Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
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We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
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Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"4602",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Bioremediation of Wastewater and Polluted Soil",title:"Advances in Bioremediation of Wastewater and Polluted Soil",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The pollution of soil and groundwater by heavy metals and other chemicals is becoming a serious issue in many countries. However, the current bioremediation processes do not often achieve sufficient remediation, and more effective processes are desired. This book deals with advances in the bioremediation of polluted soil and groundwater. In the former chapters of this book, respected researchers in this field describe how the optimization of microorganisms, enzymes, absorbents, additives and injection procedures can help to realize excellent bioremediation. In the latter chapters, other researchers introduce bioremediation processes that have been performed in the field and novel bioremediation processes. Thus, the readers will be able to obtain new ideas about effective bioremediation as well as important information about recent advances in bioremediation.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-2165-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4215-7",doi:"10.5772/59328",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"advances-in-bioremediation-of-wastewater-and-polluted-soil",numberOfPages:284,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"8b879725924ff3e5b59fb2f8cc12c562",bookSignature:"Naofumi Shiomi",publishedDate:"September 9th 2015",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4602.jpg",numberOfDownloads:35072,numberOfWosCitations:93,numberOfCrossrefCitations:83,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:173,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:5,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:349,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 25th 2014",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 16th 2014",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 20th 2015",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 20th 2015",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 20th 2015",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"163777",title:"Dr.",name:"Naofumi",middleName:null,surname:"Shiomi",slug:"naofumi-shiomi",fullName:"Naofumi Shiomi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/163777/images/system/163777.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Naofumi Shiomi studied recombinant yeast and its utilization as a researcher at the Laboratory of Production Technology of Kanena Corporation for 15 years until 1998 and earned his Ph.D. in Engineering from Kyoto University, Japan. He now works as a professor at the School of Human Sciences of Kobe College in Japan, where he teaches applied microbiology, biotechnology, and life science in his Applied Life Science laboratory. He has studied bioremediation for 24 years at Kobe College and has published more than 40 papers and several book chapters on recombinant microorganisms, bioremediation, and functional foods. His recent research has also focused on the prevention of obesity and aging.",institutionString:"Kobe College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"779",title:"Ecohydrology",slug:"engineering-environmental-engineering-ecohydrology"}],chapters:[{id:"48803",title:"Bioremediation of Polluted Waters Using Microorganisms",doi:"10.5772/60770",slug:"bioremediation-of-polluted-waters-using-microorganisms",totalDownloads:11376,totalCrossrefCites:36,totalDimensionsCites:79,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Water pollution is an issue of great concern worldwide, and it can be broadly divided into three main categories, that is, contamination by organic compounds, inorganic compounds (e.g., heavy metals), and microorganisms. In recent years, the number of research studies concerning the use of efficient processes to clean up and minimize the pollution of water bodies has been increasing. In this context, the use of bioremediation processes for the removal of toxic metals from aqueous solutions is gaining considerable attention. Bioremediation can be defined as the ability of certain biomolecules or types of biomass to bind and concentrate selected ions or other molecules present in aqueous solutions. Bioremediation using microorganisms shows great potential for future development due to its environmental compatibility and possible cost-effectiveness. A wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and algae, can act as biologically active methylators, which are able to at least modify toxic species. Many microbial detoxification processes involve the efflux or exclusion of metal ions from the cell, which in some cases can result in high local concentrations of metals at the cell surface, where they can react with biogenic ligands and precipitate. Although microorganisms cannot destroy metals, they can alter their chemical properties via a surprising array of mechanisms. The main purpose of this chapter is to provide an update on the recent literature concerning the strategies available for the remediation of metal-contaminated water bodies using microorganisms and to critically discuss their main advantages and weaknesses. The focus is on the heavy metals associated with environmental contamination, for instance, lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr), which are potentially hazardous to ecosystems. The types of microorganisms that are used in bioremediation processes due to their natural capacity to biosorb toxic heavy metal ions are discussed in detail. This chapter summarizes existing knowledge on various aspects of the fundamentals and applications of bioremediation and critically reviews the obstacles to its commercial success and future perspectives.",signatures:"Luciene M. Coelho, Helen C. Rezende, Luciana M. Coelho, Priscila\nA.R. de Sousa, Danielle F.O. Melo and Nívia M.M. Coelho",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48803",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48803",authors:[{id:"163731",title:"Prof.",name:"Nivia",surname:"Coelho",slug:"nivia-coelho",fullName:"Nivia Coelho"},{id:"177651",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciana",surname:"Coelho",slug:"luciana-coelho",fullName:"Luciana Coelho"},{id:"177741",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciene M.",surname:"Coelho",slug:"luciene-m.-coelho",fullName:"Luciene M. Coelho"},{id:"177742",title:"Dr.",name:"Helen C.",surname:"Rezende",slug:"helen-c.-rezende",fullName:"Helen C. Rezende"},{id:"177743",title:"Dr.",name:"Priscila A.R.",surname:"de Sousa",slug:"priscila-a.r.-de-sousa",fullName:"Priscila A.R. de Sousa"},{id:"177744",title:"Dr.",name:"Danielle F.O.",surname:"Melo",slug:"danielle-f.o.