Psychosocial factors impacting sexuality.
\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Milestone",originalUrl:"/media/original/124"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"687",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Esophageal Cancer - Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomarkers, Nutrition and Treatment",title:"Esophageal Cancer",subtitle:"Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomarkers, Nutrition and Treatment",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Esophageal Cancer illustrates recent achievements and investigations in the esophageal tumorigenesis from different perspectives. Readers find mechanisms involved in esophageal tumorigenesis, cellular, molecular, genetic, epigenetics, and proteomics, their relevance as the novel biomarkers and application in esophageal cancer diagnosis and therapy. The book covers detailed effect of nutritional factors in addition to ethanol metabolic pathway in the inhibition of retinoic acid metabolism and supply. Diagnosis, classification, and treatment of esophageal cancer, application of both surgical and non surgical methods as well as follow up of the disease are described in detail. Moreover readers are endowed with especial features of esophageal cancer such as multiple early stage malignant melanoma and pulmonary edema induced by esophagectomy, the two features that received less attention elsewhere in literature.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0223-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6999-4",doi:"10.5772/1196",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"esophageal-cancer-cell-and-molecular-biology-biomarkers-nutrition-and-treatment",numberOfPages:246,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"032d68a8b53825af052d4b8783d27aaa",bookSignature:"Ferdous Rastgar Jazii",publishedDate:"March 7th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/687.jpg",numberOfDownloads:25980,numberOfWosCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:6,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:4,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:15,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 15th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 15th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 20th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 19th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 17th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"82029",title:"Dr.",name:"Ferdous",middleName:null,surname:"Rastgar Jazii",slug:"ferdous-rastgar-jazii",fullName:"Ferdous Rastgar Jazii",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/82029/images/system/82029.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Hospital for Sick Children",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1093",title:"Thoracic Oncology",slug:"thoracic-oncology"}],chapters:[{id:"31557",title:"Molecular Biology Character of Esophageal Cancer",doi:"10.5772/28043",slug:"molecular-biology-character-of-esophageal-cancer",totalDownloads:2400,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mingzhou Guo, Yan Jia and Wenji Yan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31557",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31557",authors:[{id:"70210",title:"Prof.",name:"Mingzhou",surname:"Guo",slug:"mingzhou-guo",fullName:"Mingzhou Guo"},{id:"121634",title:"Dr.",name:"Yan",surname:"Jia",slug:"yan-jia",fullName:"Yan Jia"},{id:"121635",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenji",surname:"Yan",slug:"wenji-yan",fullName:"Wenji Yan"}],corrections:null},{id:"31558",title:"Growth Factors, Signal Transduction Pathways, and Tumor Suppressor Genes in Esophageal Cancer",doi:"10.5772/30333",slug:"growth-factors-signal-transduction-pathways-and-tumor-suppressor-genes-in-esophageal-cancer",totalDownloads:3937,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Maryam Zare, Mehdi Moghanibashi and Ferdous Rastgar Jazii",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31558",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31558",authors:[{id:"82029",title:"Dr.",name:"Ferdous",surname:"Rastgar Jazii",slug:"ferdous-rastgar-jazii",fullName:"Ferdous Rastgar Jazii"},{id:"133410",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",surname:"Zare",slug:"maryam-zare",fullName:"Maryam Zare"},{id:"134104",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehdi",surname:"Moghanibashi",slug:"mehdi-moghanibashi",fullName:"Mehdi Moghanibashi"}],corrections:null},{id:"31559",title:"Biomarkers, Stem Cells and Esophageal Cancer",doi:"10.5772/27181",slug:"biomarkers-stem-cells-and-esophageal-cancer",totalDownloads:2401,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Irene Vegh and Ana I. Flores",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31559",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31559",authors:[{id:"69091",title:"Dr.",name:"Irene",surname:"Vegh",slug:"irene-vegh",fullName:"Irene Vegh"},{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",surname:"Flores",slug:"ana-isabel-flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores"}],corrections:null},{id:"31560",title:"Proteomics and Esophageal Cancer",doi:"10.5772/39074",slug:"proteomics-and-esophageal-cancer",totalDownloads:1929,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mehdi Moghanibashi, Maryam Zare and Ferdous Rastgar Jazii",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31560",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31560",authors:[{id:"82029",title:"Dr.",name:"Ferdous",surname:"Rastgar Jazii",slug:"ferdous-rastgar-jazii",fullName:"Ferdous Rastgar Jazii"},{id:"133410",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",surname:"Zare",slug:"maryam-zare",fullName:"Maryam Zare"},{id:"134104",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehdi",surname:"Moghanibashi",slug:"mehdi-moghanibashi",fullName:"Mehdi Moghanibashi"}],corrections:null},{id:"31561",title:"The Interaction Between the Metabolism of Retinol and Ethanol in Esophageal Mucosa – A Possible Mechanism of Esophageal Cancer in Alcoholics",doi:"10.5772/37383",slug:"the-interaction-between-the-metabolism-of-retinol-and-ethanol-in-esophageal-mucosa-a-possible-mechan",totalDownloads:1439,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hirokazu Yokoyama, Haruko-Shiraishi Yokoyama and Toshifumi Hibi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31561",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31561",authors:[{id:"112485",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirokazu",surname:"Yokoyama",slug:"hirokazu-yokoyama",fullName:"Hirokazu Yokoyama"},{id:"112491",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshifumi",surname:"HIbi",slug:"toshifumi-hibi",fullName:"Toshifumi HIbi"},{id:"112492",title:"Dr.",name:"Haruko",surname:"Yokoyama",slug:"haruko-yokoyama",fullName:"Haruko Yokoyama"}],corrections:null},{id:"31562",title:"Study on the Dietary Factors of Esophageal Cancer",doi:"10.5772/28696",slug:"study-on-the-dietary-factors-of-esophageal-cancer",totalDownloads:1997,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Guiju Sun, Tingting Wang, Guiling Huang, Ming Su, Jiasheng Wang, Shaokang Wang and Fukang Liu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31562",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31562",authors:[{id:"75029",title:"Prof.",name:"Guiju",surname:"Sun",slug:"guiju-sun",fullName:"Guiju Sun"},{id:"79944",title:"Ms.",name:"Tingting",surname:"Wang",slug:"tingting-wang",fullName:"Tingting Wang"},{id:"79945",title:"Dr.",name:"Guiling",surname:"Huang",slug:"guiling-huang",fullName:"Guiling Huang"},{id:"79946",title:"Dr.",name:"Shaokang",surname:"Wang",slug:"shaokang-wang",fullName:"Shaokang Wang"},{id:"79947",title:"Mr.",name:"Fukang",surname:"Liu",slug:"fukang-liu",fullName:"Fukang Liu"},{id:"121135",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiasheng",surname:"Wang",slug:"jiasheng-wang",fullName:"Jiasheng Wang"},{id:"121136",title:"Dr.",name:"Ming",surname:"Su",slug:"ming-su",fullName:"Ming Su"}],corrections:null},{id:"31563",title:"Current Therapy for Esophageal Adenocarcinoma",doi:"10.5772/27857",slug:"current-therapy-for-esophageal-adenocarcinoma",totalDownloads:2399,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yoshihiro Komatsu and Michael K. Gibson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31563",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31563",authors:[{id:"71830",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Gibson",slug:"michael-gibson",fullName:"Michael Gibson"},{id:"128358",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshihiro",surname:"Komatsu",slug:"yoshihiro-komatsu",fullName:"Yoshihiro Komatsu"}],corrections:null},{id:"31564",title:"Nonsurgical Management of Esophageal Cancer",doi:"10.5772/28196",slug:"nonsurgical-management-of-esophageal-cancer",totalDownloads:2517,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Malek M. Safa and Hassan K. Reda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31564",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31564",authors:[{id:"73031",title:"Dr.",name:"Malek",surname:"Safa",slug:"malek-safa",fullName:"Malek Safa"},{id:"128650",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Reda",slug:"hassan-reda",fullName:"Hassan Reda"}],corrections:null},{id:"31565",title:"Emerging Therapies for Esophageal Cancer",doi:"10.5772/30655",slug:"emerging-therapies-for-esophageal-cancer",totalDownloads:2875,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hajime Orita, Malcolm Brock and Koichi Sato",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31565",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31565",authors:[{id:"83561",title:"Prof.",name:"Hajime",surname:"Orita",slug:"hajime-orita",fullName:"Hajime Orita"},{id:"150763",title:"Dr.",name:"Malcolm",surname:"Brock",slug:"malcolm-brock",fullName:"Malcolm Brock"},{id:"150764",title:"Dr.",name:"Koichi",surname:"Sato",slug:"koichi-sato",fullName:"Koichi Sato"}],corrections:null},{id:"31566",title:"Multiple Early-Stage Malignant Melanoma of the Esophagus with a Long Follow-Up Period After Endoscopic Treatment: Report of a Case and a Literature Review",doi:"10.5772/21415",slug:"multiple-early-stage-malignant-melanoma-of-the-esophagus-with-a-long-follow-up-period-after-endoscop",totalDownloads:1940,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Shin’ichi Miyamoto, Shuko Morita and Manabu Muto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31566",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31566",authors:[{id:"43005",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinichi",surname:"Miyamoto",slug:"shinichi-miyamoto",fullName:"Shinichi Miyamoto"},{id:"43008",title:"Ms.",name:"Shuko",surname:"Morita",slug:"shuko-morita",fullName:"Shuko Morita"},{id:"43009",title:"Dr.",name:"Manabu",surname:"Muto",slug:"manabu-muto",fullName:"Manabu Muto"}],corrections:null},{id:"31567",title:"Pulmonary Edema Induced by Esophagectomy",doi:"10.5772/26342",slug:"pulmonary-edema-induced-by-esophagectomy",totalDownloads:2151,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yusuke Sato, Satoru Motoyama and Junichi Ogawa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31567",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31567",authors:[{id:"66294",title:"Dr.",name:"Yusuke",surname:"Sato",slug:"yusuke-sato",fullName:"Yusuke Sato"},{id:"135875",title:"Dr.",name:"Satoru",surname:"Motoyama",slug:"satoru-motoyama",fullName:"Satoru Motoyama"},{id:"135876",title:"Prof.",name:"Junichi",surname:"Ogawa",slug:"junichi-ogawa",fullName:"Junichi Ogawa"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5278",title:"Thyroid Cancer",subtitle:"Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f845f2f12f985ef83aad2dde3bfc5161",slug:"thyroid-cancer-advances-in-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Hojjat Ahmadzadehfar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5278.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"80495",title:"Prof.",name:"Hojjat",surname:"Ahmadzadehfar; Md, MSc",slug:"hojjat-ahmadzadehfar-md-msc",fullName:"Hojjat Ahmadzadehfar; Md, MSc"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1168",title:"Malignant Mesothelioma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9d0120821f2ff7e1885baf8c71540b11",slug:"malignant-mesothelioma",bookSignature:"Carmen Belli and Santosh Anand",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1168.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101488",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",surname:"Belli",slug:"carmen-belli",fullName:"Carmen Belli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6676",title:"Lung Cancer",subtitle:"Strategies for Diagnosis and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b42744d3e884f96093849d9af11933f2",slug:"lung-cancer-strategies-for-diagnosis-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Alba Fabiola Costa Torres",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"162855",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba Fabiola",surname:"Costa Torres",slug:"alba-fabiola-costa-torres",fullName:"Alba Fabiola Costa Torres"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7091",title:"Esophageal Cancer and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4ecda741df661e21f77858de31105346",slug:"esophageal-cancer-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Jianyuan Chai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7091.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianyuan",surname:"Chai",slug:"jianyuan-chai",fullName:"Jianyuan Chai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"974",title:"Mesotheliomas",subtitle:"Synonyms and Definition, Epidemiology, Etiology, Pathogenesis, Cyto-Histopathological Features, Clinic, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prognosis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"75d66c9a37715a7b43ddaf0ea3e46a63",slug:"mesotheliomas-synonyms-and-definition-epidemiology-etiology-pathogenesis-cyto-histopathological-features-clinic-diagnosis-treatment-prognosis",bookSignature:"Alexander Zubritsky",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84298",title:"Dr",name:"Alexander",surname:"Zubritsky",slug:"alexander-zubritsky",fullName:"Alexander Zubritsky"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9102",title:"Asbestos-related Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05268073ee2a653571449e4519749085",slug:"asbestos-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Takemi Otsuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9102.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"34101",title:"Prof.",name:"Takemi",surname:"Otsuki",slug:"takemi-otsuki",fullName:"Takemi Otsuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10130",title:"Mesothelioma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6a0b7726fd9f57a0bf9583a81dfed0e3",slug:"mesothelioma",bookSignature:"Sonia Maciá",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10130.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"281982",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Maciá",slug:"sonia-macia",fullName:"Sonia Maciá"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79787",slug:"corrigendum-graves-disease",title:"Corrigendum: Graves’ Disease",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79787.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79787",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79787",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79787",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79787",chapter:{id:"75553",slug:"graves-disease-clinical-significance-and-management",signatures:"Thenmozhi Paluchamy",dateSubmitted:"December 3rd 2020",dateReviewed:"February 4th 2021",datePrePublished:"July 14th 2021",datePublished:"December 1st 2021",book:{id:"10312",title:"Graves' Disease",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Graves' Disease",slug:"graves-disease",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Robert Gensure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10312.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"296190",title:"Dr.",name:"Thenmozhi",middleName:null,surname:"Paluchamy",fullName:"Thenmozhi Paluchamy",slug:"thenmozhi-paluchamy",email:"thenmozhi.sethu@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"75553",slug:"graves-disease-clinical-significance-and-management",signatures:"Thenmozhi Paluchamy",dateSubmitted:"December 3rd 2020",dateReviewed:"February 4th 2021",datePrePublished:"July 14th 2021",datePublished:"December 1st 2021",book:{id:"10312",title:"Graves' Disease",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Graves' Disease",slug:"graves-disease",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Robert Gensure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10312.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"296190",title:"Dr.",name:"Thenmozhi",middleName:null,surname:"Paluchamy",fullName:"Thenmozhi Paluchamy",slug:"thenmozhi-paluchamy",email:"thenmozhi.sethu@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"10312",title:"Graves' Disease",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Graves' Disease",slug:"graves-disease",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Robert Gensure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10312.