\r\n\tHomeostasis is brought about by a natural resistance to change when already in the optimal conditions, and equilibrium is maintained by many regulatory mechanisms. All homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three interdependent components for the variable to be regulated: a receptor, a control center, and an effector. The receptor is the sensing component that monitors and responds to changes in the environment, either external or internal. Receptors include thermoreceptors and mechanoreceptors. Control centers include the respiratory center and the renin-angiotensin system. An effector is a target acted on to bring about the change back to the normal state. At the cellular level, receptors include nuclear receptors that bring about changes in gene expression through up-regulation or down-regulation and act in negative feedback mechanisms. An example of this is in the control of bile acids in the liver.
\r\n\tSome centers, such as the renin-angiotensin system, control more than one variable. When the receptor senses a stimulus, it reacts by sending action potentials to a control center. The control center sets the maintenance range—the acceptable upper and lower limits—for the particular variable, such as temperature. The control center responds to the signal by determining an appropriate response and sending signals to an effector, which can be one or more muscles, an organ, or a gland. When the signal is received and acted on, negative feedback is provided to the receptor that stops the need for further signaling.
\r\n\tThe cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), located at the presynaptic neuron, is a receptor that can stop stressful neurotransmitter release to the postsynaptic neuron; it is activated by endocannabinoids (ECs) such as anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamide; AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) via a retrograde signaling process in which these compounds are synthesized by and released from postsynaptic neurons, and travel back to the presynaptic terminal to bind to the CB1 receptor for modulation of neurotransmitter release to obtain homeostasis.
\r\n\tThe polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are lipid derivatives of omega-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, and eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) or of omega-6 (arachidonic acid, ARA) and are synthesized from membrane phospholipids and used as a precursor for endocannabinoids (ECs) mediate significant effects in the fine-tuning adjustment of body homeostasis.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tThe aim of this book is to discuss further various aspects of homeostasis, information that we hope to be useful to scientists, clinicians, and the wider public alike.
Nowadays, residues are wrongfully disposed of and underutilized, becoming an increasingly alarming problem for the environment and the population’s well-being. One of the primary sources of waste is the food industry. It is estimated that about 1600 Mton of food residues are produced annually, and about 500 Mton are entirely derived from fruits [1]. The consumption of natural fruit juices has been increasing recently, mainly due to health concerns in the population. A shift toward a healthier and more natural lifestyle implies a reduction in the intake of soft drinks that could contain a high concentration of sugars, artificial colorants, and artificial sweeteners with possible adverse effects on the human body [2]. Orange juice holds most of the market share due to its vitamin content and general health benefits. As with other citrus fruits, the majority of the fruit is discarded during the juice-making process. The residues include peels, seeds, and remnant pulp, which represent almost 50% of the total weight of the fruit [3].
Over the years, research has been made to develop ways to use organic waste as a source of chemical substances and energy. There are many studies regarding the obtention of multiple products from citrus peels [1, 4, 5, 6]. Some of these added-value products include pectin, essential oils, bioethanol, biogas, and polyphenolic compounds. These products can serve as feedstocks for other industrial processes or as final products by themselves, so the possibilities for selling them are very extensive.
Nonetheless, pectin has been one of the main chemical substances retrieved from citrus residues with organoleptic characteristics that depend highly on the processing steps and conditions used for its production. Moreover, due to the multiple value-added products obtained from citrus residues, it is appealing to investigate the possibility of integrating all these processes under the biorefinery concept, which encompasses a series of steps aimed to transform, refine, purify, or separate different kinds of biological assets into other products [7].
This chapter intends to compile relevant information regarding the production of pectin from citrus residues and thus, determine the most efficient methods that result in the best quality and yields of the final product. Using information collected in the last ten years and reported in relevant scientific databases (Scopus, Springer Link, Wiley, Taylor & Francis, and ACS), a description of the processing alternatives for pectin production was made. Additionally, the gathered information was used to propose the most convenient alternatives and process conditions for its obtention. Finally, the possibility of integrating pectin production into a whole citrus residues biorefinery was discussed, including novel valorization pathways that could increase the process’s economic, environmental, and social sustainability.
