic plants, where it was termed co-suppression or post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). In plants, it serves as an antiviral defense, and small RNA pathways serve as a defense against viruses and other invading nucleic acids. This chapter focuses on the interactions between host small RNA pathways and viral suppressors of silencing. Invading viruses carry genetic material that controls the host cell’s machinery and tricks it into producing proteins and new viruses. Through RNA silencing, plant cells recognize this viral genetic material, remember and copy it so that other cells in the organism can be warned to destroy the virus. All cells in microbes, fungi, plants and mammals employ RNA silencing. However, viruses are known to fight back using RNA silencing suppressors, proteins that inhibit this defense mechanism. RNA silencing suppressors have been reported recently in other forms of pathogens like bacteria and oomycetes, which suggest that these pathogens have this inherent capability of counter defense across various kingdoms. In this chapter, we discuss some of these phenomenal counter defense mechanisms by the viruses.",signatures:"Muzafar Ahmad Sheikh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62173",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62173",authors:[{id:"230296",title:"Dr.",name:"Muzafar",surname:"Sheikh",slug:"muzafar-sheikh",fullName:"Muzafar Sheikh"}],corrections:null},{id:"59793",title:"Developing an Online Grapevine Trunk Disease Diagnostic Aid",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74946",slug:"developing-an-online-grapevine-trunk-disease-diagnostic-aid",totalDownloads:945,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We face critical challenges in educating growers on wood-canker diseases of grapevines. Unlike other major diseases that appear every year with obvious symptoms (e.g., powdery mildew of grape), wood-canker diseases are often go unnoticed, yet they have more certain and detrimental effects on the plants. Because of this lack of sensational symptom development within a short period, it is difficult for agricultural educators to convince the growers to take urgent action. Modes of delivering extension-related information are changing. Reduced extension education budgets and changes in growers’ expectations have led to fewer of the standard, face-to-face meetings between extension agents and growers, and instead, have shifted toward distance-learning style approaches. In order to address these issues, we have developed a new web-based pictorial diagnostic key tool for grapevine trunk diseases. This tool aids users to determine a target grapevine trunk disease using a series of pictorial keys from different tissues of grapevines (leaves, trunks, cluster, etc.). Once enough information is obtained, it will provide the user a list of recommendations for management. This tool covers not only trunk diseases, but also some bacterial diseases and abiotic disorders that are similar in symptom expressions. It is hosted attreeandvinetrunkdiseases.org, and the website is freely available.",signatures:"Mizuho Nita",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59793",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59793",authors:[{id:"98153",title:"Dr.",name:"Mizuho",surname:"Nita",slug:"mizuho-nita",fullName:"Mizuho Nita"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5606",title:"Citrus Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99254ddaa61bea53d3c328233a4f6c15",slug:"citrus-pathology",bookSignature:"Harsimran Gill and Harsh Garg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5606.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169846",title:"Dr.",name:"Harsimran",surname:"Gill",slug:"harsimran-gill",fullName:"Harsimran Gill"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited 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Rumelt",authors:[{id:"62809",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Rumelt",fullName:"Michael Rumelt",slug:"michael-rumelt"},{id:"140318",title:"Dr.",name:"M.D.",middleName:null,surname:"Emeritus",fullName:"M.D. Emeritus",slug:"m.d.-emeritus"}]},{id:"23839",title:"Plateau Iris",slug:"plateau-iris",signatures:"Yoshiaki Kiuchi, Hideki Mochizuki and Kiyoshi Kusanagi",authors:[{id:"32982",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshiaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kiuchi",fullName:"Yoshiaki Kiuchi",slug:"yoshiaki-kiuchi"},{id:"48345",title:"Dr.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Mochizuki",fullName:"Hideki Mochizuki",slug:"hideki-mochizuki"},{id:"48346",title:"Dr.",name:"Kiyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Kusanagi",fullName:"Kiyoshi Kusanagi",slug:"kiyoshi-kusanagi"}]},{id:"23840",title:"Normal-Tension (Low-Tension) Glaucoma",slug:"normal-tension-low-tension-glaucoma",signatures:"Tsvi Sheleg",authors:[{id:"62356",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsvi",middleName:null,surname:"Sheleg",fullName:"Tsvi Sheleg",slug:"tsvi-sheleg"}]},{id:"23841",title:"Drug-Induced Glaucoma (Glaucoma Secondary to Systemic Medications)",slug:"drug-induced-glaucoma-glaucoma-secondary-to-systemic-medications-",signatures:"Eitan Z. Rath",authors:[{id:"59158",title:"Dr.",name:"Eitan Z.",middleName:null,surname:"Rath",fullName:"Eitan Z. Rath",slug:"eitan-z.