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9652",leadTitle:null,title:"Capsicum",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Capsicum, also known as chili or bell pepper, is one of the most economically important vegetable crops worldwide due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. This book provides information on many aspects of this plant, such as its botanical information, nutritional values, bioactive compounds, pharmacology, cultivation, its use in treating diseases, and its applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.",isbn:"978-1-83880-942-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-941-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-943-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87455",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"capsicum",numberOfPages:200,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"094b79463f9dadc5794fc8213727ac72",bookSignature:"Aman Dekebo",publishedDate:"October 14th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9652.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:6516,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfDimensionsCitations:16,numberOfTotalCitations:28,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 15th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 18th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 17th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 5th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 4th 2020",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"191684",title:"Dr.",name:"Aman",middleName:null,surname:"Dekebo",slug:"aman-dekebo",fullName:"Aman Dekebo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191684/images/system/191684.jpeg",biography:"Aman Dekebo is currently a professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Adama Science and Technology University, Ethiopia. He obtained his first and second PhDs in Natural Products Chemistry from Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia in 2002 and Bio-organic Chemistry from Ehime University, Japan in 2007, respectively. He worked as a researcher during his sabbatical leave at Andong National University, South Korea (2017–2019). His research interests include isolation and synthesis of bioactive compounds, chemical ecology, and apiculture. He has authored more than fifty peer-reviewed scientific papers and served as editor of the book Plant Extracts (2019). He has also participated and presented his works in several conferences in many countries. He is co-author of Phytochemistry of Turmeric Rhizomes (Curcuma longa): Isolation and Characterization of Compounds from Foots of Turmeric Rhizomes (Curcuma longa) (2012). He serves as a reviewer for many reputable journals. He is recipient of best researcher awards and certificates from School of Applied Natural Sciences, Adama Science and Technology University, Korean Society of Applied Entomology, and Korean Apiculture Association.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Adama Science and Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ethiopia"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"41",title:"Plant Biology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-plant-biology"}],chapters:[{id:"72985",title:"Diversity and Potency of Capsicum spp. Grown in Indonesia",slug:"diversity-and-potency-of-em-capsicum-em-spp-grown-in-indonesia",totalDownloads:437,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"73319",title:"Anthracnose of Chilli: Status, Diagnosis, and Management",slug:"anthracnose-of-chilli-status-diagnosis-and-management",totalDownloads:877,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"71304",title:"Hot Water Seed Treatment: A Review",slug:"hot-water-seed-treatment-a-review",totalDownloads:739,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"73108",title:"Biological Control in Capsicum with Microbial Agents",slug:"biological-control-in-em-capsicum-em-with-microbial-agents",totalDownloads:502,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"72053",title:"Management of Viruses and Viral Diseases of Pepper (Capsicum spp.) in Africa",slug:"management-of-viruses-and-viral-diseases-of-pepper-em-capsicum-em-spp-in-africa",totalDownloads:752,totalCrossrefCites:3,authors:[null]},{id:"71870",title:"Hot Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): An Alternative Food to Reduce Micronutrient Deficiencies in Human",slug:"hot-pepper-em-capsicum-annuum-em-l-an-alternative-food-to-reduce-micronutrient-deficiencies-in-human",totalDownloads:444,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[null]},{id:"72322",title:"Capsicum: Chemistry and Medicinal Properties of Indigenous Indian Varieties",slug:"-em-capsicum-em-chemistry-and-medicinal-properties-of-indigenous-indian-varieties",totalDownloads:375,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"314279",title:"Dr.",name:"Mithun",surname:"Rudrapal",slug:"mithun-rudrapal",fullName:"Mithun Rudrapal"}]},{id:"71560",title:"Anticancer Effect of Capsaicin and Its Analogues",slug:"anticancer-effect-of-capsaicin-and-its-analogues",totalDownloads:711,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[null]},{id:"72029",title:"Capsicum Seeds as a Source of Bioactive Compounds: Biological Properties, Extraction Systems, and Industrial Application",slug:"-em-capsicum-em-seeds-as-a-source-of-bioactive-compounds-biological-properties-extraction-systems-an",totalDownloads:667,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"161326",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesus",surname:"Simal-Gandara",slug:"jesus-simal-gandara",fullName:"Jesus Simal-Gandara"},{id:"317263",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel Ángel",surname:"Prieto Lage",slug:"miguel-angel-prieto-lage",fullName:"Miguel Ángel Prieto Lage"}]},{id:"72095",title:"Use of Capsaicin for Nonlethal Technology",slug:"use-of-capsaicin-for-nonlethal-technology",totalDownloads:565,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"71447",title:"The Effects of Consumption of Capsicum on Some Neurobehavioural Parameters",slug:"the-effects-of-consumption-of-em-capsicum-em-on-some-neurobehavioural-parameters",totalDownloads:451,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"247865",firstName:"Jasna",lastName:"Bozic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/247865/images/7225_n.jpg",email:"jasna.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8593",title:"Plant Extracts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93ae18175f7b16937a3dfddc10a51572",slug:"plant-extracts",bookSignature:"Aman Dekebo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8593.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191684",title:"Dr.",name:"Aman",surname:"Dekebo",slug:"aman-dekebo",fullName:"Aman Dekebo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6277",title:"Physical Methods for Stimulation of Plant and Mushroom Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"33dff71e3489403e273057ae36bd0dbd",slug:"physical-methods-for-stimulation-of-plant-and-mushroom-development",bookSignature:"Mohamed El-Esawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6277.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191770",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed A.",surname:"El-Esawi",slug:"mohamed-a.-el-esawi",fullName:"Mohamed A. El-Esawi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9353",title:"Ginger Cultivation and Its Antimicrobial and Pharmacological Potentials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b0f597104b548a6b922696409ab891fa",slug:"ginger-cultivation-and-its-antimicrobial-and-pharmacological-potentials",bookSignature:"Haiping Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9353.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280406",title:"Dr.",name:"Haiping",surname:"Wang",slug:"haiping-wang",fullName:"Haiping Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10557",title:"Elaeis guineensis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79500ab1930271876b4e0575e2ed3966",slug:"elaeis-guineensis",bookSignature:"Hesam Kamyab",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10557.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"225957",title:"Dr.",name:"Hesam",surname:"Kamyab",slug:"hesam-kamyab",fullName:"Hesam Kamyab"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9715",title:"Botany",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e59225e9e029129a60fe724004b8d24",slug:"botany-recent-advances-and-applications",bookSignature:"Bimal Kumar Ghimire",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9715.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94560",title:"Prof.",name:"Bimal Kumar",surname:"Ghimire",slug:"bimal-kumar-ghimire",fullName:"Bimal Kumar Ghimire"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9682",title:"Prunus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"48dbcfc917e1632fcde9eb4b9f4f1fd7",slug:"prunus",bookSignature:"Ayzin Küden and Ali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9682.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"200365",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayzin",surname:"Küden",slug:"ayzin-kuden",fullName:"Ayzin Küden"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8502",title:"Plant Science",subtitle:"Structure, Anatomy and Physiology in Plants Cultured in Vivo and in Vitro",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13ca4ffde7bd7a7ce518358e1ac56c6e",slug:"plant-science-structure-anatomy-and-physiology-in-plants-cultured-in-vivo-and-in-vitro",bookSignature:"Ana Gonzalez, María Rodriguez and Nihal Gören Sağlam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8502.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"281854",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Maria",surname:"Gonzalez",slug:"ana-maria-gonzalez",fullName:"Ana Maria Gonzalez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8951",title:"Maize",subtitle:"Production and Use",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f45413e21080c2db0d9711ed758ae2a7",slug:"maize-production-and-use",bookSignature:"Akbar Hossain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8951.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7028",title:"Bryophytes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"726b3024a0b404565b418ec0f13c8845",slug:"bryophytes",bookSignature:"Marko S. Sabovljević and Aneta D. Sabovljević",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7028.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"261414",title:"Dr.",name:"Marko",surname:"Sabovljević",slug:"marko-sabovljevic",fullName:"Marko Sabovljević"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7998",title:"Advances in Cotton Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1314df548efed081946065c425eb56b7",slug:"advances-in-cotton-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7998.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"32926",title:"Phenology of Species in the Cerrado of Mato Grosso State, Brazil - Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul (Moraceae)",doi:"10.5772/34960",slug:"phenology-of-species-in-the-cerrado-of-mato-grosso-state-brazil-brosimum-gaudichaudii-tr-cul-moracea",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/32926.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32926",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32926",totalDownloads:2201,totalViews:98,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:51,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 6th 2011",dateReviewed:"October 11th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 21st 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/32926",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/32926",book:{id:"1703",slug:"phenology-and-climate-change"},signatures:"Rozilaine Aparecida Pelegrini Gomes de Faria, Maria de Fatima Barbosa Coelho, Maria Cristina de Figueiredo e Albuquerque and Rodrigo Aleixo Brito de Azevedo",authors:[{id:"102404",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria De Fatima",middleName:null,surname:"Barbosa Coelho",fullName:"Maria De Fatima Barbosa Coelho",slug:"maria-de-fatima-barbosa-coelho",email:"coelhomfstrela@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Unilabs (Norway)",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Norway"}}},{id:"107000",title:"Dr.",name:"Rozilaine",middleName:null,surname:"Aparecida Pelegrini Gomes De Faria",fullName:"Rozilaine Aparecida Pelegrini Gomes De Faria",slug:"rozilaine-aparecida-pelegrini-gomes-de-faria",email:"al-hamad@intechopen.com26",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"107002",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"De Figueiredo E Albuquerque",fullName:"Maria Cristina De Figueiredo E Albuquerque",slug:"maria-cristina-de-figueiredo-e-albuquerque",email:"mariacfa@terra.com.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"107003",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo Aleixo",middleName:null,surname:"Brito De Azevedo",fullName:"Rodrigo Aleixo Brito De Azevedo",slug:"rodrigo-aleixo-brito-de-azevedo",email:"rodrigo.abazevedo@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1703",type:"book",title:"Phenology and Climate Change",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Phenology and Climate Change",slug:"phenology-and-climate-change",publishedDate:"March 21st 2012",bookSignature:"Xiaoyang Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1703.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0336-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5249-1",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:84,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"108104",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaoyang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"xiaoyang-zhang",fullName:"Xiaoyang Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"878"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"32920",type:"chapter",title:"Using Geographically Robust Models of Insect Phenology in Forestry",slug:"using-geographically-robust-models-of-insect-phenology-in-forsestry",totalDownloads:2920,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"David R. Gray",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"105548",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Gray",fullName:"David Gray",slug:"david-gray"}]},{id:"32921",type:"chapter",title:"Breeding Phenology and Reproductive Strategies in Terrestrial Isopod Species (Crustacea Isopoda Oniscidea) from Tunisia",slug:"breeding-phenology-and-reproductive-strategies-in-terrestrial-isopod-species-crustacea-isopoda-onisc",totalDownloads:5141,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Mohamed Sghaïer Achouri",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"107584",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Sghaïer",middleName:null,surname:"Achouri",fullName:"Mohamed Sghaïer Achouri",slug:"mohamed-sghaier-achouri"}]},{id:"32922",type:"chapter",title:"A Review of Phenological Patterns of Amphibians and Reptiles in Central Mediterranean Ecoregion",slug:"a-review-of-phenological-patterns-of-amphibians-and-reptiles-in-central-mediterranean-ecoregion",totalDownloads:2653,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Pierangelo Crucitti",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"106516",title:"Dr.",name:"Pierangelo",middleName:null,surname:"Crucitti",fullName:"Pierangelo Crucitti",slug:"pierangelo-crucitti"}]},{id:"32923",type:"chapter",title:"Relationships Between the Fruiting Phenology of Prunus jamasakura and Timing of Visits by Mammals - Estimation of the Feeding Period Using Camera Traps",slug:"estimation-of-feeding-period-by-the-camera-traps-relationships-between-the-fruiting-phenology-of-pru",totalDownloads:2793,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Shinsuke Koike, Hideto Morimoto, Shinsuke Kasai, Yusuke Goto, Chinatsu Kozakai, Isao Arimoto, and Koji Yamazaki",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"105655",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinsuke",middleName:null,surname:"Koike",fullName:"Shinsuke Koike",slug:"shinsuke-koike"}]},{id:"32924",type:"chapter",title:"Phenological Observation in the Czech Republic - History and Present",slug:"phenological-observation-in-the-czech-republic-history-and-present",totalDownloads:2895,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lenka Hajkova, Jiri Nekovar, Dasa Richterova, Vera Koznarova, Sona Sulovska, Ales Vavra, Alena Vondrakova and Vit Vozenilek",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"101356",title:"Prof.",name:"Vít",middleName:null,surname:"Voženílek",fullName:"Vít Voženílek",slug:"vit-vozenilek"},{id:"103648",title:"Dr.",name:"Lenka",middleName:null,surname:"Hajkova",fullName:"Lenka Hajkova",slug:"lenka-hajkova"},{id:"135954",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiří",middleName:null,surname:"Nekovář",fullName:"Jiří Nekovář",slug:"jiri-nekovar"},{id:"135955",title:"Dr.",name:"Dáša",middleName:null,surname:"Richterová",fullName:"Dáša Richterová",slug:"dasa-richterova"},{id:"135956",title:"Dr.",name:"Věra",middleName:null,surname:"Kožnarová",fullName:"Věra Kožnarová",slug:"vera-koznarova"},{id:"135957",title:"Dr.",name:"Soňa",middleName:null,surname:"Sulovská",fullName:"Soňa Sulovská",slug:"sona-sulovska"},{id:"135958",title:"MSc.",name:"Ales",middleName:null,surname:"Vavra",fullName:"Ales Vavra",slug:"ales-vavra"},{id:"135959",title:"Dr.",name:"Alena",middleName:null,surname:"Vondrakova",fullName:"Alena Vondrakova",slug:"alena-vondrakova"}]},{id:"32925",type:"chapter",title:"Life Cycle in Natural Populations of Canna indica L. from Argentina",slug:"life-cycle-in-natural-argentininian-populations-of-canna-indica-l-",totalDownloads:4350,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"María de las Mercedes Ciciarelli",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"99700",title:"Dr.",name:"María",middleName:"De Las Mercedes",surname:"Ciciarelli",fullName:"María Ciciarelli",slug:"maria-ciciarelli"}]},{id:"32926",type:"chapter",title:"Phenology of Species in the Cerrado of Mato Grosso State, Brazil - Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul (Moraceae)",slug:"phenology-of-species-in-the-cerrado-of-mato-grosso-state-brazil-brosimum-gaudichaudii-tr-cul-moracea",totalDownloads:2201,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Rozilaine Aparecida Pelegrini Gomes de Faria, Maria de Fatima Barbosa Coelho, Maria Cristina de Figueiredo e Albuquerque and Rodrigo Aleixo Brito de Azevedo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"102404",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria De Fatima",middleName:null,surname:"Barbosa Coelho",fullName:"Maria De Fatima Barbosa Coelho",slug:"maria-de-fatima-barbosa-coelho"},{id:"107000",title:"Dr.",name:"Rozilaine",middleName:null,surname:"Aparecida Pelegrini Gomes De Faria",fullName:"Rozilaine Aparecida Pelegrini Gomes De Faria",slug:"rozilaine-aparecida-pelegrini-gomes-de-faria"},{id:"107002",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"De Figueiredo E Albuquerque",fullName:"Maria Cristina De Figueiredo E Albuquerque",slug:"maria-cristina-de-figueiredo-e-albuquerque"},{id:"107003",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo Aleixo",middleName:null,surname:"Brito De Azevedo",fullName:"Rodrigo Aleixo Brito De Azevedo",slug:"rodrigo-aleixo-brito-de-azevedo"}]},{id:"32927",type:"chapter",title:"Phenology of Tree Species Populations in Tropical Dry Forests of Southeastern Brazil",slug:"phenological-patterns-of-arboreal-species-in-tropical-dry-forests-in-southeastern-brazil",totalDownloads:2760,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Yule Roberta Ferreira Nunes, Giovana Rodrigues da Luz and Lílian de Lima Braga",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"99523",title:"Prof.",name:"Yule Roberta",middleName:"Ferreira",surname:"Nunes",fullName:"Yule Roberta Nunes",slug:"yule-roberta-nunes"},{id:"107924",title:"MSc.