\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7662",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Nonlinear Systems -Theoretical Aspects and Recent Applications",title:"Nonlinear Systems",subtitle:"Theoretical Aspects and Recent Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The editors of this book have incorporated contributions from a diverse group of leading researchers in the field of nonlinear systems. To enrich the scope of the content, this book contains a valuable selection of works on fractional differential equations.The book aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge on nonlinear systems and some aspects of fractional calculus. The main subject areas are divided into two theoretical and applied sections. Nonlinear systems are useful for researchers in mathematics, applied mathematics, and physics, as well as graduate students who are studying these systems with reference to their theory and application. This book is also an ideal complement to the specific literature on engineering, biology, health science, and other applied science areas. The opportunity given by IntechOpen to offer this book under the open access system contributes to disseminating the field of nonlinear systems to a wide range of researchers.",isbn:"978-1-78985-472-5",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-471-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-308-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77467",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"nonlinear-systems-theoretical-aspects-and-recent-applications",numberOfPages:286,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"fdcb3bf6de1d84506ffc6aa9e5b691b3",bookSignature:"Walter Legnani and Terry E. Moschandreou",publishedDate:"May 13th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7662.jpg",numberOfDownloads:10798,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:18,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:29,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 29th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 21st 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 20th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 8th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 7th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"199059",title:"Dr.",name:"Walter",middleName:"Edgardo",surname:"Legnani",slug:"walter-legnani",fullName:"Walter Legnani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199059/images/system/199059.jpg",biography:"Walter E. Legnani has a degree in Physics and a PhD in the area of Physics from the University of Buenos Aires (Argentina), and a thesis developed at the University of Colorado and the National Centre for Atmospheric Research (USA). He also has a postdoc from the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Cambridge University and Reading University (UK). He is a full professor in signal and system analysis and has run several postgraduate courses. He is also Director of the Signals and Image Processing Centre (Universidad Tecnologica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires), a director of several postgraduate theses, a board scientific member of the Binational Centre Argentina Italia (CAIMAR), a former full professor at Favaloro University, a former secretary of science, technology and postgraduate studies (UTN), and a member of several international scientific societies and evaluation committees. He is a peer reviewer and guest editor of prestigious journals of high impact. www.researchgate.net/profile/Walter_Legnani",institutionString:"Universidad Tecnológica Nacional",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"National Technological University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"146196",title:"Dr.",name:"Terry E.",middleName:null,surname:"Moschandreou",slug:"terry-e.-moschandreou",fullName:"Terry E. Moschandreou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/146196/images/system/146196.jpg",biography:"Dr. Terry E. Moschandreou is a professor in applied mathematics at the University of Western Ontario in the School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences where he has taught for several years. He received his PhD degree in Applied Mathematics from the University of Western Ontario in 1996. The greater part of his professional life has been spent at the University of Western Ontario and Fanshawe College in London, Ontario, Canada. Dr. Moschandreou is also currently working for Goode Educational Services where he teaches students advanced calculus and linear algebra. For a short period, he worked at the National Technical University of Athens, Greece. Dr. Moschandreou is the author of several research articles in blood flow and oxygen transport in the microcirculation, general fluid dynamics, and theory of differential equations. Also, he has contributed to the field of finite element modeling of the upper airways in sleep apnea as well as surgical brain deformation modeling. More recently, he has been working\nwith the partial differential equations of multiphase flow and level set methods as used in fluid dynamics.",institutionString:"London International Academy",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Western University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"966",title:"Dynamical Systems Theory",slug:"dynamical-systems-theory"}],chapters:[{id:"67141",title:"A Review on Fractional Differential Equations and a Numerical Method to Solve Some Boundary Value