-melo",fullName:"Danielle F.O. Melo"}],corrections:null},{id:"48401",title:"New Uses of Haloarchaeal Species in Bioremediation Processes",doi:"10.5772/60667",slug:"new-uses-of-haloarchaeal-species-in-bioremediation-processes",totalDownloads:2337,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:16,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The extreme conditions under which haloarchaea survive make them good bioremediation agents in water treatment processes and in saline and hypersaline environments contaminated with toxic compounds such as nitrate, nitrite and ammonia, chlorine compounds such as perchlorate and chlorate, heavy metals, and aromatic compounds. New advances in the understanding of haloarchaea metabolism, biochemistry, and molecular biology suggest that general biochemical pathways related to nitrogen (Nitrogen cycle), metals (iron, mercury), hydrocarbons, or phenols can be used for bioremediation proposals.",signatures:"María José Bonete, Vanesa Bautista, Julia Esclapez, María José\nGarcía-Bonete, Carmen Pire, Mónica Camacho, Javier Torregrosa-\nCrespo and Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48401",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48401",authors:[{id:"100721",title:"Dr.",name:"Julia",surname:"Esclapez",slug:"julia-esclapez",fullName:"Julia Esclapez"},{id:"165545",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria-Jose",surname:"Bonete",slug:"maria-jose-bonete",fullName:"Maria-Jose Bonete"},{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa"},{id:"165628",title:"Dr.",name:"Mónica",surname:"Camacho",slug:"monica-camacho",fullName:"Mónica Camacho"},{id:"173619",title:"Dr.",name:"Vanesa",surname:"Bautista",slug:"vanesa-bautista",fullName:"Vanesa Bautista"},{id:"173635",title:"BSc.",name:"María-José",surname:"García-Bonete",slug:"maria-jose-garcia-bonete",fullName:"María-José García-Bonete"},{id:"173636",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",surname:"Pire",slug:"carmen-pire",fullName:"Carmen Pire"},{id:"173637",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",surname:"Torregrosa-Crespo",slug:"javier-torregrosa-crespo",fullName:"Javier Torregrosa-Crespo"}],corrections:null},{id:"48747",title:"The Potential of the Photoautotroph Synechocystis for Metal Bioremediation",doi:"10.5772/60514",slug:"the-potential-of-the-photoautotroph-synechocystis-for-metal-bioremediation",totalDownloads:1948,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The photoautotrophic cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803 has received much attention as a model photosynthetic cell factory for the production of a range of important biotech products. The biomass remaining from this activity may then have further utility in processes such as metal bioremediation. In addition Synechocystis being an inhabitant of many natural aquatic environments is seen as an environmentally friendly alternative to using chemical precipitation methodologies for metal remediation. Synechocystis produces a range of extracellular polysaccharide substances (EPS) that can undergo modification as a function of culture age and growth nutrients which have been implicated in metal biosorption. Many studies have demonstrated that high levels of charged groups present in EPS are important in forming polymeric matrices with metallic ions allowing their biosorption. Genetic studies has revealed genes involved in such metal binding indicating that EPS can be modified for potential enhancement of binding or modification of the types of metals bound. The utility of metal binding to live and dead biomass of Synechocystis has been demonstrated for a range of metals including Cr(VI), Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), Sb, Ni(II), Mn(II), Mn(IV), As(III), As(V), Cs and Hg. The potential of using Synechocystis as a biosorption platform is discussed.",signatures:"J. Tony Pembroke, Balakrishnan Naveena and Patricia Armshaw",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48747",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48747",authors:[{id:"173356",title:"Prof.",name:"Tony",surname:"Pembroke",slug:"tony-pembroke",fullName:"Tony Pembroke"},{id:"173357",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",surname:"Armshaw",slug:"patricia-armshaw",fullName:"Patricia Armshaw"},{id:"175437",title:"Dr.",name:"Balakrishnan",surname:"Naveena",slug:"balakrishnan-naveena",fullName:"Balakrishnan Naveena"}],corrections:null},{id:"48561",title:"Metagenomics — A Technological Drift in Bioremediation",doi:"10.5772/60749",slug:"metagenomics-a-technological-drift-in-bioremediation",totalDownloads:3354,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:15,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nature has its ways of resolving imbalances in its environment and microorganisms are one of the best tools of nature to eliminate toxic pollutants. The process of eliminating pollutants using microbes is termed Bioremediation. Metagenomics is a strategic approach for analysing microbial communities at a genomic level. It is one of the best technological upgradation to bioremediation. Identification and screening of metagenomes from the polluted environments are crucial in a metagenomic study. This chapter emphasizes recent multiple case studies explaining the approaches of metagenomics in bioremediation in different contaminated environments such as soil, water etc. The second section explains different sequences and function-based metagenomic strategies and tools starting from providing a detailed view of metagenomic screening, FACS, and multiple advanced metagenomic sequencing strategies dealing with the prevalent metagenomes in bioremediation and giving a list of different widespread metagenomic organisms and their respective projects. Eventually, we have provided a detailed view of different major bioinformatic tools and datasets most prevalently used in metagenomic data analysis and processing during metagenomic bioremediation.",signatures:"Pratap Devarapalli and Ranjith N. Kumavath",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48561",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48561",authors:[{id:"163692",title:"Dr.",name:"Ranjith",surname:"Kumavath",slug:"ranjith-kumavath",fullName:"Ranjith Kumavath"},{id:"167339",title:"Mr.",name:"Pratap",surname:"Devarapalli",slug:"pratap-devarapalli",fullName:"Pratap Devarapalli"}],corrections:null},{id:"48566",title:"Biosurfactants as Useful Tools in Bioremediation",doi:"10.5772/60751",slug:"biosurfactants-as-useful-tools-in-bioremediation",totalDownloads:3123,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:26,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Environmental pollution by organic contaminants is a major problem today because it has affected many environments. Hydrophobic contaminants are of special concern since their molecules can be bound to the soil particles, but because of its low solubility in water and high interfacial tension, those contaminants cannot be easily removed. To help with desorption of contaminants, surfactants can be used in soil and water remediation technologies. Amphiphiles that can form micelles are termed as surface active agents or surfactants and are among the most commonly used chemicals in everyday life. Chemically produced surfactants have increasingly been replaced by biotechnology-based products, obtained either by enzymatic or microbial synthesis, because they can be produced using natural resources. The group of surface active biomolecules produced by living organism is called biosurfactants. Originally, biosurfactants attracted attention as hydrocarbon-dissolving agents in the late 1960s and as potential replacements for synthetic surfactants (carboxylates, sulfonates and sulfate acid esters) in the food, pharmaceutical, and oil industries. Synthetic surfactants currently used are usually toxic and hardly degraded and as such are also a contaminant in the environment. To replace synthetic surfactants, biosurfactant production needs to be cost-effective; therefore, it is important to develop culture conditions with low-cost materials using efficient biosurfactant-producing microbial strains. Although bacteria have been extensively studied for biosurfactant production, yeasts are also potential biosurfactant-producing microorganisms. Because of their unique structures, biosurfactants may have a greater range of properties that can be exploited commercially. This review article will describe microorganisms related to biosurfactant production, including yeasts, as well as their role in bioremediation.",signatures:"Claudia Isabel Sáenz-Marta, María de Lourdes Ballinas-Casarrubias,\nBlanca E. Rivera-Chavira and Guadalupe Virginia Nevárez-Moorillón",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48566",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48566",authors:[{id:"141523",title:"Dr.",name:"María De Lourdes",surname:"Ballinas-Casarrubias",slug:"maria-de-lourdes-ballinas-casarrubias",fullName:"María De Lourdes Ballinas-Casarrubias"},{id:"166633",title:"Dr.",name:"Guadalupe",surname:"Nevárez-Moorillón",slug:"guadalupe-nevarez-moorillon",fullName:"Guadalupe Nevárez-Moorillón"},{id:"175549",title:"MSc.