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigues Da Luz",fullName:"Giovana Rodrigues Da Luz",slug:"giovana-rodrigues-da-luz"},{id:"107925",title:"MSc.",name:"Lílian De Lima",middleName:null,surname:"Braga",fullName:"Lílian De Lima Braga",slug:"lilian-de-lima-braga"}]},{id:"32928",type:"chapter",title:"Phenology of Woody Species Along the Climatic Gradient in West Tropical Africa",slug:"phenology-of-woody-species-along-the-climatic-gradient-in-west-tropical-africa-",totalDownloads:2590,totalCrossrefCites:10,signatures:"Josiane Seghieri, Frederic C. Do, Jean-Louis Devineau and Anne Fournier",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"96847",title:"Dr.",name:"Josiane",middleName:null,surname:"Seghieri",fullName:"Josiane Seghieri",slug:"josiane-seghieri"},{id:"106913",title:"Dr.",name:"Frederic C.",middleName:null,surname:"Do",fullName:"Frederic C. Do",slug:"frederic-c.-do"},{id:"106915",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"Fournier",fullName:"Anne Fournier",slug:"anne-fournier"},{id:"106920",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Louis",middleName:null,surname:"Devineau",fullName:"Jean-Louis Devineau",slug:"jean-louis-devineau"}]},{id:"32929",type:"chapter",title:"Flowering Phenology in Teak Seed Orchards - Genetic Variation, Measurement and Implications to Seed Orchard Fertility",slug:"flowering-phenology-in-teak-seed-orchards-genetic-variation-measurement-and-implications-to-seed-orc",totalDownloads:3167,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Vasudeva Ramesh and Rajesh Gunaga",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"105356",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasudeva",middleName:null,surname:"Ramesh",fullName:"Vasudeva Ramesh",slug:"vasudeva-ramesh"},{id:"107232",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",middleName:null,surname:"Gunaga",fullName:"Rajesh Gunaga",slug:"rajesh-gunaga"}]},{id:"32930",type:"chapter",title:"Apple Phenology in Subtropical Climate Conditions",slug:"apple-phenology-in-subtropical-climate-conditions",totalDownloads:4990,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"José Luiz Petri, Fernando José Hawerroth, Gabriel Berenhauser Leite, Marcelo Couto and Poliana Francescatto",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"99575",title:"MSc.",name:"José Luiz",middleName:null,surname:"Petri",fullName:"José Luiz Petri",slug:"jose-luiz-petri"},{id:"136269",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando José",middleName:null,surname:"Hawerroth",fullName:"Fernando José Hawerroth",slug:"fernando-jose-hawerroth"},{id:"136270",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Berenhauser Leite",fullName:"Gabriel Berenhauser Leite",slug:"gabriel-berenhauser-leite"},{id:"136271",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Couto",fullName:"Marcelo Couto",slug:"marcelo-couto"},{id:"136272",title:"MSc.",name:"Poliana",middleName:null,surname:"Francescatto",fullName:"Poliana Francescatto",slug:"poliana-francescatto"}]},{id:"32931",type:"chapter",title:"Influence of the Environmental Conditions, the Variety, and Different Cultural Practices on the Phenology of Peach in the Central Area of Santa Fe (Argentina)",slug:"influence-of-the-environmental-conditions-the-variety-and-different-cultural-practices-on-the-phenol",totalDownloads:2249,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Norberto Gariglio, Marcela Weber, Damián Castro and Norma Micheloud",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"100210",title:"Dr.",name:"Norberto",middleName:"Francisco",surname:"Gariglio",fullName:"Norberto Gariglio",slug:"norberto-gariglio"},{id:"102455",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcela",middleName:null,surname:"Weber",fullName:"Marcela Weber",slug:"marcela-weber"},{id:"102456",title:"Mr.",name:"Damián",middleName:null,surname:"Castro",fullName:"Damián Castro",slug:"damian-castro"},{id:"102457",title:"Mrs.",name:"Norma",middleName:null,surname:"Micheloud",fullName:"Norma Micheloud",slug:"norma-micheloud"}]},{id:"32932",type:"chapter",title:"Mixed Cacti Orchards – A Horticultural Alternative for Mexican Semiarid Tropics",slug:"cacti-mixed-orchards-an-horticultural-alternative-for-mexican-semiarid-tropics",totalDownloads:2253,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Rodolfo López Gómez, Heriberto Martínez López and Luis María Suárez Rodríguez",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"107063",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodolfo",middleName:null,surname:"López-Gómez",fullName:"Rodolfo López-Gómez",slug:"rodolfo-lopez-gomez"}]},{id:"32933",type:"chapter",title:"NDVI Time Series for Mapping Phenological Variability of Forests Across the Cerrado Biome in Minas Gerais, Brazil",slug:"ndvi-time-series-for-characterizing-phenological-variability-of-forests-across-the-cerrado-biome-in-",totalDownloads:3481,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Thomaz Oliveira, Luis Carvalho, Luciano Oliveira, Wilian Lacerda and Fausto Acerbi Junior",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"87229",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Tavares de Carvalho",fullName:"Luis Marcelo Tavares de Carvalho",slug:"luis-marcelo-tavares-de-carvalho"},{id:"107032",title:"MSc.",name:"Thomaz",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"Thomaz Oliveira",slug:"thomaz-oliveira"},{id:"107033",title:"MSc.",name:"Luciano",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"Luciano Oliveira",slug:"luciano-oliveira"},{id:"107035",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"Martinhago",fullName:"Adriana Martinhago",slug:"adriana-martinhago"},{id:"107036",title:"Dr.",name:"Fausto",middleName:"Weimar",surname:"Acerbi Junior",fullName:"Fausto Acerbi Junior",slug:"fausto-acerbi-junior"}]},{id:"32934",type:"chapter",title:"Correlation of Vegetation and Air Temperature Seasonal Profiles - Spatial Arrangement and Temporal Variability",slug:"correlation-of-vegetation-and-temperature-seasonal-profiles-spatial-arrangement-and-temporal-variabi",totalDownloads:2563,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Simoniello Tiziana, Lanfredi Maria, Coppola Rosa, Imbrenda Vito and Macchiato Maria",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"51545",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Lanfredi",fullName:"Maria Lanfredi",slug:"maria-lanfredi"},{id:"61365",title:"Dr.",name:"Tiziana",middleName:null,surname:"Simoniello",fullName:"Tiziana Simoniello",slug:"tiziana-simoniello"},{id:"61367",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",middleName:"Francesca",surname:"Macchiato",fullName:"Maria Macchiato",slug:"maria-macchiato"},{id:"107484",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa",middleName:null,surname:"Coppola",fullName:"Rosa Coppola",slug:"rosa-coppola"},{id:"107501",title:"MSc.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Imbrenda",fullName:"Vito Imbrenda",slug:"vito-imbrenda"}]},{id:"32935",type:"chapter",title:"Long-Term Detection of Global Vegetation Phenology from Satellite Instruments",slug:"long-term-detection-of-global-vegetation-phenology-from-satellite-instruments-",totalDownloads:3054,totalCrossrefCites:11,signatures:"Xiaoyang Zhang, Mark A. Friedl, Bin Tan, Mitchell D. Goldberg and Yunyue Yu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"108104",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaoyang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Xiaoyang Zhang",slug:"xiaoyang-zhang"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"36273",title:"Introduction to Infrared Spectroscopy",slug:"introduction-to-infrared-spectroscopy",signatures:"Theophile Theophanides",authors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",middleName:null,surname:"Theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides"}]},{id:"36166",title:"Using Infrared Spectroscopy to Identify New Amorphous Phases - A Case Study of Carbonato Complex Formed by Mechanochemical Processing",slug:"using-infrared-spectroscopy-to-identify-new-amorphous-phases-a-case-study-of-carbonato-complexes-fo",signatures:"Tadej Rojac, Primož Šegedin and Marija Kosec",authors:[{id:"25116",title:"Prof.",name:"Marija",middleName:null,surname:"Kosec",fullName:"Marija Kosec",slug:"marija-kosec"},{id:"105876",title:"Dr.",name:"Tadej",middleName:null,surname:"Rojac",fullName:"Tadej Rojac",slug:"tadej-rojac"},{id:"111754",title:"Prof.",name:"Primoz",middleName:null,surname:"Segedin",fullName:"Primoz Segedin",slug:"primoz-segedin"}]},{id:"36167",title:"Application of Infrared Spectroscopy to Analysis of Chitosan/Clay Nanocomposites",slug:"application-of-infrared-spectroscopy-to-analysis-of-chitosan-clay-nanocomposites",signatures:"Suédina M.L. Silva, Carla R.C. Braga, Marcus V.L. Fook, Claudia M.O. Raposo, Laura H. Carvalho and Eduardo L. Canedo",authors:[{id:"104808",title:"Prof.",name:"Suedina Maria",middleName:"De Lima",surname:"Silva",fullName:"Suedina Maria Silva",slug:"suedina-maria-silva"},{id:"111910",title:"Prof.",name:"Carla",middleName:"Lima",surname:"R. C. Braga",fullName:"Carla R. C. Braga",slug:"carla-r.-c.-braga"},{id:"142933",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcus Vinícius",middleName:null,surname:"Lia Fook",fullName:"Marcus Vinícius Lia Fook",slug:"marcus-vinicius-lia-fook"},{id:"142934",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudia Maria",middleName:null,surname:"De Oliveira Raposo",fullName:"Claudia Maria De Oliveira Raposo",slug:"claudia-maria-de-oliveira-raposo"},{id:"142936",title:"Prof.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Hecker De Carvalho",fullName:"Laura Hecker De Carvalho",slug:"laura-hecker-de-carvalho"},{id:"142939",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Canedo",fullName:"Eduardo Luis Canedo",slug:"eduardo-luis-canedo"}]},{id:"36168",title:"Structural and Optical Behavior of Vanadate-Tellurate Glasses Containing PbO or Sm2O3",slug:"structural-and-optical-behavior-of-vanadate-tellurate-glasses",signatures:"E. Culea, S. Rada, M. Culea and M. Rada",authors:[{id:"114650",title:"Dr",name:"Eugen",middleName:null,surname:"Culea",fullName:"Eugen Culea",slug:"eugen-culea"},{id:"114653",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Rada",fullName:"Simona Rada",slug:"simona-rada"}]},{id:"36169",title:"Water in Rocks and Minerals - Species, Distributions, and Temperature Dependences",slug:"water-in-rocks-and-minerals-species-distributions-and-temperature-dependences",signatures:"Jun-ichi Fukuda",authors:[{id:"105384",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun-Ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Fukuda",fullName:"Jun-Ichi Fukuda",slug:"jun-ichi-fukuda"}]},{id:"36170",title:"Attenuated Total Reflection - Infrared Spectroscopy Applied to the Study of Mineral - Aqueous Electrolyte Solution Interfaces: A General Overview and a Case Study",slug:"attenuated-total-reflection-infrared-spectroscopy-applied-to-the-study-of-mineral-aqueous-el",signatures:"Grégory Lefèvre, Tajana Preočanin and Johannes Lützenkirchen",authors:[{id:"108416",title:"Dr.",name:"Johannes",middleName:null,surname:"Lützenkirchen",fullName:"Johannes Lützenkirchen",slug:"johannes-lutzenkirchen"},{id:"111675",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Lefevre",fullName:"Gregory Lefevre",slug:"gregory-lefevre"},{id:"111676",title:"Prof.",name:"Tajana",middleName:null,surname:"Preocanin",fullName:"Tajana Preocanin",slug:"tajana-preocanin"}]},{id:"36171",title:"Research of Calcium Phosphates Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy",slug:"research-of-calcium-phosphates-using-fourier-transformation-infrared-spectroscopy",signatures:"Liga Berzina-Cimdina and Natalija Borodajenko",authors:[{id:"110522",title:"Prof.",name:"Liga",middleName:null,surname:"Berzina-Cimdina",fullName:"Liga Berzina-Cimdina",slug:"liga-berzina-cimdina"},{id:"112181",title:"MSc.",name:"Natalija",middleName:null,surname:"Borodajenko",fullName:"Natalija Borodajenko",slug:"natalija-borodajenko"}]},{id:"36172",title:"FTIR Spectroscopy of Adsorbed Probe Molecules for Analyzing the Surface Properties of Supported Pt (Pd) Catalysts",slug:"ftir-spectroscopy-of-adsorbed-probe-molecules-for-analyzing-the-surface-properties-of-supported-pt-p",signatures:"Olga B. Belskaya, Irina G. Danilova, Maxim O. Kazakov, Roman M. Mironenko, Alexander V. Lavrenov and Vladimir A. Likholobov",authors:[{id:"107715",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Belskaya",fullName:"Olga Belskaya",slug:"olga-belskaya"},{id:"140198",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Danilova",fullName:"Irina Danilova",slug:"irina-danilova"},{id:"140200",title:"Dr.",name:"Maxim",middleName:null,surname:"Kazakov",fullName:"Maxim Kazakov",slug:"maxim-kazakov"},{id:"140202",title:"Mr.",name:"Roman",middleName:"Mikhailovich",surname:"Mironenko",fullName:"Roman Mironenko",slug:"roman-mironenko"},{id:"140203",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Lavrenov",fullName:"Alexander Lavrenov",slug:"alexander-lavrenov"},{id:"140204",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Likholobov",fullName:"Vladimir Likholobov",slug:"vladimir-likholobov"}]},{id:"36173",title:"Hydrothermal Treatment of Hokkaido Peat - An Application of FTIR and 13C NMR Spectroscopy on Examining of Artificial Coalification Process and Development",slug:"hydrothermal-treatment-of-hokkaido-peat-an-application-of-ftir-and-13c-nmr-spectroscopy-on-examinin",signatures:"Anggoro Tri Mursito and Tsuyoshi Hirajima",authors:[{id:"104786",title:"Dr.",name:"Anggoro Tri",middleName:null,surname:"Mursito",fullName:"Anggoro Tri Mursito",slug:"anggoro-tri-mursito"},{id:"110978",title:"Prof.",name:"Tsuyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Hirajima",fullName:"Tsuyoshi Hirajima",slug:"tsuyoshi-hirajima"}]},{id:"36174",title:"FTIR - An Essential Characterization Technique for Polymeric Materials",slug:"ftir-an-essential-characterization-technique-for-polymeric-materials",signatures:"Vladimir A. Escobar Barrios, José R. Rangel Méndez, Nancy V. Pérez Aguilar, Guillermo Andrade Espinosa and José L. Dávila Rodríguez",authors:[{id:"12709",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Rene",middleName:null,surname:"Rangel-Mendez",fullName:"Jose Rene Rangel-Mendez",slug:"jose-rene-rangel-mendez"},{id:"12711",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir Alonso",middleName:null,surname:"Escobar Barrios",fullName:"Vladimir Alonso Escobar Barrios",slug:"vladimir-alonso-escobar-barrios"},{id:"112164",title:"Dr",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade-Espinosa",fullName:"Guillermo Andrade-Espinosa",slug:"guillermo-andrade-espinosa"},{id:"112165",title:"Dr.",name:"José Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Dávila-Rodríguez",fullName:"José Luis Dávila-Rodríguez",slug:"jose-luis-davila-rodriguez"},{id:"112167",title:"Dr.",name:"Nancy