Problems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86273",slug:"a-review-on-fractional-differential-equations-and-a-numerical-method-to-solve-some-boundary-value-pr",totalDownloads:1872,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Fractional differential equations can describe the dynamics of several complex and nonlocal systems with memory. They arise in many scientific and engineering areas such as physics, chemistry, biology, biophysics, economics, control theory, signal and image processing, etc. Particularly, nonlinear systems describing different phenomena can be modeled with fractional derivatives. Chaotic behavior has also been reported in some fractional models. There exist theoretical results related to existence and uniqueness of solutions to initial and boundary value problems with fractional differential equations; for the nonlinear case, there are still few of them. In this work we will present a summary of the different definitions of fractional derivatives and show models where they appear, including simple nonlinear systems with chaos. Existing results on the solvability of classical fractional differential equations and numerical approaches are summarized. Finally, we propose a numerical scheme to approximate the solution to linear fractional initial value problems and boundary value problems.",signatures:"María I. Troparevsky, Silvia A. Seminara and Marcela A. Fabio",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67141",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67141",authors:[{id:"296689",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Ines",surname:"Troparevsky",slug:"maria-ines-troparevsky",fullName:"Maria Ines Troparevsky"},{id:"296690",title:"Prof.",name:"Silvia Alejandra",surname:"Seminara",slug:"silvia-alejandra-seminara",fullName:"Silvia Alejandra Seminara"},{id:"296691",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcela Antonieta",surname:"Fabio",slug:"marcela-antonieta-fabio",fullName:"Marcela Antonieta Fabio"}],corrections:null},{id:"70702",title:"Numerical Solutions to Some Families of Fractional Order Differential Equations by Laguerre Polynomials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90754",slug:"numerical-solutions-to-some-families-of-fractional-order-differential-equations-by-laguerre-polynomi",totalDownloads:722,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This article is devoted to compute numerical solutions of some classes and families of fractional order differential equations (FODEs). For the required numerical analysis, we utilize Laguerre polynomials and establish some operational matrices regarding to fractional order derivatives and integrals without discretizing the data. Further corresponding to boundary value problems (BVPs), we establish a new operational matrix which is used to compute numerical solutions of boundary value problems (BVPs) of FODEs. Based on these operational matrices (OMs), we convert the proposed (FODEs) or their system to corresponding algebraic equation of Sylvester type or system of Sylvester type. The resulting algebraic equations are solved by MATLAB® using Gauss elimination method for the unknown coefficient matrix. To demonstrate the suggested scheme for numerical solution, many suitable examples are provided.",signatures:"Adnan Khan, Kamal Shah and Danfeng Luo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70702",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70702",authors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"},{id:"315437",title:"Mr.",name:"Adnan",surname:"Khan",slug:"adnan-khan",fullName:"Adnan Khan"},{id:"315438",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Danfeng",surname:"Luo",slug:"danfeng-luo",fullName:"Danfeng Luo"}],corrections:null},{id:"71158",title:"A Shamanskii-Like Accelerated Scheme for Nonlinear Systems of Equations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87246",slug:"a-shamanskii-like-accelerated-scheme-for-nonlinear-systems-of-equations",totalDownloads:719,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Newton-type methods with diagonal update to the Jacobian matrix are regarded as one most efficient and low memory scheme for system of nonlinear equations. One of the main advantages of these methods is solving nonlinear system of equations having singular Fréchet derivative at the root. In this chapter, we present a Jacobian approximation to the Shamanskii method, to obtain a convergent and accelerated scheme for systems of nonlinear equations. Precisely, we will focus on the efficiency of our proposed method and compare the performance with other existing methods. Numerical examples illustrate the efficiency and the theoretical analysis of the proposed methods.",signatures:"Ibrahim Mohammed Sulaiman, Mustafa Mamat and Umar Audu Omesa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71158",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71158",authors:[{id:"299084",title:"Dr.",name:"Mustafa",surname:"Mamat",slug:"mustafa-mamat",fullName:"Mustafa Mamat"},{id:"316957",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",surname:"Sulaiman",slug:"ibrahim-sulaiman",fullName:"Ibrahim Sulaiman"}],corrections:null},{id:"71621",title:"Modified Moving Least Squares Method for Two-Dimensional Linear and Nonlinear Systems of Integral Equations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89394",slug:"modified-moving-least-squares-method-for-two-dimensional-linear-and-nonlinear-systems-of-integral-eq",totalDownloads:648,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This