In the last few years, studies on developing new routes for utilizing organic citrus residues have mainly focused on pectin production. Pectin is primarily found as a component of the cell wall of plants that gives them resistance and flexibility due to its content of galacturonic acid, partially esterified with methyl ester or acetyl groups [8]. In general, the process begins by collecting citrus residues. The raw material is then washed, dried, and grinded before bioactive compound extraction. During the extraction of bio-compounds, essential oils, polyphenols, and flavonoids are removed to improve pectin’s quality. After this step, pectin is retrieved from biomass by breaking down the polymer and “dissolving it” into the liquid phase. The solid phase residue contains other structural carbohydrates that could be further valorized. The liquid, rich in galacturonic acid units, is then submitted to a separation step (“precipitation”), where it is washed with alcohols or organic solvents that cause pectin to agglomerate. These solvents also eliminate remnant bioactive compounds that can alter the final pectin’s organoleptic properties. Finally, solvents are evaporated from the jellified pectin to obtain the product of interest. Figure 1 shows a diagram representing each one of the processing steps to obtain pectin.
Process block diagram representing the unit operations to produce pectin from orange residues.
As seen in Figure 1, the process begins by washing the material to eliminate excess dirt. After that, citrus residues are prepared for further processing by drying, which guarantees their storage for long periods. The material’s drying process is usually carried out at temperatures around 40–60°C and drying times up to 2 days. However, the highest drying temperature reported is 95°C [9], which reduces the drying time but could cause the degradation of bioactive compounds. Also, it is desired to achieve low humidity (approximately 10%) as a way to extend the storage time of the raw material and to achieve a small particle size (< 1 mm) that generates a higher contact surface and a better performance during extraction [9].
It is important to remove certain bioactive compounds such as essential oils and flavonoids, besides some sugars interfering with the pectin’s final quality. The purpose of removing these compounds is to improve pectin’s esterification degree, galacturonic acid content and guarantee its physicochemical characteristics. At this stage, the principal compound of interest is the essential oil coming from the flavedo of the citrus peel. The essential oils from citrus fruits are conformed mostly by terpenes, which are organic substances responsible for the vegetal material’s organoleptic properties. With terpenes removal, unpleasant flavors are avoided, which improves the quality of the final product [10].
Multiple methods such as vapor explosion, hydrodistillation, steam distillation, and in some cases solvent extraction can be implemented to perform essential oil extraction. The most common method used is steam distillation. In this method, the organic material is placed in a container where steam can pass and reach the sample uniformly. On the other hand, hydrodistillation works by placing the residue in direct contact with boiling water. The essential oils are retrieved once the water vapor rich in terpenes and terpenoids is condensed in both cases. Nonetheless, hydrodistillation can present agglomerations due to the direct contact of the submerged material with the liquid, which interferes with steam access to specific system zones. Another extraction method is Solid–Liquid Extraction, which can be done with various polar and non-polar solvents to retrieve the bioactive compounds selectively. However, SLE can also be assisted by heat, agitation, ultrasound, or microwaves, increasing the yields of the desired compounds.
In Figures 2 and 3, the yields of essential oils and the limonene content reported using different extraction methods for orange residues are shown in relationship with the pectin process. In Figure 2, the highest essential oil yields were obtained using Solid–Liquid Extraction with acetone (~2.2%) [1]. Nonetheless, the Solid–Liquid Extraction with acetone would require further separation of the polar and non-polar compounds due to the polarity of the solvent. For steam distillation, yields of 0.7% [11] and 0.84% [9] were obtained, which are slightly lower than those obtained by Hilali et al. with hydrodistillation and solar hydrodistillation ~1% [12]. Differences observed in yields for steam distillation could be attributed to the distribution of the sample in the system and how steam interacts with the residue. It is possible to increase steam distillation yields by increasing the pressure in the system (steam explosion) or performing double hydrodistillation [10, 13]. In the case of hydrodistillation, similar yields were obtained independently if the process is carried out with solar energy or not. As seen in Figure 3, the limonene content in the essential oils of orange residues is between 90% and 95% [9, 10, 12].
Essential oil recovery.
Content of limonene in the essential oils extracted.
Once essential oils and other bioactive compounds are removed, the extraction of pectin can be carried out. The first option is to use the liquid phase from hydrodistillation, rich in pectic substances released during heating in direct contact with water. Since pectin is heat-sensible and water-soluble, this option is attractive to perform both essential oils removal and pectin extraction. Hilali et al. reported a yield of ~12% for conventional hydrodistillation and ~ 8.3% for solar hydrodistillation [12]. Even though similar yields were obtained for essential oils using hydrodistillation, the way the heat is applied to the system may affect how much of the pectin is dissolved, resulting in lower yields. Similar behavior can be observed when pectin is retrieved from microwave-assisted hydrodistillation, with yields of around 15% [14].