Verónica",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Aguilar",fullName:"Nancy Verónica Pérez-Aguilar",slug:"nancy-veronica-perez-aguilar"}]},{id:"36175",title:"Preparation and Characterization of PVDF/PMMA/Graphene Polymer Blend Nanocomposites by Using ATR-FTIR Technique",slug:"preparation-and-characterization-of-pvdf-pmma-graphene-polymer-blend-nanocomposites-by-using-ft-ir-t",signatures:"Somayeh Mohamadi",authors:[{id:"108556",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamadi",fullName:"Somayeh Mohamadi",slug:"somayeh-mohamadi"}]},{id:"36176",title:"Reflectance IR Spectroscopy",slug:"fundamental-of-reflectance-ir-spectroscopy",signatures:"Zahra Monsef Khoshhesab",authors:[{id:"111629",title:"Dr.",name:"Zahra",middleName:null,surname:"Monsef Khoshhesab",fullName:"Zahra Monsef Khoshhesab",slug:"zahra-monsef-khoshhesab"}]},{id:"36177",title:"Evaluation of Graft Copolymerization of Acrylic Monomers Onto Natural Polymers by Means Infrared Spectroscopy",slug:"evaluation-of-graft-copolymerization-of-acrylic-monomers-onto-natural-polymers-by-means-infrared-spe",signatures:"José Luis Rivera-Armenta, Cynthia Graciela Flores-Hernández, Ruth Zurisadai Del Angel-Aldana, Ana María Mendoza-Martínez, Carlos Velasco-Santos and Ana Laura Martínez-Hernández",authors:[{id:"37761",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Hernandez",fullName:"Ana Laura Martinez-Hernandez",slug:"ana-laura-martinez-hernandez"},{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta"},{id:"108894",title:"MSc.",name:"Cynthia Graciela",middleName:null,surname:"Flores-Hernández",fullName:"Cynthia Graciela Flores-Hernández",slug:"cynthia-graciela-flores-hernandez"},{id:"108896",title:"MSc.",name:"Ruth Zurisadai",middleName:null,surname:"Del Angel Aldana",fullName:"Ruth Zurisadai Del Angel Aldana",slug:"ruth-zurisadai-del-angel-aldana"},{id:"108898",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Velasco-Santos",fullName:"Carlos Velasco-Santos",slug:"carlos-velasco-santos"},{id:"108905",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza-Martínez",fullName:"Ana Maria Mendoza-Martínez",slug:"ana-maria-mendoza-martinez"}]},{id:"36178",title:"Applications of FTIR on Epoxy Resins - Identification, Monitoring the Curing Process, Phase Separation and Water Uptake",slug:"applications-of-ftir-on-epoxy-resins-identification-monitoring-the-curing-process-phase-separatio",signatures:"María González González, Juan Carlos Cabanelas and Juan Baselga",authors:[{id:"107857",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Baselga",fullName:"Juan Baselga",slug:"juan-baselga"},{id:"138113",title:"Dr.",name:"María",middleName:null,surname:"González",fullName:"María González",slug:"maria-gonzalez"},{id:"138114",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan C.",middleName:null,surname:"Cabanelas",fullName:"Juan C. Cabanelas",slug:"juan-c.-cabanelas"}]},{id:"36179",title:"Use of FTIR Analysis to Control the Self-Healing Functionality of Epoxy Resins",slug:"use-of-ft-ir-analysis-to-control-the-self-healing-functionality-of-epoxy-resins",signatures:"Liberata Guadagno and Marialuigia Raimondo",authors:[{id:"106836",title:"Prof.",name:"Liberata",middleName:null,surname:"Guadagno",fullName:"Liberata Guadagno",slug:"liberata-guadagno"}]},{id:"36180",title:"Infrared Analysis of Electrostatic Layer-By-Layer Polymer Membranes Having Characteristics of Heavy Metal Ion Desalination",slug:"infrared-analysis-of-electrostatic-layer-by-layer-polymer-membranes-having-characteristics-of-heavy",signatures:"Weimin Zhou, Huitan Fu and Takaomi Kobayashi",authors:[{id:"110384",title:"Dr.",name:"Takaomi",middleName:null,surname:"Kobayashi",fullName:"Takaomi Kobayashi",slug:"takaomi-kobayashi"}]},{id:"36181",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy as a Tool to Monitor Radiation Curing",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-as-a-tool-to-monitor-radiation-curing",signatures:"Marco Sangermano, Patrick Meier and Spiros Tzavalas",authors:[{id:"112286",title:"Dr.",name:"Spiros",middleName:null,surname:"Tzavalas",fullName:"Spiros Tzavalas",slug:"spiros-tzavalas"},{id:"114382",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Sangermano",fullName:"Marco Sangermano",slug:"marco-sangermano"},{id:"114384",title:"Dr",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Meier",fullName:"Patrick Meier",slug:"patrick-meier"}]},{id:"36182",title:"Characterization of Compositional Gradient Structure of Polymeric Materials by FTIR Technology",slug:"characterization-of-compositional-gradient-structure-of-polymeric-materials-by-ft-ir-technology",signatures:"Alata Hexig and Bayar Hexig",authors:[{id:"20867",title:"Dr.",name:"Bayar",middleName:null,surname:"Hexig",fullName:"Bayar Hexig",slug:"bayar-hexig"},{id:"111986",title:"Dr.",name:"Alata",middleName:null,surname:"Hexig",fullName:"Alata Hexig",slug:"alata-hexig"}]},{id:"36183",title:"Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy - Useful Analytical Tool for Non-Destructive Analysis",slug:"fourier-trasform-infrared-spectroscopy-useful-analytical-tool-for-non-destructive-analysis",signatures:"Simona-Carmen Litescu, Eugenia D. Teodor, Georgiana-Ileana Truica, Andreia Tache and Gabriel-Lucian Radu",authors:[{id:"24425",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Litescu",fullName:"Simona Carmen Litescu",slug:"simona-carmen-litescu"},{id:"24429",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriel-Lucian",middleName:null,surname:"Radu",fullName:"Gabriel-Lucian Radu",slug:"gabriel-lucian-radu"},{id:"108318",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenia D.",middleName:null,surname:"Teodor",fullName:"Eugenia D. Teodor",slug:"eugenia-d.-teodor"},{id:"108323",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgiana-Ileana",middleName:null,surname:"Badea",fullName:"Georgiana-Ileana Badea",slug:"georgiana-ileana-badea"},{id:"136337",title:"Ms.",name:"Andreia",middleName:null,surname:"Tache",fullName:"Andreia Tache",slug:"andreia-tache"}]},{id:"36184",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy in the Analysis of Building and Construction Materials",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-of-cementitious-materials",signatures:"Lucia Fernández-Carrasco, D. Torrens-Martín, L.M. Morales and Sagrario Martínez-Ramírez",authors:[{id:"107401",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia J",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández",fullName:"Lucia J Fernández",slug:"lucia-j-fernandez"}]},{id:"36185",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy Techniques in the Characterization of SOFC Functional Ceramics",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-techniques-in-the-characterization-of-sofc-functional-ceramics",signatures:"Daniel A. Macedo, Moisés R. Cesário, Graziele L. Souza, Beatriz Cela, Carlos A. Paskocimas, Antonio E. Martinelli, Dulce M. A. Melo and Rubens M. Nascimento",authors:[{id:"102015",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Macedo",fullName:"Daniel Macedo",slug:"daniel-macedo"},{id:"112309",title:"MSc",name:"Moisés",middleName:"Romolos",surname:"Cesário",fullName:"Moisés Cesário",slug:"moises-cesario"},{id:"112310",title:"Ms.",name:"Graziele",middleName:null,surname:"Souza",fullName:"Graziele Souza",slug:"graziele-souza"},{id:"112311",title:"MSc.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Cela",fullName:"Beatriz Cela",slug:"beatriz-cela"},{id:"112312",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Paskocimas",fullName:"Carlos Paskocimas",slug:"carlos-paskocimas"},{id:"112314",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Martinelli",fullName:"Antonio Martinelli",slug:"antonio-martinelli"},{id:"112315",title:"Prof.",name:"Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Melo",fullName:"Dulce Melo",slug:"dulce-melo"},{id:"112316",title:"Dr.",name:"Rubens",middleName:"Maribondo Do",surname:"Nascimento",fullName:"Rubens Nascimento",slug:"rubens-nascimento"}]},{id:"36186",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-of-functionalized-magnetic-nanoparticles",signatures:"Perla E. García Casillas, Claudia A. Rodriguez Gonzalez and Carlos A. Martínez Pérez",authors:[{id:"104636",title:"Dr.",name:"Perla E.",middleName:null,surname:"García Casillas",fullName:"Perla E. García Casillas",slug:"perla-e.-garcia-casillas"},{id:"112440",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos A.",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez Pérez",fullName:"Carlos A. Martínez Pérez",slug:"carlos-a.-martinez-perez"},{id:"112441",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia A.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez Gonzalez",fullName:"Claudia A. Rodriguez Gonzalez",slug:"claudia-a.-rodriguez-gonzalez"}]},{id:"36187",title:"Determination of Adsorption Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Gas Phase FTIR Spectroscopy Flow Analysis",slug:"determination-of-adsorption-characteristics-of-volatile-organic-compounds-using-gas-phase-ftir-spect",signatures:"Tarik Chafik",authors:[{id:"107310",title:"Prof.",name:"Tarik",middleName:null,surname:"Chafik",fullName:"Tarik Chafik",slug:"tarik-chafik"}]},{id:"36188",title:"Identification of Rocket Motor Characteristics from Infrared Emission Spectra",slug:"identification-of-rocket-motor-characteristics-from-infrared-emission-spectra",signatures:"N. Hamp, J.H. Knoetze, C. Aldrich and C. Marais",authors:[{id:"112229",title:"Prof.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Aldrich",fullName:"Chris Aldrich",slug:"chris-aldrich"},{id:"112232",title:"Prof.",name:"Hansie",middleName:null,surname:"Knoetze",fullName:"Hansie Knoetze",slug:"hansie-knoetze"},{id:"135327",title:"Ms.",name:"Corne",middleName:null,surname:"Marais",fullName:"Corne Marais",slug:"corne-marais"}]},{id:"36189",title:"Optical Technologies for Determination of Pesticide Residue",slug:"optical-technology-for-determination-of-pesticide-residue",signatures:"Yankun Peng, Yongyu Li and Jingjing Chen",authors:[{id:"113343",title:"Prof.",name:"Yankun",middleName:null,surname:"Peng",fullName:"Yankun Peng",slug:"yankun-peng"},{id:"116636",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongyu",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Yongyu Li",slug:"yongyu-li"},{id:"116637",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingjing",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Jingjing Chen",slug:"jingjing-chen"}]},{id:"36190",title:"High Resolution Far Infrared Spectra of the Semiconductor Alloys Obtained Using the Synchrotron Radiation as Source",slug:"high-resolution-spectra-of-semiconductor-s-alloys-obtained-using-the-far-infrared-synchrotron-radi",signatures:"E.M. Sheregii",authors:[{id:"102655",title:"Prof.",name:"Eugen",middleName:null,surname:"Sheregii",fullName:"Eugen Sheregii",slug:"eugen-sheregii"}]},{id:"36191",title:"Effective Reaction Monitoring of Intermediates by ATR-IR Spectroscopy Utilizing Fibre Optic Probes",slug:"effective-reaction-monitoring-of-intermediates-by-atr-ir-spectroscopy-utilizing-fibre-optic-probes",signatures:"Daniel Lumpi and Christian Braunshier",authors:[{id:"109019",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Braunshier",fullName:"Christian Braunshier",slug:"christian-braunshier"},{id:"111798",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Lumpi",fullName:"Daniel Lumpi",slug:"daniel-lumpi"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1703",title:"Phenology and Climate Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38e8c7573556df4f0ebbeff42a93c0ef",slug:"phenology-and-climate-change",bookSignature:"Xiaoyang Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1703.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108104",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaoyang",surname:"Zhang",slug:"xiaoyang-zhang",fullName:"Xiaoyang Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"1703",title:"Phenology and Climate Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38e8c7573556df4f0ebbeff42a93c0ef",slug:"phenology-and-climate-change",bookSignature:"Xiaoyang Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1703.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108104",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaoyang",surname:"Zhang",slug:"xiaoyang-zhang",fullName:"Xiaoyang Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"82075",title:"Sexuality and Disability",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104325",slug:"sexuality-and-disability",body:'
Sexuality and disability is a comparatively new issue of concern with pertinent research on the topic originating in the 1970s [1]. It was during this era that we witnessed increased focus on principles of normalization as a basis for service delivery for people with disabilities [2]. It was also during the 70s that the
Best professional practices dictate that healthcare providers refrain from coercing clients to discuss sexuality needs or concerns. However, questions pertaining to this significant aspect of human functioning are basic to holistic assessment and treatment. Clients should feel as if the door to discussing these matters is open throughout the tenure of care or service and that sexuality is a natural topic for discussion. Conscientious providers are aware of their limitations and promptly refer out when a sexual concern extends beyond their scope of practice. According to Nosek [5], “disability is a complex phenomenon, but psychosocial and social factors make all the difference in the outcomes” (p. 121). In the following section we will explore psychosocial factors that should be considered when sexuality and disability present as a rehabilitation concern.
The goal of the conscientious provider is to increase protective psychosocial factors and to decrease or eliminate psychosocial factors that foster risk or harm. These factors can be addressed by a single provider or an interprofessional team [6]. According to Mah and Binik [7], sexuality involves more than physical performance or physical factors. Positive attention to psychosocial factors tend to correlate more with healthy sexuality. Table 1 depicts psychosocial factors impacting sexuality.
Protective factors | Risk factors |
---|---|
Healthy, functional, supportive family-of- origin | Dysfunctional family-of-origin |
High level of self-confidence, self-esteem | Low self-confidence, poor self-esteem |
Appropriate sex education (e.g., age level, cognitive level, etc.) | No formal sex education |
Body image acceptance (rejection of dominant, ableist, heteronormative notions about beauty, sex) | Poor body acceptance (internalization of dominant, ableist, heteronormative notions about beauty, sex) |
Positive social network | No (or insufficient) social network |
Healthy, positive coping ability | Poor coping ability |
Internal locus of control | External locus of control |
No history of sexual abuse, exploitation | History of sexual abuse, exploitation |
Acceptance or positive adaptation to disability | Low acceptance or poor adaptation to disability |
General sense of optimism | General sense of pessimistic |
Service agency or provider adheres to a social-environmental model of care | Service agency or provider adheres to a medical model of care |
A holistic assessment tool should capture information or invite discussion in all of the areas above. This information can easily be converted into a needs assessment. Agencies adhering to the medical model of disability versus the social-environmental model of disability may not see the value of assessing for protective and risk factors that impact sexual functioning.
Myths about disability and sexuality are pervasive in our society. According to Esmail et al. [8], stigmas and negative attitudes often result in the internalization of concepts that can adversely influence self-esteem and sexual confidence. The researchers underscored how public attitudes and perceptions are driven by education and knowledge. Personal biases and beliefs can also limit providers’ ability to engage comfortably with clients while discussing sexuality or sexual health. The ethical expectation is to do no harm; yet harm can occur when providers fail to embrace the notion that sexuality is a critical quality of life determinant. It is important that healthcare professionals be mindful of the roles they play in propagating myths and negative attitudes about sex and disability. Obtaining accurate knowledge and relaying this knowledge is the only way to eradicate broadly held destructive beliefs [10]. According to Haboubi and Lincoln [11], 90% of multi-disciplinary health professionals agreed that sexuality should be part of holistic care (
Sexuality has longed been a taboo subject because of societal, religious, and cultural norms and expectations. It is the forbiddingness of the topic that has erected barriers to addressing sexuality in healthcare settings. This taboo is associated with a lack of knowledge, inadequacies in training, and low levels of comfortability. Sexuality is a private and sensitive subject and must be approached professionally to avoid any confusion of emotions and feelings between the healthcare professional and client. Therefore, adequate knowledge of and training on how to approach and address this topic is vital to overcoming barriers and ensuring successful interventions.
Common myths are outlined below [3, 10, 13, 14]. Rehabilitation professionals, in particular, have an obligation to do what they can to debunk these myths.
