Correlation among the rolefulness scale and other scales.
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\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
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\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
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\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
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Section I consists of nine chapters which discuss synthesis through innovative as well as modified conventional techniques of certain advanced ceramics (e.g. target materials, high strength porous ceramics, optical and thermo-luminescent ceramics, ceramic powders and fibers) and their characterization using a combination of well known and advanced techniques. Section II is also composed of nine chapters, which are dealing with the aqueous processing of nitride ceramics, the shape and size optimization of ceramic components through design methodologies and manufacturing technologies, the sinterability and properties of ZnNb oxide ceramics, the grinding optimization, the redox behaviour of ceria based and related materials, the alloy reinforcement by ceramic particles addition, the sintering study through dihedral surface angle using AFM and the surface modification and properties induced by a laser beam in pressings of ceramic powders. Section III includes four chapters which are dealing with the deposition of ceramic powders for oxide fuel cells preparation, the perovskite type ceramics for solid fuel cells, the ceramics for laser applications and fabrication and the characterization and modeling of protonic ceramics.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-505-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4464-9",doi:"10.5772/985",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"advances-in-ceramics-synthesis-and-characterization-processing-and-specific-applications",numberOfPages:534,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:null,bookSignature:"Costas Sikalidis",publishedDate:"August 9th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/474.jpg",numberOfDownloads:101664,numberOfWosCitations:231,numberOfCrossrefCitations:57,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:13,numberOfDimensionsCitations:205,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:23,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:493,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 18th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 15th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 22nd 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 21st 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 20th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"42599",title:"Prof.",name:"Costas",middleName:null,surname:"Sikalidis",slug:"costas-sikalidis",fullName:"Costas Sikalidis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42599/images/1711_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Costas Sikalidis, born in Thessaloniki Greece in 1948, matriculated in the Chemistry Department at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in 1966. After earning his BSc, he served for three years as an officer in the Hellenic Army. He pursued postgraduate studies in Ceramic Technology at the University of Northstaffordshire, UK and completed training & professional development in the British Ceramic Industry. He worked as a production manager at Philkeram-Johnson, subsidiary of Johnson Tile manufacturers. In 1981 he joined the Department of Chemical Engineering as a faculty member holding a PhD in Chemical Engineering. A Professor and Head of the Laboratory of Industrial Inorganic Raw Materials and Industrial Ceramics, he has published more than 70 papers in peer-reviewed scientific journals, presented his research in more than 80 International Conferences, received several patents and has been a reviewer in 10 journals. Dr. Sikalidis has mentored more than 18 MSc graduates and produced 2 PhD graduates, whereas he has earned funding via a number of competitive European research grants. Both an academic and a person originating from the Industry he has been extending service while maintaining ties, collaborations and outreach with the Ceramic and Building Materials Industry. 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Wang",authors:[{id:"164461",title:"Prof.",name:"Qian",middleName:null,surname:"Liao",fullName:"Qian Liao",slug:"qian-liao"},{id:"164462",title:"Dr.",name:"Binbin",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Binbin Wang",slug:"binbin-wang"}]},{id:"45198",title:"Stable Isotope Methods for the Study of the Nitrogen Cycle",slug:"stable-isotope-methods-for-the-study-of-the-nitrogen-cycle",signatures:"Evgenia Ryabenko",authors:[{id:"163463",title:"Dr.",name:"Evgenia",middleName:null,surname:"Ryabenko",fullName:"Evgenia Ryabenko",slug:"evgenia-ryabenko"}]},{id:"45249",title:"Challenges and New Advances in Ocean Color Remote Sensing of Coastal Waters",slug:"challenges-and-new-advances-in-ocean-color-remote-sensing-of-coastal-waters",signatures:"Hubert Loisel, Vincent Vantrepotte, Cédric Jamet and Dinh Ngoc\nDat",authors:[{id:"66224",title:"Prof.",name:"Hubert",middleName:null,surname:"Loisel",fullName:"Hubert Loisel",slug:"hubert-loisel"},{id:"99752",title:"Dr.",name:"Cédric",middleName:null,surname:"Jamet",fullName:"Cédric Jamet",slug:"cedric-jamet"},{id:"163462",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincent",middleName:null,surname:"Vantrepotte",fullName:"Vincent Vantrepotte",slug:"vincent-vantrepotte"},{id:"167707",title:"MSc.",name:"Dat",middleName:null,surname:"Dinh Ngoc",fullName:"Dat Dinh Ngoc",slug:"dat-dinh-ngoc"}]},{id:"44709",title:"Novel Tools for the Evaluation of the Health Status of Coral Reefs Ecosystems and for the Prediction of Their Biodiversity in the Face of Climatic Changes",slug:"novel-tools-for-the-evaluation-of-the-health-status-of-coral-reefs-ecosystems-and-for-the-prediction",signatures:"Stéphane La Barre",authors:[{id:"50021",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephane",middleName:"Christian",surname:"La Barre",fullName:"Stephane La 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Marcelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"74542",title:"Rolefulness and Interpersonal Relationships",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95396",slug:"rolefulness-and-interpersonal-relationships",body:'Rolefulness is a psychological concept defined as “the continuous sense of role satisfaction we have in our daily lives” (p. 258) [1]. Our roles in our respective social lives have become an important subject of psychological research. Studies have focused on specific social roles such as parenting, employment positions, and professions such as teaching and nursing. However, rolefulness does not depend on specific roles such as being parents and professionals; rather, it represents a general sense of role satisfaction and includes two subfactors: “social rolefulness” and “internal rolefulness.” Social rolefulness refers to one’s role satisfaction based on their social experiences such as interpersonal relationships. Meanwhile, internal rolefulness is the role satisfaction that a person forms by internalizing social rolefulness, and it includes identity and confidence. Rolefulness is a new psychological concept, and it is useful for promoting our interpersonal relationships and mental health.