-rath"}]},{id:"23842",title:"Steroid Induced Glaucoma",slug:"steroid-induced-glaucoma",signatures:"Avraham Cohen",authors:[{id:"61596",title:"Dr.",name:"Avraham",middleName:null,surname:"Cohen",fullName:"Avraham Cohen",slug:"avraham-cohen"}]},{id:"23843",title:"Glaucoma in Cases of Penetrating Keratoplasty, Lamellar Procedures and Keratoprosthesis",slug:"glaucoma-in-cases-of-penetrating-keratoplasty-lamellar-procedures-and-keratoprosthesis",signatures:"Shimon Rumelt",authors:[{id:"54335",title:"Dr.",name:"Shimon",middleName:null,surname:"Rumelt",fullName:"Shimon Rumelt",slug:"shimon-rumelt"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"237",title:"Astigmatism",subtitle:"Optics, Physiology and Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"899b6b3d1d0250ee904841f62bac8bee",slug:"astigmatism-optics-physiology-and-management",bookSignature:"Michael Goggin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/237.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65903",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Goggin",slug:"michael-goggin",fullName:"Michael Goggin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"268",title:"Glaucoma",subtitle:"Basic and Clinical Concepts",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a66374f7429cc798c56e9e8149a1aa",slug:"glaucoma-basic-and-clinical-concepts",bookSignature:"Shimon Rumelt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/268.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54335",title:"Dr.",name:"Shimon",surname:"Rumelt",slug:"shimon-rumelt",fullName:"Shimon Rumelt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"286",title:"Keratoplasties",subtitle:"Surgical techniques and complications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e8d2ab941ea6074e7a7ae55de9c78fa",slug:"keratoplasties-surgical-techniques-and-complications",bookSignature:"Luigi Mosca",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/286.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37700",title:"Dr.",name:"Luigi",surname:"Mosca",slug:"luigi-mosca",fullName:"Luigi Mosca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"360",title:"Electroretinograms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bfbc5538173f11acb0f9549a85b70488",slug:"electroretinograms",bookSignature:"Gregor Belusic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/360.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"44595",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregor",surname:"Belusic",slug:"gregor-belusic",fullName:"Gregor Belusic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"540",title:"Age Related Macular Degeneration",subtitle:"The Recent Advances in Basic Research and Clinical Care",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"457bf890ed1e947a2ed23fc8237e34f0",slug:"age-related-macular-degeneration-the-recent-advances-in-basic-research-and-clinical-care",bookSignature:"Gui-Shuang Ying",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/540.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"86603",title:"Dr.",name:"Gui-Shuang",surname:"Ying",slug:"gui-shuang-ying",fullName:"Gui-Shuang Ying"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"82303",title:"Interactive Effects of Salinity, Drought, and Heat Stresses on Physiological Process and Selection Criteria for Breeding Stress-Resistant Cotton",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105576",slug:"interactive-effects-of-salinity-drought-and-heat-stresses-on-physiological-process-and-selection-cri",body:'Agricultural areas with saline soils are estimated at 1100 Mha in the World. These areas are classified as saline (60%), sodic (26%), and saline-sodic soils (14%). Areas suffering from salinity are mostly in the Middle East, Australia, North Africa, and Eurasia. However, 20 to 50 percent of irrigated soils in arid or semi-arid climates are salt-affected [1]. A report produced by Cotton 2040 emphasized that cotton affected by heat stress and drought will reach 40% and 50%, respectively by 2040 [2]. Although heat stress is a problem along with drought [3], cotton-growing face many stress factors such as drought (Figure 1B), high temperature (Figure 2C), salinity (Figure 1A), alkalinity (Figure 1C), and heavy metal contamination, which are seen together in the same ecology. A single stressor can play a predominant or protective role depending on stress resources [4]. The long-term effect of climatic change resulted in higher pH values with drought, unfavorable soil organic C, total N and P, and available N [5], and soil salinity due to increasing the sea level [6].