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Saenz-Marta",slug:"claudia-saenz-marta",fullName:"Claudia Saenz-Marta"},{id:"175550",title:"Dr.",name:"Blanca E.",surname:"Rivera-Chavira",slug:"blanca-e.-rivera-chavira",fullName:"Blanca E. Rivera-Chavira"}],corrections:null},{id:"48735",title:"Explorations and Applications of Enzyme-linked Bioremediation of Synthetic Dyes",doi:"10.5772/60753",slug:"explorations-and-applications-of-enzyme-linked-bioremediation-of-synthetic-dyes",totalDownloads:2808,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Extensive use of synthetic dyes and their subsequent release in industrial wastewater is a growing environmental problem. These dyes are recalcitrant in nature, and some dyes are also well established to be potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic as well as genotoxic. Research efforts have been devoted to develop new, low-cost, and eco-friendly treatments capable of reducing and even eliminating synthetic dye compounds from the environment. Enzymatic approach has attracted much interest recently in the decolorization of textile and other industrially important dyes from wastewater as an alternative strategy to conventional chemical, physical, and biological treatments, which pose serious limitations. In this chapter, the accumulated research data on the potential of the oxidoreductive enzymes—high redox potential peroxidases (lignin peroxidase [LiP], EC 1.11.1.14; manganese peroxidase [MnP], EC 1.11.1.13; dye decolorizing peroxidase [DyP], EC 1.11.1.19; and versatile peroxidases [VP], EC 1.11.1.16), laccases (benzenediol–oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.10.3.2), polyphenol oxidases (EC 1.14.18.1), and azoreductases (azobenzene reductases, EC 1.7.1.6)—that have been exploited in the decolorization and degradation of synthetic dyes are presented. An overview of enzyme technology, including the importance of redox mediators for enhanced range of substrates and efficiency of degradation, current biodegradation applications, and suggestions to overcome the limitations to these proteins’ large scale and efficient use, is made. Different strategies currently being used and future prospects for the potential use of genetic engineering techniques to improve the performance of these oxidoreductases in terms of stability, selectivity, and catalytic activity in dye bioremediation technologies are also explored.",signatures:"Henry Joseph Oduor Ogola, Hiroyuki Ashida, Takahiro Ishikawa and\nYoshihiro Sawa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48735",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48735",authors:[{id:"130755",title:"Dr.",name:"Henry Joseph Oduor",surname:"Ogola",slug:"henry-joseph-oduor-ogola",fullName:"Henry Joseph Oduor Ogola"},{id:"173676",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshihiro",surname:"Sawa",slug:"yoshihiro-sawa",fullName:"Yoshihiro Sawa"},{id:"173690",title:"Prof.",name:"Takahiro",surname:"Ishikawa",slug:"takahiro-ishikawa",fullName:"Takahiro Ishikawa"},{id:"173691",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",surname:"Ashida",slug:"hiroyuki-ashida",fullName:"Hiroyuki Ashida"}],corrections:null},{id:"48809",title:"Use of Additives in Bioremediation of Contaminated Groundwater and Soil",doi:"10.5772/60915",slug:"use-of-additives-in-bioremediation-of-contaminated-groundwater-and-soil",totalDownloads:1997,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter reviews the application of additives used in bioremediation of chlorinated solvents and fuels for groundwater and soil remediation. Soluble carbon substrates are applicable to most site conditions except aquifers with very high or very low groundwater flow. Slow-release and solid substrates are intended to be long-lasting in supplying carbon for microbial growth thereby minimizing operation and maintenance requirements. Microbes as special additives can be used to enhance bioremediation (bioaugmentation) where such microbes are lacking. Oxygen gas can be added to increase aerobic biodegradation, and nutrients addition may be needed to stimulate and maintain sufficient microbial population. pH modifiers to control acidity for optimal microbial growth and degradation can also be added. Delivery of additives to the subsurface can be accomplished through permanent injection wells, direct-push methods, or permeable reactive barriers (biowall). Potential issues with additive use include biofouling, stalling, short circuiting, displacement, reduced hydraulic conductivity, and secondary water quality deterioration. Methods and techniques to deal with these issues are provided and future research needs are identified.",signatures:"Yongtian Thomas He and Chunming Su",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48809",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48809",authors:[{id:"173666",title:"Dr.",name:"Chunming",surname:"Su",slug:"chunming-su",fullName:"Chunming Su"},{id:"177813",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongtian Thomas",surname:"He",slug:"yongtian-thomas-he",fullName:"Yongtian Thomas He"}],corrections:null},{id:"48694",title:"Hexavalent Chromium (VI) Removal by Penicillium sp. IA-01",doi:"10.5772/60660",slug:"hexavalent-chromium-vi-removal-by-penicillium-sp-ia-01",totalDownloads:1833,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The objective of this work was to study the removal of chromium (VI) in aqueous solution by the fungus Penicillium sp. IA-01, isolated from polluted air with industrial vapors. To obtain the fungal biomass, pre-inoculums were performed in thioglycolate broth from a strain isolated from vapours contaminated with Cr (VI). The fungus was incubated for four weeks at ambient temperature, filtered, and washed three times with trideionized water. In preparing cellullar fractions, it was necessary to break the fungal cells with glass beads using a homogenizer being careful to keep the samples in frosty cold ice. To obtain the fungal biomass, the fungus was filtered and stored in an oven at 80°C, allowing it to dry for 48 h. Removal of Cr (VI) in vitro was evaluated using different cellular fractions and dead fungal biomass. We determine the optimal characteristics for metal removal in the reaction mixture. Concluding that the ideal conditions for the removal of Cr (VI) in the cell extracts were 37°C and pH 7.0, also we observ that the highest enzyme activity was in the mixed membrane fraction. In dead fungal biomass, the ideal conditions for removal of metal are 60°C and pH 1.0.",signatures:"Ismael Acosta-Rodríguez, Damaris L. Arévalo-Rangel, Juan F.