The most common way to extract pectin from citrus residues is to employ acid hydrolysis, which consists of breaking down the bonds of pectin to obtain galacturonic acid units at high temperatures (from 80–116°C) and low pH values (1–3) with the help of dilute inorganic or organic acids. These hydrolysis reactions can also be assisted by agitation, which enhances the rate of depolymerization of pectin. Figure 4 shows the best yields reported in recent literature for the pectin extraction process using different acids and processing conditions. From the inorganic acids in Figure 4, the highest yields were obtained using sulfuric acid (30.5%) [15], phosphoric acid (29.4%) [16], and hydrochloric acid with (~25%) [11]. It is important to note that the hydrolysis performed with sulfuric acid was completed at shorter times and higher temperatures (10 min and 116°C) [15] than the ones done with phosphoric acid (120 min, and 95°C) [16].
Yield of pectin obtained from acid hydrolysis of citrus residues (Orange peel, *lemon peel, **lime peel) using sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, and citric acid.
Moreover, the similar yields of pectin obtained from citrus residues using hydrochloric acid with different processing times [11, 17, 18] allow us to hypothesize that longer times could only cause a slight increase in the yield of pectin when temperatures are higher than 95°C at low pH values (1.6–1.8). On the contrary, lower temperatures (around 80°C) with hydrochloric acid reduce pectin yields. As seen in Figure 4, pectin yields decreased down to 16–20% [1, 19]. On the other hand, the hydrolysis of citrus residues using organic acids is mainly done with citric acid. The highest pectin yield reported using citric acid is 32.6% (160 min, at 90°C, and pH 2) [11], attributed to the long hydrolysis time. In Figure 4, it is possible to see that a short time of hydrolysis with citric acid results in lower yields. Once again, the use of temperatures around 80°C decreases pectin yields considerably, a behavior that was also observed when using inorganic acids. In the work of Rodsamran et al., microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis of lime residues was performed, with yields of ~16% and ~ 10% of pectin, for hydrochloric acid and citric acid, respectively [18]; once again, the yields obtained with the inorganic acid resulted higher. The implementation of microwave-assisted hydrolysis has the benefit of implementing shorter process times (~5 min) but has the disadvantage of altering the final color of pectin, making it more brownish than the desired one for commercial pectin [18].
The reported data in Figure 4 shows that the use of strong acids results in a better hydrolysis performance than organic acids due to their affinity for Ca2+ ions, which are responsible for stabilizing pectin chains [18]. However, it has been evidenced that the use of strong acids could be problematic since it causes the loss of some volatile compounds, environmental impacts such as the acidification of rain and water sources [20], and the degradation of valuable remnant substances that could have been further valorized due to their over hydrolysis. Conversely, the use of citric acid may cause lower environmental impacts than those resulting from the use of inorganic acids in the process. In addition, citric acid has been reported to cause less harsh depolymerization of pectin [18]. Also, it is easier to handle its traces during food formulations in comparison to inorganic acids.
The liquid phase that results from the hydrolysis, rich in galacturonic acid, is then retrieved and mixed with alcohols such as ethanol, methanol, 1-propanol, or its isomer isopropanol to separate pectin due to its insolubility in this type of solvents [21]. Most of the authors highlight the use of ethanol, acidified ethanol, or acetone to precipitate citrus pectin. Precipitation of pectin with ethanol is mainly done at 20–25°C, leaving the samples overnight (18 - 24 h) [17, 18, 22]. Depending on the degree of purification desired, different concentrations of ethanol can be used. At least one wash with ethanol at 96% (v/v) is made after pectin extraction. What is more, there are some cases in which the sample is washed three times or more with ethanol at different concentrations (50%, 70%, and 96%), not only to separate pectin but also to remove sugars, polyphenols, and essential oils that remain [1, 8, 9, 10, 16, 17, 22, 23]. The removal of these undesired substances helps to obtain pectin in its whitened form. In addition, ethanol could be ideal since it avoids the precipitation of other non-desired compounds [24] and can absorb water from the pectin. Ethanol could also be beneficial for the process since it can be further recovered and reused.