People with disabilities are asexual, having no sexual desires or interests
No able-bodied person would find someone with a disability desirable
Sexual intimacy is not possible for people with disabilities
People with disabilities are not suitable marriage or sexual partners
Preventive medical procedures such as pap smears are not necessary for women with disabilities, especially those with spinal cord injuries
Sex education is not necessary for people with disabilities
It is easier for people with disabilities to adapt to sexual losses and changes
Large aggregate care institutions serving people with disabilities were closed in most western European and North American countries in the 1970s and 1980s and today, large numbers of people with disabilities are living independently. They hire personal assistants who are their employees, not their overseers. They have been empowered by the disability rights movement to demand access, support, and respect. As part of their increased independence, many are unapologetically exploring their sexuality. They are finding partners, engaging in romantic relationships and refusing to be told that a disability automatically disqualifies them from having an erotic life [15]. There is a delicate balance between the legal and ethical requirements to protect people with disabilities from harm, including sexual exploitation and abuse, while at the same time protecting their rights to express sexuality in a healthy way [16]. Honest, accurate information about sexuality changes lives, especially for individuals with disabilities. It dismantles stereotypes and assumptions, builds self-acceptance and self-esteem, fosters healthy relationships, improves decision-making, and has the potential to save lives. However, because the topic of sexuality and disability is often surrounded by controversy and stigma, it is important for healthcare providers to remain ethical and professional when dealing with such issues.
There is a delicate balance between the legal and ethical requirements to protect people with disabilities from harm, while at the same time protecting their rights to sexual expression. Traditionally, parents, professionals, and the law have erred on the side of protection from harm, consequently limiting sexual expression of people with disabilities, e.g., the same laws that were designed to protect people with disabilities from harm prevented them from engaging in normal sexual activities [16]. What appears to be concern for the welfare of people with disabilities therefore could, in reality, be masking an anti-sexual bias. Since the law protects the rights for sexual activity for and between individuals with disabilities, service providers cannot have policies prohibiting it [17]. Instead, agencies should have policies that help people with disabilities learn about and express their sexuality in healthy ways within the confines of the law and ethical principles [16, 18, 19].
Among the many barriers to healthy sexual expression for people with physical and developmental disabilities is lack of privacy [20]. Individuals have the right to privacy and to consensual sexual relations. These rights are restricted, obviously, for children, and also for those individuals who are determined to be incapable of consenting to sexual activities. However, the right to privacy is often restricted in the case of an individual who engages in severe self-injurious behavior and/or property destruction. In these cases, the individual’s service or behavior plan frequently requires ‘line-of-sight’ supervision, which challenges the individual’s right to private sexual expression. This is not a simple matter, as it exemplifies the conflict between concern for wellbeing and upholding of the rights of the individual.
Capacity to consent can vary over time. This means capacity to consent is a state rather than a trait. Sexuality education can enhance the capacity of people previously deemed incapable of making informed decisions. Thus, repeating an assessment for capacity to consent may yield different findings across time and may indicate that even individuals with intellectual or developmental disabilities who were previously deemed incapable, have developed the capacity to consent to sexual interactions. Additionally, the requirements of consent can vary based on the nature of the sexual interaction. Thus, to best help people with disabilities make informed choices, good quality ongoing sexuality education is necessary [21].
The crucial components of capacity to consent are knowledge, rationality, and voluntariness [22]. Sexual knowledge starts with the ability to label body parts, identify sexual behaviors, and understand where and when it is appropriate to engage in sexual behaviors and where and when it is not appropriate to do so. Sexual knowledge encompasses being able to state the consequences of sexual behavior, specifically pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections, and how to prevent them. Knowledge also means the person can demonstrate how to obtain and use contraception [22]. Voluntariness means the person can decide without coercion, that, and with whom he or she wants to have sex. This also means he or she is able to take necessary self-protective measures against abuse, exploitation, and other unwanted advances. Voluntariness also means that the person has the ability to say, “No,” either vocally or non-vocally, and to remove him or herself from a situation and indicate a desire to discontinue an interaction [22, 23, 24]. Rationality means the ability to evaluate and weigh the pros and cons of a sexual situation and make a rational decision. When considering someone’s ability to be rational, any neurological conditions that can impair decision-making need to be considered. Determining rationality comprises the individual’s awareness of person, place and time; his or her ability to accurately report events; and to discriminate between fantasies, lies, and truth. The individual should be able to describe the process for deciding to engage, or not, in a partnered sexual interaction, to demonstrate an understanding of mutual consent, and chose socially appropriate times and places to engage in sexual behaviors. Finally, he or she should be able to perceive and respond to the vocal and non-vocal signals of the feelings of his or her partner, specifically the desire to continue or discontinue the sexual interaction [22].
Sexuality is defined as a multidimensional construct in which the individual expresses feelings, thoughts, and cognition, such as the demonstration of intimacy, affection, love, touch, hugging, including sexual contact itself [25]. This asserts that sexuality includes many aspects of a person’s life and while it encompasses the concept of intercourse, sexuality exceeds the idea of physical sex. The ability to fully experience sexuality does not have to be hindered by a person’s or couple’s disability status. Sexuality and being sexually healthy is an important part of life. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), sexual health is defined as “a state of physical, mental and social well-being in relation to sexuality”, which “requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence” [4]. This definition indicates that sexual health is not just about physical intercourse but also about the mental and social connections involved with intimacy. People with disabilities have the right to experience this connectivity just as people without disabilities. Societal attitudes, beliefs and perceptions guide how individuals with disabilities are regarded. These attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions are also evident in healthcare settings. If an individual without a disability experiences a lack of sexual desire, he or she is diagnosed as having hypoactive or inhibited sexual desire disorder [26]. Similarly, if this person is unable to experience an orgasm, he or she is diagnosed as having an orgasmic disorder. The rendering of a diagnosis makes it possible to qualify for medical treatment and to receive assistance in achieving sexual satisfaction [26]. These disparities in medical perspectives can ultimately impact the quality of life for people with disabilities. Very often these individuals are expected to simply adjust to their disability status with no consideration or discussion about appropriate or possible interventions.
More than 15% of the world’s population have disabilities. These disabilities can be categorized as physical and sensory; developmental and intellectual; and psychosocial [27]. Society has long disregarded the sexuality and reproductive concerns, aspirations, and human rights of this sector of our population [27]. People with disabilities are often not educated related to concepts about sexuality, relationships, and intimacy. People with disabilities are often viewed as infantilized and held to be asexual (or in some cases, hypersexual). Furthermore, they are often viewed as incapable of reproduction and unsuitable as sexual or marriage partners or parents [27]. While not all disabilities impact sexuality, many of them disabilities do. The following sections discuss how physical disabilities, cognitive/intellectual disabilities, mental disabilities, and disabilities related to aging impact sexuality and levels of intimacy.
Physical disabilities are disabilities that impact the mobility of a person. Physical disabilities directly affect muscles and limbs. Physical disabilities include but are not limited to the following types of conditions: lupus, cerebral palsy, absent or reduction in limb functions, and muscular dystrophy.
Lupus
Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease where one’s own immune system attacks many different systems within the body.
Cerebral palsy
Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affect a person’s ability to move and maintain both balance and posture. This disorder is characterized by stiff muscles, uncontrollable movements, and poor balance and coordination [28].
Absent limbs or reduction in limb functions
This group is related to the loss of limbs through amputation or injury in addition to the absence of limbs since birth. Additionally, this group includes individuals who lose functioning or control of their limbs over time, limiting their mobility and their ability to complete tasks
Muscular dystrophy
Physical disabilities impact sexuality in a variety of ways. The impact is based on the person, their specific condition, and the severity of their condition.
Lupus
Individuals with lupus are impacted physically and emotionally by their symptoms. Sexual dysfunctions are the result of both the physical and psychological problems [30]. The physical limitations affect individual’s ability to be intimate but psychologically their motivation and desire to engage in intimacy is impacted. Those diagnosed with lupus often experience pain during sexual activity [30]. Pain can be a significant barrier to a healthy sexual experience. With lupus, this pain can occur even with gentle movement. Pain during intercourse, vaginal dryness, and the development of ulcers in the mouth and genitals areas are manifestations of with lupus [30]. Additional side effects of lupus that such as fatigue and weight gain may also impact sexuality.
Cerebral palsy
Individuals with cerebral palsy frequently are not able to reach an orgasm and report infrequent experiences with intimacy. Individuals with cerebral palsy are limited by personal and functional characteristics that are specific to their type of cerebral palsy. Additionally, they may struggle with issues related to energy, fatigue, body image concerns, and lack of sexual confidence.
Absent limbs or reduction in limb functions
While sexual functioning is rarely structurally diminished by absent limbs or reduction in limb functions; many individuals with these disabilities experience sexual challenges [31]. They may struggle with internalized views of their sexual self or with the external views of others. Reductions in sexual interest, frequency, arousal, and difficulties pertaining to orgasm and sexual drive have specifically been reported in this group of disabilities [31].
Muscular dystrophy
Individuals with muscular dystrophy report difficulties with kissing and oral sex [32]. Both of these activities require significant muscle movement and coordination. Individuals with muscular dystrophy also report difficulties with bodily positions during sexual activities and having a negative body image in general [32]. Individuals with muscular dystrophy also report difficulty communicating with their partners about their functional limitations [32]. Some of their limitations are related to hugging and being able to caress [32]. Other manifestations may include pain during intimacy, fatigue, and erectile dysfunction [32].
Cognitive/developmental/intellectual disabilities are disabilities that impact the thinking process, adaptive development, and ability to socially connect with others. These conditions have a variety of social characteristics: impulsivity, limited attention span, difficulty understanding social ques, and perceptual limitations related to other behaviors. This group of disabilities are characterized by diagnoses such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder, and down syndrome.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder, which many recognize as a childhood disorder [33]. However, a review of the literature as well as longitudinal studies of individuals with ADHD reveals that symptoms of ADHD can persist into adulthood [34]. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM 5), ADHD is characterized by impulsivity, hyperactivity and inattention [35]. Overall, it is a developmental disorder that impacts social interaction and behavior patterns.
Autism spectrum disorder
According to the DSM 5, autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by (1) persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts and (2) restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities [35]. Autism spectrum disorder may impact individuals’ ability to interact socially and make connections with others.
Intellectual disability
This is a disorder where an individual may present with limited understanding along a spectrum. These individuals may present with cognitive impairments (mild, moderate, severe or profound).
Down syndrome
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that results in an extra chromosome 21, either partially or fully. Down syndrome symptoms exist on a spectrum from mild to severe. Individuals with Down syndrome often present with both physical and intellectual challenges.
Autism spectrum disorder and ADHD
Social connection, a large component of sexual health, is often a major obstacle for individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder [4]. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder often have social deficits that influence their ability to connect with others. Sexuality is associated with an emotional and social skillset that may directly influence appropriate sexual behaviors and how human beings connect with others [4]. Similarly, to autism spectrum disorder, ADHD presents social obstacles. These social obstacles impact intimacy, experiences with connectivity, and sexual decisions.
Intellectual disability and down syndrome
Studies indicate that people with intellectual disabilities and Down syndrome face various personal and socioenvironmental barriers in their sexual lives [36]. Many of these are related to their inability to understand the dynamics of intimacy and sexual situations. Some of the barriers that negatively impact individuals with intellectual disabilities and Down syndrome include limited sexual knowledge, poor education, negative attitudes related to sex, lack of access to healthcare, lack of sexual experiences, and social isolation [36]. Each of these factors impede the development of healthy sexual behavior practices. Overall, the lack of knowledge about sexuality coupled with limited sexual experiences, language difficulties, communication problems, fear, embarrassment, low self-esteem, and poor negotiating skills can increase exposure to unsafe situations for both men and women with intellectual difficulties and/or Down syndrome [36].
There are many mental health disorders that impact sexual functioning. Some categories identified in the DSM 5 are mood disorders, anxiety disorder, psychotic disorders, and eating disorders. The prevalence of sexual dysfunctions is higher in persons with mental disorders, particularly those treated with psychotropic medications [37].
Mood disorders
This is a group of mental health conditions that is characterized by the disturbance of one’s mood contributing to feelings of dysthymia, dysphoria, euthymia and/or euphoria. Very often in this group, a person’s mood is unstable and requires medical treatment.
Anxiety disorder
This is a group of mental health conditions that are known to cause excessive and consistent fear and worry. Some individuals may experience panic attacks or have severe forms of anxiety that not only impact their perceptions and experiences socially and intimately, but also affect their physical mobility.
Psychotic disorders
This is a group of mental health conditions where perceptions and experiences are impacted by external stimuli and thoughts that may not be based on reality. Psychotic disorders are regularly treated with antipsychotic medications whose common mechanisms impact sexual experiences as well [37]. Symptoms associated with psychotic disorders may also impact the ability to meaningfully connect with others, socially and intimately.
Eating disorders
This is a group of mental health conditions relate to eating habits. Eating disorders are manifested by eating and purging, binge eating, and extreme caloric restriction. Very often individuals are ashamed of their behaviors and engage in these activities in secret. Eating Disorders can influence individuals’ ability to connect socially and intimately with others.
The rate of sexual disorders in people experiencing mental disabilities is significantly high. The use of psychotropic medications and subsequent side effects often exacerbate sexual dysfunction [37].
Mood disorders
Major depression is a common mood disorder. Decreased libido commonly accompanies an episode of major depression [37]. Depressed persons may also experience diminished ability to maintain sexual arousal or achieve orgasm. In males with severe depression, the rate of erectile dysfunction is as high as 90% [37].
Anxiety disorder
There are several types of anxiety disorders and each has symptoms that impact a person’s ability to emotionally connect with others due to stress and worry. Additionally, a loss of libido occurs frequently in people with high levels of anxiety.
Psychotic disorders
Patients suffering from psychotic disorders are prone to experience sexual dysfunction as a part of the nature of the disease [37]. Negative symptoms of the disorder, such as anhedonia, avolition, and blunted affect significantly diminishes the ability to enjoy sexual and intimate activities [37]. In addition, these individuals face difficulties in establishing relationships due to recurrent psychotic episodes, obesity, and low self-esteem [37].
Eating disorders
Clinicians have often reported that anorexia nervosa patients suffer from sexual dysfunction and immaturity, evident by low sexual interest, inhibited sexual behavior, disgust towards sex, and fear of intimacy [37].
Aging and neurological disabilities are disabilities that impact the brain and spinal cord. These disorders may also be more prominent in individuals who are older.
Alzheimer’s disease and dementia
Dementia is a disorder that encompasses conditions that affect memory, focus, communication, judgement, and perceptions. They vary in degree of severity and influence the way individuals are able to interact with and experience others. Alzheimer’s disease is a specific and common type of dementia.
Parkinson’s disease
Traumatic brain injuries
Traumatic brain injury is harm to the brain due to trauma. This can result from a forceful strike to the head or from something penetrating the head. Both injuries can result in both physical and emotional symptoms.
Spinal cord injuries
Spinal cord injuries are debilitating conditions that result from a sudden, traumatic impact on the spine that fractures or dislocates the vertebrae [39]. The severity of the injury and the location of the injury dictates the level of functional limitation. Spinal cord injuries can result in paraplegia, or tetraplegia [39]. Paraplegia is defined as the impairment of sensory or motor function of the lower extremities while tetraplegia is defined as a partial or total loss of sensory or motor function in all four limbs [39].
Alzheimer’s and dementia
Individuals diagnosed with dementia or Alzheimer’s endure mental health symptoms such as depression and anxiety that impact their motivation and ability to participate intimately with others. Physically they may experience erectile dysfunction and reduced strength and mobility due to impairment of the motor systems.