\nCárdenas-González, María de Guadalupe Moctezuma-Zárate and\nVíctor M. Martínez-Juárez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48694",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48694",authors:[{id:"26625",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismael",surname:"Acosta",slug:"ismael-acosta",fullName:"Ismael Acosta"},{id:"175887",title:"BSc.",name:"Damaris",surname:"Arevalo",slug:"damaris-arevalo",fullName:"Damaris Arevalo"},{id:"175888",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan Fernando",surname:"Cárdenas",slug:"juan-fernando-cardenas",fullName:"Juan Fernando Cárdenas"},{id:"175889",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria De Guadalupe",surname:"Moctezuma",slug:"maria-de-guadalupe-moctezuma",fullName:"Maria De Guadalupe Moctezuma"},{id:"175890",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor Manuel",surname:"Martínez",slug:"victor-manuel-martinez",fullName:"Victor Manuel Martínez"}],corrections:null},{id:"48753",title:"Screening of Marine-derived Fungi Isolated from the sponge Didemnun ligulum for Biodegradation of Pentachlorophenol",doi:"10.5772/60777",slug:"screening-of-marine-derived-fungi-isolated-from-the-sponge-didemnun-ligulum-for-biodegradation-of-pe",totalDownloads:1916,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Contamination by pesticides employed in agriculture has caused serious environmental harm. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a phenolic organochlorine compound and a dangerous pollutant which was banned from Brazil since 1985; however, there are still many contaminated areas. This pesticide is a serious problem because it has high toxicity and persistence at the environment due to its resistance to biotic and abiotic degradation. The use of microorganisms as degrading agents is considered an efficient method to reduce the adverse effects of environmental contaminants. It is noteworthy that fungi from marine environment are adapted to extreme conditions, including high chlorine concentrations, and can produce unique enzymes with interesting properties. Therefore, marine-derived fungi have an excellent enzymatic potential for the biotransformation of xenobiotics such as organochlorine pesticides. In this work, fifteen fungi strains isolated from a marine invertebrate, the ascidian Didemnun ligulum, were evaluated according to their ability to grow in solid culture media (3% malt extract agar) in the presence of different concentrations (10, 25, 30, 40, and 50 mg L–1) of PCP. Among the tested strains, nine could grow in at least one concentration, and Trichoderma harzianum CBMAI 1677 showed optimal growth at the higher evaluated concentration (50 mg L–1), showing toxicity resistance and suggesting its potential for biodegradation of PCP. In a later work, it was observed that T. harzianum CBMAI 1677 was able to degrade PCP. These results confirmed the efficiency of marine-derived fungi to biodegrade persistent compounds and could enable the development of bioremediation methodologies using these microorganism.",signatures:"Bruna Vacondio, Willian Garcia Birolli, Mirna Helena Regali\nSeleghim, Sarah Gonçalves, Suzan Pantaroto de Vasconcellos and\nAndré Luiz Meleiro Porto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48753",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48753",authors:[{id:"29131",title:"Prof.",name:"André",surname:"LM Porto",slug:"andre-lm-porto",fullName:"André LM Porto"}],corrections:null},{id:"48918",title:"The Characteristics of Phytoremediation of Soil and Leachate Polluted by Landfills",doi:"10.5772/61105",slug:"the-characteristics-of-phytoremediation-of-soil-and-leachate-polluted-by-landfills",totalDownloads:2317,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Current landfill regulations provide for the responsible management of solid waste and a safer alternative to the outdated practices of open or illegal dumping. Aside from imparting aesthetic value, natural or planted vegetation on landfill sites has an important role in erosion control and removal of contaminants, and may also be used in leaching treatment. The use of leachate for the irrigation of landfill vegetation reduces its harmful effects, and the reuse of water aids in water conservation. The aim of this study was to search for ways to use leachate water from solid waste landfill sites for irrigation of plant species that normally grow in the wild. The study focuses on the plant species Alcea rosea (hollyhock), Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) and Melilotus officinalis (yellow melilot). Over the 2-year study period, plants were irrigated with tap and leachate water under drought conditions. Wild plant diversity was identified, and the landfill was rehabilitated with various plant species. After the experiment, populations of Escherichia coli, total coliforms and fecal coliform bacteria in soil samples were analyzed. 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\r\n\tBoosted by research work, a large quantity of information on various fields of chemistry is on continuous flow. The development of pyridine derivatives is no exception to this growth. This compels us to document the developments on this topic in a systematic way in form of a book. In this book titled "Chemistry with Pyridine Derivatives", efforts will be put to present concise and relevant information out of recent developments on pyridine derivatives. The pyridine compounds have grown with time to enrich the heterocyclic chemistry. The fused ring pyridine derivatives have a very interesting chemistry and played a key component in many organic and inorganic reactions. The chemistry of benzo and carbocyclic derivatives of pyridine will be one of the key components of the book. The phenyl pyridine derivatives have played an important role in advancement in inorganic and materials chemistry, where it proved to be a useful ligand in the development of Iridium and Platinum-based luminescent materials. It is an aim to include a brief role of phenyl pyridine derivatives on the development of light-emitting materials as part of the book. Hopefully, the efforts put to bring out the book will certainly help the scientific community and be a source of valuable information.
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1. Introduction
Management of PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) related to infertility, includes lifestyle changes, ovulation induction by pharmaceuticals, or assisted reproductive technology (ART) as an in vitro fertilization (IVF) with or without intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and in vitro maturation (IVM) of the oocyte. It can be followed by a “freeze-all” procedure. PCOS patients have a higher risk of developing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), a life-threatening condition, therefore ART is no favored procedure in current international guidelines.
Hyperandrogenism, anovulation, and ovarian morphology are the basic determinants in the diagnosis of the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) according to international guidelines. Given the different clinical presentations in patients, the criteria for the diagnosis of this condition are still discussed, as well as whether the syndrome involves several different diseases with the same clinical picture, as well as discussions about what is really a clinical picture of the polycystic ovary. Therefore, different approaches in the diagnosis and treatment of patients, have been proposed for different phenotypes of PCOS. The criteria for pre-recognition of this condition have been adopted for years by various authoritative bodies at international meetings, such as the National Institute for Health (NIH), Rotterdam consensus, Androgen Excess, and PCO Society, but there has been a constant difference over the mandatory criteria for PCOS [1]. An important starting point in the diagnosis was to exclude diseases of other endocrine glands (pituitary gland, thyroid, and adrenal gland), which give a similar clinical picture and can be confused with PCOS.