Moreover, since pectin requires acidic conditions for its precipitation, it is necessary to use acidified ethanol (0.5% HCl) when pectin is obtained from hot water extraction [10], as happens when doing hydrodistillation. It is also possible to remove other remnant substances from pectin and increase the organoleptic characteristic of the final product by using a final wash with acetone. For example, Rodsamran et al. used three ethanol washes and a final acetone wash to guarantee almost a complete removal of bioactive compounds and increase the purity of pectin [18].
At this point, some authors report the use of centrifugation to facilitate the separation of pectin from the solvents once they had made effect. Centrifugation has been carried out at low temperatures (4–10°C) using speeds from 4000 rpm to 9000 rpm in a time range of 10 to 20 min [9, 11, 12, 13, 22, 23]. After pectin is fully separated, it can be dried at low temperatures that guarantee the thermal stability of the polymer. It is possible to used use vacuum drying at 40°C for short periods of time (1-2 h) [1, 11, 16, 19] or convection drying at 50–55°C for 16 to 24 h [8, 9, 12, 15, 17, 18, 22, 23, 25]. It is important to highlight that pectin yields are primarily affected by other process stages, not by the drying step. However, to guarantee pectin’s quality, it is recommended to avoid the exposure of the material to high temperatures for long periods.
To evaluate the final quality of the obtained pectin after purification, the galacturonic acid content and the degree of esterification are the two main characteristics that should always be considered. The galacturonic acid content reveals how much of the retrieved sample contains the primary units to form the polymer. The degree of esterification describes how many carboxyl groups of the galacturonic acid in pectin are esterified with methanol which influences the gelling capacity of pectin. Consequently, both properties help to define the most suitable applications for the extracted pectin.
As can be seen in Figures 5 and 6, the highest content of galacturonic acid (~90%) and esterification degree (71–85.6%) was reported by Rodsamran et al. using hydrochloric acid and citric acid in the hydrolysis of lime peels [18]. The standalone result for the esterification degree of orange pectin obtained with phosphoric acid is also high (83.6%) [16] and suggests the necessity of further investigation of the use of this acid in the process. In orange peels, even though broad ranges of galacturonic acid content (50–75%) were reported for hydrochloric acid and citric acid, the esterification degree reported maintained a value around 65–70%. The low galacturonic acid content reported in some cases could be attributed to how the sample was washed to remove remnant phytochemicals and sugars and to the prolonged effect of temperature at low pH values. The decrease in the pH at high temperatures over long periods causes an increment in the degree of dissociation of the carboxylic acid groups [24], leading to the degradation of pectin into substances of lower molecular weight, which ethanol cannot precipitate [26].
Galacturonic acid content of pectin obtained from acid hydrolysis of citrus residues (Orange peel and *lime peel) using hydrochloric acid and citric acid.
Degree of esterification of pectin obtained from acid hydrolysis of citrus residues (Orange peel and *lime peel) using phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, and citric acid.
It is possible to infer that orange pectin would have similar gelling properties no matter if it were obtained using either citric acid or hydrochloric acid at different process conditions. Since the galacturonic acid content reported in Figure 5 is always higher than 50% and the esterification degree higher than 65%, it is possible to say that the obtained citrus pectin can be considered as high-methoxyl pectin [27, 28]. This kind of pectin forms its structure based on hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups, where sugars, thanks to their highly hydrophilic effect, allow the bonding between polymer chains. High-methoxyl pectin can achieve jellification in few minutes at temperatures around 95°C, suggesting the possibility of using citrus pectin in various food products. On the contrary, low-methoxyl pectin requires metallic cations (Ca2+ or Mg2+) that bond between themselves and the anionic structure of pectin to form gels due to its low degree of esterification [14].