Cotton plants under saline soil (A), stunted cotton plants under drought conditions (B), and cotton plants under alkali soil (C).
A picture of a plastic tunnel under heat stress at 11.00 am–17.00 pm (A), non-affected plants by heat stress (B), and aborted/shed bolls affected by heat stress (C).
Cotton’s response to stress is different at plant growth and development stages. Germination and seedling growth are adversely affected by high salinity and low temperature at the early stages in cotton (
This review presents the physiological mechanism of stress tolerance and principles of genotype improvement, both classically and by genetic engineering in cotton. Also, it discussed the effects of agronomic management such as seed and foliar treatments to alleviate drought, salt and heat stress.
The stress-induced protein breakdown and amino acid synthesis caused the accumulation of amino acids in cells under abiotic stress conditions. The overall accumulation of amino acids has two different symptoms: cell damage and the beneficial effect of specific amino acids such as proline during stress acclimation [17, 18]. Drought, salinity, and heavy metals caused an increase in the accumulation of proline in resistant plants. Although proline was not synthesized in tobacco exposed to heat stress [19], the combination of heat and drought stress [20], and drought stress [21] induced an increase in the proline content of some cotton cultivars. In contrast with this finding, genotypic differences were non-significant for proline content under drought conditions [22].
The first approach to stress resilience is to restrict ethylene synthesis, which triggers the abscission of leaves and all reproductive organs under stress conditions [23]. Boll retention and yield increased by application of ethylene inhibitors such as aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) or by downregulation of genes responsible for ethylene synthesis [24]. Abscisic acid (ABA), another growth-inhibitory hormone, is an important regulator of abiotic stress tolerance. The main function of ABA is to stimulate stomatal closure and gene expression to respond to the drought, salinity, and excessive temperature in the adaptive mechanism of plants [25, 26]. Under stress conditions, plants can alter their metabolism such as the synthesis of compatible solutes. In cell metabolism, the different unfavorable conditions increased the concentration of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) through enhanced activity of enzymes involved in GABA biosynthesis [27]. Under alkali stress conditions, the accumulation of GABA and putrescine in young and old leaves of cotton increased [28]. Polyamines such as putrescine, spermidine, and spermine have a protective role against salinity, drought and heat stress, and putrescine and spermine could be evaluated as selection criteria for stress-tolerant genotype breeding in cotton [29]. Exogenously applied polyamines increased the stress tolerance and yield under drought and salinity stress conditions in cotton [30, 31].
The osmoprotectant solutes such as glycine betaine (GB) are evaluated in three different ways. Firstly, the increase in GB under stress conditions is analyzed as biochemical. Secondly, the selection of the plants with high GB levels is used for improving the stress-tolerant cotton genotypes in conventional breeding and genetic engineering. Thirdly, the success of seed treatment with GB and foliar application of GB were examined in stress conditions. The accumulation of GB increased in transgenic crops, whereas foliar application of GB or seed dressed are common applications in plants where a certain amount of synthesis is insufficient [32, 33]. Generally localized in the chloroplast, GB has an important role in protecting photosystem II, stabilizing membranes, and alleviating ROS (reactive oxygen species) damage [34] and chilling damage [35], enhancing tolerance to lead (Pb) [36]. Cottonseed coating with GB enhanced seed cotton yield by approximately 20% [37]. Also, combined foliar application with GB and salicylic acid (SA) increased the tolerance to salt stress due to an increase in the leaf gas exchange with positively correlated stomatal properties and stimulate antioxidant enzyme activity in cotton seedlings [38, 39].