work aims at focusing on modifying the moving least squares (MMLS) methods for solving two-dimensional linear and nonlinear systems of integral equations and system of differential equations. The modified shape function is our main aim, so for computing the shape function based on the moving least squares method (MLS), an efficient algorithm is presented. In this modification, additional terms is proposed to impose based on the coefficients of the polynomial base functions on the quadratic base functions (m = 2). So, the MMLS method is developed for solving the systems of two-dimensional linear and nonlinear integral equations at irregularly distributed nodes. This approach prevents the singular moment matrix in the context of MLS based on meshfree methods. Also, determining the best radius of the support domain of a field node is an open problem for MLS-based methods. Therefore, the next important thing is that the MMLS algorithm can automatically find the best neighborhood radius for each node. Then, numerical examples are presented that determine the main motivators for doing this so. These examples enable us to make comparisons of two methods: MMLS and classical MLS.",signatures:"Massoumeh Poura’bd Rokn Saraei and Mashaallah Matinfar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71621",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71621",authors:[{id:"294463",title:"Dr.",name:"Masoumeh",surname:"Pourabd Rokne Saraie",slug:"masoumeh-pourabd-rokne-saraie",fullName:"Masoumeh Pourabd Rokne Saraie"}],corrections:null},{id:"68214",title:"Informational Time Causal Planes: A Tool for Chaotic Map Dynamic Visualization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88107",slug:"informational-time-causal-planes-a-tool-for-chaotic-map-dynamic-visualization",totalDownloads:778,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the present chapter, we made a detailed analysis of the different regimes of certain chaotic systems and their correspondence with the change in the normalized Shannon entropy, Statistical Complexity, and Fisher information measure. We construct a bidimensional plane composed of the selection of a pair of the informational tools mentioned above (a casual plane is defined), in which the different dynamical regimes appeared very clear and give more information of the underlying process. In such a way, a plane composed of the normalized Shannon entropy, statistical complexity, normalized Shannon entropy, and Fisher information measure can be applied to follow the changes in the behavior variations of the nonlinear systems.",signatures:"Felipe Olivares, Lindiane Souza, Walter Legnani and Osvaldo A. Rosso",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68214",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68214",authors:[{id:"199059",title:"Dr.",name:"Walter",surname:"Legnani",slug:"walter-legnani",fullName:"Walter Legnani"},{id:"297320",title:"Dr.",name:"Osvaldo",surname:"Rosso",slug:"osvaldo-rosso",fullName:"Osvaldo Rosso"},{id:"303354",title:"Dr.",name:"Felipe",surname:"Olivares",slug:"felipe-olivares",fullName:"Felipe Olivares"},{id:"303355",title:"MSc.",name:"Lindiane",surname:"Souza",slug:"lindiane-souza",fullName:"Lindiane Souza"}],corrections:null},{id:"67865",title:"On the Stabilization of Infinite Dimensional Semilinear Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87067",slug:"on-the-stabilization-of-infinite-dimensional-semilinear-systems",totalDownloads:480,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter considers the question of the output stabilization for a class of infinite dimensional semilinear system evolving on a spatial domain Ω by controls depending on the output operator. First we study the case of bilinear systems, so we give sufficient conditions for exponential, strong and weak stabilization of the output of such systems. Then, we extend the obtained results for bilinear systems to the semilinear ones. Under sufficient conditions, we obtain controls that exponentially, strongly, and weakly stabilize the output of such systems. The method is based essentially on the decay of the energy and the semigroup approach. Illustrations by examples and simulations are also given.",signatures:"El Hassan Zerrik and Abderrahman Ait Aadi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67865",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67865",authors:[{id:"297403",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Abderrahman",surname:"Ait Aadi",slug:"abderrahman-ait-aadi",fullName:"Abderrahman Ait Aadi"},{id:"298779",title:"Prof.",name:"El Hassan",surname:"Zerrik",slug:"el-hassan-zerrik",fullName:"El Hassan Zerrik"}],corrections:null},{id:"68230",title:"Existence, Regularity, and Compactness Properties in the α-Norm for Some Partial Functional Integrodifferential Equations with Finite Delay",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88090",slug:"existence-regularity-and-compactness-properties-in-the-em-em-norm-for-some-partial-functional-integr",totalDownloads:518,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The objective, in this work, is to study the alpha-norm, the existence, the continuity dependence in initial data, the regularity, and the compactness of solutions of mild solution for some semi-linear partial functional integrodifferential equations in abstract Banach space. Our main tools are the fractional power of linear operator theory and the operator resolvent theory. We suppose that the linear part