First, we introduce the aspects of rolefulness; the next section discusses the theoretical background and developmental process. Second, we present a statistical study of the relation between rolefulness and maladjustment. We use Japanese adolescents’ data to investigate causal relations among rolefulness, social competence, and maladjustment. Then, we provide an example of how rolefulness is applied in education and art therapy. We conducted a group art expression workshop and examined its effect through the lens of rolefulness. Finally, we discuss the future application of rolefulness in our social lives and social science research.
Rolefulness is a new psychological concept which includes both social and internal aspects. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the scale with validity to measure it. We developed the rolefulness scale and confirmed its validity [1] and this section shows the process of developing a rolefulness scale. Our sense of role affects our psychological state. Reid and Hardy [2] showed the relation between role quality and well-being, and Matud, Hernández, and Marrero [3] found that the most relevant indicator of well-being is one’s satisfaction with their work roles. At the same time, role confusion and the lack of role satisfaction can be heavy stressors; Akgunduz [4] showed that role ambiguity and role conflict are negatively associated with job performance.
These research findings demonstrate the importance of one’s sense of role satisfaction in their mental health and interpersonal relationships. Some studies have focused on an individual’s role satisfaction in specific situations such as the nursing profession [5] or generational contexts [6]. While these findings are clearly important, it would also help to focus on a person’s general role satisfaction, which does not depend on particular situations. People assume several roles in their daily lives, such as doing housework, taking care of children, participating in volunteer activities, and sharing interests or hobbies with others, which may increase their general role satisfaction. For children, going to school and playing, collaborating, and discussing with classmates are good opportunities to enhance their role satisfaction. Based on these viewpoints, we developed the concept of “rolefulness,” which refers to an individual’s continuous sense of role satisfaction in their daily lives. The main purpose of this study is to develop a scale to measure rolefulness and confirm its validity.
We hypothesized two rolefulness subfactors: “social rolefulness” and “internal rolefulness.” Social rolefulness is the role satisfaction that an individual develops through their interpersonal relationships and social activities in their daily lives. Meanwhile, internal rolefulness refers to one’s personality, identity, and confidence, and it is formed by internalizing one’s social rolefulness.
Our behavior and cognition are affected by both the environment and our beliefs, and the effect of the outer and inner worlds has become another important research topic in psychology. For example, Riesman [7] introduced the concept of “inner-directed” and “other-directed” personalities. Inner-directed personality is guided by one’s own conscience and values rather than their external environment while other-directed personality tends to be guided by one’s values derived from external influences. The theory of locus of control [8] also provides us useful information; it includes “external” and “internal” groups. The former believes that their behavior and decisions are controlled by environmental factors while the latter believes that they can exercise such control themselves. This shows that rolefulness is also influenced by one’s external environment and inner beliefs. These ideas are applied in both social rolefulness and internal rolefulness.
Another core psychological concept regarding rolefulness is the “Ibasho” theory. Ibasho is a Japanese word that means “whereabouts and a place of my own” [9, 10]. In adolescent psychology, an individual’s sense of acceptance by others is a key concept for both communication and their ability to foster appropriate relationships [9, 10]. In psychology, besides the original literal meaning of the term, one’s “sense of Ibasho” is used to mean their sense of being accepted by others. The sense of Ibasho scale, developed by Norisada [11], includes “the sense of authenticity,” “the sense of perceived acceptance,” “the sense of relief,” and “the sense of role” as subfactors. As this evidence shows, one’s sense of role is an important component of interpersonal relationships. To develop the rolefulness scale, we examine its items with reference to these studies.