On the cell basis, heat stress firstly induced structural changes in chloroplast protein [40] and plasma membrane [41, 42], and these changes stimulated cell elongation, expansion, and differentiation. ROS, as a signaling molecule, induced excessive MDA (malondialdehyde) synthesis by increasing lipid peroxidation, and membrane structure disintegrated under heat stress conditions [43, 44, 45]. Also, molecular chaperones and heat shock proteins (HSP) accumulate to protect the membrane integrity by the expression of the sHSP coding gene in leaves under drought and heat stress conditions [46]. Heat stress caused the accumulation of specific isoforms of activase in cotton leaves [47, 48]. Although the efficiency of Rubisco activase decreased under heat stress, an enzyme can develop an alternative function by relocating on a thylakoid membrane [49], and this contributes to the acclimation of photosynthesis during high temperatures in cotton [50]. In addition, the synthesis of phytohormones such as SA and jasmonic acid (JA) to respond to heat stress is enhanced by ROS and Ca2+ [51]. The association between heat stress and plant nutrition demonstrated that the fertilization containing some macro and microelements such as K, Zn, and B could be used to alleviate the harmful effects of higher temperatures. These elements play an important role in chlorophyll synthesis and delay senescence in cotton [52, 53]. Zn spray eliminates the adverse effects of heat stress in cotton [54].
The reproductive period is synchronized with many processes in cotton. Although square retention is less affected by heat stress [55], sexual reproduction is defined as both sensitive to high temperature and thermotolerant during flowering – boll retention depending on the time, length, and severity of stress in cotton [56, 57, 58]. Heat stress during this period adversely affected the development of both sexual organs and caused flower abnormalities such as small flower, elongated stigmas (Figure 3A and B) [55], gametophyte, pollen germination, and pollen tube growth [59, 60]. Abiotic stress limited fertilization by preventing pollen tube development [61]. The tapetum, the innermost layer of somatic cells in anther lobes, is responsible for microsporogenesis and secretion of enzymes for the release of microspores from tetrads [62]. Programmed cell death (PCD) induced tapetal degeneration by heat stress, resulting in male sterility [63]. The regulation of tapetal PCD and anther dehiscence were controlled by the GhCKI gene (
Elongated stigma affected by heat stress (A), and normal flower structure (B).
The decrease in the photosynthetic capacity of cotton at a temperature above 32°C reduces the accumulation of sucrose [65]. The decrease in sucrose accumulation adversely affected the fiber quality by inhibiting cellulose synthesis in higher temperature conditions [66]. Hereby, sucrose transport from subtending leaf of boll to developing boll negatively affected, and boll number per plant and boll weight reduced [67]. Plant growth is mostly regulated by sucrose, which is a source of substrates’ energy production and biosynthesis by decomposing into hexoses. Furthermore, the plant responses are determined by ROS scavenging capacity and the signal pathway of sucrose [68]. In many crops, drought increased carbohydrate deprivation and ABA levels, whereas the ability of reproductive sinks to use sucrose and starch was reduced [69].
Auxin, an essential hormone, is very important for stress tolerance [70] and plays a role as a coordinator of plant growth and development [71]. The inhibition of auxin synthesis by overexpressing miR157 caused the sensitivity to heat stress and anther sterility in the reproductive period of cotton [72]. The auxin signaling pathway is controlled by the suppression of the sucrose synthase gene, and the antagonistic relationship between auxin and sucrose regulated plant growth and development [73, 74]. The favorable balance between auxin and sucrose is indispensable for the response of anther to heat stress [75].