Parkinson’s
Adults with Parkinson’s report significant adverse effects on quality of life due to their symptoms [38]. They report concerns with both depression and anxiety [38]. These symptoms influence how they view themselves and how they believe others view them. They also report issues with urinary disturbances and erectile dysfunction as well as issues with pain, and sensory issues related to the reduced blood flow to and from sexual organs [38].
Traumatic brain injury
Individuals who experience traumatic brain injury report coping with changes in their sexual desires. Some report that they have decreased sexual desires and a loss in sexual interest while others report increased in sexual desires and difficulty controlling sexual desires [40]. Individuals with traumatic brain injuries report decreased sexual arousal even when they are interested in intimacy [40]. Men may experience erection difficulty, while women may present with difficulties with vaginal lubrication. Both men and women with traumatic brain injuries report trouble reaching a climax and in general they report lacking satisfaction after intimacy [40].
Spinal cord injuries
The type of injury to the spinal cord dictates the degree of sexual difficulty [41]. Sexuality concerns vary widely. There are reports of limitations with erections and ejaculatory difficulties in men [41]. In women there are reports of decreased lubrication [41]. In general, the frequency of sexual activity and intercourse appears to decline after a spinal cord injury [41]. Individuals with spasticity in the hips and thighs also experience challenges as they relate to sexual intimacy [41].
This final section of the chapter will identify how occupational therapy (OT), physical therapy (PT), and rehabilitation counseling approach the topic of sexuality with clients. All three disciplines emphasize the importance of (1) acknowledging sexuality and disability, (2) early initiation of discussions by the healthcare professionals, (3) self-awareness of the healthcare professionals’ attitudes towards sexuality and disability and as their own sexuality, and (4) counseling education.
The topic of sexuality has previously been unrecognized or disregarded by many healthcare professionals when addressing clients’ care, holistically [12, 42, 43]. Discussions concerning sex and disability have been particularly arduous. However, over the course of years, the emergence of the identification and acknowledgement that sexuality is important to all human beings has contributed to a positive shift towards acceptance. Consequently, sexuality is slowly becoming a more acceptable topic to discuss and approach in the clinical setting.
Sexuality in healthcare should be approached from an interprofessional perspective. Sexuality is a core aspect of an individual’s overall health that “encompasses sex, gender identities and roles, sexual orientation, eroticism, pleasure, intimacy and reproduction” ([44] , p. 5). Disciplines within the healthcare realm address these core sexuality aspects in manners specific to their disciplines. Healthcare professionals from various disciplines acknowledge that individuals with disabilities are sexual beings, and that addressing sexuality in practice is integral in providing holistic care. According to Haesler et al. [45], given the strong connection between sexuality and quality of life it is important to understand factors that influence its recognition by health professionals. Despite differences in addressing sexuality, some methods amongst providers are comparable. Furthermore, the practitioners’ “interactions should be directed toward creating an environment that promotes the client’s self-esteem, positive and appropriate sexuality, and adjustment to disability” ([46], p. 214).
Personal bias and comfortability are important elements to consider when creating an environment where sexual issues can be addressed or explored. Healthcare practitioners must be able to express empathy and understanding while maintaining appropriate personal and professional boundaries [9]. Such attributes allow practitioners to establish a therapeutic relationship in which they can build trust and confidence necessary to approach this intimate subject. Practitioners must look inward and conduct a self-assessment of their personal attitudes and beliefs, even before initiating the discussion of sexuality with their clients. Being aware of one’s own sexuality and level of comfort is an essential component when conversing about sexuality [12]. Healthcare personnel should not demand that their clients discuss concerns related to sexuality, but rather create opportunities by obtaining permission to discuss sexuality [47].
To counsel effectively, one must first feel comfortable with one\'s own sexuality and then progress to achieving comfort in discussing sexuality with others” ([48], p. 543). Addressing sexuality and disability requires a multifaceted skill-set; one that necessitates factual knowledge, awareness, and interpersonal skills. Health-care professionals’ roles can vary when providing sexuality counseling for people with disabilities [47]. Sexuality training implemented by healthcare practitioners may comprise sex health education and information on related topics and issues such as the physical and psychosocial effects of disability on sexuality, anatomy and development of sexuality, anatomical and systems-related dysfunction, sexual adaptation to functional issues, and appropriate sexual behavior [46, 47, 48]. Due to the sensitive nature of the topic of sexuality, healthcare practitioners have been encouraged to utilize the PLISSIT Model when approaching this topic with their clients.
OT is a profession in healthcare that involves “the therapeutic use of everyday life occupations with persons, groups, or populations (e.g., the client) for the purpose of enhancing or enabling participation” (c, 2020, p. 1). Occupations are identified as an aspect within the domain of practice for OT and are defined as “everyday activities that people do as individuals, in families, and with communities to occupy time and bring meaning and purpose to life” ([49], p. 7), and the therapeutic use of self is defined as the process “in which OT practitioners develop and manage their therapeutic relationship with clients by using professional reasoning, empathy, and a client-centered, collaborative approach to service delivery” ([49], p. 20). Occupations, along with the therapeutic use of self are cornerstones for this profession.
Studies have shown that “sexuality is important to clients and that occupational therapists believe that addressing clients’ sexual issues is a legitimate domain of practice that should be included in order to provide holistic treatment” ([43], p. 53). In OT, occupations are further categorized in eight broad categories within the OT practice domain: activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, health management, rest and sleep, education, work, play, leisure, and social participation. It is from these broad occupations that occupational therapists approach the topic of sexuality with their clients. OT practitioners recognize sexuality as an important aspect of an individual’s activities of daily living, health management, and social participation, and acknowledge how sexuality directly impacts an individual’s self-esteem and quality of life. In fact, sexual activity, “engaging in the broad possibilities for sexual expression and experiences with self or others (e.g., hugging, kissing, foreplay, masturbation, oral sex, intercourse)” ([49], p. 30), is specifically identified as an ADL in the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework-IV (OTPF-IV). Along with an individual’s occupation, OT practitioners also recognize an individual’s sexuality as it relates to their roles and routines. Despite the inclusion of sexual activity as an occupation in the OTPF-IV and the acknowledgement of sexuality as a legitimate domain of practice, studies show OT practitioners “do not adequately address sexual activity in their clinical work” [43].
OT practitioners also address sexuality with their clients with disabilities by providing management of physical problems that may contribute to sexual dysfunction through rehabilitation of physical impairments and adaptive modifications. Some areas of physical impairment addressed by OTs include, tone, endurance, mobility, pain, sensation, anxiety, skin care, and hygiene. Occupational therapists provide education and training in the use of adaptive aids, equipment, and positioning for clients who may require special or alternative support to engage in sexual activity. Psychosocial and emotional problems related to self-esteem, body image, and perception are also addressed.
PT is a healthcare profession that works to “improve quality of life through prescribed exercise, hands-on care, and client education” [50]. PT practitioners also view the client from all aspects of health, thus including sexuality as an integral component to holistic care of their clients [42]. Physical therapists approach sexuality with their clients by addressing “basic sexual function and anatomy, as well as information regarding male and female disorders of sexual function, including the effects of psychological and social factors” [51]. Some areas of physical impairment addressed by physical therapists include muscle strength, tone, mobility, pain, sensation, and reflexes.
Along with client education, one specific area in which physical therapists address sexuality in practice is through pelvic floor physical therapy (PFPT). This type of therapy comprises various manual therapies such as neuromuscular reeducation and behavioral modifications. PFPT has been successful in treating many sexual disorders [52]. This functional retraining therapy promotes pelvic floor muscle strength, endurance, power, and relaxation in patients with pelvic floor dysfunction [53]. This treatment explores neuromusculoskeletal causes of pelvic floor disorders and how they affect sexual dysfunction. As with other PT treatments, emphasis is placed on the muscles, ligaments, and nerves to improve sexual function. PT practitioners identify that sexual dysfunction is related to disorders of the pelvic floor, whether the cause is over activity or inactivity [52]. PFPT provides an effective basis for addressing sexuality with clients using therapeutic interventions such as strengthening and stretching; trigger point and myofascial release; connective tissue manipulation; electrical nerve stimulation; cold laser therapy; and heat and cold therapy.
Rehabilitation counseling is an allied health profession in which the counseling process is used to assist individuals with disabilities in achieving personal, career, and life goals. The counseling process involves communication, goal setting, and beneficial growth or change through self-advocacy, psychological, vocational, social, and behavioral interventions [54]. Rehabilitation counselors have been identified as the health professional clients with disabilities are more likely to discuss personal issues with ([12], p. 16). Rehabilitation counselors often serve as the bridge between the individual with a disability and a self-sufficient, fully integrated life. Certified rehabilitation counselors (CRCs) are equipped to address the topic of sexuality and disability and provide counseling and education with their clients. The impact of disability on sexuality is listed as one of the core content areas for rehabilitation counseling programs ([55], 5H.2j, Section).
Typically, rehabilitation counselors adhere to two professional Codes of Ethics: The American Counseling Association (ACA) Code of Ethics and the CRC Code of Professional Ethics. However, when dealing with the issue of disability and sexuality, neither code offers specific guidelines on the topic. To remain ethical when dealing with issues of sexuality and disability, Rehabilitation Counselors should consider becoming a member of The American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors and Therapists (AASECT) [56]. It is also important to become acquainted with certified sexual education resources offered through programs such as Planned Parenthood and Our Whole Lives (OWL). Certified sexuality educators are trained in and adhere to specific ethical guidelines, including issues such as restrictions on genital touching and may therefore have more specific information and resources available regarding sexuality and disability [57].
A counselor’s response to a client’s sexuality concerns can have lasting effects [47]. Given their specialized training in counseling and education, CRCs guide their clients in achieving personal goals related to their sexual health. Rehabilitation counselors can be especially helpful to their clients if they use their disability-related knowledge and rehabilitation counseling skills in conjunction with PLISSIT (Permission, Limited Information, Specific Suggestion, and Intensive Therapy). This is a basic behavioral model of sexuality counseling useful with individuals with disabilities [58, 59]. PLISSIT provides a basis for exploring sexual expression and receiving relevant information on how disability may affect sexuality. The therapy also fosters specific suggestions on how to deal with the effects of disability on sexuality. Through intensive therapy, a client is assisted in coping with issues related to sexuality [58, 59].
Individuals with disabilities have the natural biological desires to express and fulfill their sexual desires. As a result, it is imperative that healthcare professionals address sexuality as a part of their intervention in the clinical settings. Although healthcare professionals from various disciplines acknowledge the need to address this intimate topic, there continues to be a disparity between acknowledgement and sexual health intervention as a part of routine care. According to Sengupta and Sakellariou [42], “inclusion of sexuality in education of health care professionals can contribute to integrating this important issue as a routine aspect of practice” (p. 101). Improving the knowledge, training, attitudes, and level of comfortability of the healthcare professional is key in tackling the taboo of sexuality and ensuring clients that it is appropriate to talk about the topic freely. Those who are committed to providing holistic care for people with disabilities will take the necessary actions to stay abreast of issues pertaining to sexuality and disability. There are a number of psychosocial factors that influence the sexuality of individuals with disabilities. In order to determine risk factors and promote protective factors conversations between people with disabilities and counselors and healthcare providers must take place. Moreover, providers have to develop relevant competences, become knowledgeable about sexuality trainings and resources, and be mindful of ethical guidelines. It is also importants for care providers to be cognizant of how certain disabilities and chronic illnesses impact sexuality.
Edited by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze, ISBN 978-953-51-3020-8, Print ISBN 978-953-51-3019-2, 336 pages,
\nPublisher: IntechOpen
\nChapters published March 22, 2017 under CC BY 3.0 license
\nDOI: 10.5772/61430
\nEdited Volume
This book serves as a comprehensive survey of the impact of vitamin K2 on cellular functions and organ systems, indicating that vitamin K2 plays an important role in the differentiation/preservation of various cell phenotypes and as a stimulator and/or mediator of interorgan cross talk. Vitamin K2 binds to the transcription factor SXR/PXR, thus acting like a hormone (very much in the same manner as vitamin A and vitamin D). Therefore, vitamin K2 affects a multitude of organ systems, and it is reckoned to be one positive factor in bringing about "longevity" to the human body, e.g., supporting the functions/health of different organ systems, as well as correcting the functioning or even "curing" ailments striking several organs in our body.
\\n\\nChapter 1 Introductory Chapter: Vitamin K2 by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\\n\\nChapter 2 Vitamin K, SXR, and GGCX by Kotaro Azuma and Satoshi Inoue
\\n\\nChapter 3 Vitamin K2 Rich Food Products by Muhammad Yasin, Masood Sadiq Butt and Aurang Zeb
\\n\\nChapter 4 Menaquinones, Bacteria, and Foods: Vitamin K2 in the Diet by Barbara Walther and Magali Chollet
\\n\\nChapter 5 The Impact of Vitamin K2 on Energy Metabolism by Mona Møller, Serena Tonstad, Tone Bathen and Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\\n\\nChapter 6 Vitamin K2 and Bone Health by Niels Erik Frandsen and Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\\n\\nChapter 7 Vitamin K2 and its Impact on Tooth Epigenetics by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze, Maria A. Landin, Gaute Floer Johnsen, Håvard Jostein Haugen and Harald Osmundsen
\\n\\nChapter 8 Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Vitamin K by Stephen J. Hodges, Andrew A. Pitsillides, Lars M. Ytrebø and Robin Soper
\\n\\nChapter 9 Vitamin K2: Implications for Cardiovascular Health in the Context of Plant-Based Diets, with Applications for Prostate Health by Michael S. Donaldson
\\n\\nChapter 11 Vitamin K2 Facilitating Inter-Organ Cross-Talk by Jan O. Gordeladze, Håvard J. Haugen, Gaute Floer Johnsen and Mona Møller
\\n\\nChapter 13 Medicinal Chemistry of Vitamin K Derivatives and Metabolites by Shinya Fujii and Hiroyuki Kagechika
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'This book serves as a comprehensive survey of the impact of vitamin K2 on cellular functions and organ systems, indicating that vitamin K2 plays an important role in the differentiation/preservation of various cell phenotypes and as a stimulator and/or mediator of interorgan cross talk. Vitamin K2 binds to the transcription factor SXR/PXR, thus acting like a hormone (very much in the same manner as vitamin A and vitamin D). Therefore, vitamin K2 affects a multitude of organ systems, and it is reckoned to be one positive factor in bringing about "longevity" to the human body, e.g., supporting the functions/health of different organ systems, as well as correcting the functioning or even "curing" ailments striking several organs in our body.