Ovulation disorder in the general population of women is estimated at 15% (12–18%) [2]. Regular menstrual cycles are not the exclusive evidence of ovulation, since in some women there is a “subclinical disorder” of ovulation that is proven only by serum values of progesterone in the middle lutein phase of the cycle (21–24.d.c. which must be >5 ng/mL). In the case of PCOS, almost 80% of patients have ovulation disorder [3].
Hyperandrogenism (hyperandrogenemia) implies clinical and/or biochemical evidence of elevated serum androgens, but the incidence in the general population of women is unknown. Hirsutism, androgenic alopecia, and acne are clinical manifestations of hyperandrogenism. The intensity of hirsutism differs ethnically and geographically, and it is desirable to develop population-specific criteria for hirsutism. Almost 70% of women with hirsutism have PCOS, 40% have severely expressed acne, and only 22% have androgenic alopecia [4]. Hyperandogenemia (biochemical hyperandrogenism) is determined by free testosterone and free androgen index (FAI—free androgen index) [5]. A total of 78% of patients with PCOS have hyperandrogenism and 40% in an unselected population of patients with BMI >25 [6].
Polycystic ovary morphology (PCOM) is evaluated by ultrasound examination based on the number of antral follicles (> of 20 per ovary) and/or on the basis of total ovarian volume (> 10 mL), where the frequency of the ultrasonic probe is an extremely important parameter. Based on these international criteria, the prevalence of PCOM in the population is 12.5% [7, 8]. Ultrasonic examination of nonselective population, based only on PCOM, significantly increase the incidence of PCOS and vice versa.
Thus, on the basis of the described criteria, four PCOS phenotypes with different prevalence in the general and separate population are defined, which are as follows [5]:
Phenotype A (hyperandrogenism, anovulation, PCOM).
Phenotype B (hyperandrogenism, anovulation).
Phenotype C (hyperandrogenism, PCOM), ovulatory PCOS.
Phenotype D (anovulation, PCOM), non-hyperandrogenemic PCOS.
Compared to phenotype C and D, patients with phenotype A and B (classical phenotype) are more often obese, with hirsutism, more likely to have insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, fatty liver, and metabolic syndrome in later life. The frequency of individual phenotype differs significantly in different populations with symptoms of PCOS and also in the general population [9]. Each of the PCOS phenotypes has its own specifics in the treatment of impaired fertility.
2. PCOS phenotype and complications of treatment with medically assisted reproduction procedures
The first line of treatment of patients with PCOS is the induction of ovulation with clomiphene citrate or letrozole. In vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures are indicated when this initial treatment fails or in cases where the patient’s partner has severe male infertility. Patients with PCOS phenotype A have significantly more frequent resistance to clomiphene despite increasing the dose of the drug through three consecutive stimulation cycles, compared to phenotype D (non-androgenic phenotype) [10].
Gonadotropin stimulation in patients with PCOS is associated with the development of a significantly higher number of follicles in the ovaries, as well as oocytes, a significantly higher number of developed embryos and embryos in excess for cryopreservation. Ovarian stimulation in these patients lasts longer and higher doses of gonadotropin are often required, which is associated with disorders of folliculogenesis caused by hyperandrogenism. Estimating the right dose of gonadotropin is the biggest challenge in the phase of ovarian stimulation and is often insufficient. The follicles do not grow, due to hyperandrogenism, and by increasing the dose, the ovary enters in hyperstimulation, which is an extreme of the ovarian response. A newer approach to ovarian stimulation with follitropin delta, based on the patient’s body mass and AMH value, proved to be the best, especially in the PCOS patient population and has a significant reduction in the risk of ovary hyperstimulation. Patients with hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovarian morphology (phenotype A and C) have the highest risk of ovary hyperstimulation [11].
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is an iatrogenic complication of ovarian stimulation, and PCOS patients have the highest risk for complications during the IVF (in vitro fertilization) procedure. The frequency of OHSS is from 3 to 6% of IVF cycles. Patients with antral follicles count >24, AMH concentration > 3.5 ng/mL, or estradiol concentration > 3500 pg., have a risk of developing OHSS. Clinical OHSS is recognized in three stages, and depending on the severity of symptoms, we distinguish between mild, medium severe, and severe types of hyperstimulation. Severe ovarian hyperstimulation can be a life-threatening condition, requiring hospitalization and treatment to maintain vital circulatory and pulmonary functions, and can also end with the death of a patient. Identification of patients at risk for OHSS is the basis of the strategy for the prevention of this serious iatrogenic condition and the safety of IVF procedures.
The protocol of choice for ovarian stimulation in patients with PCOS and risk for OHSS is an antagonistic protocol that can be fixed or flexible. In this stimulation, it is possible to achieve the final maturation of oocyte with GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) agonists, thereby avoiding the administration of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) injection, which is the basic molecule in the mechanism of development of OHSS in at-risk patients. In this way, the basic mechanism of vascular permeability and compromising circulation by leaking plasma from the vascular system into extracellular spaces are avoided. Those are signs of a more severe form of OHSS. Likewise, the stimulation cycle is abruptly “extinguished.” Menstrual bleeding occurs within a few days after the application of the GnRH agonist. Harvested oocytes are fertilized by IVF/ICSI procedure and developed embryos are cryopreserved, most often in the blastocyst stage, which represents the so-called “freeze-all” strategy that gives safety to the treatment of patients with PCOS. Embryo transfer is planned in the next cycle in which signs of hyperstimulation do not exist. Hormonal preparation of the endometrium, and ovarian stimulation, in this case, is not required.
Additional treatment of PCOS patients involves the use of various medications that have metabolic effects and that could significantly improve the treatment of these patients in IVF procedures by individualizing therapy. The fact is that within the PCOS population with the same PCOS phenotype, an individual woman may have a significantly different response to different types of treatments with respect to the unique hormonal/metabolic status associated with the PCOS phenotype as well. There is a large gap in the literature that indicates the need for new research and the need for an individual approach in the treatment of infertility of these patients.