The participants were 1029 Japanese high school students (484 men and 545 women, 15-18 year olds). After removing erroneous information, a total of 960 data points were analyzed.
The “social rolefulness” and “internal rolefulness” subfactors were hypothesized, and based on previous studies, five items were listed for each [9, 11]. The first version of the scale includes 10 total items and is rated on a five-point scale from 1 (disagree) to 5 (agree). Social rolefulness includes 5 items of “I am useful in society.,” “I can apply my strong point for society.,” “My role is necessary for other people.,” “I have a role in the group I belong to.,” and “I carry out a social role.” Internal rolefulness also includes 5 items of “I realize my individuality by my role.,” “I am satisfied with my role.,” “I gain confidence because of my role.,” “My role brings out my individuality.,” and “I have a role that is only mine.”
First, we investigated the rolefulness scale’s factor structure using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Then, we examined the validity of the structure using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and evaluated the scale’s reliability using Cronbach’s alpha.
The EFA results showed that the two-factor structure is adequate. Factor loading was between 0.699 and 0.851 for social rolefulness and between 0.432 and 0.885 for internal rolefulness. After removing the items with the lowest and highest loading in each factor, we analyzed seven items in the CFA.
CFA then confirmed the scale’s factor structure. In this model, social rolefulness includes four items, and internal rolefulness includes three (Figure 1). Fit indexes of the model were acceptable (CFI = 0.994, RMSEA = 0.045), and all paths for each item were significant (p < 0.01). The Cronbach’s alpha values were 0.88 for social rolefulness and 0.90 for internal rolefulness.
Factor structure of the rolefulness scale.
Besides confirming the subscales’ factor structure, the results also showed that social and internal rolefulness correlate positively with each other.
Social rolefulness includes items such as “My role is necessary for other people” or “I am useful in society” while internal rolefulness includes “I realize my individuality by my role” or “I gain confidence because of my role.” These items show that social rolefulness pertains to our interpersonal relationships and our connection with the society we belong to. However, while social rolefulness is based on the social context, internal rolefulness consists of more authentic and personal aspects such as self-identity and confidence.
Although the previous section confirmed the factor validity of the rolefulness scale, it will need to be verified from several viewpoints for future application. The main purpose of this study is to confirm the scale’s criterion-related validity, in which the scale’s validity is compared with those of other relevant scales, and investigate correlations among rolefulness and relevant psychological factors.
Social rolefulness is theoretically correlated with our social experiences; hence, interpersonal communication is especially important. We need to develop social and communication skills to establish and maintain good relationships with others. Therefore, we hypothesize that people with satisfactory social and communication skills can achieve adequate social rolefulness. In contrast, we form internal rolefulness based on social rolefulness, and it includes confidence and identity. Self-esteem is defined as one’s belief and confidence in their own ability and value and is developed as a result of positive relationships with others. For instance, the experience of being accepted or valued by others facilitates self-esteem. According to Erikson’s [12, 13] development theory, the establishment of one’s identity is the main theme in adolescence. In this period, interpersonal relationships become more complex than those in earlier developmental stages and cause role confusion. In addition, the internal rolefulness scale we developed includes the item “I realize my individuality by my role.” Therefore, the developmental process of identity and rolefulness affect each other, and significant correlations are expected among rolefulness, self-esteem, and identity. From the above, we investigate the correlation among rolefulness, social and communication skills, self-esteem, and identity to confirm the validity of the rolefulness scale.
The data correction for the 1029 Japanese high school students (484 men and 545 women) was the same as that of the previous section; hence, 960 complete data points were analyzed. We compared communication skills, social skills, self-esteem, and identity. We used the lack of both the communication factor (α = .85) and problem-solving skill factor (α = .85) as the criteria for communication skills and social skills, respectively. Social skills include several aspects and problem-solving skill is one of the core factors of it. Therefore we adopted the problem-solving skill factor as an index of social skills. Both factors were included in the school maladaptive process scale [14]. For self-esteem, four items (α = .87) were selected from KINDLE [15, 16]. We then used the psychosocial identity factor (α = .83) of the Multidimensional Ego Identity Scale [17] as the identity criterion.
We found adequate positive correlations with self-esteem (social: r = 0.413, internal: r = 0.398) and psychosocial identity (social: r = 0.399, internal: r = 0.383). The lack of communication skills (social: r = 0.318, internal: r = 0.243) and problem-solving skills (social: r = 0.437, internal: r = 0.345) was more negatively correlated with social rolefulness than with internal rolefulness. Table 1 shows the correlations among the rolefulness scale and other scales.