\n\nChapter 1 Introductory Chapter: Vitamin K2 by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\n\nChapter 2 Vitamin K, SXR, and GGCX by Kotaro Azuma and Satoshi Inoue
\n\nChapter 3 Vitamin K2 Rich Food Products by Muhammad Yasin, Masood Sadiq Butt and Aurang Zeb
\n\nChapter 4 Menaquinones, Bacteria, and Foods: Vitamin K2 in the Diet by Barbara Walther and Magali Chollet
\n\nChapter 5 The Impact of Vitamin K2 on Energy Metabolism by Mona Møller, Serena Tonstad, Tone Bathen and Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\n\nChapter 6 Vitamin K2 and Bone Health by Niels Erik Frandsen and Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\n\nChapter 7 Vitamin K2 and its Impact on Tooth Epigenetics by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze, Maria A. Landin, Gaute Floer Johnsen, Håvard Jostein Haugen and Harald Osmundsen
\n\nChapter 8 Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Vitamin K by Stephen J. Hodges, Andrew A. Pitsillides, Lars M. Ytrebø and Robin Soper
\n\nChapter 9 Vitamin K2: Implications for Cardiovascular Health in the Context of Plant-Based Diets, with Applications for Prostate Health by Michael S. Donaldson
\n\nChapter 11 Vitamin K2 Facilitating Inter-Organ Cross-Talk by Jan O. Gordeladze, Håvard J. Haugen, Gaute Floer Johnsen and Mona Møller
\n\nChapter 13 Medicinal Chemistry of Vitamin K Derivatives and Metabolites by Shinya Fujii and Hiroyuki Kagechika
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6669},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2458},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12710},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1016},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17715}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134176},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"702"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:120},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:0},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4430},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"948",title:"Radiochemistry",slug:"metals-and-nonmetals-radiochemistry",parent:{id:"158",title:"Metals and Nonmetals",slug:"metals-and-nonmetals"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:27,numberOfWosCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitations:13,numberOfDimensionsCitations:25,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"948",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5154",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c62d30f57e8bc9f643e3a774bb752d61",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",bookSignature:"Rehab O. Abdel Rahman and Hosam El-Din Mostafa Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5154.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92718",title:"Prof.",name:"Rehab O.",middleName:"O.",surname:"Abdel Rahman",slug:"rehab-o.-abdel-rahman",fullName:"Rehab O. Abdel Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"50376",doi:"10.5772/62434",title:"Tungsten-Based Composites for Nuclear Fusion Applications",slug:"tungsten-based-composites-for-nuclear-fusion-applications",totalDownloads:2404,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"This chapter provides a comprehensive knowledge about the potential role of tungsten-based composites in fusion reactors and the research work which has been done in this very important area of nuclear materials. The characteristics of tungsten, which make it the most potential candidate for plasma-facing applications, have been presented along with the shortcomings in pure tungsten. The research work that has been done so far in the field of tungsten-based composites to overcome the problems with pure tungsten has been included. The fabrication, characterization, types of reinforcements and the classes of composites have been reviewed. The behavior of tungsten-based composites under various kinds of loads (i.e. mechanical and thermal) and environments (radiations and oxidizing etc.) has been summarized.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Owais A. Waseem and Ho Jin Ryu",authors:[{id:"178474",title:"Prof.",name:"Ho Jin",middleName:null,surname:"Ryu",slug:"ho-jin-ryu",fullName:"Ho Jin Ryu"},{id:"184864",title:"Mr.",name:"Owais Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Waseem",slug:"owais-ahmed-waseem",fullName:"Owais Ahmed Waseem"}]},{id:"50182",doi:"10.5772/62594",title:"Developing Tailor-Made Microbial Consortium for Effluent Remediation",slug:"developing-tailor-made-microbial-consortium-for-effluent-remediation",totalDownloads:1586,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The work describes a biofilm-based soluble sulphate reduction system, which can treat up to 1600 ppm of soluble sulphate within 3.5 hours of incubation to discharge level under ambient condition using a well-characterized sulphate-reducing bacterial (SRB) consortium. This system ensures the treatment of 1509 litres of sulphate solution in 24 hours using a 220-litre bioreactor. Performance of the system during series operation was compromised, indicating the presence of inhibitor in solution at a toxic level. A single unit bioreactor would be the ideal configuration for this consortium. Modified designs of bioreactors were tested for optimization of the process using response surface methodology (RSM), where the system could function optimally at an initial sulphate concentration of 1250 ppm with a flow rate of 1.8 litre/hour. The time course of sulphate reduction yielded a parabolic profile (with coefficient of determination r\n2 = 0.99 and p value < 0.05). The rate of sulphate reduction was found to be independent of seasonal variation as well as the specific design characteristic.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Shaon Ray Chaudhuri, Indranil Mukherjee, Debabrata Datta,\nChaitali Chanda, Ganesh Prasath Krishnan, Swati Bhatt, Paulami\nDatta, Shashi Bhushan, Sourav Ghosh, Pinaki Bhattacharya, Ashoke\nRanjan Thakur, Debanik Roy and Parthasarathi Barat",authors:[{id:"179765",title:"Dr.",name:"Shaon",middleName:null,surname:"Ray Chaudhuri",slug:"shaon-ray-chaudhuri",fullName:"Shaon Ray Chaudhuri"},{id:"195429",title:"Dr.",name:"Debanik",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"debanik-roy",fullName:"Debanik Roy"},{id:"364809",title:"Dr.",name:"Indranil",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"indranil-mukherjee",fullName:"Indranil Mukherjee"},{id:"364810",title:"Dr.",name:"Debabrata",middleName:null,surname:"Datta",slug:"debabrata-datta",fullName:"Debabrata Datta"},{id:"364811",title:"Dr.",name:"Chaitali",middleName:null,surname:"Chanda",slug:"chaitali-chanda",fullName:"Chaitali Chanda"},{id:"364812",title:"Dr.",name:"Ganesh Prasath",middleName:null,surname:"Krishnan",slug:"ganesh-prasath-krishnan",fullName:"Ganesh Prasath Krishnan"},{id:"364813",title:"Dr.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatt",slug:"swati-bhatt",fullName:"Swati Bhatt"},{id:"364814",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulami",middleName:null,surname:"Datta",slug:"paulami-datta",fullName:"Paulami Datta"},{id:"364815",title:"Dr.",name:"Shashi",middleName:null,surname:"Bhushan",slug:"shashi-bhushan",fullName:"Shashi Bhushan"},{id:"364816",title:"Dr.",name:"Sourav",middleName:null,surname:"Ghosh",slug:"sourav-ghosh",fullName:"Sourav Ghosh"},{id:"364817",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinaki",middleName:null,surname:"Bhattacharya",slug:"pinaki-bhattacharya",fullName:"Pinaki Bhattacharya"},{id:"364818",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashoke Ranjan",middleName:null,surname:"Thakur",slug:"ashoke-ranjan-thakur",fullName:"Ashoke Ranjan Thakur"},{id:"364819",title:"Dr.",name:"Parthasarathi",middleName:null,surname:"Barat",slug:"parthasarathi-barat",fullName:"Parthasarathi Barat"}]},{id:"51035",doi:"10.5772/62856",title:"Introductory Chapter: Introduction to Current Trends in Nuclear material Research and Technology",slug:"introductory-chapter-introduction-to-current-trends-in-nuclear-material-research-and-technology",totalDownloads:2163,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Rehab O. Abdel Rahman",authors:[{id:"92718",title:"Prof.",name:"Rehab O.",middleName:"O.",surname:"Abdel Rahman",slug:"rehab-o.-abdel-rahman",fullName:"Rehab O. Abdel Rahman"}]},{id:"51107",doi:"10.5772/63652",title:"Gamma Uranium Molybdenum Alloy: Its Hydride and Performance",slug:"gamma-uranium-molybdenum-alloy-its-hydride-and-performance",totalDownloads:2301,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The high density metastable gamma uranium molybdenum alloy (γ‐UMo) is being qualified as a nuclear fuel for the conversion of high enriched uranium (HEU) to low enriched uranium (LEU) fuels in research nuclear reactors. γ‐UMo, with compositions between 7 and 10 wt.% molybdenum, has excellent properties to allocate fission gases but unacceptable behavior in contact with aluminum in the matrix of dispersed fuels. Development and processing alternatives are welcome to decide final working paths and new nuclear fuels design. A historical introduction on the development of materials testing reactors (MTR) nuclear fuels is presented to illustrate comings and goings to reach desired qualification objectives. Several studies performed on UMo probes, miniplates and full size plates are mentioned to contribute to the knowledge of fuel properties and to incorporate new process technologies. Focus is directed to the discovery of the gamma uranium molybdenum hydride and the hot rolling colamination of monolithic UMo with nonaluminum claddings. A scalable process of hydriding, milling and dehydriding (HMD) to comminute the ductile UMo was developed. Monolithic UMo miniplates with Zircaloy‐4 (Zry4) cladding was colaminated for the first time and under irradiation conditions showed excellent performance after high burn‐up.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Enrique E. Pasqualini",authors:[{id:"178951",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique E.",middleName:null,surname:"Pasqualini",slug:"enrique-e.-pasqualini",fullName:"Enrique E. Pasqualini"}]},{id:"51079",doi:"10.5772/62708",title:"Oxidation, Embrittlement, and Growth of TREAT Zircaloy-3 Cladding",slug:"oxidation-embrittlement-and-growth-of-treat-zircaloy-3-cladding",totalDownloads:1685,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter analyzes the effects of oxidation, embrittlement, and cladding growth on the Zircaloy-3 alloy used for 25 mil thick TREAT fuel assembly cladding. The fuel cladding is a protective shell which is used to prevent damage to the enclosed fuel. Therefore, its integrity is important to guarantee this protection. The above three factors which can affect the Zircaloy-3 cladding are considered in this chapter and investigated. Limits to operation are determined. The oxidation of Zircaloy-3 in air is of interest to air-cooled reactors and Zircaloy-2 and 4 for accidents in fuel storage pools. The temperature range of interest is from room temperature where the fuel is stored for long periods of time, through the temperature range encountered in normal operation (400 to 600°C) to the highest temperatures which are possible in extreme accident situations. This temperature range is considered in this chapter to be from room temperature to 1200°C.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Charles W. Solbrig, Anthony LaPorta, Katelyn M. Wachs and James\nR. Parry",authors:[{id:"92727",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Solbrig",slug:"charles-solbrig",fullName:"Charles Solbrig"},{id:"367080",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"LaPorta",slug:"anthony-laporta",fullName:"Anthony LaPorta"},{id:"367081",title:"Dr.",name:"Katelyn M.",middleName:null,surname:"Wachs",slug:"katelyn-m.-wachs",fullName:"Katelyn M. Wachs"},{id:"367082",title:"Dr.",name:"James R.",middleName:null,surname:"Parry",slug:"james-r.-parry",fullName:"James R. Parry"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"50261",title:"Monte Carlo Simulations of Nuclear Fuel Burnup",slug:"monte-carlo-simulations-of-nuclear-fuel-burnup",totalDownloads:2766,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In the operation of a nuclear power plant, it is very important to determine the time evolution of material composition and radionuclide inventory during the entire operation of the plant. In the experiments, the Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended (MCNPX) code was found to be accurate in predicting the uranium fuel depletion, the plutonium production and the buildup of most of the fission products in a nuclear reactor. The goal in this chapter is to analyze the effect of different nuclear fuel grades on the total radioactivity of the reactor core by employing nuclear burnup calculations for the three different fuels: mixed oxide fuel (MOX), uranium oxide fuel (UOX) and commercially enriched uranium (CEU), utilizing simulations with MCNPX code. The calculated results indicate that there is a buildup of plutonium isotopes for UOX and CEU, whereas there is a decline in the plutonium radioisotopes for MOX fuel with burnup time. The study of reactor neutronic parameters showed UOX fuel performs better relative to MOX and CEU. Zircaloy, with low thermal neutron absorption cross-section and high thermal conductivity, produced better results for the effective multiplication factor Keff and hence proved to be a much more effective clad material.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Raghava R. Kommalapati, Fiifi Asah-Opoku, Hongbo Du and Ziaul\nHuque",authors:[{id:"179935",title:"Dr.",name:"Raghava",middleName:"R",surname:"Kommalapati",slug:"raghava-kommalapati",fullName:"Raghava Kommalapati"},{id:"180165",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbo",middleName:null,surname:"Du",slug:"hongbo-du",fullName:"Hongbo Du"},{id:"180166",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziaul",middleName:null,surname:"Huque",slug:"ziaul-huque",fullName:"Ziaul Huque"},{id:"180167",title:"Mr.",name:"Fiifi",middleName:null,surname:"Asah-Opoku",slug:"fiifi-asah-opoku",fullName:"Fiifi Asah-Opoku"}]},{id:"51107",title:"Gamma Uranium Molybdenum Alloy: Its Hydride and Performance",slug:"gamma-uranium-molybdenum-alloy-its-hydride-and-performance",totalDownloads:2301,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The high density metastable gamma uranium molybdenum alloy (γ‐UMo) is being qualified as a nuclear fuel for the conversion of high enriched uranium (HEU) to low enriched uranium (LEU) fuels in research nuclear reactors. γ‐UMo, with compositions between 7 and 10 wt.% molybdenum, has excellent properties to allocate fission gases but unacceptable behavior in contact with aluminum in the matrix of dispersed fuels. Development and processing alternatives are welcome to decide final working paths and new nuclear fuels design. A historical introduction on the development of materials testing reactors (MTR) nuclear fuels is presented to illustrate comings and goings to reach desired qualification objectives. Several studies performed on UMo probes, miniplates and full size plates are mentioned to contribute to the knowledge of fuel properties and to incorporate new process technologies. Focus is directed to the discovery of the gamma uranium molybdenum hydride and the hot rolling colamination of monolithic UMo with nonaluminum claddings. A scalable process of hydriding, milling and dehydriding (HMD) to comminute the ductile UMo was developed. Monolithic UMo miniplates with Zircaloy‐4 (Zry4) cladding was colaminated for the first time and under irradiation conditions showed excellent performance after high burn‐up.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Enrique E. Pasqualini",authors:[{id:"178951",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique E.",middleName:null,surname:"Pasqualini",slug:"enrique-e.-pasqualini",fullName:"Enrique E. Pasqualini"}]},{id:"50376",title:"Tungsten-Based Composites for Nuclear Fusion Applications",slug:"tungsten-based-composites-for-nuclear-fusion-applications",totalDownloads:2404,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"This chapter provides a comprehensive knowledge about the potential role of tungsten-based composites in fusion reactors and the research work which has been done in this very important area of nuclear materials. The characteristics of tungsten, which make it the most potential candidate for plasma-facing applications, have been presented along with the shortcomings in pure tungsten. The research work that has been done so far in the field of tungsten-based composites to overcome the problems with pure tungsten has been included. The fabrication, characterization, types of reinforcements and the classes of composites have been reviewed. The behavior of tungsten-based composites under various kinds of loads (i.e. mechanical and thermal) and environments (radiations and oxidizing etc.) has been summarized.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Owais A. Waseem and Ho Jin Ryu",authors:[{id:"178474",title:"Prof.",name:"Ho Jin",middleName:null,surname:"Ryu",slug:"ho-jin-ryu",fullName:"Ho Jin Ryu"},{id:"184864",title:"Mr.",name:"Owais Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Waseem",slug:"owais-ahmed-waseem",fullName:"Owais Ahmed Waseem"}]},{id:"50829",title:"Dedicated Monte Carlo Procedures Applied in Gamma-ray Spectrometry Used in Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities",slug:"dedicated-monte-carlo-procedures-applied-in-gamma-ray-spectrometry-used-in-decommissioning-of-nuclea",totalDownloads:1900,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Because the experimental efficiency calibration is limited to several measurement geometries and cannot be applied directly to all measurement configurations, the efficiency transfer method for the efficiency computation was applied using ETNA software. An approach using efficiencies measured with point sources combined with theoretical procedures was applied for obtaining the peak efficiency ε(E) for disk sources measured with a NaI(Tl) detector. The transfer method was applied for the computation of the efficiency of an HPGe detector using as a reference a point source placed at 10 cm height from the face of the detector. The method was applied both for point sources and volume sources with varied compositions and densities. To correct the experimental values of the efficiencies, coincidence summing effects were evaluated using GESPECOR Monte Carlo code. The study of the response function characterization of the ISOCART and Segmented Gamma Scanner WS1100 gamma-ray spectrometry systems was related. GEANT 3.21 Monte Carlo code was used to simulate the spectra expected to be obtained for the photon energy range from 50 to 2000 keV. A big volume represented by a 220l cylindrical source was considered to be measured with the two systems. The full energy peak efficiency and the total efficiency were evaluated.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Daniela Gurau",authors:[{id:"178770",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Gurau",slug:"daniela-gurau",fullName:"Daniela Gurau"}]},{id:"51079",title:"Oxidation, Embrittlement, and Growth of TREAT Zircaloy-3 Cladding",slug:"oxidation-embrittlement-and-growth-of-treat-zircaloy-3-cladding",totalDownloads:1685,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter analyzes the effects of oxidation, embrittlement, and cladding growth on the Zircaloy-3 alloy used for 25 mil thick TREAT fuel assembly cladding. The fuel cladding is a protective shell which is used to prevent damage to the enclosed fuel. Therefore, its integrity is important to guarantee this protection. The above three factors which can affect the Zircaloy-3 cladding are considered in this chapter and investigated. Limits to operation are determined. The oxidation of Zircaloy-3 in air is of interest to air-cooled reactors and Zircaloy-2 and 4 for accidents in fuel storage pools. The temperature range of interest is from room temperature where the fuel is stored for long periods of time, through the temperature range encountered in normal operation (400 to 600°C) to the highest temperatures which are possible in extreme accident situations. This temperature range is considered in this chapter to be from room temperature to 1200°C.",book:{id:"5154",slug:"nuclear-material-performance",title:"Nuclear Material Performance",fullTitle:"Nuclear Material Performance"},signatures:"Charles W. Solbrig, Anthony LaPorta, Katelyn M. Wachs and James\nR. Parry",authors:[{id:"92727",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Solbrig",slug:"charles-solbrig",fullName:"Charles Solbrig"},{id:"367080",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"LaPorta",slug:"anthony-laporta",fullName:"Anthony LaPorta"},{id:"367081",title:"Dr.",name:"Katelyn M.",middleName:null,surname:"Wachs",slug:"katelyn-m.