Shedding is the formation of the abscission layer by natural or stress between sympodial or monopodial branches and reproductive organs such as square, flower, and boll in cotton (Figure 2B and C) [76]. The amount of hormones and regulation among hormone-controlled shedding, as auxin inhibits, and abscisic acid (ABA) promotes. Shedding is induced by increasing ABA and decreasing auxin under drought conditions [77]. In the reproductive period, failed fertilization caused by non-available pollen in higher temperatures resulted in flower shedding.
The physiological drought via osmotic stress and ion toxicity caused by Na+, Cl−, and SO42− are two major forms of damage. Although cotton is classified as moderately tolerant to salt stress (7.7 dS m−1), salinity caused a decrease in seed cotton yield [78], boll number per plant [79, 80, 81], and an increase in early maturity [82]. Seed germination and early seedling growth in cotton are the most sensitive stages [83]. Both forms of salt damage caused abnormal plant growth such as stunted root and shoot growth by reducing photosynthetic capacity (Figure 1A) [84]. The excessive salt accumulation under salinity caused cellular injury in transpiring leaves [85]. However, cotton was successfully cultivated as a monoculture crop in saline-alkali soil. Plant cells are affected by low amounts of available water, loss of membrane functions, and ionic toxicity under excess sodium (Na+). As with most abiotic stress, salinity contains an osmotic component, and cellular dehydration causes and disrupts the internal balance (homeostasis). The plant’s first reaction is to reduce the Na+ level in the cytosol by restricting influx, increasing efflux, and accumulating Na+ in the vacuole for maintaining the cell metabolism. Transporters such as antiporter, uniporter, and symporter localized in the membrane are responsible for reducing Na+ [86, 87, 88]. In a study conducted by [89], the Na+/H+ antiporter gene (GhSOS1) was detected in the plasma membrane of cotton (
Many researchers focused on a root-associated microorganism to alleviate salinity stress in cotton. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are capable of increasing P and Zn uptake and promoting leaf proline accumulation [92, 93] but it should be noted that
The increase in the tensile force of the xylem, due to drought, caused a greater probability of rupture in the water column and formation of gas emboli in the xylem [98], and embolism decreased carbon assimilation depending on the linkage between water and CO2 exchange. Furthermore, stomatal closure and decrease in the stomatal area take place [99], and desiccation of all plants is induced in the further process (Figure 1B) [100]. Thus, the most negative impacts occurred in photosynthetic capacity and transpiration rate [101]. The environmentally induced PCD (programmed cell death) occurred in response to drought, and PCD increased ROS accumulation, DNA fragmentation, organelle degeneration, and cytoplasm shrinkage [102]. The tylose formation and xylem inhabitation by wilt pathogens in water-limiting conditions may cause drought sensitivity to stress the susceptibility [103]. Primarily, MAPK (Mitogen-activated protein kinase), and secondly, ROS play an important role in intracellular signaling [104, 105].
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have an important role to alleviate drought stress by spreading on the soil and water transport by hyphae [107]. Similarly, PGPR coated phosphorus exhibited high performance due to the increasing stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic capacity, and yield of cotton under osmotic stress [108]. As a result of studies investigating the relationship between nutrients and drought, it was suggested that high N concentrations may decrease the effects of drought through nitrogen metabolism, proline synthesis antioxidant capacity, and osmotic regulation in cotton [109, 110]. However, K application has osmotic regulation due to increasing the osmoprotectant and regulates N metabolism [53, 111, 112] and photo-assimilation and translocation process [113] in drought-stressed cotton plants. Also, supplemental Zn alleviated the negative effects of drought stress by increasing antioxidant capacity and decreasing MDA content in cotton [112, 114]. The nanoparticles such as nano-TiO2 and nano-SiO2 could alleviate drought stress because their foliar applications increase photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant capacity, and proline content in cotton [115].