Figure 7 shows a process diagram that suggests the most appropriate process conditions to obtain citrus pectin. In the first place, the raw material must be adequately dried to assure its preservation and milled to increase the contact surface which yields during essential oils extraction and hydrolysis. Secondly, steam distillation is preferable for essential oils extraction since it would selectively retrieve these valuable substances without affecting the material. Contrary to this, during hydrodistillation, the material is in direct contact with hot water, which causes its partial hydrolysis and the degradation of pectic substances, resulting in lower pectin yields; additionally, the use of hydrodistillation would require the acidification of ethanol during precipitation. Thirdly, the acid hydrolysis of pectin can be carried out either with hydrochloric acid or citric acid since the final pectin would always have high-methoxyl properties. Nonetheless, process conditions that tend to increase yields and galacturonic acid percentage should be employed. It is necessary to perform a careful separation and purification during the final steps to assure high yields and purity of pectin. The last stage of pectin production will always require ethanol at 96% (v/v) for its precipitation and several washes with ethanol and acetone that remove sugars and bioactive compounds. After that, centrifugation is used to assure proper separation from the solvent (that can be later evaporated and reused) and vacuum drying to avoid the degradation of the final product. It is important to highlight that it is possible to obtain additional valuable products from the bioactive compounds extracted through steam distillation and the solids retrieved after hydrolysis rich in lignocellulose.
The production process of citrus pectin and suggested operational conditions.
It is useful to study how different processes can be integrated with the existent pectin production process under the biorefinery concept to improve the integral sustainability of the valorization of citrus residues. This means that the sustainable use of citrus residues implies the maximization of possible products and energy obtained from this feedstock. For that, it is crucial to consider a logical order in which the different compounds are extracted or produced, as the presence of some of them can impact the quality of other compounds later in the process, which relates to the concept of biomass cascading applied to the biorefinery design process [29, 30]. Additionally, other reagents used along the steps should be carefully selected and studied as they may impact the desired product itself, cause environmental issues, or affect the economic viability of the whole process. Finally, the technical aspects of each step should always be considered to guarantee the quality and yield of the different products.
In this context, citrus residues constitute the primary raw material derived from biomass, and the different processes discussed earlier help to separate it and transform said reagents into chemical substances that can be used as final bioproducts. Nonetheless, there are opportunities to produce more value-added products by integrating the pectin production process with several configurations of other technologies, which are summarized in Figure 8. For example, Hilali et al. proposed an orange peel biorefinery that obtains essential oils and pectin but extracts additional value from the solar hydrodistillation process by retrieving partially solubilized polyphenols (flavanones) such as Narirutin and Hesperidin [12]. In another work, Budarin et al. proposed the use of microwave-assisted steam distillation (using only the water present in the peel) and microwave-assisted hydrothermal treatment to obtain essential oils, pectin but also hydroxymethylfurfural and 5-chloromethyl furfural (CMF) which can be used as platform chemicals to produce herbicides, insecticides, pharmaceuticals, monomers, solvents and fuels [31]. Ortiz-Sanchez et al. proposed the anaerobic digestion of the solid residue obtained after acid hydrolysis to produce biogas with a high methane content [9], and also the use of hydrolyzed pectin in a fermentation process with fungi (
Alternatives for the integration of the pectin production process under the biorefinery concept.
The biorefinery concept can be associated with several relevant terms such as bioeconomy, circular economy, and industrial symbiosis. Many countries have started promoting policies and programs regarding the bioeconomy as a sustainable development strategy [7]. Circular economy and industrial symbiosis have also gained popularity among the policymakers and stakeholders of different companies. Generally speaking, these three concepts can be summarized as approaches that include the use of biomass-derived feedstocks obtained from various processes from different industries and that contribute to closing down the cycle of industrial processes by using one industry’s residues as the feedstocks for another. Not only the value-added products are being produced, but a significant quantity of residues could be used as raw material, a material that would typically end up in a landfill with no further treatment. With this in mind, it is clear why incorporating the processes described above under the biorefinery concept results in a relevant field of study for the valorization of citrus residues and the sustainability of pectin production.
More studies must be performed to determine the feasibility of integrating the possible biorefinery configurations shown in Figure 8, the most convenient processing scale [4], and their sustainability. It would be interesting to include not only technical but also environmental, economic, and social aspects into the evaluation of the sustainability of biorefineries from citrus residues by performing an Early-Stage assessment, a methodology that allows the evaluation of multiple biorefinery pathways without the need for vast amounts of data [35, 36, 37, 38]. However, the integrated biorefinery’s isolated technical, economic, and environmental viability analysis is not enough. It is also essential to demonstrate the sustainability of those bio-based products to promote the deployment of a circular bio-based economy [39] because using residues as feedstocks does not necessarily mean that a process is sustainable. Additionally, in terms of industrial symbiosis, several strategic alliances could be built by selling some of the obtained added-value products to companies that use them as feedstocks. For example, essential oils and polyphenols are mainly used in cosmetics, toiletries, and fragrances due to their essence and benefits for the skin. Also, the market has seen a shift toward organic and natural products, increasing the popularity of essential oils both in pure form and as additives in skin care and hair products. Other products formulated using biorefinery products are jellies, jams, and frozen foods using pectin. In addition, pectin is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry to reduce blood cholesterol levels and treat gastrointestinal disorders [40]. Other applications include paper substitutes, foams, and plasticizers. Knowing this, the potential benefits of the biorefinery increase, as it would not only align with the current strategies for developing a greener industry, but other companies would also benefit from the possible sustainable-produced chemical substances, materials, and energy derived from the pectin production process.