-wachs",fullName:"Katelyn M. Wachs"},{id:"367082",title:"Dr.",name:"James R.",middleName:null,surname:"Parry",slug:"james-r.-parry",fullName:"James R. Parry"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"948",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",issn:null,scope:"\r\n\tEducation and Human Development is an interdisciplinary research area that aims to shed light on topics related to both learning and development. This Series is intended for researchers, practitioners, and students who are interested in understanding more about these fields and their applications.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/23.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"280770",title:"Dr.",name:"Katherine K.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Stavropoulos",slug:"katherine-k.m.-stavropoulos",fullName:"Katherine K.M. Stavropoulos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRdFuQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-24T09:03:48.jpg",biography:"Katherine Stavropoulos received her BA in Psychology from Trinity College, in Connecticut, USA. Dr. Stavropoulos received her Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from the University of California, San Diego. She completed her postdoctoral work at the Yale Child Study Center with Dr. James McPartland. Dr. Stavropoulos’ doctoral dissertation explored neural correlates of reward anticipation to social versus nonsocial stimuli in children with and without autism spectrum disorders (ASD). She has been a faculty member at the University of California, Riverside in the School of Education since 2016. Her research focuses on translational studies to explore the reward system in ASD, as well as how anxiety contributes to social challenges in ASD. She also investigates how behavioral interventions affect neural activity, behavior, and school performance in children with ASD. She is also involved in the diagnosis of children with ASD and is a licensed clinical psychologist in California. She is the Assistant Director of the SEARCH Center at UCR and is a Faculty member in the Graduate Program in Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of California, Riverside",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/86.jpg",editor:{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. Dr. Bobek is a member of the editorial boards of six international journals and a member of the Strategic Council of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. He has a long history in academia, consulting, and entrepreneurship. His own consulting firm, Palemid, has managed twenty significant projects, such as Cooperation Program Interreg V-A (Slovenia-Austria) and Capacity Building for the Serbian Chamber of Enforcement Agents. He has also participated in many international projects in Italy, Germany, Great Britain, the United States, Spain, Turkey, France, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, Malaysia, and China. Dr. Bobek is also a co-founder of the Academy of Regional Management in Slovenia.",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"293992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Horvat",slug:"tatjana-horvat",fullName:"Tatjana Horvat",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hXb0hQAC/Profile_Picture_1642419002203",biography:"Tatjana Horvat works as a professor for accountant and auditing at the University of Primorska, Slovenia. She is a Certified State Internal Auditor (licensed by Ministry of Finance RS) and Certified Internal Auditor for Business Sector and Certified accountant (licensed by Slovenian Institute of Auditors). At the Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, she is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting. At the leading business newspaper Finance in Slovenia (Swedish ownership), she is the editor and head of the area for business, finance, tax-related articles, and educational programs.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Primorska",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"114318",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Rodeiro",slug:"david-rodeiro",fullName:"David Rodeiro",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS2a8QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-22T08:29:52.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Santiago de Compostela",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"114073",title:"Prof.",name:"Jörg",middleName:null,surname:"Freiling",slug:"jorg-freiling",fullName:"Jörg Freiling",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS2UPQA0/Profile_Picture_1642580983875",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Bremen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"202681",title:"Dr.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Duh",slug:"mojca-duh",fullName:"Mojca Duh",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSD2dQAG/Profile_Picture_1644907300283",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Maribor",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"103802",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ondrej",middleName:null,surname:"Zizlavsky",slug:"ondrej-zizlavsky",fullName:"Ondrej Zizlavsky",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQJQA0/Profile_Picture_1643100292225",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Brno University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"190913",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert M.X.",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"robert-m.x.-wu",fullName:"Robert M.X. Wu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190913/images/system/190913.jpg",institutionString:"Central Queensland University",institution:{name:"Central Queensland University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"87",title:"Economics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/87.jpg",editor:{id:"327730",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jaime-ortiz",fullName:"Jaime Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002zaOKZQA2/Profile_Picture_1642145584421",biography:"Dr. Jaime Ortiz holds degrees from Chile, the Netherlands, and the United States. He has held tenured faculty, distinguished professorship, and executive leadership appointments in several universities around the world. Dr. Ortiz has previously worked for international organizations and non-government entities in economic and business matters, and he has university-wide globalization engagement in more than thirty-six countries. He has advised, among others, the United Nations Development Program, Inter-American Development Bank, Organization of American States, Pre-investment Organization of Latin America and the Caribbean, Technical Cooperation of the Suisse Government, and the World Bank. Dr. Ortiz is the author, co-author, or editor of books, book chapters, textbooks, research monographs and technical reports, and refereed journal articles. He is listed in Who’s Who in the World, Who’s Who in America, Who’s Who in Finance and Business, Who’s Who in Business Higher Education, Who’s Who in American Education, and Who’s Who Directory of Economists. Dr. Ortiz has been a Fulbright Scholar and an MSI Leadership Fellow with the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. His teaching interests revolve around global economies and markets while his research focuses on topics related to development and growth, global business decisions, and the economics of technical innovation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Houston",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"104262",title:"Dr.",name:"Chee-Heong",middleName:null,surname:"Quah",slug:"chee-heong-quah",fullName:"Chee-Heong Quah",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/104262/images/system/104262.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"236659",title:"Prof.",name:"Monica Violeta",middleName:null,surname:"Achim",slug:"monica-violeta-achim",fullName:"Monica Violeta Achim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/236659/images/system/236659.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Babeș-Bolyai University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"202039",title:"Dr.",name:"Nahanga",middleName:null,surname:"Verter",slug:"nahanga-verter",fullName:"Nahanga Verter",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCwtQAG/Profile_Picture_1643101901237",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Mendel University Brno",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"107745",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Panagiotis E.",middleName:null,surname:"Petrakis",slug:"panagiotis-e.-petrakis",fullName:"Panagiotis E. Petrakis",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRzzaQAC/Profile_Picture_1644221136992",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"196259",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryan Merlin",middleName:null,surname:"Yonk",slug:"ryan-merlin-yonk",fullName:"Ryan Merlin Yonk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196259/images/system/196259.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Institute for Economic Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82367",title:"Spatial Variation and Factors Associated with Unsuppressed HIV Viral Load among Women in an HIV Hyperendemic Area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105547",signatures:"Adenike O. Soogun, Ayesha B.M. Kharsany, Temesgen Zewotir and Delia North",slug:"spatial-variation-and-factors-associated-with-unsuppressed-hiv-viral-load-among-women-in-an-hiv-hype",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"HIV-AIDS - Updates, Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82193",title:"Enterococcal Infections: Recent Nomenclature and emerging trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104792",signatures:"Kavita Raja",slug:"enterococcal-infections-recent-nomenclature-and-emerging-trends",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82207",title:"Management Strategies in Perinatal HIV",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105451",signatures:"Kayla Aleshire and Rima Bazzi",slug:"management-strategies-in-perinatal-hiv",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"HIV-AIDS - Updates, Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",biography:"Dr. Kasenga is a graduate of Tumaini University, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Moshi, Tanzania and Umeå University, Sweden. He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). Dr. Kasenga is married to Grace and blessed with three children, a son and two daughters: Happy, Lettice and Sungani.",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11578",title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",hash:"3731c009f474c6ed4293f348ca7b27ac",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 3rd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"225390",title:"Dr.",name:"Asghar Ali",surname:"Kamboh",slug:"asghar-ali-kamboh",fullName:"Asghar Ali Kamboh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12086",title:"Cattle Diseases - Molecular and Biochemical Approach",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12086.jpg",hash:"afdbf57e32d996556a94528c06623cf3",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11579",title:"Animal Welfare - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11579.jpg",hash:"12e4f41264cbe99028655e5463fa941a",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"51520",title:"Dr.",name:"Shao-Wen",surname:"Hung",slug:"shao-wen-hung",fullName:"Shao-Wen Hung"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"82394",title:"Learning by Doing Active Social Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105523",signatures:"Anat Raviv",slug:"learning-by-doing-active-social-learning",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82310",title:"Knowledge of Intergenerational Contact to Combat Ageism towards Older People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105592",signatures:"Alice Nga Lai Kwong",slug:"knowledge-of-intergenerational-contact-to-combat-ageism-towards-older-people",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"81993",title:"Emergent Chemistry: Using Visualizations to Develop Abstract Thinking and a Sense of Scale Within the Preschool Setting",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105216",signatures:"Karina Adbo",slug:"emergent-chemistry-using-visualizations-to-develop-abstract-thinking-and-a-sense-of-scale-within-the",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82252",title:"Early Childhood: Enriched Environments and Roles of Caring Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105157",signatures:"Analía Mignaton",slug:"early-childhood-enriched-environments-and-roles-of-caring-adults",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"81996",title:"Perspective Chapter: New Active Learning Models in Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105217",signatures:"Fred Awaah, Cosmas Lambini Kombat and Emmanuel Okyere Ekwam",slug:"perspective-chapter-new-active-learning-models-in-africa",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Human Development",value:90,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Education",value:89,count:4,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Business and Management",value:86,count:1}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"92",type:"subseries",title:"Health and Wellbeing",keywords:"Ecology, Ecological, Nature, Health, Wellbeing, Health production",scope:"\r\n\tSustainable approaches to health and wellbeing in our COVID 19 recovery needs to focus on ecological approaches that prioritize our relationships with each other, and include engagement with nature, the arts and our heritage. This will ensure that we discover ways to live in our world that allows us and other beings to flourish. We can no longer rely on medicalized approaches to health that wait for people to become ill before attempting to treat them. We need to live in harmony with nature and rediscover the beauty and balance in our everyday lives and surroundings, which contribute to our well-being and that of all other creatures on the planet. This topic will provide insights and knowledge into how to achieve this change in health care that is based on ecologically sustainable practices.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11976,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null},editorialBoard:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169536/images/system/169536.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Missouri State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"248594",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jasneth",middleName:null,surname:"Mullings",slug:"jasneth-mullings",fullName:"Jasneth Mullings",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248594/images/system/248594.jpeg",institutionString:"The University Of The West Indies - Mona Campus, Jamaica",institution:null},{id:"331299",title:"Prof.",name:"Pei-Shan",middleName:null,surname:"Liao",slug:"pei-shan-liao",fullName:"Pei-Shan Liao",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000032Fh2FQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T09:39:41.jpg",institutionString:"Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan",institution:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"81321",title:"Velocity Planning via Model-Based Reinforcement Learning: Demonstrating Results on PILCO for One-Dimensional Linear Motion with Bounded Acceleration",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103690",signatures:"Hsuan-Cheng Liao, Han-Jung Chou and Jing-Sin Liu",slug:"velocity-planning-via-model-based-reinforcement-learning-demonstrating-results-on-pilco-for-one-dime",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Applied Intelligence - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11418.jpg",subseries:{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"12222",title:"Advances and Challenges in Microplastics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a36734a551e0997d2255f6ce99eff818",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. El-Sayed Salama",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12222.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"July 1st 2022",editors:[{id:"347657",title:"Prof.",name:"El-Sayed",middleName:null,surname:"Salama",slug:"el-sayed-salama",fullName:"El-Sayed Salama",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/347657/images/system/347657.png",biography:"El-Sayed Salama is a professor in the Public Health School,\nLanzhou University, China. He is also a director of the Green Environmental & Energy Laboratory (GEEL) and a distinguished\nexpert of science and technology in the ecological industry, Gansu Province. His GEEL research work focuses on bioenvironmental science and bioenergy. He has several journal publications to\nhis credit.",institutionString:"Lanzhou University, Gansu Academy of Membrane Science and Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Lanzhou University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11668",title:"Mercury Pollution",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0bd111f57835089cad4a9741326dbab7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ahmed Abdelhafez and Dr. Mohamed Abbas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11668.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"July 22nd 2022",editors:[{id:"196849",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Abdelhafez",slug:"ahmed-abdelhafez",fullName:"Ahmed Abdelhafez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196849/images/system/196849.jpg",biography:"Ahmed A. Abdelhafez, PhD, is an associate professor of the Department of Soils and Water Science, Faculty of Agriculture, New Valley University. He is one of the leading scientists in the field of biochar in the Arab region. He worked as a researcher at the Department of Environmental Researches, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt, for more than 10 years. Dr. Abdelhafez focuses mainly on agricultural production, environmental contamination control, risk assessment and biochar technology. He is a member of the National Committee of Soil Sciences and the Academy of Scientific Research & Technology, Egypt. He has published several research papers related to environmental contamination, risk assessment and potential remediation technologies.",institutionString:"New Valley University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11666",title:"Soil Contamination - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c8890038b86fb6e5af16ea3c22669ae9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Adnan Mustafa and Dr. Muhammad Naveed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11666.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"June 9th 2022",editors:[{id:"299110",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",middleName:null,surname:"Mustafa",slug:"adnan-mustafa",fullName:"Adnan Mustafa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/299110/images/system/299110.jpg",biography:"Adnan has completed his Ph.D in Soil Science from Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.\nHe is currently working as an Assistant Professor at Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic. He is simultaneously working as a Researcher with Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition (FA), Mendel University Brno and Institute of Environmental Studies, Charles University Prague, Czechia. \nHis research is focused on soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation mechanisms, plant-microbe interactions, biochar production, and utilization for agricultural crop production and environmental remediation. He is actively involved in bioremediation of contaminated soils using organic and inorganic amendments in addition to exploiting plant-microbe interactions. He has published over 50 refereed journal articles, many of which sought to explore the effectiveness of innovative soil amendments and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for improving crop performance and soil resilience under various abiotic stresses. He has been working for several renowned academic societies and enjoys early career in research.",institutionString:"Brno University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Brno University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 28th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/32926",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"32926"},fullPath:"/chapters/32926",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()