Lack of communication | Lack of problem-solving | Self-esteem | Identity | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Social | −0.318** | −0.437** | 0.413** | 0.399** |
Internal | −0.243** | −0.345** | 0.398** | 0.383** |
Correlation among the rolefulness scale and other scales.
Both social and communication skills are significantly correlated with rolefulness. Also, the connection between these skills and social rolefulness is stronger than that between them and internal rolefulness. People develop social rolefulness through their interpersonal communication and social and communication skills; therefore, those who have these skills are also satisfied with their social rolefulness. Social and communication skills affect our behaviors and social attitudes. In contrast, self-esteem and identity are deeply connected with the deeper part of our mind, such as personality and motivation, and these psychological aspects take a long time to form. Internal rolefulness is also an inner aspect and needs a certain amount of time to develop. These points are common among self-esteem, identity, and internal rolefulness as the significant correlations show. This study’s results show interrelationships but not necessarily prove causal relations among these factors. Therefore, future studies may benefit from examining such causal relations.
This section investigates the relation between rolefulness and school maladjustment with reference to Suzuki and Kato [18]. While many studies have been conducted on school maladjustment, they have found it difficult to arrive at a consensus on the concept of adjustment [19].
Harada and Takemoto [20] proposed two aspects of adjustment. One considers adjustment as a static state of harmony between internal motivation and the environment; the other sees internal motivation and the environment as engaged in a dynamic process. Majority of the previous studies are based on the former [21] while a few are based on the latter.
Suzuki and Morita [14] studied the dynamic process of school maladjustment and revealed that the lack of social competence reduced one’s sense of being accepted by others and promoted school maladjustment. McAdams [22] argued that characteristic adaptation is described in the context of time, place, and social role, and it includes motivation, interest, defense mechanism, and coping strategy. These studies may have demonstrated the relation between maladjustment and social roles, but statistical evidence of such an association is yet to be presented.
Rolefulness is significantly associated with social skills [1], and the lack of social skills is positively correlated with maladjustment [14]. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that a significant relation exists between rolefulness and maladjustment; therefore, this study intends to examine the causal relation between the two using longitudinal models.
The survey participants were 293 Japanese high school students (130 males and 163 females). The survey was administered for a total of three times per participant. The first survey was held in October 2015 (T1), the second was in October 2016 (T2), and the third was in October 2017 (T3). Of the total participants, 282 (127 males and 155 females) took part in all three surveys, and their data were analyzed. We used the school maladaptive process scale for high school students [14] as a set of maladjustment criteria. It has three subscales: “maladjustment,” “lack of sense of acceptance,” and “lack of social competence.” Rolefulness was measured using the rolefulness scale [1], includes two subscales: “social rolefulness” and “internal rolefulness.” In addition, the model showed that lack of acceptance and maladjustment may negatively affect rolefulness. Therefore, the causal relation between rolefulness and maladjustment is not one way; rather, the two are interrelated.
We used the cross-lagged effects model to analyze the causal relations among the T1, T2, and T3 data. Figure 2 showed the causal relations between rolefulness and maladjustment, and the total fit indexes were acceptable (CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.05). The covariances among exogenous variables and error variables were omitted from the figure.
Causal relations between rolefulness and maladjustment.
The path model shows that lack of social competence in T1 affected social rolefulness in T2 and then influenced maladjustment and lack of acceptance in T3. It also indicates that lack of acceptance in T1 affected maladjustment in T2 and then influenced social and internal rolefulness in T3. Suzuki and Morita [14] stated that a lack of social competence reduces one’s sense of acceptance and then affects maladjustment. This study’s results revealed that social rolefulness also mediated these maladjustment formation processes, which supports McAdams’s [22] assertion that characteristic adaptation should be described in the context of social roles. McAdams [22] also pointed out the importance of other factors such as motivation, defense mechanism, and coping strategy and the need to investigate the relation between rolefulness and maladjustment from these viewpoints.
Rolefulness is also important in psychological support, such as psychotherapy and counseling. An individual who feels accepted by their counselor and who realizes their role in their daily life experiences positive effects in their mental health. In group art therapy, some expressive activities are conducted to facilitate interpersonal communication and role development. Here, we introduce the group session and examine its effect from the viewpoint of rolefulness based on Kato and Suzuki’s study [23].
Group art therapy requires several materials that will be used as mediums of communication. An example here is Lego blocks, which are useful in individual art therapy and collaborative creation. Negative moods such as anxiety, fatigue, and confusion have been found to significantly decrease through block creation [24]. LeGoff [25] showed that collaborative block making increased the social skills of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Collaborative Lego play also has positive effects on children and adolescents with ASD and promotes their socialization [26], especially social engagement, frequency of social initiations, responses, and positive social behaviors [27, 28]. Using Lego blocks helps learners strengthen their role-playing and storytelling skills as well as build their confidence and imagination [28].