Spontaneous abortions in patients with PCOS are more common compared to the general population and they are associated with insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and obesity. These conditions are very often associated with PCOS, but they are also separate risks for the spontaneous loss of pregnancy. Studies link spontaneous abortion to impaired endometrial receptivity and to more frequent embryo aneuploidy of patients with PCOS. In the Asian population of women with PCOS phenotypes who have hyperandrogenism (A, B, C types), a higher risk for spontaneous miscarriage after IVF procedures was observed than in phenotype D [12]. Impaired glucose and insulin metabolism at the endometrial level and excessive expression of androgen receptors in the endometrium are associated with a signal transduction disorder during the implantation process in patients with PCOS [13]. The causes of more frequent embryo aneuploidy in PCOS patients have not yet been clarified. There are assumptions that impaired glucose metabolism and steroidogenesis lead to DNA molecule instability [14].
3. PCOS phenotypes and the outcome of medically assisted reproduction procedures
During the stimulated IVF cycle, various indicators of quality and success of treatment are monitored. Among other things, these are the total dose of gonadotropin used for stimulation, the number of aspirated oocytes, the number of oocytes in metaphase II, the percentage of fertilization, the number of developed embryos on the 3rd day, the number of developed blastocysts on the 5th day, the number of cryopreserved embryos, the proportion of conceived pregnancies, the number of born children, etc. Since PCOS phenotypes imply hormonal and metabolic differences, the question arises whether the indicators of the course of treatment are different in patients with different PCOS phenotypes.
The results of the studies so far indicate significant differences in treatment between PCOS patients and women who do not have this syndrome and who in studies represent the usual control group. Studies most often follow PCOS patients as a single group. Different criteria for defining PCOS phenotype are associated with problems of analysis and comparison of parameters that monitor the course and outcome of the IVF procedures in different studies [15]. There are two fundamental factors that are most often analyzed and compared in patients with PCOS—hyperandrogenism and PCO morphology of the ovaries, which are clinically very important factors in decision-making during the treatment of infertility by medically assisted fertilization procedures. The role of androgens in folliculogenesis is still unclear and there are conflicting results of studies dealing with this problem. The results of studies analyzing differences in treatment outcomes among defined PCOS phenotypes indicate a negative effect of hyperandrogenism in IVF procedures, and a higher incidence of complications later in pregnancy [16]. In patients with phenotype A and B, for every 1 pg./ml increase in free testosterone concentration, the proportion of clinically confirmed pregnancies decreases by 50–60% as well as the proportion of live births [17]. According to recent findings, the differences between PCOS phenotypes refer only to the number of good embryos for transfer, which is significantly higher in patients with hyperandrogenism and ovulation disorder, but without the typical PCO morphology of the ovaries (phenotype B). The proportion of biochemical and clinically confirmed pregnancies, as well as the number of couples with born children, do not differ significantly among phenotypically different PCOS patients [17, 18]. In addition, studies indicate that the proportion of clinically confirmed pregnancies, is significantly lower in women with PCOS phenotypes A, B and C compared to control patients [17]. The number of children born does not differ in different PCOS phenotypes. In some areas of the world, certain PCOS phenotypes have not been found at all, for example, there are no phenotypes B and C among Vietnamese women with PCOS [19]. Since the anti-Müller hormone (AMH) is often elevated in patients with PCOS, it has become a powerful factor that should have prognostic value in clinically assessing the outcome of treatment with medically assisted fertilization, however, it has been proven useful only in the group of patients with phenotype B. The proportion of clinically confirmed pregnancies and the proportion of babies born increases by 1.3 times for each 1 ng/ml serum AMH concentration increase [17].
4. PCOS phenotypes and the impact on oocytes and embryos quality
PCOS patients’ oocytes quality can be associated with the hormonal and metabolic conditions, and therefore, consequently with the quality of the embryo. Poorer oocyte quality is part of the problem of subfertility in patients with PCOS. There is evidence that oocyte quality depends on PCOS phenotype and accompanying diseases and conditions that are more common in PCOS patients. Oocyte quality is defined by the morphology and morphology of associated structures, such as zona pellucida, cumulus oophorus, and corona radiata. An ovarian microenvironment in which follicles and oocytes grow and mature is exposed to multiple hormonal abnormalities in patients with PCOS. Well-known disruptive mechanisms include elevated concentrations of LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), impaired ratio of these hormones, elevated AMH values, impaired insulin-like growth factor secretion, and enzymes involved in the conversion of androgens to estrogens.
Hyperandrogenism interferes with the normal feedback loop between the ovaries, pituitary gland, and hypothalamus, which leads to an increased frequency of excretion of the releasing hormone for gonadotropins, and consecutively results in premature luteinization of granulose cells and abnormal maturation of the oocytes. There is also a direct effect of hyperandrogenism on the oocyte by activating its proapoptotic mechanism [20]. Hyperandogenic ovarium microenvironment interferes with the oocyte in the continuation of meiosis, promotes mitochondrial abnormalities and oxidative stress, and interferes with lipid metabolism in the oocyte [21].
High concentrations of AMH synthesized by granulosa cells, inhibit the recruitment of follicles, and therefore, the selection of follicles that will ovulate, leading to a vicious cycle of anovulation and hyperandrogenism. In addition, by blocking the action of FSH on follicle growth and blocking the action of aromatase in charge of converting androgens synthesized in theca cells to estrogens in granulosa cells, the chronic state of hyperandrogenism is again supported. There is evidence that in patients with PCOS an increased concentration of AMH in follicular fluid exists along with oocytes of low quality. Molecular mechanisms that lead to disruption in the growth and maturation of oocytes are not known [22]. Significantly lower follicular fluid AMH levels were observed in follicles of fertilized MII oocytes than in non-fertilized non-PCOS patients [23]. Also in our non-PCOS patients with sterility and impaired fertility, gene for the AMH and androgen receptor in human cumulus cells surrounding morphologically highly graded oocytes are underexpressed [24].
Hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and obesity are metabolic disorders associated with PCOS that intertwine with hormonal disorders and further worsen the conditions of oocyte microenvironments. Hyperinsulinemia reduces the synthesis of binding globulin for sex hormones (SHBG), and insulin also competes with androgens for binding sites on this carrier, which means that it promotes hyperandrogenism and all its negative effects. The direct effect of hyperinsulinemia on oocytes has been proven to disrupt the expression of genes associated with the dynamics of the division spindle and the function of centrosomes. In the case of insulin resistance, there is a change in gene expression for glucose carriers in granulose cells, and therefore, a possible decrease in energy sources for the metabolism of the oocyte itself and the processes of meiosis [25].
Based on PCOS phenotype in the population of women being treated with medically assisted reproduction procedures, no difference has been found so far in the proportion of oocytes in metaphase II, percentage of fertilization, or the evaluation of quality embryos for transfer [17, 26]. According to available data to date, patients who have a classic PCOS phenotype (A and B) associated with insulin resistance and obesity also have the highest risk for low-quality oocytes [27].
Besides poor quality oocytes, PCOS patients can have larger numbers of germinal vesicle stages – metaphase I oocyte collected from IVF, due to their elevated antral follicles count. Those are commonly maturated with unsatisfactory results. When optimized maturation procedure will serve, not only for PCOS and infertile patients but also in cancer patients for the preservation of fertility and as a more patient-friendly alternative than standard controlled ovarian stimulation. PCOS patients are not the only ones that could benefit from in vitro maturation (IVM) technology. IVM has numerous clinical applications. Under proper culture media additives, immature oocytes in the stage of metaphase I go to the final stage of maturation [28]. Although the IVM seems to have improved lately [29], still a success rate remains lower than traditional IVF [30]. International guidelines do not favor IVM over the other options due to lack of evidence [5] but conceived children are not endangered after IVM procedure [31]. Improving the IVM techniques can definitely increase the success of IVF/ICSI procedures in PCOS patients and lower the risk of OHSS.
5. Conclusion
The definition of phenotypes of polycystic ovarian syndrome stemmed from a diverse and complex clinical picture of this endocrine disorder. Diagnostic criteria of individual phenotype, contribute to new concepts of research into the effects of obesity, hyperandrogenism, and metabolic disorders on reproduction in humans. According to the outcomes of the treatment of infertility of patients with this disorder, significant differences in the chances of conception compared to the population of infertile women who do not have polycystic ovary syndrome have been clearly proven. Less clear is the difference in infertility treatment outcomes between women with a defined polycystic ovarian syndrome phenotype, which is the area of new research. In cases of classical phenotype polycystic ovarian syndrome (A and B) associated with obesity and insulin resistance, negative effects of this disease on gametes and embryos are possible due to cellular process disorders related to glucose and androgen metabolism.
Acknowledgments
The publication is supported by H2020: MESOC – measuring the social dimension of culture; under Grant agreement no. 870935. Uniri-biomed-18-161 project: Extracellular vesicles in human follicular fluid: content and role in oocyte maturation and embryo quality.
Conflict of interest
Authors have no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"PCOS, PCOS phenotype, ART, ovulatory failure, reproductive hormone, in vitro maturation",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/80036.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/80036.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80036",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80036",totalDownloads:69,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"December 3rd 2021",dateReviewed:"December 13th 2021",datePrePublished:"January 19th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"January 15th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) includes different clinical, endocrine, metabolic, and morphological criteria in women of reproductive age and consequently different health risks in later life of a woman. Controversy and debates related to diagnostic criteria are constant and current worldwide. As a result of many proposals for PCOS diagnostic criteria, clinicians recognize four phenotypes of PCOS. PCOS is a frequent cause of infertility with an overall prevalence of 5–15% and counts for approximately 70% of all cases of ovulation disorders. There are many aspects of studying differences between PCO phenotypes and problems in infertility treatments. Ovulation induction is often used to treat anovulatory patients with PCOS, but many of these women fail to conceive and the next step in the treatment is assisted reproduction. The contribution of oocyte health to reproductive potential varies and largely depends on the PCOS phenotype and comorbidities associated with PCOS. Contrary to the previous one, PCOS phenotype is not significantly associated with the morphological quality of oocytes. It seems that a combination of hyperandrogenism and chronic anovulation is associated with a negative impact on the cumulative pregnancy rate in medically assisted reproduction.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/80036",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/80036",signatures:"Anđelka Radojčić Badovinac and Neda Smiljan Severinski",book:{id:"11085",type:"book",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome - Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome - Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-382-5",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-381-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-383-2",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. PCOS phenotype and complications of treatment with medically assisted reproduction procedures",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. PCOS phenotypes and the outcome of medically assisted reproduction procedures",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. PCOS phenotypes and the impact on oocytes and embryos quality",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Mumusoglu S, Yildiz BO. Polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypes and prevalence: Differential impact of diagnostic criteria and clinical versus unselected population. Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research. 2020;12:66-71'},{id:"B2",body:'Bozdag G, Mumusoglu S, Zengin D, Karabulut E, Yildiz BO. The prevalence and phenotypic features of polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction. 2016;31:2841-2855'},{id:"B3",body:'Azziz R, Carmina E, Dewailly D, Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Escobar-Morreale HF, Futterweit W, et al. The androgen excess and PCOS society criteria for the polycystic ovary syndrome: The complete task force report. Fertility and Sterility. 2009;91:456-488'},{id:"B4",body:'Lauritsen MP, Bentzen JG, Pinborg A, Loft A, Forman JL, Thuesen LL, et al. The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in a normal population according to the Rotterdam criteria versus revised criteria including anti-Mullerian hormone. Human Reproduction. 2014;29:791-801'},{id:"B5",body:'Teede HJ, Misso ML, Costello MF, Dokras A, Laven J, Moran L. Recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertility and Sterility. 2018;110:364-379'},{id:"B6",body:'Alexiou E, Hatziagelaki E, Pergialiotis V, Chrelias C, Kassanos D, Siristatidis C, et al. Hyperandrogenemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: Prevalence, characteristics and association with body mass index. Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation. 2017;29:105-111'},{id:"B7",body:'Dewailly D, Lujan ME, Carmina E, Cedars MI, Laven J, Norman RJ, et al. Definition and significance of polycystic ovarian morphology: A task force report from the Androgen excess and polycystic ovary syndrome society. Human Reproduction Update. 2014;20:334-352'},{id:"B8",body:'Bozdag G, Mumusoglu S, Coskun ZY, Yarali H, Yildiz BO. Anti-Mullerian hormone as a diagnostic tool for PCOS under different diagnostic criteria in an unselected population. Reproductive Biomedicine Online. 2019;39:522-529'},{id:"B9",body:'Lizneva D, Kirubakaran R, Mykhalchenko K, Suturina L, Chernukha G, Diamond MP, et al. Phenotypes and body mass in women with polycystic ovary syndrome identified in referral versus unselected populations: Systematic review and meta-analysis. 