has a resolvent operator in the sense of Grimmer. The nonlinear part is assumed to be continuous with respect to a fractional power of the linear part in the second variable. An application is provided to illustrate our results.",signatures:"Boubacar Diao, Khalil Ezzinbi and Mamadou Sy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68230",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68230",authors:[{id:"300302",title:"Dr.",name:"Boubacar",surname:"Diao",slug:"boubacar-diao",fullName:"Boubacar Diao"},{id:"305793",title:"Prof.",name:"Khalil",surname:"Ezzinbi",slug:"khalil-ezzinbi",fullName:"Khalil Ezzinbi"}],corrections:null},{id:"68938",title:"Nonlinear Resonances in 3D Printed Structures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88934",slug:"nonlinear-resonances-in-3d-printed-structures",totalDownloads:781,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nonlinear resonators can have advantages over linear designs including increased sensitivity towards changes in their physical properties and environment, and high quality factors which make them attractive in applications such as mass/chemical sensors or signal filters. Designing nonlinear structures, however, requires much understanding of nonlinear behavior characteristics of structures. Similarly, the proliferation of 3D or additive manufacturing/printing capabilities has opened the doors to deploying nonlinear resonators on scales not possible earlier. However, to obtain consistent nonlinear dynamic performance the designer must perform a careful analysis to explore the existence and repeatability of desired nonlinear behavior. Also, the use of 3D printing with the associated substrate material properties poses its own challenges in regards to device simulation in view of the fact that most of the traditional literature on nonlinear resonators assumes linear material stiffness. In this chapter, the authors discuss computational design methods for structural design, and specifically study the case of 1:2 internal resonances in resonators made of nonlinear (hyperelastic) materials. The design methods allow for development of large number of candidate resonator designs without a required significant nonlinear structural design experience, and the study of the dynamic response of the resonators provides a glimpse in to the 1:2 nonlinear internal resonance exhibited by the candidate resonators.",signatures:"Astitva Tripathi and Anil K. Bajaj",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68938",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68938",authors:[{id:"302581",title:"Prof.",name:"Anil",surname:"Bajaj",slug:"anil-bajaj",fullName:"Anil Bajaj"},{id:"302582",title:"Dr.",name:"Astitva",surname:"Tripathi",slug:"astitva-tripathi",fullName:"Astitva Tripathi"}],corrections:null},{id:"68443",title:"Nonlinear Systems in Healthcare towards Intelligent Disease Prediction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88163",slug:"nonlinear-systems-in-healthcare-towards-intelligent-disease-prediction",totalDownloads:768,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Healthcare is one of the key fields that works quite strongly with advanced analytical techniques for prediction of diseases and risks. Data being the most important asset in recent times, a huge amount of health data is being collected, thanks to the recent advancements of IoT, smart healthcare, etc. But the focal objective lies in making sense of that data and to obtain knowledge, using intelligent analytics. Nonlinear systems find use specifically in this field, working closely with health data. Using advanced methods of machine learning and computational intelligence, nonlinear analysis performs a key role in analyzing the enormous amount of data, aimed at finding important patterns and predicting diseases. Especially in the field of smart healthcare, this chapter explores some aspects of nonlinear systems in predictive analytics, providing a holistic view of the field as well as some examples to illustrate such intelligent systems toward disease prediction.",signatures:"Parag Chatterjee, Leandro J. Cymberknop and Ricardo L. Armentano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68443",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68443",authors:[{id:"199066",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",surname:"Armentano",slug:"ricardo-armentano",fullName:"Ricardo Armentano"},{id:"298776",title:"Prof.",name:"Parag",surname:"Chatterjee",slug:"parag-chatterjee",fullName:"Parag Chatterjee"},{id:"298777",title:"Prof.",name:"Leandro J.",surname:"Cymberknop",slug:"leandro-j.-cymberknop",fullName:"Leandro J. Cymberknop"}],corrections:null},{id:"70721",title:"Mathematical Modeling and Well-Posedness of Three-Dimensional Shell in Disorders of Human Vascular System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89866",slug:"mathematical-modeling-and-well-posedness-of-three-dimensional-shell-in-disorders-of-human-vascular-s",totalDownloads:730,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Aortic dissection is the most common aortic emergency requiring surgical intervention. Whether the elective endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm reduces long-term morbidity and mortality, as compared with traditional open repair, remains uncertain. The foundation of shell element based on the Reissner-Mindlin kinematics assumption is widely applicable, but this cannot model applications of shell surface stresses as needed in analysis of shell in human vascular