After studying the different options available for pectin extraction, some key findings were made. First, it is crucial to remove essential oils and bioactive compounds beforehand, as they can interfere with the yield and quality of pectin. Citrus essential oil is most commonly removed by steam distillation. However, hydrodistillation and Solid–Liquid Extraction have been shown as an alternative. One advantage of hydrodistillation is that it can also partially extract pectin while the essential oil is retrieved, thus reducing time and resources. Pectin is mainly obtained through acid hydrolysis using different solvents. Hydrochloric acid and citric acid have shown better yields than other solvents, and both result in the obtention of high-methoxyl pectin with rapid jellification. However, when considering an industrial approach, the environmental and safety hazards should be revised; because of this, citric acid represents a better option. It is essential to perform a careful separation and purification of pectin with ethanol and acetone to achieve the appropriate organoleptic properties of citrus pectin. Finally, when considering a biorefinery approach, other valorization alternatives such as the recuperation of flavonoids, the use of sugar-rich hydrolysates to produce ethanol, organic acids, and cellulose, the anaerobic digestion to produce biogas and liquid digestate, and the possibility to use citrus residues directly as fertilizers, are presented as novel possibilities to improve the pectin production process under the biorefinery concept.
Part of this research was financed by The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Center for Latin America and the Caribbean, based at Universidad de Los Andes (Bogotá, Colombia), in relationship with the call for the financing of teaching and research projects related to the scope of the sustainable development goals. Also, this research was also financed by the Product and Processs Design Group (PPDG) and the Research Vice-Chancellor Office of Universidad de Los Andes.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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It manifests as a stable quasiperiodic interwell hopping between both stable states with a small random perturbation. Classical definition and basic features of SR are regarded. The most important methods of investigation outlined are: analytical, semi-analytical, and numerical procedures of governing physical systems or relevant Fokker-Planck equation. Stochastic simulation is mentioned and experimental way of results verification is recommended. Some areas in Engineering Dynamics related with SR are presented together with a particular demonstration observed in the aeroelastic stability. Interaction of stationary and quasiperiodic parts of the response is discussed. Some nonconventional definitions are outlined concerning alternative operators and driving processes are highlighted. The chapter shows a large potential of specific basic, applied and industrial research in SR. This strategy enables to formulate new ideas for both development of nonconventional measures for vibration damping and employment of SR in branches, where it represents an operating mode of the system itself. Weaknesses and empty areas where the research effort of SR should be oriented are indicated.",book:{id:"6128",slug:"resonance",title:"Resonance",fullTitle:"Resonance"},signatures:"Jiří Náprstek and Cyril Fischer",authors:[{id:"207472",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiri",middleName:null,surname:"Naprstek",slug:"jiri-naprstek",fullName:"Jiri Naprstek"},{id:"213311",title:"Dr.",name:"Cyril",middleName:null,surname:"Fischer",slug:"cyril-fischer",fullName:"Cyril Fischer"}]},{id:"74032",title:"Wavelets for EEG Analysis",slug:"wavelets-for-eeg-analysis",totalDownloads:1208,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This chapter introduces the applications of wavelet for Electroencephalogram (EEG) signal analysis. First, the overview of EEG signal is discussed to the recording of raw EEG and widely used frequency bands in EEG studies. The chapter then progresses to discuss the common artefacts that contaminate EEG signal while recording. With a short overview of wavelet analysis techniques, namely; Continues Wavelet Transform (CWT), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), and Wavelet Packet Decomposition (WPD), the chapter demonstrates the richness of CWT over conventional time-frequency analysis technique e.g. Short-Time Fourier Transform. Lastly, artefact removal algorithms based on Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and wavelet are discussed and a comparative analysis is demonstrated. The techniques covered in this chapter show that wavelet analysis is well-suited for EEG signals for describing time-localised event. Due to similar nature, wavelet analysis is also suitable for other biomedical signals such as