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Obesity and PCOS: The effect of metabolic derangements on endometrial receptivity at the time of implantation. Reproductive Sciences. 2015;22:6-14'},{id:"B14",body:'Li Y, Wang L, Xu J, Niu W, Shi H, Hu L, et al. Higher chromosomal aberration rate in miscarried conceptus form polycystic ovary syndrome women undergoing assisted reproductive treatment. Fertility and Sterility. 2019;111:936-943'},{id:"B15",body:'Jamil AS, Alalaf SK, Al-Tawil NG, Al-Shawaf T. Comparison of clinical and hormonal characteristics among four phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome based on the Rotterdam criteria. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2016;293:447-456'},{id:"B16",body:'De Vos M, Pareyn S, Drakopoulos P, Raimundo JM, Anckaert E, Santos-Ribeiro S, et al. Cumulative live birth rates after IVF in patients with polycystic ovaries: Phenotype matters. Reproductive Biomedicine Online. 2018;37(2):163-171'},{id:"B17",body:'Ramezanali F, Ashrafi M, Hemat M, Arabipoor A, Jalali S, Moini A. 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The ovarian antral follicle: Living on the edge of hypoxia or not? Biology of Reproduction. 2015;92(6):153, 1-6. DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.128660'},{id:"B22",body:'Dewailly D, Robin G, Peigne M, Decanter C, Pigny P, Catteau-Jonard S. Interactions between androgens, FSH, anti-Müllerian hormone and estradiol during folliculogenesis in the human normal and polycystic ovary. Human Reproduction Update. 2016;22(6):709-724'},{id:"B23",body:'Tramišak Milaković T, Panić Horvat L, Čavlović K, Smiljan Severinski N, Vlašić H, Vlastelić I, et al. Follicular fluid anti-Müllerian hormone: A predictive marker of fertilization capacity of MII oocytes. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2015;291:681-687. DOI: 10.1007/s00404-014-3460-9'},{id:"B24",body:'Dević PS, Tramišak MT, Panić HL, Čavlović K, Vlašić H, Manestar M, et al. Genes for anti-Müllerian formone and androgen receptor are underexpressed in human cumulus cells surrounding morphologically highly graded oocytes. SAGE Open Medicine. 2019;7:1-8. DOI: 10.1177/2050312119865137'},{id:"B25",body:'Chen YH, Heneidi S, Lee JM, Layman LC, Stepp DW, Gamboa GM, et al. Azziz R: miRNA-93 Inhibits GLUT4 and is overexpressed in adipose tissue of polycystic ovary syndrome patients and women with insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2013;62(7):2278-2286'},{id:"B26",body:'Sigala J, Sifer C, Dewailly D, Robin G, Bruyneel A, Ramdane N, et al. Is polycystic ovarian morphology related to a poor oocyte quality after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for intracytoplasmic sperm injection? Results from a prospective, comparative study. Fertility and Sterility. 2015;103(1):112-118'},{id:"B27",body:'Palomba S, Daolio J, La Sala JB. Oocyte competence in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2017;28(3):186-198'},{id:"B28",body:'Yang ZY, Chian RC. Development of in vitro maturation techniques for clinical applications. Fertility and Sterility. 2017;108:577-584'},{id:"B29",body:'Walls ML. Hart RJ In vitro maturation. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2018;53:60-72'},{id:"B30",body:'Walls ML, Hunter T, Ryan JP, Keelan JA, Nathan E, Hart RJ. In vitro maturation as an alternative to standard in vitro fertilization for patients diagnosed with polycystic ovaries: A comparative analysis of fresh, frozen and cumulative cycle outcomes. Human Reproduction. 2017;32:1341-1350'},{id:"B31",body:'Roesner S, von Wolff M, Elsaesser M, et al. Two-year development of children conceived by IVM: A prospective controlled single-blinded study. Human Reproduction. 2017;32:1341-1350'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Anđelka Radojčić Badovinac",address:"andjelka@biotech.uniri.ri",affiliation:'
Department of Biotechnology University of Rijeka and Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
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With an academic background in Geography and Civil Engineering, he is interested in various aspects of Urban Environment Systems, ranging from urban climatology, energy systems and GIS to their application in urban planning. In particular, he has performed many relevant field surveys in China and other Asian countries. He has authored many related publications including Counteracting Urban Heat Islands in Japan (Elsevier “Urban Energy Transition,” 2008). He has served as a board member of the International Association for Urban Climate (IAUC) and a member of the WMO Expert Team on Training on Urban Climatology. His main on-going research topic is Strategic Urban Planning and Assessment of Low-Carbon Cities.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute for Environmental Studies",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"249686",title:"MSc.",name:"Ana",surname:"Da Cunha",slug:"ana-da-cunha",fullName:"Ana Da Cunha",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"249687",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Machado",slug:"ingrid-machado",fullName:"Ingrid Machado",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"249688",title:"MSc.",name:"Lili",surname:"Duraes",slug:"lili-duraes",fullName:"Lili Duraes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"OA-publishing-fees",title:"Open Access Publishing Fees",intro:"
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As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
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The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
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OAPF Publishing Options
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1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
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850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
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10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
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4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
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850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
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During the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
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*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
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Services included are:
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An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
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Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
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Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
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English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
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XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
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Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
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Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
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What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
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If your manuscript:
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Exceeds the number of pages defined by the publishing guidelines, an additional fee per page may be required
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If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
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Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\n\n
Open Access Funding
\n\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\n\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\n\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\n\n
\n\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\n\t
Long-term archiving
\n\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\n\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\n\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\n
\n\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
\n\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\n\t
+5,700 OA books published
\n\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\n\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\n\t
Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
\n\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
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+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
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Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
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Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. 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Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. 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