The combination of multiple stress factors and the identification of the model plant is complex at the physiological and genetic levels [116]. Growth chamber, greenhouse, and field studies were conducted by many researchers to screen the cotton genotypes in different stress studies. Stress tolerant genotypes can be bred through a selection of promising single plants under stress conditions followed by testing in either stress and non-stress conditions or selection under more optimum conditions for effective selection criteria [117]. Previous studies recommended the selection of cotton plants with higher seedling vigor, enhanced early root development, and lower root/shoot ratio for drought tolerance, pollen carrying a dominant heat-tolerance allele for heat stress, and salinity barrier for salt stress [118].
In stress-tolerant cotton breeding, genetic stock in strains with the D genome rather than those with the A genome should be considered. Transcriptomic analyses indicated that thick cuticles and a double layer palisade layer of D-genome species such as
The selection of plants with thick cuticle and waxy surfaces is important to reduce solar radiation in the breeding of heat tolerance [125]. The intense absorbency of cotton cultivars increased sensitivity to heat stress [126]. The most important cultural management is to arrange the sowing time to avoid the higher temperature in the reproductive period. However, planting cotton before the recommended time faced the problem of low temperature during the early growing stage. Therefore, breeding of high-temperature tolerant cotton varieties has been suggested as the best method [127].
A pre-screening of cotton germplasm and evaluation of hybrids by constructing a polythene tunnel at the reproductive stage is a very common method in cotton (Figure 2A) [128]. However, some researchers preferred delayed planting set of cotton plants to test genotypes in heat tolerance breeding [129, 130, 131, 132]. In addition, some researchers have used tetrazolium chloride for identifying heat tolerance in both vegetative tissues and pollen viability in cotton [133, 134, 135]. Various studies have emphasized the success of wild cotton species, their stacking progenitor alleles, and
In quantitative genetic studies about heritability and gene action for different selection criteria of heat stress, multigenic inheritance and both additive and non-additive gene action in controlling cellular membrane thermostability was found to be higher under heat stress conditions [140]. The results of the scaling test, which is an important biometrical analysis method, indicated the significant dominance, additive x dominance, and dominance x dominance referred to as non-additive gene action for relative cell injury under heat stress [141]. Similarly, non-additive gene actions were estimated for fiber quality characters and ginning out-turn in heat stress (~38–39°C) at peak flowering time under field conditions by arranged sowing time [142]. In contrast, high heritability associated with high genetic advance for hydrogen peroxide content, catalase activity, total soluble proteins, carotenoids, and chlorophyll contents were found to have significant additive gene action under heat stress conditions [143]. In conventionally breeding of drought and heat stress tolerance, it was emphasized that instead of single plant selection in the F2 generation, superior plants should be selected in further generations such as F4 [144, 145].
PEG 6000 (polyethylene glycol) is defined as a rapid and effective method to observe the response of cotton genotypes for selection in drought tolerance breeding [146, 147]. Drought-tolerant species are defined with low maximum transpiration and photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, specific leaf area, small leaf size high leaf longevity, root mass ratio, and small leaf size [148]. The higher chlorophyll stability and relative water content exhibited drought tolerance due to photosynthate, which results in higher biomass [149] and fiber quality [150]. Furthermore, the presence of late embryogenesis abundant proteins is important for drought tolerance of cotton [151]. The physiological characteristics used for drought tolerance should be combined with yield, yield attributes, and fiber quality parameters in the breeding of cotton varieties with high adaptability [152]. Drought responsive genes were classified as induced (stress-related, metabolism, transcription factor, proline, and cellular transport) and repressed (mainly comprising metabolism, cellular transport, and stress-related) [153]. Drought tolerance genes such as RD2 (rice drought-responsive), HAT22 (homeobox from
NaCl treatment at different doses is the most used method for screening cotton genotypes in order to determine suitable genotypes. Many researchers revealed significant variations in morphological, physiological, and biochemical characters under salinity stress [157, 158, 159]. The performance of genotypes, depending on genetic factors, compared with environmental factors and genotype x environment interactions, and high genetic gain by suitable selection increased the breeding success because of high additive effects under saline [160] and drought conditions [161]. On the other hand, non-additive gene actions were found significantly higher for chlorophyll content, K+/Na+ ratio and within boll yield components under saline conditions [144, 162]. At the same time, selection for K+, Na+, and K+/Na+ were recommended for salinity tolerance according to the results of factor analysis in cotton [163]. In addition, a reciprocal effect found in some studies indicated cytoplasmic and cytoplasmic x nuclear genes interaction for salinity tolerance breeding [160, 164]. Besides, the fact that genes with pleiotropic effects are effective for both salinity and drought indicated physiological characters are used in indirect selection can increase the success of multi-stress breeding [165, 166].