system. The analysis is designed to assess progression of initial lesion in aortic dissection. Using general shell element analysis and tensor calculus, a higher order differential geometry-based model is proposed. Since the shell is thin, a variational formulation for initial lesion is proposed. The variational formulation for initial lesion is well posed. The weak convergence of the solution to initial lesion model is mathematically substantiated. Asymptotic analysis shows that initial lesion is membrane-dominated and bending-dominated when pure bending is inhibited and noninhibited, respectively. At least two observations are to be noted. First, the mathematical analysis of the initial lesion model is distinct from classical shell models. Second, the asymptotic analysis of the initial lesion model is based on degenerating three-dimensional continuum to bending strains in order to assess initial lesion behavior.",signatures:"Vishakha Jadaun and Nitin Raja Singh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70721",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70721",authors:[{id:"298660",title:"Dr.",name:"Vishakha",surname:"Jadaun",slug:"vishakha-jadaun",fullName:"Vishakha Jadaun"},{id:"298722",title:"Dr.",name:"Nitin",surname:"Raja Singh",slug:"nitin-raja-singh",fullName:"Nitin Raja Singh"}],corrections:null},{id:"71018",title:"Problems of Control Motion of Solar Sail Spacecraft in the Photogravitational Fields",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89452",slug:"problems-of-control-motion-of-solar-sail-spacecraft-in-the-photogravitational-fields",totalDownloads:631,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The problems of spacecrafts with a solar sail-controlled motion lead to the study of mathematical models for translational orbital motion and for the spaceship rotation about the mass center in photogravitational fields. There are opportunities to choose the optimal maneuvering conditions to realize orbital motion or to move to a given orbit point. The realization of the given optimal sail orientation about the sunlight flow allows to obtain motions in the vicinity of a possible relative equilibrium or stationary state. This realization also takes into account the stability change according to the process models with perturbations. For the motion control, we can change the properties, dimensions, or location of sail system elements. The spacecraft flights using light pressure are already a reality. Such space sailing ships may soon be used to fly to the big and small planets, for asteroids and comets meeting, to form special motion conditions in the vicinity of the Sun or the Earth. New technologies will bring visible benefits for solving complex problems, based on the direct use of practically unlimited source of solar energy.",signatures:"Vladimir Stepanovich Korolev, Elena Nikolaevna Polyakhova and Irina Yurievna Pototskaya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71018",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71018",authors:[{id:"297550",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Korolev",slug:"vladimir-korolev",fullName:"Vladimir Korolev"},{id:"310220",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",surname:"Polyakhova",slug:"elena-polyakhova",fullName:"Elena Polyakhova"},{id:"310221",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",surname:"Pototskaya",slug:"irina-pototskaya",fullName:"Irina Pototskaya"}],corrections:null},{id:"67822",title:"Nonlinear Friction Model for Passive Suspension System Identification and Effectiveness",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86055",slug:"nonlinear-friction-model-for-passive-suspension-system-identification-and-effectiveness",totalDownloads:909,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"To achieve a high level of performance, frictional effects have to be addressed by considering an accurate friction model, such that the resulting model faithfully simulates all observed types of friction behaviour. A nonlinear friction model is developed based on observed measurement results and dynamic system analysis. The model includes a stiction effect, a linear term (viscous friction), a nonlinear term (Coulomb friction) and an extra component at low velocities (Stribeck effect). During acceleration, the magnitude of the frictional force at just beyond zero velocity decreases due to the Stribeck effect, which means the influence of friction reduces from direct contact with bearings and body into the mixed lubrication mode at low velocity. This could be due to lubricant film behaviour. In respect of acceleration and deceleration when the direction changes for the mass body, friction almost depends on this direction, while the static frictional force exhibits springlike characteristics. 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The long-neglected disease called American trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease (CD) was first described in 1909 by the Brazilian doctor Carlos Chagas and it currently affects millions of people throughout the world. Its causative agent is the protozoan parasite