Kato, Hattori, Iwai, and Morita [29] designed a collaborative block creation task and examined its effect. They divided their participants into small groups of four or five, and the participants were asked to collaboratively express anything they desired using a variety of blocks and figures on a 50 cm green square base plate. The results showed that such a collaborative experience promoted their social skills and trust in others. Meanwhile, Kato, Asai, and Yoshie [30] reexamined the effects of collaborative work especially on interpersonal relationships and showed that one’s sense of role significantly increased through the work. However, their study did not examine role satisfaction aspects in detail. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to thoroughly investigate how collaborative block work affects rolefulness.
Fifty-nine female Japanese university students (Mage = 20.7) participated in the survey, and they were randomly divided into small groups of three or four.
The participants collaborated with their group members to express anything they wanted using Lego blocks and figures on the green plastic square plates (50 cm). They finished their creations in 60 minutes. They were also asked to answer the rolefulness scale before and after the collaborative work.
The mean social rolefulness score was 3.11 (SD = 0.80) before the activity and 3.76 (SD = 0.69) after the activity. The mean internal rolefulness score was 3.59 (SD = 0.87) before the task and 3.97 (SD = 0.85) after the task. Both social (t(58) = 7.33, p < .01, d = 0.87) and internal rolefulness (t(58) = 3.39, p < .01, d = 0.44) increased significantly throughout the collaborative work. Table 2 shows the rolefulness scores before and after the activity.
Before | After | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
Social rolefulness | 3.11 | 0.80 | 3.76 | 0.69 | 7.33** | 0.87 |
Internal rolefulness | 3.59 | 0.87 | 3.97 | 0.85 | 3.39** | 0.44 |
Rolefulness scores before and after the collaborative block task.
Kato et al. [30] showed that a small-group collaborative block creation task facilitated individuals’ sense of role, and this study’s results provided further evidence of this. LeGoff [25] introduced a systematic approach to using blocks for ASD children. The participants were assigned specific roles of “builder,” “supplier,” and “engineer” beforehand and then participated in a collaborative block creation task. In the present study, however, specific roles were not designated and instead were divided naturally throughout the creation task. Oztop, Katsikopoulos, and Gummerum [31] suggested that the closeness of group members and their perspective taking are important in group creativity. Cojocnean [28] also showed the importance of individual differences in fostering the creativity of a group. Role taking and perspective taking are also significant facilitators of creativity in group settings. This study’s collaborative work facilitated verbal and nonverbal communication among group members and helped them notice one another’s way of thinking and feeling. This is why such an activity promotes perspective taking, role taking, and rolefulness.
The effect size of the analysis showed a remarkable increase in social rolefulness. Social rolefulness is considered to undergo short-term changes more than internal rolefulness because it is associated with communication skills [1]. Participating in collaborative block work with others improved friendship building, social interactions, and social competence [32]. As these findings show, the main goal of social rolefulness improvement through collaborative work is to enrich social skills, social competence, and confidence.
This chapter proposed the new psychological concept of rolefulness and confirmed its validity. The results of the studies here showed that social rolefulness is developed from realistic social experiences, which then form internal rolefulness. Rolefulness is deeply associated with mental health and decreases social maladjustment. We also adopted the collaborative brock creation activity and examined its effect. The result of the study showed that working together with others increased rolefulness. This section reviews the findings above and discusses how they can be applied in social relationships and future studies.
The results showed that social rolefulness buffered the association between lack of social competence and sense of acceptance. One’s emotional connection with others and their sense of acceptance are important to improve their mental health. The recent rapid changes in nature and society have had an immense psychological impact on us. Disasters such as floods and earthquakes change our lives in a moment, and the social impact of COVID-19 is serious and long-lasting. Our social roles are also affected in these situations. All people may equally become victims of emergencies. Human service professionals such as medical workers help people with difficulties in peacetime, but they are not exempted from becoming victims of crises. In such situations, people may lose their social roles and experience role confusion, and the risk of the latter exists not only for medial professions but also for every worker. For example, office workers cannot visit their offices and communicate with colleagues as usual. Schools are also closed, and face-to-face education involving teachers and students is limited.