Electrocardiogram and Electromyogram.",book:{id:"10065",slug:"wavelet-theory",title:"Wavelet Theory",fullTitle:"Wavelet Theory"},signatures:"Nikesh Bajaj",authors:[{id:"326400",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikesh",middleName:null,surname:"Bajaj",slug:"nikesh-bajaj",fullName:"Nikesh Bajaj"}]},{id:"70067",title:"Analytic Prognostic in the Linear Damage Case Applied to Buried Petrochemical Pipelines and the Complex Probability Paradigm",slug:"analytic-prognostic-in-the-linear-damage-case-applied-to-buried-petrochemical-pipelines-and-the-comp",totalDownloads:2681,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"In 1933, Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov established the system of five axioms that define the concept of mathematical probability. This system can be developed to include the set of imaginary numbers by adding a supplementary three original axioms. Therefore, any experiment can be performed in the set \n\nC\n\n of complex probabilities which is the summation of the set \n\nR\n\n of real probabilities and the set \n\nM\n\n of imaginary probabilities. The purpose here is to include additional imaginary dimensions to the experiment taking place in the “real” laboratory in \n\nR\n\n and hence to evaluate all the probabilities. Consequently, the probability in the entire set \n\nC\n=\nR\n+\nM\n\n is permanently equal to one no matter what the stochastic distribution of the input random variable in \n\nR\n\n is; therefore the outcome of the probabilistic experiment in \n\nC\n\n can be determined perfectly. This is due to the fact that the probability in \n\nC\n\n is calculated after subtracting from the degree of our knowledge the chaotic factor of the random experiment. Consequently, the purpose in this chapter is to join my complex probability paradigm to the analytic prognostic of buried petrochemical pipelines in the case of linear damage accumulation. Accordingly, after the calculation of the novel prognostic model parameters, we will be able to evaluate the degree of knowledge, the magnitude of the chaotic factor, the complex probability, the probabilities of the system failure and survival, and the probability of the remaining useful lifetime; after that a pressure time t has been applied to the pipeline, which are all functions of the system degradation subject to random and stochastic influences.",book:{id:"7751",slug:"fault-detection-diagnosis-and-prognosis",title:"Fault Detection, Diagnosis and Prognosis",fullTitle:"Fault Detection, Diagnosis and Prognosis"},signatures:"Abdo Abou Jaoude",authors:[{id:"248271",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdo",middleName:null,surname:"Abou Jaoudé",slug:"abdo-abou-jaoude",fullName:"Abdo Abou Jaoudé"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"163",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81892",title:"Perspective Chapter: Lattice Solitons in a Nonlocal Nonlinear Medium with Self-Focusing and Self-Defocusing Quintic Nonlinearity",slug:"perspective-chapter-lattice-solitons-in-a-nonlocal-nonlinear-medium-with-self-focusing-and-self-defo",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104824",abstract:"The fundamental lattice solitons are explored in a nonlocal nonlinear medium with self-focusing and self-defocusing quintic nonlinearity. The band-gap boundaries, soliton profiles, and stability domains of fundamental solitons are investigated comprehensively by the linear stability spectra and nonlinear evolution of the solitons. It is demonstrated that fundamental lattice solitons can stay stable for a wide range of parameters with the weak self-focusing and self-defocusing quintic nonlinearity, while strong self-focusing and self-defocusing quintic nonlinearities are shortened the propagation distance of evolved solitons. Furthermore, it is observed that when the instability emerges from strong quintic nonlinearity, increasing anisotropy of the medium and modification of lattice depth can be considered as a collapse arrest mechanism.",book:{id:"10959",title:"The Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10959.jpg"},signatures:"Mahmut Bağcı, Theodoros P. Horikis, İlkay Bakırtaş and Nalan Antar"},{id:"80350",title:"A Comparison of the Undetermined Coefficient Method and the Adomian Decomposition Method for the Solutions of the Sasa-Satsuma Equation",slug:"a-comparison-of-the-undetermined-coefficient-method-and-the-adomian-decomposition-method-for-the-sol",totalDownloads:41,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101817",abstract:"This chapter will talk about the mathematical as well as numerical aspects of the Sasa-Satsuma equation that is the extended nontrivial version of nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation. The exact solution will be found out by the undetermined coefficient method. After that, the Adomian decomposition method is secure numerical simulations of computed analytical solutions. The