In many studies about engineering abiotic stress-tolerant crops, genes responsible for multiple stress factors found to confer tolerance in different plants are defined [167]. Co-overexpressing of SUMO E3 ligase (OsSIZ) and Vacuolar H+− pyrophosphatase (AVP1) from Arabidopsis and vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter genes performed significantly in increasing tolerance to multiple stressors such as drought, salinity, and higher temperature [168]. Overexpression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) from cotton GhMPK2 performed stress tolerance when induced by salt, ABA, and water scarcity [169]. Eight genes belonging to the GhHSP20 family are responsible for heat, drought, and salinity [170], and the expression of GHSP26 caused a significant increase in proteins under drought stress [171]. Similarly, it was verified that GhCIPK6a overexpressed cotton lines can reduce the negative effects of salinity, and the seeds of these lines exhibited higher water absorption capacity at the germination stage [172]. In another study, JAZ proteins were identified as inhibitors of JA, and overexpression of JAZ genes resulted in a higher performance to salt stress [173]. GaJAZ1 transgenic plants carrying genes transferred from
The nutrient relations of cotton plants were greatly affected by abiotic stress. The nitrogen, silicon, magnesium, and calcium uptake are limited under high temperatures, drought, and salinity. In addition, the architecture of cotton changed to capture the less mobile nutrients. Therefore, fertilization should be reconsidered under stress conditions. To reduce the negative effects of abiotic stress, the use of some osmoprotectant and hormones may be a solution. The sowing time and plant density should be rearranged especially for high temperatures and drought. Cluster-type cotton varieties suitable for High-Density Planting System (HDPS) should be developed. These varieties will also reduce the density of weeds and dry matter content that compete for available water under drought conditions.
The most effective way to overcome the adverse effects of multiple abiotic stress factors is to improve tolerant cultivars. The possible effects of drought, salinity, and high-temperature stress on physiological, morphological, and yield should be well resolved to mitigate stress and develop varieties. The crossing between standard cultivars and donor suitable parents is a basic stage for genetic variation in conventional breeding. Multiple stress factors are very complex and polygenic characters and are controlled by non-additive gene effects with low heritability. Therefore, bulk selection should be useful for traits with low heritability such as stress tolerance, and the selection of a single plant should be postponed to F4 or F5 generation. Drought and high temperature are effective stress factors from flowering and during the first boll formation period, whereas salinity is an important problem in the early development period. In areas where these conditions are created, indirect selection can be made in terms of physiological characteristics, whereas direct selection can be made for yield. The evaluation of genotypes to stress tolerance under the plastic tunnel at the reproductive stage and in saline and drought conditions is a more accurate approach compared to artificial conditions and delayed sowing date in cotton.
Genetic engineering studies are promising, but manipulation of a single gene does not seem to be sufficient as resistance to multiple stress conditions is controlled by multiple genes. However, future transgenic cultivar breeding may be a good approach for multiple stress tolerance. In both classical breeding and genetic engineering studies, tolerance to multiple stress factors should be pyramided with yield and fiber characteristics. The non-genetically CRISPR-Cas system could be evaluated for engineering multiple stress tolerance in future cotton cultivars for all cotton-growing regions.
It could be highlighted that temperature extremes and fluctuations in the cotton-growing season along with other stress appear to be major factors of future yield reductions.