We are now facing serious difficulties in fulfilling our social roles. In rolefulness theory, having social roles is clearly an important factor in developing rolefulness. However, another important insight is that rolefulness is defined as our continuous sense of role satisfaction in our daily lives; it is a general role satisfaction that does not depend on any particular profession or job position. We argue that all people can increase their rolefulness throughout their daily lives. Establishing good relationships with family and community is a core factor of psychological empowerment [33]. These fundamental relationships are also essential causal factors for increasing rolefulness. We live in our own communities and have relationships with family members, relatives, and friends, which provide many chances to increase rolefulness in our daily lives. This does not refer to special activities; rather, ordinary ones such as greetings, conversations, and expressing gratitude to familiar people are important in developing rolefulness. However the findings of the present chapter comes from limited generations and specific activity such as collaborative block creation, investigating the effect of fundamental relationships with others on rolefulness is necessary in future studies.
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The length of exposure to low oxygen pressure as well as the existing signaling pathways within different cells dictates their benefit or disadvantage from hypoxic signaling. Therefore, activation or inhibition of hypoxic intermediates could serve as novel therapeutic strategies. In this chapter, we review the role of hypoxic signaling in neurodegenerative, inflammatory, and renal disease states and the emerging therapeutic approaches involving hypoxic signaling.",book:{id:"5444",slug:"hypoxia-and-human-diseases",title:"Hypoxia and Human Diseases",fullTitle:"Hypoxia and Human Diseases"},signatures:"Deepak Bhatia, Mohammad Sanaei Ardekani, Qiwen Shi and\nShahrzad Movafagh",authors:[{id:"189604",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahrzad",middleName:null,surname:"Movafagh",slug:"shahrzad-movafagh",fullName:"Shahrzad Movafagh"},{id:"192092",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepak",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatia",slug:"deepak-bhatia",fullName:"Deepak Bhatia"},{id:"192093",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sanaei Ardekani",slug:"mohammad-sanaei-ardekani",fullName:"Mohammad Sanaei Ardekani"},{id:"195341",title:"Dr.",name:"Qiwen",middleName:null,surname:"Shi",slug:"qiwen-shi",fullName:"Qiwen Shi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"30178",title:"Chest Mobilization Techniques for Improving Ventilation and Gas Exchange in Chronic Lung Disease",slug:"chest-mobilization-techniques-for-improving-ventilation-and-gas-exchange-in-chronic-lung-disease",totalDownloads:31227,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"648",slug:"chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-current-concepts-and-practice",title:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease",fullTitle:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - Current Concepts and Practice"},signatures:"Donrawee Leelarungrayub",authors:[{id:"73709",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jirakrit",middleName:null,surname:"Leelarungrayub",slug:"jirakrit-leelarungrayub",fullName:"Jirakrit Leelarungrayub"}]},{id:"42773",title:"Propionibacterium acnes as a Cause of Sarcoidosis",slug:"propionibacterium-acnes-as-a-cause-of-sarcoidosis",totalDownloads:2493,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"3279",slug:"sarcoidosis",title:"Sarcoidosis",fullTitle:"Sarcoidosis"},signatures:"Yoshinobu Eishi",authors:[{id:"57567",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshinobu",middleName:null,surname:"Eishi",slug:"yoshinobu-eishi",fullName:"Yoshinobu Eishi"}]},{id:"57668",title:"Pneumonia of Viral Etiologies",slug:"pneumonia-of-viral-etiologies",totalDownloads:3200,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Pneumonia is a common illness that continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality in both adults and children. Bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae are generally considered as the main pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia and Legionella species, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumonia in atypical pneumonias. In contrast the proportion of pneumonias due to viruses has been both difficult to detect and quantify with any precision. However, with the advent of powerful molecular techniques and rapidly developing technologies a greater number of viruses are being implicated as pathogens and co-pathogens in pneumonia. In the case of adults, the most commonly detected viruses are influenza virus, RSV and parainfluenza. Other viruses that have recently received considerable attention, are H5N1 influenza virus and coronaviruses. Infectious causes of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients include measles, HSV, CMV, HHV-6 and Influenza viruses. Pneumonias caused by other viruses are more rarely reported and include outbreaks of rhinovirus, adenovirus (particularly serotype 14 in military institutions), coronavirus, and metapneumovirus. A range of promising therapeutic targets have been identified and numerous innovative therapeutic treatments demonstrated to improve lung injury due to viral infections.",book:{id:"5938",slug:"contemporary-topics-of-pneumonia",title:"Contemporary Topics of Pneumonia",fullTitle:"Contemporary Topics of Pneumonia"},signatures:"Al Johani Sameera and Akhter Javed",authors:[{id:"76522",title:"Dr.",name:"Javed",middleName:null,surname:"Akhter",slug:"javed-akhter",fullName:"Javed