error plots are given to see the accuracy of the results.",book:{id:"10959",title:"The Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10959.jpg"},signatures:"Mir Asma"},{id:"79127",title:"Soliton Like-Breather Induced by Modulational Instability in a Generalized Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation",slug:"soliton-like-breather-induced-by-modulational-instability-in-a-generalized-nonlinear-schr-dinger-equ",totalDownloads:96,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100522",abstract:"We consider the nonlinear Schrödinger equation modified by a rational nonlinear term. The model appears in various studies often in the context of the Ginzburg-Landau equation. We investigate modulational instability by means of a linear stability analysis and show how the nonlinear terms affect the growth rate. This analytical result is confirmed by a numerical simulation. The latter analysis shows that breather-like solitons are generated from the instability, and the effects of the nonlinear terms are again clearly seen. Moreover, by employing an auxiliary-equation method we obtain kink and anti-kink soliton as analytical solutions. Our theoretical solution is in good agreement with our numerical investigation.",book:{id:"10959",title:"The Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10959.jpg"},signatures:"Saïdou Abdoulkary and Alidou Mohamadou"},{id:"79040",title:"Traveling Wave Solutions and Chaotic Motions for a Perturbed Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation with Power-Law Nonlinearity and Higher-Order Dispersions",slug:"traveling-wave-solutions-and-chaotic-motions-for-a-perturbed-nonlinear-schr-dinger-equation-with-pow",totalDownloads:92,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100396",abstract:"This chapter aims to study and solve the perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation with the power-law nonlinearity in a nano-optical fiber, based upon different methods such as the auxiliary equation method, the Stuart and DiPrima’s stability analysis method, and the bifurcation theory. The existence of the traveling wave solutions is discussed, and their stability properties are investigated through the modulational stability gain spectra. Moreover, the development of the chaotic motions for the systems is pointed out via the bifurcation theory. Taking into account an external periodic perturbation, we have analyzed the chaotic behavior of traveling waves through quasiperiodic route to chaos.",book:{id:"10959",title:"The Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10959.jpg"},signatures:"Mati Youssoufa, Ousmanou Dafounansou, Camus Gaston Latchio Tiofack and Alidou Mohamadou"},{id:"78957",title:"Resonant Optical Solitons in (3 + 1)-Dimensions Dominated by Kerr Law and Parabolic Law Nonlinearities",slug:"resonant-optical-solitons-in-3-1-dimensions-dominated-by-kerr-law-and-parabolic-law-nonlinearities",totalDownloads:96,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100469",abstract:"This study investigates the optical solitons of of (3+1)-dimensional resonant nonlinear Schrödinger (3D-RNLS) equation with the two laws of nonlinearity. The two forms of nonlinearity are represented by Kerr law and parabolic law. Based on complex transformation, the traveling wave reduction of the governing model is derived. The projective Riccati equations technique is applied to obtain the exact solutions of 3D-RNLS equation. Various types of waves that represent different structures of optical solitons are extracted. These structures include bright, dark, singular, dark-singular and combined singular solitons. Additionally, the obliquity effect on resonant solitons is illustrated graphically and is found to cause dramatic variations in soliton behaviors.",book:{id:"10959",title:"The Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10959.jpg"},signatures:"Khalil S. Al-Ghafri"},{id:"78793",title:"Nonlinear Generalized Schrödinger’s Equations by Lifting Hamilton-Jacobi’s Formulation of Classical Mechanics",slug:"nonlinear-generalized-schr-dinger-s-equations-by-lifting-hamilton-jacobi-s-formulation-of-classical-",totalDownloads:97,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100068",abstract:"It is well known that, by taking a limit of Schrödinger’s equation, we may recover Hamilton-Jacobi’s equation which governs one of the possible formulations of classical mechanics. Conversely, we may start from the Hamilton-Jacobi’s equation and, by using a lifting principle, we may reach a set of nonlinear generalized Schrödinger’s equations. The classical Schrödinger’s equation then occurs as the simplest equation among the set.",book:{id:"10959",title:"The Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10959.jpg"},signatures:"Gérard Gouesbet"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:7},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. 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