CD is endemic in 21 countries in Latin America, from Mexico to the south of Argentina and Chile. Nevertheless, due to migrations and climate change, the disease has spread alarmingly to other parts of the world [6]. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies this parasitic disease as a VBD (Vector-Borne Disease) that is among the unattended tropical diseases associated to extreme poverty in rural areas where the vectors are distributed, which favors their transmission route [7]. VBDs can be caused by bacteria, virus, and parasites, are usually transmitted by bloodsucker arthropods, represent 17% of all infectious diseases, and are prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions [8]. During the past three decades, the epidemiological overview of this disease has experienced important changes due to the implementation of vector control measures such as the use of pesticides and housing improvements [9]. In this respect, there has been a clear descent in the number of people infected by
Initially it was thought that
In humans, Chagas disease progresses through two phases, acute and chronic, with the development of a symptomatic or an asymptomatic form [34]. The initial acute phase evolves within 1–2 weeks after the inoculation, lasts for 4–8 weeks, and is characterized for high levels of blood parasitemia. Affected individuals show moderate and unspecific symptoms such as fever, general discomfort, and hepatosplenomegaly. Sometimes it is possible to observe a cutaneous node (inoculation chagoma) or a unilateral bipalpebral edema (Romaña sign) that indicates the parasite inoculation site [34, 35]. The majority of acute infections are never detected. Only in less than 1% of the cases, encephalitis or myocarditis occurs that can be fatal mainly in children and the elderly [36]. The initial increase in parasitemia is contained by proinflammatory cytokines (IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ) and microbicidal substances synthesized by macrophages (reactive oxygen and nitrogen species) and NK cells (perforins). This initial innate immune response is followed by the development of an acquired immune response characterized by a polyclonal lymphocyte activation against the parasite mediated by T CD4+, CD8+, and B lymphocytes, which together reduce the parasite load, but do not completely eliminate
The gastrointestinal form of Chagas disease affects the whole digestive tract, with the esophagus and colon being the most altered. They present anatomic and motor disturbances as a result of chronic inflammatory lesions, focal myositis, fibrosis, and damage to intramural neurons [44], which in the esophagus could lead to dysphagia, odynophagia, epigastric or retrosternal pain, cough, and regurgitation. In advanced stages, the denervated esophagus is unable to transport the bolus, retaining it at the level of the cardia, which can cause weight loss, malnutrition, and repetitive aspiration pneumonitis [46]. On the other hand, the megacolon is characterized by prolonged constipation that could lead to fecaloma, abdominal distension, and intestinal obstruction. Despite treatment with laxatives, patients worsen and may suffer from volvulus due to intestine torsion [45, 47].
The chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy is the most critical clinical manifestation of Chagas disease due to its high morbidity and mortality in endemic regions [48, 49]. It is characterized by a complex pathogenesis, and many aspects are still under investigation. The causes for the colossal cardiac damage experienced by CCC patients have not been thoroughly explained, and different theories have been exposed throughout the years. It was previously thought that the cardiac damage was only caused by the direct action of the parasite over cardiomyocytes; however, it is now known that there are other contributing factors such as inflammatory response, autoimmunity, microvascular abnormalities, and nervous damage [50]. The cardiac tissue damage is progressive and characterized by chronic inflammation, myocytolysis, and fibrosis [51]. A recent study revealed that during a
The most critical heart lesions are located in the myocardium and can lead to heart failure, arrhythmias, and thromboembolism. The heart excite-conducting system is also affected, blocking completely or incompletely some of the branches of the bundle of His (mainly the right) and sometimes a complete blockade of the atrioventricular node [50, 52].
The number of parasites in the cardiac tissue of CCC patients is scarce. This, together with the finding of immunoglobulins with affinity to muscarinic receptors and β-1 adrenergic expressed in the cardiomyocyte surface and the appearance of cytotoxic T lymphocytes with reactivity toward myocardial fibers, suggested that the etiology of CCC was autoimmune [53, 54, 55, 56, 57]. Investigations performed during the last 30 years in animal models infected with
At present, the factors that contribute to the progression of patients from the indeterminate phase to the determinate phase of Chagas disease have not been fully elucidated. As for other infectious diseases, the prognosis of CD depends on factors attributable to the host and the pathogen. Being an intracellular parasite,
The word apoptosis has its etymological origin in the Greek apó, which means “from” and ptosis, which means “falling off.” The term encompasses a genetically regulated process of cell death through which a cell destroys itself [66] with the key participation of cysteine-dependent proteases called caspases that are specific for aspartic acid [67]. Caspases are functionally divided in initiator (caspases 8, 9, and 10) and executioner (caspases 3, 6, and 7) [68]. In metazoans, apoptosis is an essential step in a great variety of physiological events such as embryogenesis, tissue remodeling, and the elimination of damaged or non-functional cells [69].