Volkan Mehmet CINAR thanks the Higher Education Council of Turkey (YOK) for 100/2000 PhD scholarship.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Volkan Mehmet CINAR: Conceptualization, Literature survey, Writing – Review & Editing. Serife BALCI: Writing – Review & Editing. Aydın UNAY: Conceptualization, Literature survey, Writing – Review, Supervision.
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It clearly concluded that lncRNA SNHG3 regulates energy metabolism through miRNA (hsa-miR-186-5p) and RNA-binding protein (EIF4AIII) to regulate the key proteins in the energy metabolism pathways. SNHG3 inhibitor might interfere with the energy metabolism to treat ovarian cancers. 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Pharmacogenetics for cancer treatment is very significant, as cancer therapies exhibit severe systemic toxicity and unpredictable efficacy. There is presence of genetic polymorphisms in the genes which code for the metabolic enzymes and cellular targets for the majority of chemotherapy agents, but to predict the outcome of chemotherapy in patients is not currently possible for most treatments. A greater understanding of the genetic determinants of drug response can revolutionize the use of many medications. By identifying the patients at risk for severe toxicity, or those likely to benefit from a particular treatment, individualized cancer therapy can be achieved for most cancer patients. The prediction of cancer treatment outcome based on gene polymorphisms is becoming possible for many classes of chemotherapy agents, and the most clinically significant examples of chemotherapy agents are discussed in the chapter. 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Prosser, Indu Raja, Kelly Kolkiewicz, Antonio Milano and Donald Roy Love",authors:[{id:"319362",title:"Dr.",name:"Donald Roy",middleName:null,surname:"Love",slug:"donald-roy-love",fullName:"Donald Roy Love"},{id:"319363",title:"Mrs.",name:"Debra O.",middleName:null,surname:"Prosser",slug:"debra-o.-prosser",fullName:"Debra O. Prosser"}]},{id:"71751",title:"Molecular Medicines for Parasitic Diseases",slug:"molecular-medicines-for-parasitic-diseases",totalDownloads:630,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Being the cause for significant amount of morbidities and mortalities, parasitic diseases remain the major challenge for the healthcare community due to the limitations associated with the current chemotherapeutics. Drug discovery/invention can be achieved by collaborative efforts of biotechnologists and pharmacists for identifying potential candidates and successfully turn them into medicine for improving the healthcare system. Although molecular medicine for disease intervention is still in its infancy, however, significant research works and successful trials in short span of time have made it broadly accepted among the scientific community. This chapter identifies different molecular medicine approaches for dealing with parasites that have been coming up on the horizon with the new technological advances in bioinformatics and in the field of omics. With the better understanding of the genomics, molecular medicine field has not only raised hopes to deal with parasitic infections but also accelerated the development of personalized medicine. This will provide a targeted approach for identifying the druggable targets and their pathophysiological importance for disease intervention.",book:{id:"9569",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",fullTitle:"Methods in Molecular Medicine"},signatures:"Bhawana Singh",authors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"981",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 28th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:35,paginationItems:[{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82212",title:"Protein Prenylation and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104700",signatures:"Khemchand R. Surana, Ritesh B. Pawar, Ritesh A. Khairnar and Sunil K. Mahajan",slug:"protein-prenylation-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. 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Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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He is simultaneously working as a Researcher with Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition (FA), Mendel University Brno and Institute of Environmental Studies, Charles University Prague, Czechia. \nHis research is focused on soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation mechanisms, plant-microbe interactions, biochar production, and utilization for agricultural crop production and environmental remediation. He is actively involved in bioremediation of contaminated soils using organic and inorganic amendments in addition to exploiting plant-microbe interactions. He has published over 50 refereed journal articles, many of which sought to explore the effectiveness of innovative soil amendments and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for improving crop performance and soil resilience under various abiotic stresses. He has been working for several renowned academic societies and enjoys early career in research.",institutionString:"Brno University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Brno University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 28th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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