Akhter"},{id:"80162",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameera",middleName:"M.",surname:"Al Johani",slug:"sameera-al-johani",fullName:"Sameera Al Johani"}]},{id:"67117",title:"Eosinophilic Asthma",slug:"eosinophilic-asthma",totalDownloads:1265,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Eosinophilic asthma is known as a main phenotype of asthma classified on the basis of immune cells involved in inflammatory response in the respiratory airway. Eosinophilic asthma can be related to increased severity of asthma, allergic sensitization, adult onset, and increased resistance to corticosteroids. The prevalence of eosinophilic asthma is 32–40% among asthmatic patients. Different cells and cytokines are involved in its pathogenesis including eosinophil, mast cells, type 2 helper T cells, innate lymphoid cells, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Eosinophil count in induced sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage is the yardstick for recognizing and distinguishing eosinophilic asthma from non-eosinophilic asthma, while various tests which are noninvasive such as fractional exhaled nitric oxide and periostin are arising as possible substitutes. Novel and advanced therapies new and advanced therapies and more convenient biological drugs, Leads to high requirement for particular endotype- and phenotype-related treatment plans. Identification and knowledge of the specific pathophysiology of eosinophilic asthma have great association with disease management and chances for better patient prognosis.",book:{id:"8738",slug:"asthma-biological-evidences",title:"Asthma",fullTitle:"Asthma - Biological Evidences"},signatures:"Bushra Mubarak, Huma Shakoor and Fozia Masood",authors:null},{id:"66258",title:"Historical Aspects of Hyperbaric Physiology and Medicine",slug:"historical-aspects-of-hyperbaric-physiology-and-medicine",totalDownloads:1575,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The history of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) makes for fascinating reading. From pneumatic chambers and compressed air baths to empirical therapeutic applications during the nineteenth century, the impetus to scientific application of HBOT began in seeking solution for decompression sickness during various construction ventures. French physiologist Paul Bert’s research was pathbreaking and provided a scientific explanation on the etiology of the “bends.” In 1908, JS Haldane’s experiments recommended staged decompression and made diving safe. In 1921, OJ Cunningham employed HBOT to treat hypoxia secondary to lung infections successfully. It was cardiac surgeon Ite Boerema who put HBOT on a solid footing with his open-heart surgery results in various pediatric cardiac conditions and rightly deserved the title of father of modern-day hyperbaric medicine. From 1937 onwards, HBOT research snowballed into treating a wide variety of diseases. In 1999, the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society and Food and Drug Administration recognized the value of HBOT, and this led to its becoming a major tool in the armamentarium of clinicians, either as a primary or adjunctive therapy for a spectrum of diseases.",book:{id:"9126",slug:"respiratory-physiology",title:"Respiratory Physiology",fullTitle:"Respiratory Physiology"},signatures:"Chandrasekhar Krishnamurti",authors:[{id:"257885",title:"Dr.",name:"Chandrasekhar",middleName:null,surname:"Krishnamurti",slug:"chandrasekhar-krishnamurti",fullName:"Chandrasekhar Krishnamurti"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1047",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82740",title:"Secondary Pneumothorax from a Surgical Perspective",slug:"secondary-pneumothorax-from-a-surgical-perspective",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105414",abstract:"Although less frequent than the primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP), secondary pneumothoraces (SP) are a common clinical problem with a wide range of severity, depending on the triggering cause(s) and patient clinical condition. By definition, an SP occurs in those patients with an underlying condition that alters the normal lung parenchyma and/or the visceral pleura and determines air entry in the pleural space (e.g., COPD) or, eventually, following trauma or invasive procedures (i.e., iatrogenic pneumothorax). Less frequent, yet described, is SP occurring in neoplastic patients or infectious ones. The gravity of an SP is directly correlated to the underlying cause and patients’ clinical conditions. For example, it may be a life-threatening condition in an end-stage COPD but less severe in a catamenial related syndrome. In this chapter, we are providing a surgical overview of the most relevant and updated information on etiology, incidence, pathophysiology, and management of secondary pneumothoraces.",book:{id:"11045",title:"Pleura - A Surgical Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11045.jpg"},signatures:"Simona Sobrero, Francesco Leo and Alberto Sandri"},{id:"80875",title:"Pneumothorax: A Concise Review and Surgical Perspective",slug:"pneumothorax-a-concise-review-and-surgical-perspective",totalDownloads:41,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101049",abstract:"Pneumothorax is the collection of air in pleural cavity, which is commonly due to development of a communication between pleural space and alveolar space (or bronchus) or the atmosphere. In this chapter, we will discuss the various aetiologies of pneumothorax, the differences in their pathophysiology and the implications on the management of the disease. The chapter focusses on the surgical aspects in the management, the revolution brought in by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) and the advancement of the field by introduction of uniportal VATS and robotic-assisted thoracic