The sequence of events that lead to apoptosis can be unchained by two main routes: the extrinsic and the intrinsic pathways [66]. The intrinsic pathway initiates with the binding of death ligands (TNF-α, Fas-L, among others), present in soluble form or in the surface of effector cells, to their respective death receptors localized in the membrane of target cells. This binding results in the recruitment of cytosolic factors into the cytoplasmic domains of the death receptor, forming the death-inducing signaling complex or DISC. Initiator caspases such as procaspase 8, 10, or both are recruited to the DISC where they are activated. Caspases 8 and 10 in turn activate the following caspases in the pathway [70].
On the other hand, the intrinsic pathway, also known as the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, can be induced by various factors such as environmental stress or absence of growth factors. In this pathway, the formation of pores in the outer mitochondrial membrane allows the release of cytochrome-c into the cytosol, as well as other molecules such as endonuclease-G and Bcl-2 proteins. The interaction between cytochrome c, procaspase 9, and protease activating factor 1 or APAF 1 stimulates the formation of a heptameric complex known as apoptosome, which recruits procaspase 9 molecules, activating them. Caspase 9 molecules proceed to activate the following procaspases that execute the pathway, inducing apoptosis [66, 70].
Cells that die by apoptosis undergo characteristic morphological and biochemical changes that include a reduction in size, the collapse of the cytoskeleton, the disassembly of the nuclear envelope, and the fragmentation and condensation of chromatin. There are changes in the cell membrane composition and structure. Phosphatidylserine (PS) is translocated to the outer face of the membrane and protrusions are formed that finally break into membrane-enclosed fragments called apoptotic bodies. The mitochondrial membrane also changes with the formation of pores in the outer sheath that provokes the loss of the membrane potential of this organelle. These traits are used to quantitatively assess apoptosis [71, 72]. In metazoans, apoptotic cells and cell fragments are rapidly recognized and phagocytosed by cells of the immune system such as macrophages, which efficiently recognize PS expressed on the membrane of apoptotic cells. This early removal of cellular debris prevents the inflammatory response [73].
It may seem odd to think that single-celled organisms can undergo apoptosis themselves, but it is believed that this has benefits for the survival of the population and therefore of the species. Shortly after apoptosis was described in metazoans, Docampo et al., using transmission electron microscopy, observed cytoplasmic and nuclear features suggestive of apoptosis in epimastigotes of
Another molecule that could play an important role in the regulation of apoptotic cell death in
Being an obligate intracellular parasite,
In addition to the exposure of PS in the surface of
The induction of apoptosis in macrophages infected with
For decades, the immunological suppression that
Likewise, apoptosis triggers the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β by phagocytes, allowing the parasite to survive and continue with the infection.
It has been observed that in patients with chagasic cardiomyopathy there is no proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells due to the activation of induced-apoptosis (AICD) by
It has been recently shown that
In addition to the modulation of apoptosis by
The coinfection of
Numerous studies have been performed with the aim to understand the molecular basis of the survival of
Dr. Fiordaliso Carolina Román Carraro is a recipient of a postdoctoral fellowship from Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, UNAM. M. in Sci. Diego Maurizio Coria Paredes is a Ph.D. student of Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM. This work was supported by grant number IN214522 from Papiit, DGAPA, UNAM and funding from División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM TO LGK.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
IntechOpen implements a robust policy to minimize and deal with instances of fraud or misconduct. As part of our general commitment to transparency and openness, and in order to maintain high scientific standards, we have a well-defined editorial policy regarding Retractions and Corrections.
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\\n\\n1. RETRACTIONS
\\n\\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\\n\\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\\n\\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\\n\\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\\n\\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\\n\\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\\n\\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\\n\\n3. CORRECTIONS
\\n\\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\\n\\n3.1. ERRATUM
\\n\\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\\n\\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\\n\\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\\n\\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\\n\\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\\n\\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\\n\\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\n\n1. RETRACTIONS
\n\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\n\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\n\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\n\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\n\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\n\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\n\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\n\n3. CORRECTIONS
\n\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\n\n3.1. ERRATUM
\n\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\n\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\n\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\n\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\n\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\n\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\n\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
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