surgery. The principles of management of catamenial pneumothorax are revisited. The chapter also throws light on the nuances of anaesthesia techniques and the latest developments are outlined. Lastly, a section is dedicated to COVID-19 associated pneumothorax and the approach to its management.",book:{id:"11045",title:"Pleura - A Surgical Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11045.jpg"},signatures:"Shilpi Karmakar"},{id:"79289",title:"Indwelling Pleural Catheters",slug:"indwelling-pleural-catheters",totalDownloads:86,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100645",abstract:"Indwelling pleural catheters (IPC) are now being considered worldwide for patients with recurrent pleural effusions. It is commonly used for patients with malignant pleural effusions (MPE) and can be performed as outpatient based day care procedure. In malignant pleural effusions, indwelling catheters are particularly useful in patients with trapped lung or failed pleurodesis. Patients and care givers are advised to drain at least 3 times a week or in presence of symptoms i.e. dyspnoea. Normal drainage timing may lasts for 15–20 min which subsequently improves their symptoms and quality of life. Complications which are directly related to IPC insertion are extremely rare. IPC’s are being recently used even for benign effusions in case hepatic hydrothorax and in patients with CKD related pleural effusions. Removal of IPC is often not required in most of the patients. It can be performed safely as a day care procedure with consistently lower rates of complications, reduced inpatient stay. They are relatively easy to insert, manage and remove, and provide the ability to empower patients in both the decisions regarding their treatment and the management of their disease itself.",book:{id:"11045",title:"Pleura - A Surgical Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11045.jpg"},signatures:"Yuvarajan Sivagnaname, Durga Krishnamurthy, Praveen Radhakrishnan and Antonious Maria Selvam"},{id:"79221",title:"Surgical Challenges of Chronic Empyema and Bronchopleural Fistula",slug:"surgical-challenges-of-chronic-empyema-and-bronchopleural-fistula",totalDownloads:118,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100313",abstract:"Chronic empyema has always been a clinical challenge for physicians. There is no standard procedure or treatment to deal with the situation, and multi-modality approach is often necessary. Surgical intervention plays a very crucial role in the treatment of chronic empyema. Since bronchopleural fistula is often seen in chronic empyema patients, therefore it should also be mentioned. In this chapter, the focus will be on the different treatment options, various surgical approaches, and the rationale behind every single modality. Certain specific entity will be included as well, such as tuberculosis infection, post lung resection empyema, and intrathoracic vacuum assisted closure system application. Even with the advancement of technology and techniques, chronic empyema management is still evolving, and we look forward to less traumatic ways of approach with better outcome in the future.",book:{id:"11045",title:"Pleura - A Surgical Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11045.jpg"},signatures:"Yu-Hui Yang"},{id:"78826",title:"Pneumothorax in Children",slug:"pneumothorax-in-children",totalDownloads:94,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100329",abstract:"Pneumothorax is a common pleural disease worldwide and is defined as the free accumulation of air between visceral and parietal pleura. Pneumothorax can be spontaneous, iatrogenic, and traumatic. Although it is less common than adults, it is seen in about 1.1–4 per 100,000 per year in the childhood age group. In patients presenting with variable clinic according to the cause of etiology, diagnosis is confirmed on a PA chest radiograph, sometimes a computed tomography may be required. The management of pneumothorax is varying from conservative, over intermediate (chest tube drainage) to invasive methods (video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery—VATS, thoracotomy). Here, we planned to write a chapter that includes a text containing general information about pediatric pneumothorax, algorithms, and visual and clinical cases of the causes of pneumothorax in children, including age, etiology, and treatment approach of pneumothorax in children.",book:{id:"11045",title:"Pleura - A Surgical Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11045.jpg"},signatures:"Hatice Sonay Yalçın Cömert"},{id:"78760",title:"Bronchopleural Fistula after Pulmonary Resection: Risk Factors, Diagnoses and Management",slug:"bronchopleural-fistula-after-pulmonary-resection-risk-factors-diagnoses-and-management",totalDownloads:232,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100209",abstract:"Bronchopleural fistula (BPF) after a pulmonary resection is rare with some of the most life-threatening consequences and a high mortality rate. Contamination of the pleural space resulting in empyema and spillage of the infected fluid into the remaining lung leading to respiratory distress remain the biggest concerns with BPF postoperatively. There are many patient characteristics and risk factors that can be evaluated to decrease the chance of a postoperative BPF. Presentation of BPF can be early or late with the late BPF more difficult to diagnosis and manage. Many options to treat BPF include surgical repair, conservative management, and endoscopic treatment.",book:{id:"11045",title:"Pleura - A Surgical Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11045.jpg"},signatures:"Kristina Jacobsen"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:8},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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